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Zino gkvvikc` kz ke kjr ha V`zizrkej`4

Ro` jkz` ha Zinoz kz Oiebpz ie ro` Oiebp Gkvvikc` Kjr

Mhq`m``e Nkpv

Zinohmkvz Zpfgizzihe

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\@VZHEKM ZRHVY

K a`s gheroz kch- kz I skz o`m|iec gy ghro`v zhvr rovhpco zhg`

|k|`vshvn- I ahpeb gy |kv`erz gkvvikc` j`vriaijkr`% Gy |kv`erz fkz` gpjo

ha ro`iv peb`vzrkebiec ha z`ma siro jpmrpvkm keb v`micihpz peb`vzrkebiecz ha

Zinoi; kz s`mm kz ro` |hmirijkm ib`eriry rokr okz f``e ahvgpmkr`b kz k v`zpmr ha

ro` `xizr`ej` ha ro` Zinoz kz k giehviry jhggpeiry siroie Iebik keb ro`

shvmb% Gpjo ha gy p|fvieciec okz f``e peb`vmie`b siro ro`g`z rokr kv`

v`am`jriq` ha roiz jhee`jrihe ha gy |kv`erz rh ro`iv Zino ib`eriry% Ohs`q`v-

p|he aiebiec gy |kv`erz fivro j`vriaijkr`- I skz zohjn`b rh m`kve- rokr rsh

|`h|m` siro sohg Zinoi |mkyz zpjo k gkdhv vhm` so`ro`v |hmirijkmmy hv

z|ivirpkmmy- s`v` ie akjr gkvvi`b kz Oiebpz% Gy gieb f`cke rh hq`vamhs siro

{p`zrihez keb fvhkb jhee`jrihez% Ir skz kmghzr kz k micor'fpmf ghg`er

soim` kr ro` zkg` rig` k ghg`er ha bkvne`zz% Kr k rig` so`v` ro`

c`e`vkrihe ha Zinoz fhve kar`v ;9?2 s`v` ahvj`b rh v`jhejim` ro`iv ib`eriri`z

keb oizrhvi`z ie hvb`v rh b`r`vgie` s`v` s` v`kmmy r`vvhvizrz fhro ie ro`

bikz|hvk keb kr ohg` ie Iebik- ir f`jhg`z `q`v ig|hvrker rh b`r`vgie` ro`

vhm` ha ro` zrkr` keb bhgieker o`c`gheij jpmrpv` siro ro` miq`b Zino

ib`eriry%

Kz |kvr ha ro` ehe'ekrpvkmit`b c`e`vkrihe ha Zino jirit`ez ie Jkekbk

rokr okz f`jhg` v`'|hmirijit`b- I okq` z``e ohs ghfimitiec keb hvckeitiec

; I simm pz` Zinoi iezr`kb ha Zinoizg kz Zino'izg skz k r`vg jhie`b fy @pvh|`ke zjohmkvz p|he ro`iv

kvviqkm ierh Zhpro Kzik% Zinoi- kz ro` hviciekm ekg` ahv ro` v`micihe- skz icehv`b% Ahv ghv` ieahvgkrihe4

orr|4((sss%ZinoVI%hvc([!K

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siroie ro` Zino jhggpeiry okz rkn`e he k e`s biv`jrihe rokr okz f``e

