lop 12- mon sinh hoc- bai giang-57

8/14/2019 Lop 12- Mon Sinh Hoc- Bai Giang-57

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CH TH SINH HC


2/110

CH TH SINH HC

Khi nim: Ch th mi trng ( Environmental Indicator): l 1 hoc tp

hp cc thng s mi trng(ha, l, sinh vt) ch ra c

trng no ca MT.Thc t, MT cha v s cc thng s ha, l, sinh hc

khng th xc nhht tt c cc thng s da vo 1/1 sthng s chnh c gi tr ch th.

S bin ng, hin din mt s thng s xc nhc c im ca thnh phn mi trng: tc nhn c gi l ch th mi trng.


3/110

CH TH SINH HC

Khi nim: Ch th sinh thi mi trng( Environmental ElogicalIndicator): nghin cu v cc khoa hc ly sinh vt lm ch th

cho tnh trng, mc trong lnh hay nhim, thch hp haykhng i vi sinh vt ca mi trng sinh thi

Ch th sinh hc( Bioindicator): nghin cu mt loi hoc mtsinh vt dng nh mc cht lng hoc s bin i ca mi

trng


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CH TH SINH HCKhi nim: Sinh vt ch th( Bio-indicator): c th, qun th hay qun

x c kh nng thch ng hoc rt nhy cm vi mitrng nht nh.Sinh vt ch th l cc loi SV m s hin din v thay is lng cc loi ch th cho s nhim hay xo trn ca

mi trng.Cc loi ny thng c tnh mn cm cao vi cc iu kinsinh l, sinh ho


5/110

CH TH SINH HCKhi nim:Nhngitngsinh vtc yu cunhtnhviukin

sinh thi l in quan nnhu cudinh dng,DO, cngnhkhnngchngchumthm lngnhtnhno cayuttc ng.

S hin din ca chng biu th mt tnh trng nht nh

caiukinsinh thi nmtrong giihnnhu cuv khnngchngchucasinh vt


6/110

CH TH SINH HC

Khi nim:

Cc sinh vt ch th: C th l 1 loi, 1 nhm loi Tng quan gia cc nhm loi hoc tng s loi

trong qun x v ch s a dng.


7/110

CH TH SINH HC

Khi nim: Ch s sinh hc: cc ch s dng quan trc cht lng mi

trng da trn tnh mn cm ca sinh vt vi s bin i

ca mi trng

1964, Woodiwiss tnh ton 1 ch th sinh hc bng cch cn

trng lng cc sinh vt c s mn cm vi s nhim cht

hu c

Ch s sinh hc c dng nh gi mc nhim cht hu

c theo thang 0-15 (0: b nhim nng; 15: khng b nhim)


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CH TH SINH HC

Tisao dng sinh vtlm vtchthMT?

Mtsloi c nhu curing bitvihm lngnht

nhcc chtdinh dnghocoxy ho tan(indicator

species) Sinh vtc thtntictrong mi trngb nhim

nhngbbinivslng, tngtrng, tp

tnh(stressor)

Sinh vttch lucht nhimv c nhngphnng

khc nhau ivitngcht nhim(biological

indicator)


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Phn loichthsinh vtmi trng

Mn cm: ch th c trng cho cc iu kin mi trng khngin hnh, dng d on mi trng

Cc cng c thm d: cc loi xut hin t nhin trong MT

dng o s phn ng ca loi vi s bin i MT (bin ng

nhm tui, sinh sn, kch thc qun th, tp tnh)

Cc cng c khai thc: cc loi ch th cho s xo trn hay

nhim mi trng

Cc cng c tch lu sinh hc: cc loi tch lu cc cht ho hctrong m

Cc sinh vt th nghim: cc sinh vt chn lc xc nh s

hin din hay nng cc cht nhim


11/110

ng dng ca ch th mi trng nh gi sinh thi:c bit l cc khu vc cn bo tn

nh gi mi trng:ch th s nhim; cung cp cc

thng s mi trng, phc v cho cng tc qun l mitrng.

