SU4=

SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

=lrT-lc-miAkb=obpmlkpb=lc=Teobb-ibAc=pTlkb=MAplkoY=tAiip=TAhIkd=ACClrkT==lc=plIi-pTorCTrob=IkTboACTIlkW==Ak=bumboIMbkTAi=pTraY== AikateriniJAnna ManoledakiNI sasileios arososOI foannis AnastasopoulosPI blizabeth sintzileou4I deorge dazetasR ABpToACT==

qhis=paper=studies=the=outJofJplane=seismic=response=of=stone=masonry=wallsI= typically=encountered=in=historic= and= monumental= structuresI= with= due= consideration= to= soil–foundation–structure= interaction=EpcpfFK= qhe= problem= is= investigated= experimentallyI= through= a= series= of= pushover= testsI= performed=on=reduced=scale= ENWPF= specimensK= bach=specimen=consisted=of=a= threeJleaf= stone=masonry=wall=built=on=top= of= a= rectangular= footingK= qhe= walls= were= subjected= to= outJofJplane= displacementI= imposed=at=midJheightK= qhe= specimens= were= tested= as= builtI= with= the= exception= of= one= specimen= tested= in=strengthened=conditionK=fn=a=first=phaseI=a=set=of=experiments=were=conducted=ignoring=pcpfK=qhenI=in=a=second= phaseI= the= masonry= wall–foundation= specimens= were= founded= on= a= sand= substratum= to=investigate=the=role=of=pcpfK=qhe=effect=of=soil=resilience=was=examined=by=modelling=two=idealized=soil=depositsW=EaF=dense=sand=of=relative=density=ar===VOBI=and=EbF=loose=sand=of=relative=density=ar ==PPBK=qhe=observed=failure=modes=are=discussed=with=due=emphasis=on=the=cracking=patterns=of=the=walls=and=postJtest=soil=deformationK=As=shown=by=the=obtained=test=resultsI=the=outJofJplane=seismic=performance=of=the=walls=was=substantially=affected=by=pcpf=effectsI=as=well=as=by=the=boundary=conditionsK==heywords: ptone masonryI qhreeJleafI lutJofJplaneI mushover testsI poilJstructure interaction NK IkTolarCTIlk==ptone=masonry=is=one=of=the=most=commonly=encountered=structural=systems= in=historic=constructions=and=monuments=around=the=worldK=qhe=overall=seismic=response=of=such=structures= is=quite=complexI=especially= when= soil–foundation–structure= interaction= EpcpfF= needs= to= be= considered= as= wellK= qhe=research= presented= herein= focuses= on= the= critical= outJofJplane= seismic= response= of= single= structural=componentsI=namely=stone=masonry=wallsI=with=due=consideration=to=pcpf=effectsK==As= far= as= outJofJplane= tests= are= concernedI= a= restricted= number= of= experimental= studies= have= been=published=regarding=contemporary=EiKeKI=brick=and=blockF=masonry=walls=xNJTzK=eoweverI=to=the=best=of=our=knowledgeI=this=is=the=first=experimental=campaign=concerning=historic=stone=masonry=wallsK=ft=is=also =the =first =time =that =issues =associated =with =soil–structure =interaction =are =addressedK =qhereforeI =an =important=scope=of=the=research=is=to=contribute=to=the=enhancement=of=knowledge=in=the=fieldK=aue=to=space=limitationsI=an=overview=of= the=experimental= results= is=presented= in=this=paper=with=the=help=of=comprehensive= diagrams= and= tablesK= joreoverI= the= observed= failure= modes= are= discussed= with= due=emphasis=on=the=cracking=patterns=of=the=wallsI=and=the=postJtest=deformation=of=the=soilK====

================================================N=mha=ptudentI=kational=qechnical=rnivK=of=AthensI=pchool=of=Civil=bngKI=manolkat]centralKntuaKgr=O=mostdoctoral=oesearcherI=kational=qechnical=rnivK=of=AthensI=pchool=of=Civil=bngKI=vadrosos]gmailKcom=P=AssistK=mrofessor=EelectedFI=kational=qechnical=rnivK=of=AthensI=pchool=of=Civil=bngKI=ianast]civilKntuaKgr=4=mrofessorI=kational=qechnical=rnivK=of=AthensI=pchool=of=Civil=bngKI=elvintz]centralKntuaKgr=R=mrofessorI=kational=qechnical=rnivK=of=AthensI=pchool=of=Civil=bngKI=gazetas]athKforthnetKgr=

