ltuje. - eth zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ed1.pdf · ele-ktrol)'{namlk cl:j.~ i \jj~)...

59
ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK I -j)lR.- CES)) 't&1- chA hA MI.- 40- U, LL4J. {tb'3;{-18t5). Wt.t- J +tvt<.laj) 4&.k UMIdtu J2Ut11. J tt,Üe +ru-uc. . .J>iD. E:t> rk.. fU..e-t ltuJe. 4q. J OvtttL. % TeMiA a!h ') dUtRkt U(ttu (U\. '" tu.vA . ht1- .eU.1'/1 - s,fJ5 . - . ßi:ttrJ \.U(S" UiJIh r,i;,_ überarbeiteter Nachdruck: November 1995 Druck: Zentralstelle der Studentenschaft, Zürich

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Page 1: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

ELE-KTROl)NAMlK

ClJ~ I JJ~)

E~b~

-j)lR-~~ m~~k~~ CES)) tamp1--~A ~ kt~tlUt1L- chA ~~~(e~ hA ~~S~~~1L ~ St--t-t~ MIshy~~ 40- U ~ LLt~~ ~Jaa C41-91-~g69-) LL4J ~)(4)di tb3-18t5) OA~ Wtt- ~~ ~~~~ J LAumlkvilA~ Vamp)amp~~ ~ +tvtltlaj) 4ampk ~ ~ ~~~~ UMIdtu ~lUtshyliltt~ tlaquott~A J2Ut11~4JW-~ J ~ ttUumle ~shy~thae- ~~~k +ru-uc ~L

JgtiD Etgt ~ rk ~-Ol6~f fUe-t L~) ~~tt ~ ltuJe ~ 4q ~~thtb~ ~ttflUM ~ J ~ OvtttL U(aleti~ ValaJu~

TeMiA ah ~ ~~~katlttL ~ L~ ~~ ~~) ~e-tuumlt dUtRkt U(ttu (U ~~

~ tuvA ~au-u~ ~~~ l4I-t~~ ~~~~ se~~ ~ t~ ht1-~)~~

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uumlberarbeiteter Nachdruck November 1995 Druck Zentralstelle der Studentenschaft Zuumlrich

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X_)( ~ E Cl( = e - - - - l ~_~ 3

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f)Cp = -4tr ~ (2a)

~ =F~~ ~ amptV E =- 4-tT ~ -b~ b~k~ shysekte- C1Ja1~~~~) ~ ekk~~~ ~ ~~ ~lJAlt

~( sect = 0 ~ ul sect = 4-~ 1 (29)

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~ e1~U~DPA~J~ ~~~ ~ Te~ l4-J) S 6 1 ~~ gU1(Vdl ii1) ~ ~ ~~~~ I

j~ ~~~ Jlaquo -r~s~-~ mshyes ~m fmiddot2iimiddotJ

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Ur) = qq eTt-t 1 Jt1A -roet-t ~ ~ JA~1- ~~

llt ~ xAO-AO Lb-A

AblU-S~~~~ l ~

lkk-~~~amp~ k- fektk~~-J~ A4=~ ~ampLet~ lulaquoM ~~lt-l-~ Jo- ~~

)) L~) X I J = ( + k L~ ~ I ) (4-1) ~X-~ )

4)~ ~ GI J )( ~ ~ ~~ X ~ b kastu~t~ t(1

~ ~ CA ( G ) lCt

lJ~ ~thv ~ ~ z ~54 ~ucamp

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tLvtwes- UU- ~ek ~- C~~~)~~ 12~)

tgt ~ fx ~laquo(~ ~)

~~se Cf ~ ~~~ ~tc~~ ~ ~(~) = (5 L~) ~) ( ~ ~ ~ ) -tgta 6S I 0 Cl( ~ I) = 0 ~ x ~ )( ~ ~~L

S Ctk) ~ Ouml c~) ~ ) - (S (~J ~)~ lttgt Ct tl~(3 I)-oVtx olA

lrk(E)~)

= + S ~ (p U-I- als) ~ 1S W) ~+ e1 ) - ~ (~)~euroI) ~ CpUe~J d~ = C) euro 1

bull e2JQ k

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- 4rrr (pex)

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(4szlig~

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~ ltlrlt()lts- = 0 ~ 4 ~~ t(JVt ~

~ ~~ -F ~ ~~h ~lJ~

(p()( ) =i 5 4r lG

-(3shy

13hao -lta~ lMWMP-~~r

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~_~ ITe~~~~ (~ ~ ~ ~l() ~~)

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lttgt (X) = ~ ~~) J~(~I) (s) t= ~-~l

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al

(Qamp

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S smiddotamp~ ~

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(5 ltSo

~~ S ~~ UM y ~ ~ l(t ~ ~~ +6u ~l~~U ge~ ~camp1) ~ ~leu~ ~W~ ~~) SO ~ P eu ~~ ~~du--k r ~ F

SCE -E~ amp~ = 0 r

-b~ ~d m- ~ ~ amp41lte1 ~ ~~shy~~~k~ E

~~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~ht4k~ l)--C- ~ IulAI2lelA tuttSos ~ E -~ ~s~CJ-(M~

At4 ~~~~~ ~ ~k~~re~Jltshy~~~~-bW~ tt1- AQ cSlM~~r~k ~ ~

E-

(s~)