Xc nh yu t chnh gy nh hng n mi trng

nhm xy dng chin lc u tin qun l v x l mi

trng nh gi hiu qu cc chnh sch mi trng

Lm bn v s mn cm mi trng


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Cc cimcasinh vtchth

D phn loi

D thu mu

Tnh thch nghi cao; Phn b rng

C cc dn liu t sinh thi hc phong ph

C tm kinh t quan trng (bao gm c li v c hi)

C s tch lu cht nhim do lin quan n s phn b vphn nh mc mi trng


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Cc cimcasinh vtchth

D nui cy trong phng th nghim

C tnh bin d thp v mt di truyn v vai tr trong qun x

Nhy cm vi iu kin MT thay i bt li hay c li cho SV

SV c thch ng hp thng ch th tt hn loi thch ng

rng

SV c c th ln thng c kh nng lm ch th tt hn nhngSV c c th nh

T l s lng ca cc loi v QX cng cn ch trong khi xc

nh sinh vt ch th


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Cc c im ca sinh vt ch th

V d: ng bng Sng Cu Long S hin din ca cy da nc(Nipa frui ticans) vng

thp, ngp triu, nc b nhim mn mt khong thi gian

trong nm. S hin din cy bn(sonneratia spp.) vng ven sng,

nhim mn nh; S hin din cy c(Rhyzophyta spp.) vng bi ly,

thp, nhim mn trung bnh n cao; S hin din cy mm(Avicennia spp.) vng bi bi,

mn cao quanh nm; S hin din cy ch l nc (Phoenix paludosa) vng

t cao nhng nhim mn.


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Cc c im ca sinh vt ch thLachnSV chthnhthno? c tnh sinh hcSV nh hng n nhiu loi m hnh

quan trc sinh hc hu dng: SV c i sng ngn, phn ng kp thi vi nhng thay

i MT >< SV isngdi phnngqua thigian di SV c tc trao i cao, tng trng nhanh nhy

cm tt vi cc cht nhim hn SV tim sinh c th cha cc cht nhim xm nhp vo

mi trng nhanh chng thay i v tc th tinh sl du hiu ca s thay i mi trng.


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Cc c im ca sinh vt ch th

La chn SV ch th nh th no? Trong 1 loi th 1 s SV lich th tt hn SV khc. Thc vt c mch ch th hiu qu cho nhim KK

Cht c khi quang ha California c bit khi cs bin i trn cy h u, rau bina, v hnh dng l

To, a y ch th tt cho nhim khng kh

To v vi khun lam ch th tt cho MT nc ng vt thn mm l cng c quan trc trong mi

trng nc vi mng li quan trc ton cu


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Cc phn ng ca SV ch th vi bin i MT

Thch nghi hnh thi: Phn ng thch nghi nhanh trong mt khong thi gian khi c

s bin i ca mi trng Bin dao ng ph thuc vo mc tc ng ca mi

trng v tnh cht di truyn ca sinh vt V d:

Nhit cao: cy tch ng v mui, c kh nng gi nc gi khng b co nguyn sinh cht nc v thot hi ncmnh; ng vt tng thot nhit, gin mch ngoi vi

Nhit thp: thc vt rng l, ng vt co mch, lng, mdy ln, c phn x run ng vt bin i sc t da ho mu vi mi trng (c thn

bn, tc k)


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Cc phn ng ca SV ch th vi bin i MT

Thch nghi di truyn: Hnh thnh cc c im c th khng tph thuc vo s

xut hin cc yu t mi trng Tng kh nng chu ng ca sinh vt bng cc bin i

sinh l, sinh ha, hnh thi sn sng i ph vi sbin i mi trng.