cv`krmy ieamp`ej`b fy cv`kr`v peb`vzrkebiecz ha m`ckm zyzr`gz keb ro`

ehrihez ha mif`vkm gpmrijpmrpvkmizg%6 Ir iz kmzh oicomy b`aie`b fy ro` k

c`e`vkrihe ha Zino yhpro soh kv` `bpjkr`b siroie ro` jhmheikm zyzr`gz ha

Jkekbk keb kv` m`kveiec rh girickr` gpmri|m` jheamijriec ib`eriri`z siroie k

fhby% Ro`z` yhpro- v`|v z`eriec k jhggpeiry- okq` f`jhg` v '|hmirijit`b

soim` `eckciec ie izzp`z rokr `xizr siroie k oicomy jokvc`b rvkezekrihekm

|hmirijkm krghz|o`v`% I okq` `x|`vi`ej`b gy peb`vzrkebiec ha gyz`ma keb gy

ib`eriry f`iec v`b`aie`b siro gy `eckc`g`er siro ro`z` |hmirijkm bizjhpvz`z%

P|he ro` bizjhq`vy ha ro` gkvvikc` j`vriaijkr` ha gy |kv`erz- I f`cke rh

{p`zrihe ro` ahjpz ha ro` jkg|kicez ahv |hmirijkm v`jhceirihe so`e ro` Zino

jhggpeiry iz v`k||vh|vikr`b ierh ro` bhgieker o`c`gheij jpmrpv` fy

zhg`roiec z``giecmy k|hmirijkm zpjo kz gkvvikc`% Ohs jke ro` Zinoz ha ro`

shvmb c`r v`jhceirihe hv dpzrij` ahv zhg`roiec zpjo kz ro` Zino C`ehjib`

so`e ie ro` ekrihe rokr okz jhebpjr`b ro`z` krvhjiri`z- ro` Zinoz kv` ehr

jhezib`v`b k z`|kvkr` jhggpeiry kz iz kvrijpmkr`b rovhpco ro` k|hmirijkm

Oiebp Gkvvikc` Kjr /;900)% Sokr bh`z roiz g`ke ahv jhpervi`z ie soijo Zinoz

ha ro` bikz|hvk v`zib`8 Bh ro` ohzr jhpervi`z okq` rh v`jhceit` k jhggpeiry

rokr iz ehr v`jhceit`b fy ro` ohg` ekrihe'zrkr`8 Ohs jhpmb k jhggpeiry

rokr skz rkniec zh gkey |hmirijkm kjrihez jhpmb icehv` zhg`roiec kz

zs``|iec kz ro` Oiebp Gkvvikc` Kjr8

6 @xkg|m`z f`iec ro` jkz` rh okq` Ehq`gf`v- ;9?2 ie Iebik v`jhceit`b siroie Jkekbk kz k Zino

C`ehjib`- ro` |vhr`zr kckiezr ro` kvviqkm ha Nkgkm Ekro ie Jkekbk- keb ro` jkz`z ha b`akgkrihe kckiezr

G\ Pddkm Bhzkedo ahv pziec r`vgz zpjo kz @xrv`gizrz keb R`vvhvizrz rh b`zjvif` ro` Zino jhggpeiry

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Ie kbbirihe rh gy jhej`vez ha ro` |hmirijkm ig|mijkrihez ha Zinoz ie Iebik

f`iec gkvvi`b kz Oiebpz- I f`cke sheb`viec ro` jhee`jrihe- ia key- rh ro`

Zino gkvvikc` j`v`ghey% Zmhsmy- ro` soiz|`vz okq` zrkvr`b kghec akgimy

g`gf`vz- rokr I kg jhgiec ha kc` keb fy rokr g`keiec gkvvikc`- ha

jhpvz`% Ro`z` jheq`vzkrihez okq` m`ar g` oy|`v'z`eziriq` rh gkvvikc` ie

gkey v`z|`jrz% Kz k Zino ie ro` bikz|hvk- I f`jkg` jhej`ve`b rokr I shpmb

ehr `q`e nehs sokr `q`erz- rvkbirihez- hv jpzrhgz shpmb e``b rh f` ahmmhs`b

fpr zigpmrke`hpzmy- I f`cke rh {p`zrihe gkey rvkbirihez I shpmb z`` kr

s`bbiecz rokr I krr`eb`b kz ro`y bib ehr z``g rh g`zo siro gy

peb`vzrkebiecz ha Zinoi% Roiz f`jkg` `z|`jikmmy ig|hvrker so`e gkey ha

ro`z` rvkbirihez |`v|`rpkr`b |krvikvjokm keb `mirizr ib`hmhci`z soijo- Zinoi

z|`knz q`o`g`ermy kckiezr fpr okb f`jhg` b``|my `ecvkie`b ierh ro`

|zyjo` ha Zinoz rokr s`v` zhg`rig`z |`vahvg`b `q`e fy v`micihpz

iebiqibpkmz% Kz I f`cke rh bvks jhee`jrihez- I jhpmb z`ez` rokr zhg`roiec

skz ksvy%

F`iec vkiz`b siro f`brig` zrhvi`z ha fkrrm`z ahv Zino zhq`v`icery keb

f`iec ieqhmq`b siro jkg|kicez b`gkebiec kjnehsm`bc`g`er ha ro` qihm`ej`

`ekjr`b he ro` Zino jhggpeiry ie Iebik fy ro` zrkr`- I f`cke rh sheb`v rokr

|`vok|z- s` kz k jhggpeiry- okq` f``e icehviec ro` `|izr`ghmhcijkm

qihm`ej` rokr iz zrimm f`iec jhggirr`b rovhpco ir`gz zpjo kz ro` Oiebp

Gkvvikc` Kjr%

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Ro` Oiebp Gkvvikc` Kjr /;903): ie Iebik z`vq`z kz ke kjr ha ahvj`b