SUR=

OK abpCoImTIlk=lc=TbpT=pmbCIMbkp==qhe=test=specimens=aim=at=simulating=walls=found=in=typical=historic=structures=made=of=threeJleaf=stone=masonryK=qhe=specific=structural= typology= is=quite=commonI=and=consists= of= two=external= leaves= and=a=loose=poor=quality=incoherent=inner=coreK=qhis=type=of=masonry=was=chosen=because=it=is=particularly=vulnerable= against= outJofJplane= seismic= actionsI= due= to= the= nonJmonolithic= behaviour= within= its=thicknessK==qaking=account= of= the=capacity=of= the= equipment= of= the=kqrA=poil=jechanics=iaboratoryI= the= tests=were=conducted=at==a=reduced=scale=of=NWPK=bach=specimen=consisted=of=a=threeJleaf=stone=masonry=wall=built=on=top=of=a=rectangular=concrete=footingK=qhe=walls=were=MKR=m=longI=MKO=m=thick=and=NKM=m=highI=whereas=the=footings=were=MKR=m=longI=MKP=m=wide=and=MKP=m=high=EcigK=NFK=peven=identical=walls=were=constructed= by= a= professional= masonI= using= materials= with= mechanical= and= physical= characteristics=representative=of=those=found=in=historic=structuresK=qhis=was=confirmed=by=the=results=of=the=conducted=standardized=material=testsK==qhe= traditional= building= procedure= used= in= the= case= of= threeJleaf= stone= masonry= was= followedK= qhe=external= leaves= consisted= of= rubble= limestone= bonded= with= limeJpozzolan= based= mortarK= qhe= infill=material= was= prepared=by=mixing=binding=mortar=with= stone=fragments= in= a= specific=proportionK=qhe=resultant=loose=material=was=gradually=poured=between=the=external=leaves=without=compactionI=so=as=to=achieve= a= voids= ratio= of= 4MB= to=4RBK= ko= transversal= connection= was= provided=between= the= leavesI=which=had=approximately=the=same=thickness=EiKeKI=teIN===teIO===ti===twLP===SKST=cmFK=mrior=to=the=testsI=the=specimens=were=painted=white=in=order=to=facilitate=the=observation=of=the=cracking=patternK===

=

RMcm

NMMcm

PMcm

SKSTcm

OMcmNMcm

SKSTcm

============ ======= =======

= EaF= EbF==

cigK=N=qest=specimenW=EaF=schematic=geometry=with=dimensionsI=and=EbF=photos=before=testing=

=PK bumboIMbkTAi=CAMmAIdk=

=PKNK Test=program=qhe= experimental= campaign= was= divided= in= two= main= phases= EqableK= OFK= mhase= f= involved= a= set= of=pushover= tests= which= were= conducted= ignoring= pcpfK= auring= phase= ff= the= masonry= wall–footing=specimens=were=founded=on=a=sand=substratum=to=investigate=the=role=of=pcpfK=ary=iongstone sandI=an=industrially= produced= fine= and= uniform= quartz= sand= with= aRM == MKNR=mm=and=uniformity=coefficient=========Cu===NK4OI =was=used=in=the=experimentsK =jaterial =and=strength=characteristics =of =the=sandI =as =derived=through= laboratory= testsI= have= been= documented= in= xUzK= qhe= sand= was= layered= inside= the= container=through= an= electronicallyJcontrolled= sand= raining= systemI= capable= of= producing= sand= specimens= of=controllable=relative=density=ar=I=ensuring=repeatabilityK=qhe=effect=of=soil=resilience=was=examined=by=modelling=two=idealized=soil=depositsW=EaF=dense=sand=of=relative=density=ar===VOBI=and=EbF=loose=sand=of= ar= == PPBK= qhe= specimens= were= subjected= to= monotonic= and= cyclic= outJofJplane= loading= at= midJheightI=by=means=of=a=servoJelectric=screwJjack=actuatorK=All=tests=were=performed=under=displacement=controlI=at=a=slow=displacement=increment=rate=of=MKO=mmLsK=qhe=loading=protocols=of=the=cyclic=tests=for= both=phases=are=shown=in=cigK=OK= ft= should=be=noted=that=specimen=tP= was= the=only=one=tested=in=strengthened=condition=Eby=means=of=a=postJtensioning=systemFI=while=the=rest=were=tested=as=builtK==