-plusmngt~ ~Qu~ ~ ~ lt~l ~l- ~~ ~ cktshy

~~~ j Jlt ~ amp1-~ ~ La~~ ~l

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-)8shy

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~ e ~ ~~ ~~~ E -~ ~ ~~ ~ x ~ L~~ ~~

x W -=- - - lt J~ k =-e E (61)

bex S ~suVQ~l ~ ~ ~ Lu~~~ (6)

Lu-~ ~~3 ~ W~ AUA t =- 9 ltp ~ )(

W==e ~ - Q lp amps -= euro [4gt(~)- (P (g 4 J

t1uuml- X---gt~ U4~ ~ ~ ~~ ~S~~~ qgt()~l~ ~~ ~

( 62

~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ --P~~~J~) Sb ~ ~ k-~l) 4 ~a tc1- ~ ~ - k W~ tM ~ ~s~k -P~1~ x J eu ~~ _ ~ ~~ ~s~ tM ~--P9aI~cz(_

wA = t2 tpA J (6s)

Uamp -=- e ~~ -==c d ~4)

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~~ 4 w~ ~~l S1U~~-lK aMA ~ ~shy~ M ~-P~h~ ~l ~uW~ ~ M ~ ro~~~ ~~ ~~~~

t=et = ~ Qt ~l = 1 L euro~ (gt~ bull

Alt--l 24 - )(j z Lamp ~A -~l (s)

~~ (64)~~~~~~

(6~)

1gt~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ tuM~~ J ~ U-tushy

~ ~ AlLM- ~ ~~tU~ ~ ~ ~

Ea~ = ~ ~ J Ce E

uA ~ ~~~ L~~4~ ~

e~=-~ S~V4~ = i S 1~12cG0 (~9)

j)~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ D~ rl ka~ ~L~ 9 ~~ ~u ~~~ ~i2~ ~~~(~ ~l--lf V 1 ) E tJ i ) Jcs- Ii -t -a ) bull

i- tZshy

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JU4 k~~~ ~ ~ t j ~ ~~~~ ( E - bull E J~ J ~ ~ ~ c ~Ok~ ~ ~ ~)() -4 -J ~---- - _ -J

tLutL ~~ ~~ = ~ (R~ xi ) cUt4-W~ A-W~ ~t tM4 Lu-amp amp-R-l((-- ~

SE E J = - SEmiddotmiddot V i(J tL V =_ ( - j V+V ( ( E - - J -A - l J - tcl - J

+- ~ (Pi ~~ amp- V = - r (P i E l t1 JltS - r 4gt E dltr t----gt j J J J A -l

o ~~ ~~

C0 ~~ ~~~~e)Li)~~ ~~l ~l ~ D~~~ ~ Lut~~ ~ -)-er~k ~ (ltszligA ~ ~~~~~h~~)~t-~ JuJ1 ~ ~ ~ xi ttACUM~(~rftmiddot JLVt- ~ ~ T-uuc ~~L LU~ ~~ ~ -i-~ ~~ (lJ ~ lt2~ l ~4 - )~l l E-~ -=_ C2~ 1ltZ ~

- S tt 4gtJ JltS ~ 41r e~Ql ) c-L lX-X- l u~ --4 -J

S E E J~ = -4 ~ej j ~---)-t- -l

~ ) U-cAl Cb~raquo

~el = -L ~ 5~ t j~8Ir ~Fl ~)

-2- shy

6k-~

~ampl- =- ~ ~ [~~ 2 gJ cl

Do-~e Tet~ ~ ~~ ~~~tL-L ~ ~4~jL bao ~~~ ~ ~~-A ~tA~ cu ~ -re~ ~_ ~~) J4 ~kA ~~ tb~etL )

sect f ~ ~(()Ult~~ ampJA ~1Jse~~Aa ~

igt~ eRalli~ ~ ~ ~ ~et ~~ ~_ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ 4 4~-e4k

5 ~) =- ~ L)l) E (~) (~)

a4 ~ ~~Lttli~~ ~~~ ~) lu-t~1eshyltu~ cJu ~~~~ [z])) 41ci ~ ~

~ - t 4laquoshy

E L2-sect ) = i- C E(VE+-( ~JE)JE1 411 - - _J ~ - -(9- )

-tcsect=c

Wuu rd

((7 At )1 e lA = el~- 2j~ (tJwt e k ) tlL L---v----

L ~ll1O~U4- Ouml~wt ~~k)

= ~-t) ek- C Eie) Etc = Elcl~1i t~ - COAEJ

j)0Mctl- tnshy

4lrk~ = E~ lt) E~+ Eie ( lt)k E A - ~ Ec)

= lt2gt- l E A ~ ) - )1 E ~ ~lc L~ E - ~~~-E ~J ~ 2 - -- 2- bull

lT = L [E -E - 1 1gt~ EZ J ~) _ 4c 4tr kz - -)

bull

uu ~ ~Jl tttl41 T~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~k ILM~ ~ 2~~ ~~~~~ Go-~S~ ~~Sj1b ) ~Mci)~ GlL ~ Ju ~~-s~ ~~~~amps- ~u- tL-6~ ~

t~~taL~~middot -b~ ~~k eRa~rk ~~~ ~ T~e~~J ~ ~Q- ~~~-e~ ~~l I hl

k = ~ k tlV =- j Cdilc- amp V ~ ~

J~ ~ ~s~ ~~ ~eu ~ tLb ~k ~~ ~ ~~~~~~

(1-4)

11zS ~81-- ~ ~ V~-lM~ ~1lLt~t- ~~ ~~~ td -h~ ~ ~lc 1IlL C~ Wampl-~ ~ ~) ~J ~ ~-s~ ~~ kt ~) ~~~~~L ~ ~ ~~ ~ (S+i-1)

------- -

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~ ampJn~ 4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~(~~ ~at(l- ~ ~~ lcs- ~~l- ~ ~ JrdJshy~~ cA ltl- V1 ~ l~ CUt~F~) ~ ~) SO u1shy

(1--S)

~ t)S-) ~b~~~- ~ ccfA ~~d I ~ ~J~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ tl-b) ath D-t(~( ~b~i ~ ~ ~~~

~u szlige~) ~ ~ ~p~~ ~ ~aAAAt~ks~t CtM ~~~ ~~ JJu ~Jl--ls~~ ~tUW~ ~ ~ 2S~ ai~

D6- ~~~QS- tszlig- ~ (i-2) S~euro~(31 )~ kaJ ~~~ lxMA~ ~ ~ ~k~1-~ ) ~~~ ampi1dh-s~ ~~ au L La~_ ~~ ~0-Ld6- ~ ~~U~~ ~ ~

~ == S X A k~ gt J~ ~

j~ (1--3) ~ ~

14 = e~~- ~ l(j f6e 11( l = ~A ~ [ltDtLJ(rl-Tlt ~ ~ ~ j

ba T~ S~Il~n~ Il( )~sA~k~ ~b ~ 2~uwJ ~ ~-

-2-4shy

-b~ ~ ampIM ~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~shy~J~k T~~e ~~((~ ~tA bQ~ tt1- ~ ~~u~ ~ tu- ~tQ~j tttLAgtu~ ~~ ~ j~~~ luA4~~~

tgta ~ ~ ~Uu4fl ~ ~ JAA -kek~ishy~ ~szligu~~ JtU~ ~~Ik~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ Qp~o-k(~ LUltA ~ ~~ lus-~ eklt~t~ ~ ot~ ~ t-CL ampzt ~~a~ ~ atu4 cIJb-~~~4~ T~~f- ~ ~ ~ ~~~ Lit ~ ~--es~ ~ J ~ ~~-(~ ~--rL ~~l ~ l~-~R ~ ~c =~

~1 ~ lC-U- ~ L6-t~~rr~ ~~~ I(~~_ ~~lf eRe~~s4~~41et Wcl--~~ ~

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J~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~qv~~ b~ ~ ~~~ ~~ JAJ~

UJL) = ~ ~ ctgta)CiC) A

W~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ lampJ~

W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

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-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

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(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

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5

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2

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lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

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(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

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-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