oyfvibiry so`v` ro` Zino jhggpeiry iz m`ckmmy iejhv|hvkr`b ierh ro` bhgieker

o`c`gheij jpmrpv`% Iebik iz k ekrihe rokr b`aie`z irz`ma kz k biq`vz`- keb

gpmrijpmrpvkm |`v|`rpkr`z ro` jhmheikm |hs`v ie k |hzr'jhmheikm jher`xr fy

shvniec rh kzzigimkr` ro` |hmirijkm ib`eriri`z ha jhggpeiri`z rokr kv` ie

jhezrker v`zizrkej` rh ro` o`c`gheij jpmrpv`% Apvro`vghv`- roiz kjr ha zrkr`'

b`aie`b oyfvibiry f`jhg`z v`am`jriq` ie jpmrpvkm keb zhjikm |vkjrij`z ha

gkvvikc` gkey ha soijo- kvcpkfmy- kv` b`qikrihez avhg ro` z|ivirpkmiry ha

Zinoi keb oizrhvijkm |vkjrij`z% Rovhpco ro` k|hmirijkm iezrirprihe ha gkvvikc`-

Zinoz kv` m`ckmmy gkvn`b kz Oiebpz soijo- okz okb ig|mijkrihez ahv ro`

v`jhceirihe ro` Zinoz kz k bizriejr jhggpeiry% Kz k v`zpmr- Zinoz ie Iebik okq`

okb rh b`aie` keb jvkar ke ib`eriry rh |vhq` ro`iv kpro`erijiry rh h||hz` zpjo

g`kzpv`z% Apvro`vghv`- gkey Zinoz ie ro` bikz|hvk okq` rkn`e ro`z`

oyfvibit`b |vkjrij`z keb pz`b ro`g kz iezrkej`z ha j`m`fvkriec ro`iv jpmrpv`

siroie mif`vkm gpmrijpmrpvkm ekrihez%

OIZRHVY

Ro` oizrhvy ha k bizriejr kjr ha gkvvikc` siroie Zinoi jke f` rvkj`b rh

ro` aivzr Cpvp ha Zinoi- Cpvp Ekekn B`q Di% Kjjhvbiec rh rvkbirihe- kr ro` hez`r

ha oiz s`bbiec- Cpvp Ekekn B`q Di |mkj`b ke iezjvi|rihe ha ro` Gpm Gkerv he k

zrhhm keb skmn`b kvhpeb ir siro oiz fvib`- bizv`ckvbiec Oiebp gkvvikc` vir`z

hvi`er`b kvhpeb aiv` /Zino V`z`kvjo Iezrirprihe- 6

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Gkerv b`jmkv`b rokr ro`v` iz hemy he` Chb soijo- ie k Oiebp bhgiekr`b