SUS=

Table=N=bxperimental=campaign==

mhase= ppecimen= Test=Type= pcpI= ptrengthening=

f=

tN= jonotonic= ko= ko=

tO= Cyclic= ko= ko=tP= jonotonic= ko= ves=

ff=t4= Cyclic= ves= ko=tR= Cyclic= ves= ko=

=fn=practiceI=depending=on=the=features=of=the=structureI=there=is=a=certain=degree=of=variability=in=terms=of= the= translational= and= rotational= restraint= provided= to= the= masonry= wallsK= An= adjustable= test= rig= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =EcigsK= Pa= and= PbF= was= designed= to= allow= for= the= representation= of= the= wall= boundary= conditions=typically= encountered= in=historic=stone= masonry=structures= with= timber= floors= and=roofK= qhe= latter= do=not= represent= a= rigid= diaphragmI= and= do= not= provide= fixed= connection= with= the= wallsK= Before=proceeding=with=phase=ff=testsI=two=essential=test=rig=modifications=were=madeW=EaF=the=specimens=were=founded=directly= on=a= sand= substratum=laid= inside= a= transparent= rigid= soil= containerI= and= EbF= the=top=support=was=modified=to=allow=for=footing=settlementK====

============ ==

cigK=O=Cyclic=test=loading=protocols=forW=EaF=phase=fI=and=EbF=phase=ff==

=== ==== =====

=w

dtJv

N

wdt

JvO

wdt

JvP

wdt

Jv4

wdtJhN

wdtJhO

wdtJhP

wdtJh4

wdtJhR

ptationary=frame

======

========================EaF===========================================EbF=================================EcF======================================EdF==

cigK=P=qest=setJupW=EaF=phase=f=configurationI=EbF=phase=ff=configurationI=EcF=postJtensioning=system=with=attached=load=cellI=and=EdF=wdt’s=arrangement=

=peveral= instruments= were= used= to= capture= the= overall= response= of= the= specimensK= kine= wire=displacement=transducers=Ewdt’sFI=mounted=on=a=stationary=frameI=recorded=both=horizontal=and=vertical=displacements =at =key =locations =EcigK =PdFK =qhe =applied =forces =were =recorded =by =three =load =cellsK =lne =was= always= attached= to= the= actuatorI= and= the= remaining= two= were= attached= to= the= postJtensioning=system=which=was=used=to=strengthen=specimen=tP=EcigK=PcFK=auring=phase=ffI=the=interaction=between=the=footing=and=the=sand=substratum=was=monitored=through=the=transparent=soil=container=via=a=digital=cameraK=pupplementaryI= laser= displacement= transducers= Eldt’sF= were=used= to=scan= the=soil= surface= in=order=to=measure=the=total=soil=settlement=and=obtain=a=clear=image=of=the=postJtest=soil=deformationK=

SUT=

PKOK Test=results=PKOKNK mhase f: tests ignoring pcpf qhe= force–displacement= response= Eat= wall= midJheightF= of= the= cyclically= tested= specimen= tO= was=consistent=with=the=general=trends=observed=for=the=monotonically=tested=specimen=tN=EcigK=4FK=After=the= onset= of= cracking= EccrI= ΔcrFI= the= wall= continued= to= resist= with= increasing= force= and= degrading=stiffnessI= until=peak=force= EcmaxI=ΔcmaxF=was=attainedK= qhis= is=attributed= to= the=beneficial=effect= of= the=axial=load=introduced=by=the=top=supportK=As=the=midJheight=displacement=progressively=increasedI=the=wall= had= the= tendency= to= elongate= EarchingFI= but= was= partially= restrained= by= the= top= supportI= and=thereby=subjected=to=the=aforementioned=loadK=qhe=key=experimental=data=are=summarized=in=qable=OK==