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a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

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~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

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-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

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r--shy

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(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

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~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

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E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

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)

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Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

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iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

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(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

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(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

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ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

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~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

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~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

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+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

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co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

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__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

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~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

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-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

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hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

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- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

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X_)( ~ E Cl( = e - - - - l ~_~ 3

x - )( I ~ - - 0)(

~_ ~ li

-j~ tl ~ ~U~ ~ ~

sect = _ ~ Cfgt ) (2s-)

tcJ~ ampCi4 -Po~h~ (p ~~ Aumlultl~~ ~-~ ~ (~~k 9ct~ 2-( w-ttAJ

(p (J) = rj ~ ~f) J~ r bull (2-) ll-lf

-~

~ ~S-) ~ (~~ ~~~(p==O)

~l- sect = o (2 +)

~~ ~ ~ ~~ -Jgt~~l~ ~ A~~~4 ~ hU-~ jt~~QNe~ ~ ~ (2~) tU E= - A(() ) ~ ~ ~ la~ ~in 1= hv ~ ~~J Wtgt~~ UNtb ~ tUltA () tLL ~ssampq ~-tLt~

f)Cp = -4tr ~ (2a)

~ =F~~ ~ amptV E =- 4-tT ~ -b~ b~k~ shysekte- C1Ja1~~~~) ~ ekk~~~ ~ ~~ ~lJAlt

~( sect = 0 ~ ul sect = 4-~ 1 (29)

Awcampt 2fJ ~ (z9) W Jui ampJM fampWs~~ ~ ~~~ eiUb ~~ 6i

~ E ~ = ) tUuml E V = 4rr ) ~ampV ~1r~C6 ) I

~ t ( ~ ~~~

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5 =~ lf (zs4)

~ l6laquo ~1 Wt ~ Z~ lthtt1 ampmiddot9 -tiM sr ~~lshy

~ J1fr ~ ~~ Jii~ltlt-~-AJ

A4 == -4lie (fSzj

Alaquo ~~ ~[UuiAe ~ avt ~~kb~ tlwl JRA ~Jlaquo~~U~~ (s ~H-P-$lo~) ~kw4~ 6~)=4A~ ~ ~~~~~shyrL szlig~ a4-~ iJ~lU~ ~~~shy~~~ ~-~~

~C~ gt- -4iCb (s=-)

ltt ~ bLutbt ~ t2W ~1 ~ (2) ~

J1It) 3 C(l = ~ ~ JL C[D = - - 4x I (34)

I~-I

~ tJv Itt~ r~-t)

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~Jak~~ retJ s ~ ce u (-s4) ctlg6t ~

sectWlP=-~~+ ~

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~ W-~j~la~~ ~~ ft1-~~ ~lT~S)= l2gtlaquoTJ-) s

~ e1~U~DPA~J~ ~~~ ~ Te~ l4-J) S 6 1 ~~ gU1(Vdl ii1) ~ ~ ~~~~ I

j~ ~~~ Jlaquo -r~s~-~ mshyes ~m fmiddot2iimiddotJ

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~ ~ ~- ~ilA-t~~ ~ ~ ~ ~

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Ur) = qq eTt-t 1 Jt1A -roet-t ~ ~ JA~1- ~~

llt ~ xAO-AO Lb-A

AblU-S~~~~ l ~

lkk-~~~amp~ k- fektk~~-J~ A4=~ ~ampLet~ lulaquoM ~~lt-l-~ Jo- ~~

)) L~) X I J = ( + k L~ ~ I ) (4-1) ~X-~ )

4)~ ~ GI J )( ~ ~ ~~ X ~ b kastu~t~ t(1

~ ~ CA ( G ) lCt

lJ~ ~thv ~ ~ z ~54 ~ucamp

~ (4) ~ - ~ ~ ) ~= ~ ((gtA~_~A4)JVltO-b CO V CO l-t b

~2)

-(2shy

~ -D= b K(~)~) (Sl~ -t~j CU~ ~~~aJ

tLvtwes- UU- ~ek ~- C~~~)~~ 12~)

tgt ~ fx ~laquo(~ ~)

~~se Cf ~ ~~~ ~tc~~ ~ ~(~) = (5 L~) ~) ( ~ ~ ~ ) -tgta 6S I 0 Cl( ~ I) = 0 ~ x ~ )( ~ ~~L

S Ctk) ~ Ouml c~) ~ ) - (S (~J ~)~ lttgt Ct tl~(3 I)-oVtx olA

lrk(E)~)

= + S ~ (p U-I- als) ~ 1S W) ~+ e1 ) - ~ (~)~euroI) ~ CpUe~J d~ = C) euro 1

bull e2JQ k

euro--oo

- 4rrr (pex)

~ j)~kJQ~

(4szlig~

1~ ~-et- ~S~~ ~ ~U()~) -=( bull -b~ QO~A~ )( -J( I ~ d ~~) ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ a4~~) Ja ~ Cf UM~ ltOltP9vt -ampt- ~~~1r ~~ ~)~ ttuA G4) ~ 2~ ~ ~ =-

~ ltlrlt()lts- = 0 ~ 4 ~~ t(JVt ~

~ ~~ -F ~ ~~h ~lJ~

(p()( ) =i 5 4r lG

-(3shy

13hao -lta~ lMWMP-~~r

~~ ~ lM ~3) ~ G cti ~ k C~)() ~ ~ Ol~) ~I) A J so ~ cJvJL kl(amp~~~~ ~

~_~ ITe~~~~ (~ ~ ~ ~l() ~~)