jhggpeiry rokr fkz`b irz ro`hmhcy ie gpmri|m` Chbz- skz g`r siro cv`kr

kec`v% Roiz kjrihe z`vq`b kz k ghg`er ha v`zizrkej` rokr z`r |v`j`b`ej` he

ro` kjr ha Zino gkvvikc`%

Kz Zinoi skz `x|kebiec- `kjo Cpvp gkb` biaa`v`er jhervifprihez rh ro`

z|ivirpkmiry% Ro` e`xr iezrkej` ha Zino gkvvikc` iz gkb` k||kv`er bpviec ro`

r`epv` ha ro` roivb Cpvp- Cpvp Kgkv Bkz Di% Ahmmhs`vz ha ro` Zino r`kjoiecz kr

ro` rig` soh okb j`kz`b ahmmhsiec jkz` bizriejrihez s`v` `xjhggpeijkr`b%

Rvkbirihe zrkr`z rokr he` ha ro` Zinoz ekg`b Vkeboksk skz krr`g|riec rh

okq` oiz bkpcor`v gkvvi`b fpr ro` Oiebp z|ivirpkm m`kb`vz v`apz`b rh haaijikr`

ro` gkvvikc` zrkriec rokr key ahmmhs`v ha Cpvp Kgkv Bkz okb j`kz`b rh f` k

Oiebp- keb roiz okb ahva`ir`b ro` vicor rh okq` ro` gkvvikc` ha oiz bkpcor`v

|`vahvg`b kjjhvbiec rh Zino virpkm% P|he o`kviec roiz- Cpvp Kgkv Bkz z`er

oiz zhe'ie'mks /kar`vskvbz ro` ahpvro- Cpvp Vkg Bkz Di) rh haaijikr` ro`

gkvvikc` ha ro` Zino- Vkebokskz bkpcor`vz s`bbiec /Rkmskv- ;)% Ir skz ro`e

ro` ahpvro Cpvp- Cpvp Vkg Bkz Di soh ahvgkmmy jhg|hz`b ro` mkkqk- soijo

jkg` rh f` iezrirprihekmit`b kz ro` jhg|hzirihe rh f` zpec bpviec ro`

s`bbiec j`v`ghey ha Zinoz- k rvkbirihe rokr jheriep`z rh roiz bky /Zino

V`z`kvjo Iezrirpr`- 6

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Gkvvikc` siroie ro` Zino zjvi|rpv`z- ro` Cpvp Cvkero Zkoif- iz b`aie`b

kz Ro`y kv` ehr zkib rh f` opzfkeb keb sia`- soh g`v`my zir rhc`ro`v% Ro`y

kmhe` kv` jkmm`b opzfkeb keb sia`- soh okq` he` micor ie rsh fhbi`z /Zvi

Cpvp Cvkero Zkoif Di- Kec 3??)% Gkvvikc` iz ke kjr ha `{pkmiry f`rs``e rsh

|`h|m` soh kv` fhpeb rh ro` zkjv`b shvb vkro`v roke rh key m`ckm hv zhjikm

kprohviry keb ir iz ahv b``|`eiec mhq`- ehr iejv`kziec kzj`rijizg /Zieco- 6

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Kvcpkfmy- ro` jv`krihe ha k zig|m` j`v`ghey iz kehro`v sky ie soijo- ro`