JOM JNM M NM OM PMaisplacement EmmF

JS

J4

JO

M

O

4

tN EmonotonicF

JMKN JMKMR M MKMR MKN MKNRkormalized aisplacement EΔLtwF

========== ==

cigK=4=corce–displacement=response=comparison=for=specimens=tN=and=tO==

Table=O=Comparison=of=key=force–displacement=data=for=phase=f=tests==

ppecimen= ccr===EkkF=

Δcr===EmmF=

cmax==EkkF=

Δcmax==EmmF=

tN== OKP4= OK4R= RKON= OVKOS=

tO==dirK=EHF= NKNM= NKNU= 4KRM= NNKUR=

dirK=E-F= JNKT4= J4KMS= JSKO4= JOOKTN=

tP=EstrengthenedF= RKUS= SKNS= NMKTV=========== NSKSV==qhe=evident=nonJsymmetry= in=the=cyclic= force–displacement=curve=can=probably=be=attributed= to= the=fact=that=cracking=initiation=EccrI=ΔcrF=in=the=negative=direction=was=preceded=by=an=entire=cycleK=qhusI=resulting= in=a= more= rapid=weakening=of= the= respective=wall= sideI= due=to= the=higher= level= of= damage=accumulationK==lneJway=vertical=outJofJplane=bending= failure=mode=was= observed= for= specimens=tN=and=tOI=with=material=crushing=being=restricted=to=the=weak=mortar=jointsK=clexural=tensile=cracks=formed=at=the=bed=joints= right= below= and= right= above= the= wall= midJheight= respectively= EcigsK= Ra= and= RbFK= fncreasing=displacements= led= to= further= crack=propagation= and= wideningK= qhe= maximum= crack= width= observed=during=the=tests=was=approximately=NO=mmK===

=== ======= === ======= === ==

========================EaF===========================================EbF=================================EcF======================================EdF==

cigK=R=Aspects=of=the=postJtest=cracking=pattern=Ehighlighted=with=red=colorFW=EaF=specimen=tNI=EbF=specimen=tOI=and=EcF=specimen=tP=

SUU=

cor=the=purposes=of=the=last=test=of=this=phaseI=specimen=tP=was=strengthened=for=outJofJplane=bending=through=a=postJtensioning=systemK=qhe=obtained=test=results=indicate=a=significant=improvement=in=the=overall= response= of= the= specimenK= fn= factI= its= outJofJplane= resistance= was= practically= doubled= in=comparison=with=control=specimens=tN=and=tO=Eqable=OFK=eenceI=the=specific=strengthening=technique=was=deemed=highly=effective=against=outJofJplane=seismic=actionsK==ft=should=be=noted=that=the=strengthened=specimen=exhibited=a=somewhat=different=cracking=pattern=than=the=ones=observed=on=control=specimens=tN=and=tO=EcigK=RcFK=qhe=main=flexural=tensile=crack=formed=on=the=front=sideI=at=the=bed=joint=right=below=the=wall=midJheightK=eoweverI=further=crack=propagation=and=widening=was=noticeably=delayed=due= to= the=beneficial= effect= of= the=postJtensioning=systemK= qhe=maximum=observed=width=of=the=aforementioned=crack=was=about=T=mmK=fn=the=course=of=the=testI=the=cracking=pattern=was=supplemented=by=a=stepped=crack=at=the=bottom=course=of=the=front=sideI=a=crack=along=the=bed=joint=right=above=the=bottom=course=of=the=back=sideI=and=a=group=of=cracks=at=the=lower=half=of=the=two=lateral=sidesK===

========== ================================ ========

===== ============================== ================

Tota

lsoi

lset

tlem

entE

mm

F

=========== ==cigK =S= Comparative= test= results= for= the= cases= of= dense= and= loose= sand= substratumW= EaF= force–displacement=responseI=EbF=footing=settlement–rotation=responseI=and=EcF=postJtest=soil=deformation=Esettlement=is=positiveF==PKOKOK mhase ff: tests considering pcpf ppecimen=t4=was=founded=on=dense=sand=Ear===VOBFI=while=specimen=tR=was=founded=on=loose=sand=Ear===PPBFK=cigure=S=presents=an=overview=of=the=main=test=results=in=terms=ofW=EaF=force–displacement=response= Eat= wall= midJheightFI= EbF= footing= settlement–rotation= responseI= and= EcF= postJtest= soil=deformation=measured=along=the=midJaxis=of=the=footingK=Before=proceedingI=it=should=be=noted=that=the=