VD: s hnh thnh c ch iu ho nhit , c quan hhp trong, cu trc hoa qu

Bin ng v s lng: ch yu thng qua mi quan hdinh dng


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Cc yu t nh hng n SV ch th MT

Cc yu t sinh thi mi trng Cc yu t gy nhim mi trng:

Ho cht (kim loi nng, thuc bo v thc vt,) t ph rng

nh hng trc tip hoc gin tip n cu trc qunth, s a dng loi, bin ng s lng loi, s bngpht dch


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Cc yutnhhngnSV chthMT

Din th lm thay i kh hu, th nhng Din th lm thay i thnh phn thc vt, ng vt th ho:

Suy thoi h sinh thi rng: do hot ng sn xut, xydng, dch v

t canh tc nng nghip b thu hp v gim cht lng nhim nc, khng kh, t

Thay th cc sinh vt ch th


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CH TH SINH HC MITRNG NC

23


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23

Ch th sinh hc MT nc

Mt s ch s sinh hc ch th MT nc Ch s mt , s lng

Ch s u th: s lng v tn sut.

Ch s a dng (H)H< 1 : rt nhim.

1 H 2 : nhim.

2 < H 3 : chm nhim.3 < H 4.5: sch.

H > 4 : rt sch.


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Ch th sinh hc MT ncCh s sinh hc t hp (intergrated biological index IBI)

im Ktlun ctrng

5860 MT rttt Khng c tc ng con ngi, y ccthh, cutrc DD nnh

4852 Mi trngtt Giu thnh phn loi, mticc loi nhycmMT, cutrc DDbcch

39 - 48 MT trung bnh Duhiusuy thoi, cutrc DDbthu hp

28 - 39 Mi trngxu c trngbi loi c n tp, c chungttviMT nhim

12 - 28 MT rtxu t c, chc loi chungttMT nhim

< 12 nhimtrmtrng

Khng c c


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25

Phan hang chat lng nc

Thhng ASPT nhgi chtlngnc.

I 108 Khng nhim, ncsch

II 7.96 nhimnh

III 5.95 nhimva

(Ncbnva )

IV 4.93 Kh nhim

(Ncbnva )V 2.91 nhimnng

VI 0 nhimrtnng


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27


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SINH VT CH TH MT NC

VI SINH VTCHTH:VSV chth nhimphn

27

Escoli C. perfringens Streptococcus


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SINH VT CH TH:VSV ch th nhim phn TI SAO E.coli? nh gi v sinh ngun nc C y cc tiu chun ca loi ch th l tng. C th xc nh trong iu kin thc a vi nhng

phng php tng i n gin v tin cy. Xc nh Coliform d hn cc nhm kh

29


29/110

SINH VT CH TH MT NC

VK gy bnh: ch th ngun nc nhim khngthsdng.

29

VK salmonella_typhi gy bnh thng hn


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SINH VT CH TH MT NC

To: Sinh vt ph du, c kh nng t dng, s dng C dng

CO2/ CO32+ + phosphat + nit + vi lng Pht trin mnh trong iu kin nc m, giu cht hu

c Nit v Photphot ngun nc thi sinh hot, cng

nghip thc phm, phn bn C sc chu ng vi cc cht hu c, ng nhng khng

ch th c cho mi trng nhim thuc tr su, kimloi nngTo l sinh vt ch th nh gi cht lng nc t

nhin


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SINH VT CH TH MT NC

To: Ch th cht lng nc hay s ph dng ha

ngun nc Ch th cho thy vc b nhim nng cht hu c:

To lam: Phormidium, Anabacna, Oscilatoria, Anacystis,Lyngbia, Spirulina.

To lc: Careia, Spirogyra, Teraedron, cocum, Chlorella,Stigeoclonium, Chlamydomonas, Chlorogonium,

Agmenllum. To Silic: Nitochia, Gomphonema. To mt: Pyro botryp Phacus, LepocmenaEugrema.

32


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32

SINH VTCHTHMT NC

To Sphaerolitusch th cho mi trng

giu protein, glucid, chtbo.

To beegiatoach th MT nng

Hydrogen Sulfat cao.

Oscillatoria thucngnh to lam

ch th MT giu chthu c.