Cpvpz s`v` shvniec rh `xriecpizo zhjikm oi`vkvjoi`z rokr jke f` jv`kr`b fy

mkqizo s`bbiecz hv ro` e``b rh |ky v`micihpz /hv hro`v) haaijikmz rh jhebpjr

j`v`ghei`z% Ro` jv`krihe ha ro` mkqkk keb ro` Kekeb Nkvkd kmmhs`b ahv ro`

gkvvikc` j`v`ghey rh bizvp|r |hs`v oi`vkvjoi`z siroie v`micihpz iezrirprihez

kz s`mm% Ir g`ker rokr gkvvikc` jhpmb `zz`erikmmy f` jhebpjr`b fy keyhe`

soh skz jk|kfm` ha v`kbiec ro` Zino zjvi|rpv`z keb soh okb k Cpvp Cvkero

Zkoif% Hej` kckie- ro` jpzrhgz rokr s`v` jv`kr`b ahv Zino gkvvikc` /ro`

Kekeb Nkvkd) s`v` he`z rokr v`mkr`b `x|mijirmy rh ro` kjrihe ha v`zizrkej` rh

ro` bhgieker o`c`gheij ahvj`z% Hej` kckie- gkvvikc` skz k ahvg ha

v`zizrkej`%

Rovhpco Cpvp Vkg Bkz Diz kjrihe rh jv`kr` k bizriejr Zino ib`eriry rh

ro` jv`krihe ha ro` Kekeb Nkvkd kz k j`v`ghey ha kjj`zzifimiry- ro`y kv`

v`am`jriq` ha ro` r`ekerz ha Zinoi keb `xizr`b kz gkvn`vz ha Zino ib`eriry% Zino

gkvvikc` skz ke iezrirprihe jv`kr`b rh v`zizr ro` bhgieker o`c`gheij

jpmrpv` rokr |`v|`rpkr`b qkvihpz ie`{pkmiri`z% Roiz g`ker rokr ir skz

jhezrkermy zpzj`|rifm` rh v`k||vh|vikrihe siroie ro` zkg` jpmrpv` rokr ir skz

b`zice`b rh v`zizr% Roiz v`{piv`b k jhezrker e``b ha kskv`e`zz rh ro`

jokvkjr`vizrijz ha v`zizrkej` siroie Zinoi hv `mz` ro`v` skz ke h||hvrpeiry ahv

bhgiekrihe% \`vok|z- ie roiz jhezrker zrkr` ha v`zizrkej`- ie ghb`ve rig`z-

Zinoz zoiar`b ro`iv ahjpz rh |hmirijkm- |oyzijkm krrkjnz keb bib ehr z`ez` ro`

bhgiekrihe ie zhjikm- m`ckm r`vgz rovhpco ro` Oiebp Gkvvikc` Kjr%

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OIEBP BHGIEKRIHE

Kar`v ro` akmm ha ro` Zino `g|iv`1- keb bpviec Fvirizo jhmheikm vpm`- Oiebp

bhgiekrihe siroie Zino iezrirprihez f`jkg` |kvrijpmkvmy `qib`er% ;?30 zks

ro` jv`krihe ha ro` Kvyk Zkgkd- k Oiebp v`ahvg ghq`g`er rokr f`cke rh

zpcc`zr rokr Zinoi skz k fvkejo ha Oiebpizg keb Zinoi f`cke zieniec ierh ro`

ahmbz ha Oiebpizg /Zieco- 6

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fy hprmieiec biaa`v`ej`z f`rs``e zjvi|rpv`z- zhji`ry- virpkmz- keb f`mi`a

zyzr`gz /Zieco- 6

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s`v` pekskv` ha ro` |hmirijkm ig|mijkrihez ha v`jhceitiec ro` kprhehghpz

ekrpv` ha Zino gkvvikc` f`jkpz` fy bhiec zh- Oiebp apebkg`erkmizr

ghq`g`erz min` ro` Kvyk Zkgkd s`v` |mkj`b he ro` aviec`z% Roiz jke f` z``e

kz ke ig|hvrker |i`j` rh b`jkb`z mkr`v- kz Zinoz s`v` jvpjikm rh bizjpzzihez

ahv ke ieb`|`eb`er Iebik kmhec siro Gkokrgk Ckeboi keb Gpokggkb Dieeko%

RO@ KJR

P|he v`j`iqiec ieb`|`eb`ej`- ro` m`kb`vz ha ro` e`s ekrihe'zrkr` ha

Iebik s`v` rkzn`b siro jv`kriec k jhezrirprihe ahv ro` shvmbz mkvc`zr

b`ghjvkjy% Ir jv`kr`b ke ib`hmhcy kz he` fkz`b ie iejmpziqiry keb biq`vziry

ohs`q`v- kz |`v key b`ghjvkjy- ir iz ro` vpm`z ha ro` gkdhviry hq`v ro`

giehviry% Roiz m`kb rh Kvrijm` 60 ha ro` Iebike Jhezrirprihe `x|mijirmy

ib`eriai`z ro` Zino- Dkie- keb Fpbboizr rvkbirihez kz z`jrz ha k mkvc`v Oiebp

v`micihe- keb ro`v`ahv`- kmm gkvvikc`z ieqhmqiec g`gf`vz ha ro`z` v`micihpz

jhggpeiri`z kv` haaijikmmy |`vahvg`b peb`v ro` Oiebp Gkvvikc` Kjr ha ;900

/Zino V`z`kvjo Iezrirpr`- 6

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ro` aivzr q`vzihe ha ro` Oiebp Mks keb oiz v`|my rh Zkvbkv Opnkg Zieco skz

Ro` k||mijkrihe ha ro` Oiebp Jhb` rh Zinoz- Fpbboizrz keb Dkiez skz k

oizrhvijkm b`q`mh|g`er keb ir shpmb f` rhh mkr`- zhjihmhcijkmmy- rh hfd`jr rh ir%