~~~ltamp1 ~(p ~ ~~ +wd~ t4 ~~ Iltau ~e lf LK) = 0

~ u-eASJt~ht- tp ~ktL l~-~

~i- ~ ttt~tAAJu~ ~~ ~~ ~ LtJ~ _g(tke- ~ ~

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lp(D) =- 1-1 ~ =- 9Ur f(g) )(~

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H= CI (gJ =- -LJ- (p J ~ ftr-t 0k(~)

-t4shy

) Ck-Ce k omiddot=r

ltbkri~

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PiJM [CRln ==- 0 I~ OumlQ

D~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~l- ~ tkt W~~f ~~~ ~u~~amput ~~~

-15shy

~ tlJJt 0 ~~~ ~~~~ lt=ct-~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ 1(3- I~Ht(Au~ ~ 11etshy~~kL~M~~~~ ~ fWshy~~szligt ~~ ~gtb szligG~ ~ klitU 12gt0 ) gt0 ~ I IUK) I ~ E ~ afk ~ tu- l~ I~ Jlaquo ~~ l(l~)2 lt1(tIU~ Lt ~teatiLUlWt ~~ kutiutUUt ai ~~ ~lK=1ltt ~~~ lfl- lU(~)lGE ~ DM l( ~1lM ~gto ~d ~ ~ U ~ LuJ1

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~Ue ltUt eMu--~ F ~ tt1- J44laquo_ selth~ -r~k~

lttgt (X) = ~ ~~) J~(~I) (s) t= ~-~l

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al

(Qamp

S lE)amp~ ) = ~YLamp~4V ~ amp(~

Cs~

Jes-~~ ~ szligS~ltG~~k [ E-] =- 12Jt- E(l nashy~~ 4~4 b~ ~~~~~k~i~ ~ sk~~ Ltu-c~ u se~ ) ~~ uu ~ ~thttL~

S smiddotamp~ ~

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--l1-shy

~ g amp~ = ~ --+et- E amp~ = 0 J

(5 ltSo

~~ S ~~ UM y ~ ~ l(t ~ ~~ +6u ~l~~U ge~ ~camp1) ~ ~leu~ ~W~ ~~) SO ~ P eu ~~ ~~du--k r ~ F

SCE -E~ amp~ = 0 r

-b~ ~d m- ~ ~ amp41lte1 ~ ~~shy~~~k~ E

~~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~ht4k~ l)--C- ~ IulAI2lelA tuttSos ~ E -~ ~s~CJ-(M~

At4 ~~~~~ ~ ~k~~re~Jltshy~~~~-bW~ tt1- AQ cSlM~~r~k ~ ~

E-

(s~)

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x W -=- - - lt J~ k =-e E (61)

bex S ~suVQ~l ~ ~ ~ Lu~~~ (6)

Lu-~ ~~3 ~ W~ AUA t =- 9 ltp ~ )(

W==e ~ - Q lp amps -= euro [4gt(~)- (P (g 4 J

t1uuml- X---gt~ U4~ ~ ~ ~~ ~S~~~ qgt()~l~ ~~ ~

( 62

~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ --P~~~J~) Sb ~ ~ k-~l) 4 ~a tc1- ~ ~ - k W~ tM ~ ~s~k -P~1~ x J eu ~~ _ ~ ~~ ~s~ tM ~--P9aI~cz(_

wA = t2 tpA J (6s)

Uamp -=- e ~~ -==c d ~4)

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~~ 4 w~ ~~l S1U~~-lK aMA ~ ~shy~ M ~-P~h~ ~l ~uW~ ~ M ~ ro~~~ ~~ ~~~~

t=et = ~ Qt ~l = 1 L euro~ (gt~ bull

Alt--l 24 - )(j z Lamp ~A -~l (s)

~~ (64)~~~~~~

(6~)

1gt~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ tuM~~ J ~ U-tushy

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Ea~ = ~ ~ J Ce E

uA ~ ~~~ L~~4~ ~

e~=-~ S~V4~ = i S 1~12cG0 (~9)

j)~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ D~ rl ka~ ~L~ 9 ~~ ~u ~~~ ~i2~ ~~~(~ ~l--lf V 1 ) E tJ i ) Jcs- Ii -t -a ) bull

i- tZshy

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tLutL ~~ ~~ = ~ (R~ xi ) cUt4-W~ A-W~ ~t tM4 Lu-amp amp-R-l((-- ~

SE E J = - SEmiddotmiddot V i(J tL V =_ ( - j V+V ( ( E - - J -A - l J - tcl - J

+- ~ (Pi ~~ amp- V = - r (P i E l t1 JltS - r 4gt E dltr t----gt j J J J A -l

o ~~ ~~

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S E E J~ = -4 ~ej j ~---)-t- -l

~ ) U-cAl Cb~raquo

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-2- shy

6k-~

~ampl- =- ~ ~ [~~ 2 gJ cl

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sect f ~ ~(()Ult~~ ampJA ~1Jse~~Aa ~

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5 ~) =- ~ L)l) E (~) (~)

a4 ~ ~~Lttli~~ ~~~ ~) lu-t~1eshyltu~ cJu ~~~~ [z])) 41ci ~ ~

~ - t 4laquoshy

E L2-sect ) = i- C E(VE+-( ~JE)JE1 411 - - _J ~ - -(9- )

-tcsect=c

Wuu rd

((7 At )1 e lA = el~- 2j~ (tJwt e k ) tlL L---v----

L ~ll1O~U4- Ouml~wt ~~k)

= ~-t) ek- C Eie) Etc = Elcl~1i t~ - COAEJ

j)0Mctl- tnshy

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= lt2gt- l E A ~ ) - )1 E ~ ~lc L~ E - ~~~-E ~J ~ 2 - -- 2- bull

lT = L [E -E - 1 1gt~ EZ J ~) _ 4c 4tr kz - -)

bull

uu ~ ~Jl tttl41 T~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~k ILM~ ~ 2~~ ~~~~~ Go-~S~ ~~Sj1b ) ~Mci)~ GlL ~ Ju ~~-s~ ~~~~amps- ~u- tL-6~ ~

t~~taL~~middot -b~ ~~k eRa~rk ~~~ ~ T~e~~J ~ ~Q- ~~~-e~ ~~l I hl

k = ~ k tlV =- j Cdilc- amp V ~ ~

J~ ~ ~s~ ~~ ~eu ~ tLb ~k ~~ ~ ~~~~~~

(1-4)