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SINH VT CH TH MT NCThc vt: TV ph du/ phiu sinh thc vt( phytoplankton):

ch th nhim ngun nc do: nhim hu c(gy kit oxy ha tan) Ph dng ha nhim do ha cht c( kim loi nng, ha cht

bo v thc vt, hydrocacbon a vng) nhim do du, m


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SINH VT CH TH MT NC Thc vt ln:

Pht trin trong vng nc t hm, giu dinh

dng: bo Ch th cho vng nc ph dng ho


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SINH VT CH TH MT NCng vt: V khng xng sng ln:

C nhiu phng php phn tch s liu, d thc hinnhng thu thp nhiu mu gp kh khn do phn b ri rc

Sng c nh ti y thu vc, chu tc ng trc tip cacht lng nc v ch thu vn (oxy ho tan, nhimcht hu c, cht BVTV, kim loi nng)

Thi gian pht trin lu D thu mu Tch lu cc cht BVTV, kim loi nng trong m Ch s quan trc sinh hc BMWP (Biological Monitoring

Working Party)- chu u da vo s long loi v phn bng vt y khng xng sng nh gi cht lng

ngun nc


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SINH VT CH TH MT NCng vt y

Cc quc gia Chu u dng Vy khng xngsng(nghu, s, c, hn) lm ch th sinh hc quantrc nhim nc do cc nguyn nhn:

nhim hu c vi s suy gim oxi ha tan.

nhim do cc cht dinh dng nhim do kim loi nng v thuc bo v thc vt.


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ng

vt y

khngxng

sng

37

chironomus

lymnaediae

giun t t

sphaeridae

rn ncrhyacophilidae


38/110

SINH VT CH TH MT NC

Chn ng vt y lm ch th sinh hc ngun nc ? Ph bin trong sng, h

a dng v loi S pht trin ca chng c trng cho iu kin thy

vn, cu trc nn y v cht lng nc. Tng i c nh ti y sng, h, chu s thay i

lin tc cht lng nc v ch thy vn trongngy.

Thi gian pht trin kh lu( vi tun n vi thng),

d thu mu v d phn loi.


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-u trng chun chun -Trai nc ngt ln > 5cm( Unionidae) -Tm nc ngt( Ganimaridae) -Rp nc( Coricidae) -B cnh cng nc( Dytiscidae)

-u trng rui( Tipulidae Simulidae) --Mt nc -c( Lymnacidae) -Trai nc ngt nh( Sphaeridae) -a( Glassiphonidae) -u trng rui ( Chironomidae) -Giun nhiu t(Tubificcidae)

-u trng Eristalis

Sch

Rt nhim

40


40/110

SINH VT CH TH MT NC

ng vt nguyn sinh (Protozoa):d thu mu vthch nghi cao trong mi trng giu hu c

flaellates colpidium

41


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SINH VT CH TH MT NC

ng vt khng xng sng:

baetis glossiphonia


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43


43/110

V khng xng sng

u trng chun chun

mayfly_larva

cased - caddis - larva gammarus pulex


44/110

SINH VT CH TH MT NC

Phiu sinh ng vt (zooplantonk):

L thc n giu dinh dng cho nhiu loi c

giai on u trng

l ch th cho nc nhim hu c


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Cc sinh vt ch th C:

Cc loi c khc nhau v hnh th, ngun thc n,

ni sinh sn v kh nng thch nghi vi mi trng Dng xc nh lng nc v nhim ngun

ncVD: pH ~4-5: gim s lng trng c v tm c nh

46


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SINH VT CH TH MT NCBntNcch cn chthucngungcni ti,NH

4

+,NO2-, NO3-rtt.

Hm lngxy ln,khu h thy sinh vt tdng.Slngvi khunchkhong1.00010.000 /ml.