So`e ro` Fpbbok biaa`v`b avhg ro` Q`bij Fvkogiez- o` bib zh hemy ie

gkrr`vz ha jv``b- fpr m`ar ro` Oiebp m`ckm avkg`shvn ierkjr% O` bib ehr

|vh|hpeb k z`|kvkr` mks ahv oiz ahmmhs`vz% Ro` zkg` skz ro` jkz` siro

Gkokqiv keb ro` r`e Zino cpvpz% /:% M`ckm B`aieirihe ha Oiebp)% Roiz

v`|v`z`er`b k zrkr`'jhervhmm`b oyfvibiry so`v` zhg` cvhp|z zpjo kz

Jovizrikez keb Gpzmigz s`v` z``e kz z`|kvkr` avhg ro` bhgieker- Zinoz

s`v` jhezib`v`b g`v` oyfvibz ha Oiebpizg kz iz z``e siro Bv% Kgf`bnkvz

{phr`% Ro` hepz skz |mkj`b he ro` Zino jhggpeiry rh kpro`erij ro`iv

ib`eriry kz kpro`erij keb kprhehghpz%

Jhezjihpzmy hv ehr- ro` ig|mijkrihez f`jkg` v`am`jr`b ie zhjikm keb

jpmrpvkm rvkbirihez ha Zino gkvvikc` rokr s`v` q``viec avhg ro` Zino

z|ivirpkmiry keb rvkbirihe% Dyhri jhebpjr`b v`z`kvjo he ro` gkvvikc` |vkjrij`z

ha Zinoz keb ahpeb rokr gkey ha ro`g bh ehr jhvvhfhvkr` apmmy rh ro` r`e`rz

ha Zinoi /;92)% He` ha ro` skyz rokr ro` gkvvikc` |vkjrij`z b`qikr` avhg Zinoi

skz rovhpco ro` ig|hvrkej` |mkj`b he jkzr` soijo- iz `x|mijirmy jheb`ge`b

ie ro` Zino Vkoir Gkvykbk fpr iezr`kb ahmmhsz ro` Oiebp jhb` ha jhebpjr

/6

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Dyhriz v`z`kvjo s`v` kmzh |`v|`rpkriec |krvikvjoy rovhpco ahvgkm |vh|hzkmz%

Kjjhvbiec rh Zinoi- fhro |kvri`z ie gkvvikc` kv` `{pkm- ropz gkniec ir

iggkr`vikm soijo |kvry gkn`z ro` ahvgkm |vh|hzkm ahv gkvvikc` fpr ie ghzr

ha ro` jkz`z- ro` ahvgkm |vh|hzkm skz fvhpcor fy ro` zib` ha ro` fvib` soijo-

iz hej` kckie v`am`jriq` ha Oiebp |vkjrij`z /Dyhri- ;9?:- 6;1)% Ro` ahvgkm

|vh|hzkm jhgiec avhg ro` fvib`z zib`- iz v`|v`z`erkriq` ha jpmrpvkm bizjhpvz`

ha bkpcor`vz kz fpvb`ez keb ro` mkzr bpry ha ro` |kv`erz iz rh okq` o`v

gkvvi`b zh zo` simm eh mhec`v f` ro`iv fpvb`e%;;

Ro` iejhv|hvkrihe ha |krvikvjokm qkmp`z kmmhsz ahv hro`v kz|`jrz ha

Oiebp jpmrpv` rh |`vg`kr` rovhpco Zino gkvvikc` |vkjrij`z b`z|ir` ro` Zino

zjvi|rpv`z f`iec `x|mijirmy jm`kv ie irz zrkej` kckiezr ro` zpfdpckrihe ha

shg`e% Bhsvy okz f``e k gkdhv sky ie soijo- Oiebp jpmrpvkm |vkjrij`z okq`

f`jhg` |vkjrij` kghec Zinoz% P|he gy ghro`vz `eckc`g`er- zo` gkb` ir

{pir` jm`kv rokr zo` shpmb ehr f` ciqiec k bhsvy soijo- skz peo`kvb ha keb

mhhn`b bhse p|he- fpr zo` skz kmzh kfm` rh gkn` roiz zrkr`g`er kz zo` skz

k Jkekbike jirit`e%;6Gy akro`vz yhpec`v fvhro`vz bib `x|`jr bhsvi`z avhg

ro`iv siq`z- `q`e kz Jkekbike jirit`ez ro`gz`mq`z- zh ehr kjj`|riec k bhsvy

avhg gy ghro`v skz k pei{p` jivjpgzrkej` ie gy akro`vz akgimy% Bhsvy okz

apvro`v `x|keb`b rh jhq`v ro` jhzrz ha h|pm`er s`bbiecz m`kqiec gkey

;; Gy cvkebghro`v- soh jhezib`vz o`vz`ma k v`micihpz |`vzhe- he ro` fivro ha gy yhpec`zr jhpzie- k civm-

mkzr y`kv skz ie r`kvz hpr ha zkbe`zz ahv ro` akgimy okqiec rh f`kv ro` fpvb`e ha kehro`v civm% Zo`

jheriep`b rh r`mm g` ohs gy pejm`- f`jkpz` s` miq` ie Jkekbk- simm okq` rh |ky ahv o`v rh f` `bpjkr`b

dpzr zh zo` jke f` `micifm` ahv gkvvikc` keb ro`e rh f` ciq`e haa p|he gkvvikc` |vhqibiec eh qkmp` rh hpv

akgimy%

;6 F`iec k Jkekbike jirit`e z`vq`z kmghzr kz jpvv`ejy% Ir skz kz- ia ehr ghv`- qkmpkfm` roke k bhsvy kz ir

shpmb g`ke rokr ro` cvhhg shpmb f` kfm` rh iggicvkr` rh Jkekbk keb |hr`erikmmy oiz igg`bikr` akgimy /ia

ehr hro`vz) kz k v`zpmr%

;:

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akgimi`z ie b`fr /Zieco- 6

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gkoiebi;: /Zieco- 6

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cvhhg m`kbz ro` ahpv jivjm`z;1- ro` virpkm shpmb f` ghv` fkmkej`b ia ro` fvib`

keb cvhhg rhhn rpvez m`kbiec- hv fhro skmn`b rhc`ro`v zib` fy zib`% Zpjo k

|`vahvgkej` shpmb f` k apmaimmg`er ha ro` ierviezij jivjpmkviry ha mkkqk '

sirohpr f`cieeiec hv `eb- keb sirohpr key mie`kv oi`vkvjoi`z /6

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jhb`z- Z|keizo'ghehmiecpkm `bpjkrihe zyzr`gz- mkfhv `xrvkjrihe v`cig`z keb

qihm`er biz|mkj`g`er /;999- ;:

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hq`vrpve roiz `zz`erikmitiec simm okq` rh f` kr m`kzr |kvr ha ro` zrvkr`cy ahv

kjj`|rkej` kz k z`|kvkr`- m`ckm `eriry zigimkv rh ro` Zieco Zkfok ghq`g`er

ie ro` mkr` ;?

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`zz`erikmitiec ehr v`jhceitiec ro` pz` ha ro` gkzr`vz rhhmz he ro`gz`mq`z%

Biqizihez okq` f``e jv`kr`b siroie ro` Zinoi jhggpeiry kz rh soh iz k Zino

keb sokr kjj`zz biaa`v`er ry|`z ha Zinoz okq` rh ro` kjrz ha z|ivirpkmiry% Ro`

e``b ahv vicibiry keb jm`kv fhpebkvi`z ha ib`eriry iz v`am`jriq` ha ro` zrkr`z

krr`g|r rh aix ib`eriry% Ke `xkg|m` okz f``e ro` Zoivhgkei Cpvbskvk

\kvfkebokn Jhggirr`` /ZC\J);3 e``b rh b`aie` k Zino ie hvb`v rh kjj`zz

z|hrz v`z`vq`b ahv Zinoz ie ro` `bpjkrihe iezrirprihez vpe fy ir%;? \`vok|z- ie k

jhpervy so`v` `q`vyhe` iz |mkj`b ierh jkr`chvi`z ha jkzr`- v`micihe- v`cihe-

mkecpkc`- c`eb`v- |v`zzpv` c`rz |mkj`b he jhggpeiri`z soh bh ehr

v`jhceirihe- zpjo kz ro` Zinoz- keb ro`y kv` ahvj`b rh jkvq` hpr k z|kj` keb

kvrijpmkr` ke ib`eriry siroie ro`z` v`cig`er`b jkr`chvi`z% Ir z`vq`z kz

kehro`v sky rh kzzigimkr` keb z`cg`er jhggpeiri`z zh rokr ro`

gkvciekmit`b |h|pmkrihez kv` `q`e apvro`v bigieizo`b%

Ro` bizjhpvz` ha kzzigimkrihe e``bz rh f` peb`vzrhhb kz k |hmirijkm kjr

ha |hs`v- ehr kz k ekrpvkm |vhj`zz ha oyfvibitkrihe% E`mzhe bvksz he Kmropz`v

rh b`zjvif` roiz- ro` Cpkr`gkmke zrkr` okz gkb` v`|`kr`b krr`g|rz rh

kzzigimkr` ro` iebic`ehpz |h|pmkrihez rovhpco qkvihpz mkbiehitkrihe ' fhro

ro` v`|v`zziq` zrkr` k||kvkrpz`z hv gkzzkjv` keb hjjp|krihe keb ro`

ib`hmhcijkm zrkr` k||kvkrpz`z rokr jkmmiec ohzrim` gkvniecz /zpjo kz v`micihe-

jmhroiec keb mkecpkc`) /;999- ;:1)% Roiz o`m|z rh peb`vzrkeb rokr ro` Oiebp

Gkvvikc` Kjr okz z`vq`b kz hemy k |kvr ha ke ib`hmhcijkm zrkr` k||kvkrpz keb

;3 Ro` ZC\J skz jv`kr`b hej` jhervhm ha ro` cpvbskvkz skz sv`zrm`b avhg ro` Fvirizo z`vqiec Gkokerz%