11zS ~81-- ~ ~ V~-lM~ ~1lLt~t- ~~ ~~~ td -h~ ~ ~lc 1IlL C~ Wampl-~ ~ ~) ~J ~ ~-s~ ~~ kt ~) ~~~~~L ~ ~ ~~ ~ (S+i-1)

------- -

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~ ampJn~ 4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~(~~ ~at(l- ~ ~~ lcs- ~~l- ~ ~ JrdJshy~~ cA ltl- V1 ~ l~ CUt~F~) ~ ~) SO u1shy

(1--S)

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~u szlige~) ~ ~ ~p~~ ~ ~aAAAt~ks~t CtM ~~~ ~~ JJu ~Jl--ls~~ ~tUW~ ~ ~ 2S~ ai~

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j~ (1--3) ~ ~

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ba T~ S~Il~n~ Il( )~sA~k~ ~b ~ 2~uwJ ~ ~-

-2-4shy

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tgta ~ ~ ~Uu4fl ~ ~ JAA -kek~ishy~ ~szligu~~ JtU~ ~~Ik~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ Qp~o-k(~ LUltA ~ ~~ lus-~ eklt~t~ ~ ot~ ~ t-CL ampzt ~~a~ ~ atu4 cIJb-~~~4~ T~~f- ~ ~ ~ ~~~ Lit ~ ~--es~ ~ J ~ ~~-(~ ~--rL ~~l ~ l~-~R ~ ~c =~

~1 ~ lC-U- ~ L6-t~~rr~ ~~~ I(~~_ ~~lf eRe~~s4~~41et Wcl--~~ ~

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(8)

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W~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ lampJ~

W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

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Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

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~~~ ~~) ~l4-)

50 ~~ tei~~~ LCMot 4 ~~~shyf11J ~~fl ~ ~ 4 eu~~ [) ~ouml~shy~~2ri~~ J~ ~~~~~~~ lhl ~~ l-tftamp lLL ~ ~~k l4Jt(~~tlLe ~el-~~shy~ -b ~ ~~k tlJA ~amp~~ $ek~~ ~ lgtktk Lx-~~~~) ~

- -

s~~tgtU-cL~ lgt~ lM ~ szligets~e1 ~~ ~~ltcJL~ ~leU R~ ill~eU~ aM4~~ ~ ~~ eurotM~~~~sL ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ AM~hk(~~ ~ ~~~(l~ ~() ~se~) ~ ~ ~_ ~~~ scLUthec~ O~~ ~ ampa-ltt ij-C~~ ~~~~b~f~ J4~ ~~ ~ ~ s~ ~~~~ L111~-t~~ ~ ~) u-seh-~ -b~~ ~ Ut~-~ ~ l4shy

srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

LO~ ~~~ ~se~k ~~ ~ k LL4J lltruUU4 Q

~~fUM~ e ~~ ~ ( lM-t ~ ~b ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ i ~~~~lM~~ ~

se~ ~~ ~+keRJliL ~ e ~ ~ ~~~ 1~ ~amp ~~~ (YPszligl ucd (9Qfgt ~~~ ) ~ JL LjU-t~ ~ () til ~~lULJ~ tg ~ct=~6

~- -_= l~- i

e +shy e_

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o

~ ~~ ~ ~o- ~e fi- ~ (8 l l) ~~shyw~~ ~U- ~tA~ ~ ~ ~~~ W~~~k

(f)-_ _ -i lt0laquogt t l 3 - COt- It=a ) -+ = ~

-~2-

~ tt (5

~~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~~ -h~ ~ ~~--L~~ ~~ tRo--~ ~ ~~~ e ~ JL ampL

-~~-

CJ ~lAtU~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~b~~

4)4-~~ ~~ ~~u~ CQ ~ ckJ t3o_ fUeA~ lo~~~~ Cllt ~

b2e ~~--P~s ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ Ld1 ~~ u ~J ~~~~~~~d-~ llamp-c ~~ Lu luQQ(ultAU szliget ~ amp- eurogt luMSe~

Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

~ Qe Lsect - e ) 4- -e L~-Il-) z ~- ~l~ l-c shy

~ (4- a1rC 2) _ efs) a --- e ~ [

lE r ~ ( -cttti-Ll~ -- r---------J

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k=shy esect - 1

~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

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- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

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-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

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Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

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- S1-shy

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tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

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(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

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f)Cp = -4tr ~ (2a)

~ =F~~ ~ amptV E =- 4-tT ~ -b~ b~k~ shysekte- C1Ja1~~~~) ~ ekk~~~ ~ ~~ ~lJAlt

~( sect = 0 ~ ul sect = 4-~ 1 (29)

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lkk-~~~amp~ k- fektk~~-J~ A4=~ ~ampLet~ lulaquoM ~~lt-l-~ Jo- ~~

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tgt ~ fx ~laquo(~ ~)

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S Ctk) ~ Ouml c~) ~ ) - (S (~J ~)~ lttgt Ct tl~(3 I)-oVtx olA

lrk(E)~)

= + S ~ (p U-I- als) ~ 1S W) ~+ e1 ) - ~ (~)~euroI) ~ CpUe~J d~ = C) euro 1

bull e2JQ k

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(5 ltSo

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t1uuml- X---gt~ U4~ ~ ~ ~~ ~S~~~ qgt()~l~ ~~ ~

( 62

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Alt--l 24 - )(j z Lamp ~A -~l (s)

~~ (64)~~~~~~

(6~)

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i- tZshy

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j)0Mctl- tnshy

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bull

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J~ ~ ~s~ ~~ ~eu ~ tLb ~k ~~ ~ ~~~~~~

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i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

~~~~~J

~~~ ~~) ~l4-)

50 ~~ tei~~~ LCMot 4 ~~~shyf11J ~~fl ~ ~ 4 eu~~ [) ~ouml~shy~~2ri~~ J~ ~~~~~~~ lhl ~~ l-tftamp lLL ~ ~~k l4Jt(~~tlLe ~el-~~shy~ -b ~ ~~k tlJA ~amp~~ $ek~~ ~ lgtktk Lx-~~~~) ~