EaF===============

EbF===========

EcF=

SUV=

distinct =difference =between =the =force–displacement =responses =of =phase =ff =tests =EcigK =SaF =and =phase =f =tests=EcigK=4F= is=owed=to=the=fact= that=different=boundary=conditions=were=examinedK=qhe=comparison=verifies=the=high=sensitivity=of=the=outJofJplane=behaviour=of=the=walls=to=the=boundary=conditionsK==qhe= results= indicate=that= pcpf= substantially= affects= the=performance= of= the=wallsK= After= the=onset= of=cracking= EccrI=ΔcrFI= strength=and= stiffness= degradation= was= observed= due= to= the=accumulated= damage=resulting=from=cyclic=loadingK=qhe=key=force–displacement=data=are=summarized=in=qable=PK==

Table=P=Comparison=of=key=force–displacement=data=for=phase=ff=tests==

ppecimen= ccr===EkkF=

Δcr===EmmF=

cΔmax==EkkF=

Δmax=

=EmmF=

t4===EDr===9OBF=

dirK=EHF= NKRO= RKSS= MKVN= ROK44=

dirK=E-F= JNKST= JOKPS= JMKTN= JRSKVM=

tR===EDr ==PPBF=

dirK=EHF= NK4M= OKRO= MKUS= RSKPV=

dirK=E-F= JNK4S= JNKUS= JMKTU= JR4KPU==fn= both= casesI= oneJway= vertical= outJofJplane= bending= failure= mode= was= observedI= and= material=crushing=was=entirely=limited=to=the=weak=mortar=joints=EcigK=TFK=clexural=tensile=cracks=formed=at=the=bed=joints=right=below=and=right=above=the=wall=midJheightK=pequential=loading=cycles=were=associated=with=further=crack=propagation=and=wideningK=qhe=maximum=crack=width=observed=during=the=tests=was=about=PR=mm=for= specimen=t4I= and=PV= mm=for= specimen=tR= respectivelyK=puch=was= the= extent=of=sustained=damage=that=the=walls=almost=failed=due=to=partial=outJofJplane=collapseK==

==== ============= ==== ==

= EaF= EbF==

cigK=T=Aspects=of=the=postJtest=cracking=pattern=Ehighlighted=with=red=colorFW=EaF=specimen=t4I==and=EbF=specimen=tR=

=

Combined=sliding=and=rocking=of=the=foundation=was=observedI=and=sequential=loading=cycles=resulted=in= accumulated= settlements= underneath= the= footingK= qhe= comparative= test= results= show= that= soil–foundation= interaction= was= substantially= influenced= by= soil= densityK= fn= the= case= of= dense= sandI=foundation= rocking=progressively= led= to= loss= of= contact= between= the= soil= and= the= footing=close= to= its=edgesI=where=intense=uplifting=took=place=EcigK=UaFK=qhe=gaps=generated=at=the=front=and=the=back=of=the=footing=were=associated=with=a=reduction=of=the=effective=foundation=widthK=qhis=was=confirmed=by=the=recorded=arcJshaped=soil= surface=formation=beneath= the=footing= EcigK=ScFK=qhis=phenomenon=was= not=observed=in=the=case=of=loose=sandI=where=the=performance=was=sinkingJdominated=EcigK=SbFK===

============ ==

= EaF= EbF==

cigK=U=CloseJup=photos=of=the=footingW=EaF=after=the=test=on=dense=sand=Enote=the=gap=formation=where=the=footing=is=detached=from=the=underlying=soilFI=and=EbF=after=the=test=on=loose=sand=