Vnguyn sinh:

daphina

longispina

47


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SINH VT CH TH MT NC

ng vt nguyn sinh: Bn va loi

stentor

coeruleus

euglena viridisN hoa trong

mng, to lpvng

vorticella

48


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MT nc bn va loi

Xut hin NO2-, NO3-. Mi trng c xy, c cy xanh,to khu, s lng vi khun ch hng chc ngn / ml.

a.To:

helodea spirogyraplumus


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CC CH TH MI TRNG NC

Cc ch th mi trng nc: vt l, ho hc v sinhvt ch th


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Chs Vtchth ngha

Pht trinvi to Chlorophyll-a Thhinsinh khitotrong mi trngnc

Sgia tngchlorophyll-achthkhnngph

dngho cahthng.Nngchlorophyll-a caonnhchthcho sbng pht toc thgyhicho cc thusinh vtkhc
http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/environmental_management/water/water_quality_monitoring/assessing_water_quality/water_quality_indicators/http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/environmental_management/water/water_quality_monitoring/assessing_water_quality/water_quality_indicators/http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/environmental_management/water/water_quality_monitoring/assessing_water_quality/water_quality_indicators/http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/environmental_management/water/water_quality_monitoring/assessing_water_quality/water_quality_indicators/


52/110

Chs Vtchth ngha

trongcanc Chtllng Cc vtchtnh(t,phiu sinh vt) llngtrong ncnngcao hnch

sxuyn thucanh sng tngbnvng y


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Chs Vtchth ngha

su Secchi su m cc vchtrngv entrn aSecchi c ththyrttrn bmtnc


55/110

Chs Vtchth ngha

Oxy DO - Oxy hotan Cnthitcho assinh vtnc

NngthpOxy chthsdthacc chthuctrong

hthngNngcao Oxy chthspht trinqu mccathcvt

Nhiusinh vtncbngtthnubthiuOxy trongnc

Ch s Vt ch th ngha


56/110

Chs Vtchth ngha

Oxy BOD5 lngoxy tiu thbivi sinh

vtkhi chng phn giihpchthuctrong iukinhiukh 1 nhitxc nh


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Chs Vtchth ngha

pH pH Xc nhacid hockimcanc. ThayipH c thl ktqucacc bini

chtlngncpH thp: do ratriH2SO4pH < 6.5 hocpH>9c thchichothysinh vt.

Ch Vt h th h


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Chs Vtchth ngha

mn Tnh dn Xc nhnngmuiha tan trong nc.

Trongncngt, dnchthcho sbnvngcahotngnngnghip

Ncmn: chthsxmnhpcancngtnhncma

Chs Vtchth ngha


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g

Cc chtchi

trong cny

Cc nguyntvt.

Nguyn tvtxuthintrong mi trngtnhin do sphong ho t. Nngcao cc nguyn tvttrong lngcnc th

gy ccho hthysinh vt v c thchthcho stndtcc ngunsnxutcng nghipv sinh hot.

Thng thng, stch lythuctrsu ythyvcc thgy ccho sinh vt

nc.Theo hngdncaTchcy tv sckhoc: cc nguyn tvtcsdngnhgi sbnvngmi trngnccho mcchgiitr, dich v: bili, ln,

cu c v bithuyn.Nhngtc ngnsckhocon ngistngln nuc thm s nhimphn tvicchnnui gia sc, vtcnhv ngvthoang d.

Ch s Vt ch th ngha


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Chs Vtchth ngha

Vi sinh

vtgybnh

Vi sinh vt

phn(fecalcoliform)

Xc nhmcschcancvmtdcht

(+) vi sinh vtngrut,Salmonella, Shigellav Vibrio cthgy bnhcho con ngichthngunncc chtthitngvt

mu nng(+) E.Coli: chthtrctipc chtthitngvtmu nng v c thgy bnh

(+) C. perfr ingens: ncc ngungctncthi

Ch Vt h h


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Chs Vtchth

ngha

Vi sinhvtgybnh

Vi sinhvtphn

Ch s Vt ch ngha


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Chs Vtchth

ngha

ngvtnguyn

sinh

Cryptospo

ridium

Giardia

Xuthinnhiutrong ncthicng nghiphnso viccngunncthikhc


63/110

CH TH SINH HC

MI TRNG Tt phnt mn (tiu biu l rng ngp mn)


64/110

CH TH VNG T PHN

cim: pH thp giu cc cht c dng ion Al3+, Fe3+, SO42- ngpncquanh nmhay ngp1 thigian ho phn nhanh chng khi kh nc Thng c mu en hoc nu tng t, mt. C mi c trng ca luhunhv H2S.