- -

s~~tgtU-cL~ lgt~ lM ~ szligets~e1 ~~ ~~ltcJL~ ~leU R~ ill~eU~ aM4~~ ~ ~~ eurotM~~~~sL ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ AM~hk(~~ ~ ~~~(l~ ~() ~se~) ~ ~ ~_ ~~~ scLUthec~ O~~ ~ ampa-ltt ij-C~~ ~~~~b~f~ J4~ ~~ ~ ~ s~ ~~~~ L111~-t~~ ~ ~) u-seh-~ -b~~ ~ Ut~-~ ~ l4shy

srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

LO~ ~~~ ~se~k ~~ ~ k LL4J lltruUU4 Q

~~fUM~ e ~~ ~ ( lM-t ~ ~b ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ i ~~~~lM~~ ~

se~ ~~ ~+keRJliL ~ e ~ ~ ~~~ 1~ ~amp ~~~ (YPszligl ucd (9Qfgt ~~~ ) ~ JL LjU-t~ ~ () til ~~lULJ~ tg ~ct=~6

~- -_= l~- i

e +shy e_

~shy 2- ~ - a)

o

~ ~~ ~ ~o- ~e fi- ~ (8 l l) ~~shyw~~ ~U- ~tA~ ~ ~ ~~~ W~~~k

(f)-_ _ -i lt0laquogt t l 3 - COt- It=a ) -+ = ~

-~2-

~ tt (5

~~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~~ -h~ ~ ~~--L~~ ~~ tRo--~ ~ ~~~ e ~ JL ampL

-~~-

CJ ~lAtU~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~b~~

4)4-~~ ~~ ~~u~ CQ ~ ckJ t3o_ fUeA~ lo~~~~ Cllt ~

b2e ~~--P~s ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ Ld1 ~~ u ~J ~~~~~~~d-~ llamp-c ~~ Lu luQQ(ultAU szliget ~ amp- eurogt luMSe~

Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

~ Qe Lsect - e ) 4- -e L~-Il-) z ~- ~l~ l-c shy

~ (4- a1rC 2) _ efs) a --- e ~ [

lE r ~ ( -cttti-Ll~ -- r---------J

-~r-6 ~ [A _ j z (-t- laquo212)2

k=shy esect - 1

~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

J) ~~~ ~ eA1-~ ~~ amplJj~ ~

- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

)

-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

-~-

Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 4: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

- 6shy

~ luA~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~kh~~at4SA~

52 ~~A~ k ~~szlig~hk

JLM- ~~ ~ cLL ~~ ampth tamp~~~ ~ E ~~ Aea ~~U- ~ wU-~ ~~(~k ~4 l4J~at4 ~(L1gtlMA~Uad~ ~ lgtULlkl x U-~ ~ ~~ euro ~ AltL-~~ ~ ~ ~

X_)( ~ E Cl( = e - - - - l ~_~ 3

x - )( I ~ - - 0)(

~_ ~ li

-j~ tl ~ ~U~ ~ ~

sect = _ ~ Cfgt ) (2s-)

tcJ~ ampCi4 -Po~h~ (p ~~ Aumlultl~~ ~-~ ~ (~~k 9ct~ 2-( w-ttAJ

(p (J) = rj ~ ~f) J~ r bull (2-) ll-lf

-~

~ ~S-) ~ (~~ ~~~(p==O)

~l- sect = o (2 +)

~~ ~ ~ ~~ -Jgt~~l~ ~ A~~~4 ~ hU-~ jt~~QNe~ ~ ~ (2~) tU E= - A(() ) ~ ~ ~ la~ ~in 1= hv ~ ~~J Wtgt~~ UNtb ~ tUltA () tLL ~ssampq ~-tLt~

f)Cp = -4tr ~ (2a)

~ =F~~ ~ amptV E =- 4-tT ~ -b~ b~k~ shysekte- C1Ja1~~~~) ~ ekk~~~ ~ ~~ ~lJAlt

~( sect = 0 ~ ul sect = 4-~ 1 (29)

Awcampt 2fJ ~ (z9) W Jui ampJM fampWs~~ ~ ~~~ eiUb ~~ 6i

~ E ~ = ) tUuml E V = 4rr ) ~ampV ~1r~C6 ) I

~ t ( ~ ~~~

6 $t-I ~ eUtt ~Mt 1UiJ- ~_ ~Itleutl~ ltW ~ ~ ~ jlaquoM amp~~ ~~f4J) AMrk ~ ~ middot ~ 0~)~l~ g ~ ~Je4l iSl(LeIlllttA v~~~aui)~

5 =~ lf (zs4)

~ l6laquo ~1 Wt ~ Z~ lthtt1 ampmiddot9 -tiM sr ~~lshy

~ J1fr ~ ~~ Jii~ltlt-~-AJ

A4 == -4lie (fSzj

Alaquo ~~ ~[UuiAe ~ avt ~~kb~ tlwl JRA ~Jlaquo~~U~~ (s ~H-P-$lo~) ~kw4~ 6~)=4A~ ~ ~~~~~shyrL szlig~ a4-~ iJ~lU~ ~~~shy~~~ ~-~~

~C~ gt- -4iCb (s=-)

ltt ~ bLutbt ~ t2W ~1 ~ (2) ~

J1It) 3 C(l = ~ ~ JL C[D = - - 4x I (34)

I~-I

~ tJv Itt~ r~-t)