SVM=

4K ClkCirpIlkp==qhe=paper=has=presented=an=overview=of=the=main=results=obtained=by=an=experimental=study=focused=on=the=outJofJplane=response=of=threeJleaf=stone=masonry=wallsI=with=due=consideration=to=soil–structure=interactionK=An= important=objective=of= the=research=was= to=help= enhance= the=knowledge= in= the= fieldI=given=the=fact=that=no=corresponding=results=have=been=reported=in=literatureK==qhe= tests= showed= that= the= outJofJplane= seismic=performance= of= the=masonry= walls= was= substantially=affected=by=soil–foundation–structure=interaction=EpcpfFK=As=indicated=by=the=two=examined=casesI=soil=resilience=had=a= significant= influence=on=system=responseK=coundation=rocking=resulted= in=a= reduction=of= the=soil–footing=contact=zone=in=the=case=of=dense=sandK=thereasI= in=loose=sand= the=response=was=governed=by=sinkingK===qhe=essential= influence=of= the=boundary=conditions=on= the=outJofJplane=response=of= the=walls= is= also=amongst=the=key=observations=made=from=the=testsK=fn=the=cases=where=the=elongation=of=the=wall=was=partially=obstructed=by= the= top= supportI= the= induced=axial= load= led= to=significant= enhancement= of= the=outJofJplane=capacityK=qhe=walls=generally=exhibited=the=typical=cracking=pattern=associated=with=oneJway=vertical=outJofJplane=bendingK=jaterial=crushing=was=restricted=to=the=weak=mortar=jointsK=qhe=examined=strengthening=techniqueI=by=means=of=a=postJtensioning=systemI=proved=to=be=highly=effective=against=outJofJplane=seismic=actionsK=fn=factI=the=outJofJplane=bearing=capacity=of=the=strengthened=wall=was=practically=doubled=in=comparison=with=the=control=walls=which=were=tested=as=builtK===AChkltibadbMbkTp==qhis= work= forms= part= of= the= br= research= project= “aAob”= which= is= funded= through= the= buropean=oesearch=Council’s= EboCF=“fabAp”=mrogrammeI= in=pupport= of=crontier=oesearch–Advanced= drantI=under=contractLnumber=boC–O–V–AddOOUOR4–aAobK===obcbobkCbp==xNz ABh=ENVUNF=jethodology=for=jitigation=of=peismic=eazards=in=bxisting=rnreinforced=jasonry=

BuildingsW= tall= qestingI= lutJofJmlaneK= ABh= qopical= oeport= M4K= qechnical oeportI= ABhI =bl =pegundoI=CaliforniaK=

xOz driffith= jKCKI= iam= kKqKhKI= tilson= gKiKI= aoherty= hK= EOMM4F= bxperimental= investigation= of=unreinforced=brick=masonry=walls=in=flexureK==gournal of ptructural bngineering NPMEPFW=4OPJ4POK=

xPz hanit=oKI=Atimtay=bK=EOMMSF=bxperimental=Assessment=of=the=peismic=Behavior=of=ioadJBearing=jasonry= talls= ioaded= lutJofJmlaneK= qurkish gournal of bngineering and bnvironmental pciences PM=EOFW=NMNJNNPK=

x4z driffith =jKCKI =saculik =gKI =iam =kKqKhI =tilson =gKI =iumantarna =bK =EOMMTF =Cyclic =testing =of =unreinforced= masonry= walls= in= twoJway= bendingK= gournal of barthquake bngineering and ptructural aynamics PS=ESFW=UMNKUONK=

xRz tilhelm=jKI=jojsilovic=kK=and=aazio=AK=EOMMTF=lutJofJmlane=phaking=qable=qests=on=rnreinforced=jasonry=tallsK=fnW=mrocK NMth korth American Masonry ConfK ptK=iouisI=jissuriI=rpAK=

xSz jeisl=CK=pKI=blwood=hK=gK=and=sentura=CK=bK=EOMMTF=phake=table=tests=on=the=outJofJplane=response=of=unreinforced=masonryK=Canadian gournal of Civil bngineering P4=ENNFW=NPUNJNPVOK=

xTz aerakhshan= eK= and= fngham= gKjK= EOMMUF= lutJofJplane= testing= of= an= unreinforced= masonry= wall=subjected= to=oneJway=bendingK= fnW= mrocK of Australian barthquake bngineering ConfK= BallaratI=sictoriaI=AustraliaK=

xUz AnastastasopoulosI= fKI= deorgarakosI= mKI= deorgiannouI= sKI= arososI= sKI= hourkoulisI= oK= EOMNMF=peismic=merformance=of=BarJjat=oeinforcedJpoil=oetaining=tallW=phaking=qable=qesting=versus=kumerical= Analysis= with= jodified= hinematic= eardening= Constitutive= jodelK= gournal of= poil aynamics and barthquake bngineering=PMW=NMUVJNNMRK==