65/110

CH TH VNG T PHNVi sinh vt trong t phn: Vi khunThiobacillus thiodans, Thiobacillus

Femorxidans. Sng c pH= 2 Ly nng lng t phn ng oxi ha kh trong qu

trnh to phn. Thiobacillus Ferorxidans c vai tr xc tc trong qu

trnh oxi ha kh Fe2+thnh Fe3+.


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CH TH VNG T PHNThc vt trong t phn:thay i theo tnh cht t, chng bin i ty theo

mc hm lng phn cha trong t


67/110


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Ch th u th vng t phn ngp nc theo ma

La ma Cy sy (Phragmites karka)


69/110

Ch th vng t phn nhiu

Nng ngt (Elocharis dulcis) C bng (Lepironia articulate)


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Ch th vng t phn nhiu Nng ngt( Eleocharis Dulcis):

pht trin tt pH thp,

ch sng c mc phn Al < 2000 ppm Pht trin khi t b ngp nc v c m cao>15% Tch ly rt cao SO4: 0,60,9% trng lng kh; Al3+

~15001800ppm

c bit trong r tch ly gp 2 -3 ln thn l v ckh nng tch ly nhiu S2O5.


71/110

Ch th vng phn t v trung bnh

C lc ( Udu Cyperus) C ng (Panicum repens)


72/110

Thc vt ch th vng phn tim tng(nm gia t mn v t phn)

Cy rng


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Thc vt ch th vng phn tim tng

Cy ch l


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CH TH VNG T NGHO DINH DNG

Cy rau mng


75/110


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CH TH SINH HC T PHN

Rngtrm vng trngnia: cao t10-15 m thn thngvt, tn hnh thp tngcst mttrtrmrpvi

loichoi,dn,mua, dnh dnh... nhiu dy leo nh my nc, dy

cng

Cy dnh dnh

Cy mi dm (Cryptocoryne ciliata)


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CH TH SINH HC T PHN Rngtrm trn tthan bn:

Kiuthoi ho cacy do tc ngcalarngv

con ngichtph hng nm Trm thch nghi vi larng chimuthhn

cc loicy khc. Trm cao n1015m ngknh thn cy 30 40 cm v nhiudy leo

qunquanh thn Tngtrngkm

78


78/110

CH TH SINH HC T PHN Rngtrm trn tst:

Rngb tn ph thngxuyn, lp than bn chy

chy lra lpst pha di. Ty c tnh tst, rng trm trn t than bn

binthnh rngtrm - syhocrngtrm - sy-nng.

Tngtrn: trm cao 1015m Tngdi: cy cao 12m


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79

CH TH SINH HC T NGP MN

Thc vt ch th cho rngngp mn c c im:Pht trin trn cc bi

thy triu v vng ca

sng ca mi trng ncmn v nc l.C cu to thch nghi vi

mi trng.

Da nc (Nypa fritican)

Mm (Avicennia)


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CH TH SINH HC T NGP MN

Vt d (Bruguiera sexangula) Bruguiera gymnorhiza


81/110

CH TH VNG T CHUA

quyn Sim (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa)


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NG VT: CH TH MT PHN Loi trai sinh sng c trong mt s thy vc ni

ng nhim phn chua nh Nhm c tuyt ikhng sng c nhng nn

y thy vc cn b nhim c do phn Nhm cn trng thy sinh pht trin: u trng

mui lc( Chiromidae) & u trng chun chun thy vc ni ng b nhim phn nng.

Nhm giun t t


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NG VT: CH TH MT NGP MN

Sinh vt c coi l ch th cho mi trng ngp mnl a sm

84


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CH TH SINH HC RNG

Lan hi Lan hi

Lan l loi thcvtch thcho mi trngcnhquan,sc mtcachng v spht trinbnh thngthhinmi trngsinh thi rngt bthay i.

