ltit presentation

7/31/2019 Ltit Presentation

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M.Imran madni BT-08-08Abdul Qadoos BT-08-33Muhammad Amir BT-08-35Ghulam Akbar BT-08-46Zahid Hussain BT-08-55Sajad Ashraf BT-07-16


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Introduction of WSN and Examples ofWSN

Comparison of WSN with ad hocnetworks.

Characteristics of Wireless SensorNetworks

sensors categories

Coverage Applications of Wireless Sensornetworks

Design Challenges

Latest trends of WSN Conclusion


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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs): Highly distributed networks of small,

lightweight wireless nodes,

Deployed in large numbers, Monitors the environment or system by

measuring physical parameters such astemperature, pressure, humidity.

Node: sensing + processing + communication


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Image Sensor Modules (885.7mm)

WII sensor (2403515mm)


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Network these devicesso that they canexecute more complex task.

Embed numeroussensing nodes tomonitor and interact

with physical world


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The development of wireless sensornetworks was originally motivated by

military applications.Wireless sensor networks are now

used in many wide-range application

areas.


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Wireless Sensor Networks mainly consistsofsensors. Sensors are - low power

limited memory energy constrained due to their smallsize.

Wireless networks can also be deployed in

extreme environmental conditions andmay be prone to enemy attacks.

Although deployed in an ad hoc mannerthey need to be self organized and selfhealing and can face constant

reconfiguration.


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Wireless sensor networks mainly usebroadcast communication while ad hocnetworks use point-to-point communication.

Unlike ad hoc networks wireless sensornetworks are limited by sensors limitedpower, energy and computational capability.

Sensor nodes maynot have global ID

because of the large amount of overhead andlarge number of sensors.


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BT-08-08


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Sensors can be classified into twocategories:

Ordinary SensorsData gathering

Ordinary Sensors require external circuitry toperform some dedicated tasks like dataanalyzing.

Smart SensorsData gathering and processing

Smart Sensors have internal circuitry to perform

dedicated tasks.


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Sensor coverage can be classifiedinto three types:

Area coverage

Point coverage

Barrier coverage


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Areacoverage deployment

of sensorsto cover agiven area


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Pointcoverage deployment

of sensors tocover a set ofpoints


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Barriercoverage

To find a pathfrom A to B

For any pointon the path,

the distance tothe closestsensor isminimized.

A

B


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The applications can be divided inthree categories:

1. Monitoring of an area.2. Monitoring of an objects.3. Monitoring of both area and

objects.


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Environmental and HabitatMonitoring

Precision AgricultureIndoor Climate ControlMilitary Surveillance

Treaty VerificationIntelligent Alarms


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Precision agriculture aims atmaking cultural operations

more efficient, while

reducing environmental

impact. The information collected

from sensors is used to

evaluate optimum sowing

density, estimate fertilizers

and other inputs needs, and to

more accurately predict crop

yields.


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BT-08-46


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Structural MonitoringEco-physiology

Condition-based MaintenanceMedical DiagnosticsUrban land mapping


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Intel fabrication plants

Sensors collect vibration data, monitorwear and tear; report data in real-time

Reduces need for a team of engineers;cutting costs by several orders of

magnitude


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Wildlife Habitats Disaster Management Emergency Response Ubiquitous Computing Asset Tracking

Health Care Manufacturing Process Flows


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The Zebra Net Project

Collar-mounted sensors monitorzebra movement in Kenya


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Environmental Observation:Sensor networks can be used to monitor

environmental changes. An example could be water

pollution detection in a lake that is located near a

factory that uses chemical substances. Sensor nodes

could be randomly deployed in unknown and hostile

areas and relay the exact origin of a pollutant. Other

examples include forest fire detection, air pollution

and rainfall observation in agriculture.


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Military Monitoring:

Military uses sensor networks for

battlefield surveillance; sensors could

monitor vehicular traffic, track the

position of the enemy.

continue


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BT-08-55


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Why are WSNs challenging/uniquefrom a research point of view?

Typically, severely energyconstrained. Limited energy sources (e.g., batteries).Trade-off between performance and

lifetime.Self-organizing and self-healing.

Remote deployments.Scalable.

Arbitrarily large number of nodes.


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Heterogeneity.Devices with varied capabilities.Different sensor modalities.

Hierarchical deployments. Adaptability.Adjust to operating conditions and

changes in application requirements.

Security and privacy.Potentially sensitive information.Hostile environments.


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Challenges: 1. Energy Efficiency:Power consumptions are crucial to wireless

sensor network applications because sensornodes are not connected to any energy source.

Energy efficiency is a dominant considerationno matter what the problem is.

Sensor nodes only have a small and finitesource of energy. Many solutions, both hardwareand software related, have been proposed tooptimize energy usage.


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Distributed ProcessingThe algorithms need to be centralized as

the processing is carried out on differentnodes.

Low Bandwidth CommunicationThe data should be transferred efficiently

between sensors


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Large Scale CoordinationThe sensors need to coordinate with each

other to produce required results.Utilization of Sensors

The sensors should be utilized in a waysthat produce the maximum performanceand use less energy.

Real Time ComputationThe computation should be done quickly as

new data is always being generated.


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2. Ad hoc deployment:

Most sensor nodes are deployed in regionswhich have no infrastructure.

We must cope with the changes ofconnectivity and distribution.

3. Unattended operation:

Generally, once sensors are deployed, there isno human intervention for a long time. Sensor network must reconfigure by itself

when certain errors occur.


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4. Dynamic changes:As changes of connectivity due to addition of

more nodes or failure of nodes, Sensor networkmust be able to adapt itself to changingconnectivity.


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BT-08-33


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Sensorscontrollingappliances and

electrical devicesin the house.

Better lighting

and heating inoffice buildings.

The Pentagonbuilding has used

sensors


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Health MonitorsGlucoseHeart rate

Cancer detection Chronic Diseases

Artificial retina Cochlear implants

Hospital SensorsMonitor vital signs Record anomaly


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Remote deployment ofsensors for tactical monitoringof enemy troop movements.


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Numerous industrial and commercialapplications: Agricultural Crop Conditions

Inventory Tracking

In-Process Parts Tracking

Automated Problem Reporting

RFID Radio Frequency Identification Plant Equipment Maintenance Monitoring


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Cars could usewireless sensors to:Handle Accidents

Handle Thefts

Sensors embeddedin the roads to:Monitor traffic flows

Provide real-time route

updates


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WSN is highly distributed networks ofsmall, lightweight wireless nodes

Helpful in monitoring theenviournment

WSN has wide range of applicationsSelf organized and self healing


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