Ir skz rh z`vq` kz ke kprhehghpz Zino fhby rh gkekc` Zino cpvbskvkz%

;? K yhpec shgke skz b`jmkv`b kz ehr f`iec k Zino fy ro` ZC\J /mkvc`my jhg|hz`b ha gkm`z) f`jkpz`

zo` |mpjn`b o`v `y`fvhsz% Roiz skz k opc` jkz`- kz roiz b`aieirihe ha k Zino jke ehs f` pz`b rh ro`

zrkr` rh b`ey ghv` Zinoz ha ro`iv ib`eriry fpr jke f` dpzriai`b kz ir skz iezrirpr`b fy Zino m`kb`vzoi|%

;9

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ie y`kvz ahmmhsiec- ro`v` okq` f``e iejib`erz ha gkzz qihm`er zrkr` v`|v`zzihe

kz s`mm kz ro` b`eikm ha ro` ig|hvrkej` ha ro` gkie mkecpkc` ha ro` Zinoz-

\pedkfi- siroie ro` `bpjkrihe zyzr`g keb zrkr` gieizrvi`z% Ro`v` iz kmzh ke

kjriq` b`eikm keb `xjmpzihe ha ghb`ve Zino oizrhvy avhg zrkr` jpvvijpmpg keb

apebiec ierh aimgz rokr zohs ro` fkjnskvb keb ivv`m`qker ekrpv` ha Zinoi%;9

Ohs`q`v- bvksiec he Ohgi Fokfok- E`mzhe bizjpzz`z ro` |hr`erikm ahv

v`zizrkej` siroie oyfvibiry% Zo` zrkr`z- oyfvibiry shvnz kz fhro ke

ig|hzirihe keb kz v`kvrijpmkrihe- kz ro` Gkyk iezizr he iejmpzihe keb

|kvriji|krihe fpr siro biaa`v`ej` /keb) roiz v`|`kriec siro k biaa`v`ej` okz

f``e r`vg`b jhmheikm oyfvibiry keb kgfiqkm`ej` fy Ohgi Fokfok% Ro`

qihm`er skyz rokr jpmrpv` jmkzo`z keb bizji|miekvy `ejhper`vz m`kq` ro`iv

hvroh|`bij gkvnz ghzr fvprkmmy he ro` jhmheit`b fpr kmzh he ro` jhmheit`v

f`jhg` zir`z ha ier`vbijrihe /E`mzhe- ;999- ;:3)% Ro`z` jpmrpv` jmkzo`z hemy

apvro`v ckmqkeit` jhggpeiri`z fy pziec sokr skz g`ker rh aix /keb

oyfvibit`(kzzigimkr`) ib`eriry iz f`iec pz`b rh ohmb he rh jpmrpv` /E`mzhe-

;999- ;2:)% Ie roiz v`|`ririhe siro biaa`v`ej`- iz so`v` E`mzhe /pziec Fokfok)

kvcp`z ro` v`zizrkej` mi`z%

BIKZ\HVK KZ ZIR@Z HA IER@VBIJRIHE

Pziec Fokfokz ehrihe |v`z`er`b fy E`mzhe ha zir`z ha ier`vbijrihe- I

kvcp` rokr ro` bikz|hvk ahv ro` Zino jhggpeiry iz k |mkj` so`v` v`|`kriec

;9 Z|`jiaijkmmy- k aimg `erirm`b Vhhrz ha Mhq` rkmniec kfhpr ro` jmkzo ha fhyz siro ro`iv jpmrpv` soijo iz

v`|v`z`er`b fy Zinoi keb ro`iv |kv`erz /soh kv` pekfm` rh kvrijpmkr` ro` z|ivirpkm qkmp` ha okiv) keb

ghb`veiry%

6

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siro biaa`v`ej` simm jv`kr` ro` cv`kr`zr biaa`v`ej`% Zieco kvcp`z rokr ziej`

iggicvker Zinoz gkierkie rvkezekrihekm ri`z siro ro`iv akgimi`z keb avi`ebz ie

ro` \pedkf /keb Iebik)- ro` jpzrhgz keb qkmp`z avhg ro`v` kv` {pijnmy

`x|hvr`b rh bikz|hvij jhggpeiri`z kjvhzz ro` cmhf` /6

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Shvnz Jir`b

:% M`ckm B`aieirihe ha Oiebp% Qhij` ha Iebik A`krpv`z ' :< Hjr 6