85


85/110

CH TH SINH HC RNG

Xun H

Thu ng

Thm thcvt rng n

i

thay ithi tit


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NG VT CH TH SINH HC RNG Cc loi c hu, qu him :Phn b hp, thch ng vi mi trng sinh

thi nht nh.Khi cc yu t mi trng vt qu gii hn

cho php s lng c th suy gim hoc

khng cn hin din .


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89/110

CH TH SINH HC MI TRNG KK

Cc sinh vt sng trong kh quyn ch yu tptrung tng i lu, hu nh khng vt quakhi tng zn.

Thnh phn cc cht kh tng i lu tng i nnh, nhng nng CO2v hi nc dao ngmnh v thay i theo thi tit kh hu.


90/110

CH TH SINH HC MITRNG KK Vi sinh vt trong khng kh:

Phn loi sch khng kh theo VSVF( Safir, 1951)

Khng kh LngVSV trong 1m3khng kh

Ma h Ma ng

TngsVSV

Cukhun

TngsVSV

Cukhun

Bn > 2500 > 36 > 7000 > 124

Sch < 1500 < 16 < 4500 < 36


91/110

Thc vt ch th MT KK V d:

Thnh ph Nam Kinh( Trung Quc)

pht hin vo ma xun, khi cy tuyt tng mc cnhmi, l kim ca n ng mu vng ri kh iiu tra:do mt nh my cnh thi ra qunhiu kh thi sinh rah thy tuyt tng c hin tng trn: xung quanh

b nhimgi tuyt tng l my cnh bo nhim kk rt tt

92


92/110

Thc vt ch th To, a y:

To, a y thng rt nhy cm vi cht nhim

khng kh hn c thc vt c mao dn

v chng hp th trc tip nc v cht dinh dngt khng kh v nc ma.

Kt qu: nng cc cht nhim v cht c cptnh s vo c th nhanh hn thc vt c mao mch


93/110


94/110

Cc du hiu tn thng thc vt do nhim

khng khzn

- Thc vt ch th O3tt nht: cy thn g, cy bi

thn g, v cc loi c.- zn s gy tn thng cho cc t bo nhu m u

tin, sau n tht l.

- L b lm m li ti tp trung gn nhau Du hiu c trng: l xut hin cc im c mu

trng, en, , hay mu huyt d.

95


95/110

Tc hi ca O3ln l cy

96


96/110

Cc du hiu tn thng thc vt

do nhim khng khHpchtFlo

- Tc ng: gy a vng thcvt. Kh HF v SiF4

lm xut hin nhng m l mu vng, nu hocnhngmchy tp vinv nhl v cyl kim.

- Thc vt mm cm vi hp cht flo: chanh, cylay n, cy m,...


97/110

Cy lay n


98/110


do nhim khng kh

m bnh do kh Sunfua: xut hin gia cc gn

l vin cc m bnh rt r rng, nht l nhng lnon mi dui ra rt nhy cm.

m bnh do kh clo: gia cc gn l, ng vin

cc n bnh m nho hoc l mt khu qu ,

m bnh hnh trn hoc hnh di.


99/110

m bnh do axit nitric, peoxit acetyl: m mu

trng hoc mu vng mt sau l.phn on s nhim v mc nghim trng

TV l ngi lnh gim st v o lng


do nhim KK

V d h h MT KK


100/110

V d cy ch th MT KK

Cy to, anh o, c rt: nhy cm vi khsunfur cy thuc l, cy t kim hng, hng dng, i

mch: nhy cm vi kh Florua cy ut kim hng, hnh, mai, b o c th gim

st v o lng kh Flo;


101/110

V d cy ch th MT KK

To, i mch, o, ng, hnh ty tng i nhycm, c th gim st v o lng kh Clo.

Cy chn vt c th gim st v o lng nhim

v bc x: bnh thng l c mu xanh lam, nub nhim bc x tuy nng rt thp l cngvn bin thnh mu .