-9shy~ ~ ~ce == ~amp ~ = (J1f ~ = ~

~Jak~~ retJ s ~ ce u (-s4) ctlg6t ~

sectWlP=-~~+ ~

~J 6i (~k _ J5 () -- llS

~ W-~j~la~~ ~~ ft1-~~ ~lT~S)= l2gtlaquoTJ-) s

~ e1~U~DPA~J~ ~~~ ~ Te~ l4-J) S 6 1 ~~ gU1(Vdl ii1) ~ ~ ~~~~ I

j~ ~~~ Jlaquo -r~s~-~ mshyes ~m fmiddot2iimiddotJ

(p= 61tt-~ +~

4YJ ~ Ltu~~ Itl ~ tkr ~~~~J~~

~~~~

A 2w-~~lz1- b ~ _ ~ ~~ -u tf~

~ ~ ~- ~ilA-t~~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~~ ~tampJl~s ~v LeU ~)+ZA (Jr~J) Vtt~ l4tUt M ~~

Ur) = qq eTt-t 1 Jt1A -roet-t ~ ~ JA~1- ~~

llt ~ xAO-AO Lb-A

AblU-S~~~~ l ~

lkk-~~~amp~ k- fektk~~-J~ A4=~ ~ampLet~ lulaquoM ~~lt-l-~ Jo- ~~

)) L~) X I J = ( + k L~ ~ I ) (4-1) ~X-~ )

4)~ ~ GI J )( ~ ~ ~~ X ~ b kastu~t~ t(1

~ ~ CA ( G ) lCt

lJ~ ~thv ~ ~ z ~54 ~ucamp

~ (4) ~ - ~ ~ ) ~= ~ ((gtA~_~A4)JVltO-b CO V CO l-t b

~2)

-(2shy

~ -D= b K(~)~) (Sl~ -t~j CU~ ~~~aJ

tLvtwes- UU- ~ek ~- C~~~)~~ 12~)

tgt ~ fx ~laquo(~ ~)

~~se Cf ~ ~~~ ~tc~~ ~ ~(~) = (5 L~) ~) ( ~ ~ ~ ) -tgta 6S I 0 Cl( ~ I) = 0 ~ x ~ )( ~ ~~L

S Ctk) ~ Ouml c~) ~ ) - (S (~J ~)~ lttgt Ct tl~(3 I)-oVtx olA

lrk(E)~)

= + S ~ (p U-I- als) ~ 1S W) ~+ e1 ) - ~ (~)~euroI) ~ CpUe~J d~ = C) euro 1

bull e2JQ k

euro--oo

- 4rrr (pex)

~ j)~kJQ~

(4szlig~

1~ ~-et- ~S~~ ~ ~U()~) -=( bull -b~ QO~A~ )( -J( I ~ d ~~) ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ a4~~) Ja ~ Cf UM~ ltOltP9vt -ampt- ~~~1r ~~ ~)~ ttuA G4) ~ 2~ ~ ~ =-

~ ltlrlt()lts- = 0 ~ 4 ~~ t(JVt ~

~ ~~ -F ~ ~~h ~lJ~

(p()( ) =i 5 4r lG

-(3shy

13hao -lta~ lMWMP-~~r

~~ ~ lM ~3) ~ G cti ~ k C~)() ~ ~ Ol~) ~I) A J so ~ cJvJL kl(amp~~~~ ~

~_~ ITe~~~~ (~ ~ ~ ~l() ~~)

~~~ltamp1 ~(p ~ ~~ +wd~ t4 ~~ Iltau ~e lf LK) = 0

~ u-eASJt~ht- tp ~ktL l~-~

~i- ~ ttt~tAAJu~ ~~ ~~ ~ LtJ~ _g(tke- ~ ~

~41 LatilL~cM~f fio ~~~~) ~ Se1 Ec tR~ ~~~ ( dk ~ ~e tulaut~~ Lei~~) LUtJ -P 6~ li ~ ~~~~~h~

tnW41Ul (Q ~ ~Iut~lJ- ~D 6 6t rCV- kq~tu-ttw1 CUt gt0 tl- CI ~~L

~~ ~ ~e (p ~ J(f) ~ ~~~k f- ~

lp(D) =- 1-1 ~ =- 9Ur f(g) )(~

UJu ~~ ~~ Cf Li ~ e-~ tu-+ ~ ~ruu1J ~D ~~ Li ~ ~ iIA- ~~ fi e ~d- ~ ~th =fW-~ 1- E (P~) lAtiJ Jv ~~-~

H= CI (gJ =- -LJ- (p J ~ ftr-t 0k(~)

-t4shy

) Ck-Ce k omiddot=r

ltbkri~

~ k-Cf~o) Iauut ~ ~~~~) ~ce l-tW-shy

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lJuu ~ 4(-= (KeuroGt (p(~)= k ~~~ ~_

U~~ l(l Jt ~ ~ tIet ~u1ta1 ~ ft il1shy~1oA~~~G~ ~ UJAJ v ~ hLt~ U~4 k ll lltu41 ~ ~ ~J Av ~J- fI=~ 0

~ JSl- ~ ~~ ~thtvt ~~ld- tutd ~~ (p ~~~ ~1tt~ a4- ~J idtut ~LUjshy

CR tfh- ~~ tJtJ ~ ~tlbtUUt ~ ~ampj tUt

~C ~ ~ ~aU ta) lt~UHlll ~ ~ ~JuuLU4Il a4 ~ tbt ~(k Jtu ~d1M~ LI4~LttJJ ~~ ~ ~~~~tt IM ~ fut1J- ~ Gtgtv ~~~~ 9r~ Cf ~~~~L ~ Cf ~ ~MWtA W- aut ~~Ut ~ ~ -uM~-kUU1 ~~ LUtuuml( -fI ~ M~ ~o

~ ~ ~ ~7tXs~~Utj b(p = ~ ~ 1lt) f6- ~(s~

PiJM [CRln ==- 0 I~ OumlQ

D~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~l- ~ tkt W~~f ~~~ ~u~~amput ~~~

-15shy

~ tlJJt 0 ~~~ ~~~~ lt=ct-~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ 1(3- I~Ht(Au~ ~ 11etshy~~kL~M~~~~ ~ fWshy~~szligt ~~ ~gtb szligG~ ~ klitU 12gt0 ) gt0 ~ I IUK) I ~ E ~ afk ~ tu- l~ I~ Jlaquo ~~ l(l~)2 lt1(tIU~ Lt ~teatiLUlWt ~~ kutiutUUt ai ~~ ~lK=1ltt ~~~ lfl- lU(~)lGE ~ DM l( ~1lM ~gto ~d ~ ~ U ~ LuJ1

sects- O~~)amptJ~~ ampQ Le

Qtk~~ ~~ ~J ~amp~~ ~- II~ I( ~~ ~~~ cetb~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ Jew~k ~ uo4t~ ~k vvsA~~ ~ ~-~~~ ~ 4 ~ ~k ~ at-lt ~ ~~ ~~ rut ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ht~ ~ -D~~~ t4 ~ ~eu ~ ~1-u~ ~~ ~~ ~~_ ~~thclk ~~ ~~~ ~~LX) ~~ __

~Ue ltUt eMu--~ F ~ tt1- J44laquo_ selth~ -r~k~

lttgt (X) = ~ ~~) J~(~I) (s) t= ~-~l

~ ~ ~ ~ ~F ~~1-QRl ~)-4gt bkkd ~~ ~llMS4 ~~~-~~~ ~~ lttt ~4~~)~ ~ kM Sct~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~eJ- G tUt) ~ ~~ 2j~~~ ~~~~l-~J ~ ~ ~Jv~ ~ ~ UM-~~L L~ ~1~)

al

(Qamp

S lE)amp~ ) = ~YLamp~4V ~ amp(~

Cs~

Jes-~~ ~ szligS~ltG~~k [ E-] =- 12Jt- E(l nashy~~ 4~4 b~ ~~~~~k~i~ ~ sk~~ Ltu-c~ u se~ ) ~~ uu ~ ~thttL~