V d h h MT KK


102/110

V d cy ch th MT KK

Kim lan: Nng kh flo trong khng kh ~ 40 phn nghn t

l cy kim lan trong vng 3 gi xut hin mbnh

Nng ca Sunfua dioxid t ~ 0,3.10-6 thc vtmn cm b hi(mc 1.10-6con ngi mi ngi thymi, mc 10.10-6mi dn ti ho, chy nc mt)


103/110

V d cy ch th MT KK

Kim ngn hoa Hp th v khng rt

mnh vi khi, bi trongthnh ph v cc cht khc hi ca nh mynhcht florua, hidrocacbon,clorua hydrocacbon , sunfua

Mt mu cy ngn hoa c

th hp th 11,8 mg floruahydro cacbon hoc 13,7 mgkh clorua hydrocacbon


104/110

Cht nhim

Ngun Anh hng ndngcal

Thi kpht trin

Anhhngn mt

phnl

Liugy hi(g

/m3)

Thigiangy hi (h)

O3 Phn ngquang ha

Vt m, mtmu. Cc vtngn cn s phttrin, to ccphn tcht.

L gi, lang phttrinkcl non

Thtl 70 4

PANplroxy-acetyl

Phn ngquang ha

To cc vt mngtrn mtl

Cy con Nhiu lrng

250 6

NO2 Nhin liucngnhip v ng

c

Khng b chthn, tc hi n

ra l

Tuitrungbnh

Tht(th)l

4700 4

SO2 S t, chtthi t snphm xng,du

Vt trng, mtdip lc t, ngnspht trin, lmgimnngsut.

Tuitrungbnh cacy

Thtl 800 8


105/110

Cht

nhim

Ngun Anh hng n

dngcal

Thi k

pht trin

Anh

hngn mtphnl

Liu gy

hi(microgam/m3)

Thi

giangy hi( h)

HF Phn bn,photphat.Nhm, ni

Caramicluyn st,ko thytinh( rn)

Chp l v ra lb chy dip luct lm rng l v

gimnngsut.

Trngthnh

Tht l,biu bv thl

0.2 5

Cl2 Cht thica nh

my, xnghip snxutHcl

B lc ca l(chp l) chy

ra, rngl.

Cytrng

thnh

Nt 300 2

Etylen(CH2)n

Ga du,than, nhinliu t

Rng hoa ch vkhng nhoa.

K trhoa

Ttc 60 2

t h th MT KK


106/110

ng vt ch th MT KK

Cc chu M (American toad): da rt mng ph thuc iu kin m cao (80% - 90%)

Ra hp (box turtle) sng trong mi trng m cao

Khi iu kin m v nhit thay i, scsng ca chng s b nh hng nng, c th gy

ra t vong.

Cc Chu M


107/110


108/110

ng vt ch th MT KK Mc nhim ch v Cadmi ca cc a phng

khc nhau c phn nh tng ng trong phn

mm ca loi chim b cu sng trong vng

Tc ng ca xng pha ch c xc nh bng

tng lng ch trong c th chim b cu bng cch

o hm lng ch v ng v ca n trong mu.


109/110

Kt lun: Sinh vt ch th lin quan mt thit vi MT Cc tp qun, c im sinh, l, ho ca sinh vt

ch th u lin quan n mi trng nh gihin trng mi trng, d on s thay i ca mitrng v hoch nh cc chin lc bo v mitrng


110/110

Phngphpquan trc

Sinh vtchnh csdng Nhng cht nhim chnhc nh gi

Nghin cucutrc qunx ngvtkhng xng Cht thi hu c v chtnguy hi, giu dinh dng

Cc chthsinhhc

ngvtkhng xngsngcln,thcvtln,to,ay

Cht thihuc, giu dinhdng, axt ha, kh c

Phngphp visinh vt

Vi khun Vtliuphn v huc

Vttch t Thc vt ln, ng vtkhng/c xngsng

Cht thi nguy hi, chtphng x

Php thsinh hc VSV, thc vt ln, ngvtkhng xng sng, ng cxng sng nh

Cht hu c, cc kh c,chtthichi

lop 12- mon sinh hoc- bai giang-57

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