S smiddotamp~ ~

~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~rJJ4 h~

--l1-shy

~ g amp~ = ~ --+et- E amp~ = 0 J

(5 ltSo

~~ S ~~ UM y ~ ~ l(t ~ ~~ +6u ~l~~U ge~ ~camp1) ~ ~leu~ ~W~ ~~) SO ~ P eu ~~ ~~du--k r ~ F

SCE -E~ amp~ = 0 r

-b~ ~d m- ~ ~ amp41lte1 ~ ~~shy~~~k~ E

~~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~ht4k~ l)--C- ~ IulAI2lelA tuttSos ~ E -~ ~s~CJ-(M~

At4 ~~~~~ ~ ~k~~re~Jltshy~~~~-bW~ tt1- AQ cSlM~~r~k ~ ~

E-

(s~)

-plusmngt~ ~Qu~ ~ ~ lt~l ~l- ~~ ~ cktshy

~~~ j Jlt ~ amp1-~ ~ La~~ ~l

~ ~ -1~ ~~~ AlJhsab~ ~

A- Sjp~ ~-p~~

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-)8shy

~ I ~ ~~ CW4 ~ Lu(Ju~~ ~ ~ t~ ~~h~ CtA- (4~ J~ tn ~ I) ) ~ LUuml)d lK- ~ -=tgt-U(J shy~ lAumlU

~ e ~ ~~ ~~~ E -~ ~ ~~ ~ x ~ L~~ ~~

x W -=- - - lt J~ k =-e E (61)

bex S ~suVQ~l ~ ~ ~ Lu~~~ (6)

Lu-~ ~~3 ~ W~ AUA t =- 9 ltp ~ )(

W==e ~ - Q lp amps -= euro [4gt(~)- (P (g 4 J

t1uuml- X---gt~ U4~ ~ ~ ~~ ~S~~~ qgt()~l~ ~~ ~

( 62

~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ --P~~~J~) Sb ~ ~ k-~l) 4 ~a tc1- ~ ~ - k W~ tM ~ ~s~k -P~1~ x J eu ~~ _ ~ ~~ ~s~ tM ~--P9aI~cz(_

wA = t2 tpA J (6s)

Uamp -=- e ~~ -==c d ~4)

~ (~tgt Sl-

~~ 4 w~ ~~l S1U~~-lK aMA ~ ~shy~ M ~-P~h~ ~l ~uW~ ~ M ~ ro~~~ ~~ ~~~~

t=et = ~ Qt ~l = 1 L euro~ (gt~ bull

Alt--l 24 - )(j z Lamp ~A -~l (s)

~~ (64)~~~~~~

(6~)

1gt~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ tuM~~ J ~ U-tushy

~ ~ AlLM- ~ ~~tU~ ~ ~ ~

Ea~ = ~ ~ J Ce E

uA ~ ~~~ L~~4~ ~

e~=-~ S~V4~ = i S 1~12cG0 (~9)

j)~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ D~ rl ka~ ~L~ 9 ~~ ~u ~~~ ~i2~ ~~~(~ ~l--lf V 1 ) E tJ i ) Jcs- Ii -t -a ) bull

i- tZshy

-~-

~ Muuml- tUM~ ~ l~qJ l4~~) Ja ~~ tU-tgtltA-~ jgt~ ~ ~ ~) ~ u (1) ~ 1~~~le~ eu~~ ~~ tlut ~~ ~ LuAlu~~ se

JU4 k~~~ ~ ~ t j ~ ~~~~ ( E - bull E J~ J ~ ~ ~ c ~Ok~ ~ ~ ~)() -4 -J ~---- - _ -J

tLutL ~~ ~~ = ~ (R~ xi ) cUt4-W~ A-W~ ~t tM4 Lu-amp amp-R-l((-- ~

SE E J = - SEmiddotmiddot V i(J tL V =_ ( - j V+V ( ( E - - J -A - l J - tcl - J

+- ~ (Pi ~~ amp- V = - r (P i E l t1 JltS - r 4gt E dltr t----gt j J J J A -l

o ~~ ~~

C0 ~~ ~~~~e)Li)~~ ~~l ~l ~ D~~~ ~ Lut~~ ~ -)-er~k ~ (ltszligA ~ ~~~~~h~~)~t-~ JuJ1 ~ ~ ~ xi ttACUM~(~rftmiddot JLVt- ~ ~ T-uuc ~~L LU~ ~~ ~ -i-~ ~~ (lJ ~ lt2~ l ~4 - )~l l E-~ -=_ C2~ 1ltZ ~

- S tt 4gtJ JltS ~ 41r e~Ql ) c-L lX-X- l u~ --4 -J

S E E J~ = -4 ~ej j ~---)-t- -l

~ ) U-cAl Cb~raquo

~el = -L ~ 5~ t j~8Ir ~Fl ~)

-2- shy

6k-~

~ampl- =- ~ ~ [~~ 2 gJ cl

Do-~e Tet~ ~ ~~ ~~~tL-L ~ ~4~jL bao ~~~ ~ ~~-A ~tA~ cu ~ -re~ ~_ ~~) J4 ~kA ~~ tb~etL )

sect f ~ ~(()Ult~~ ampJA ~1Jse~~Aa ~

igt~ eRalli~ ~ ~ ~ ~et ~~ ~_ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ 4 4~-e4k

5 ~) =- ~ L)l) E (~) (~)

a4 ~ ~~Lttli~~ ~~~ ~) lu-t~1eshyltu~ cJu ~~~~ [z])) 41ci ~ ~

~ - t 4laquoshy

E L2-sect ) = i- C E(VE+-( ~JE)JE1 411 - - _J ~ - -(9- )

-tcsect=c

Wuu rd

((7 At )1 e lA = el~- 2j~ (tJwt e k ) tlL L---v----

L ~ll1O~U4- Ouml~wt ~~k)

= ~-t) ek- C Eie) Etc = Elcl~1i t~ - COAEJ

j)0Mctl- tnshy

4lrk~ = E~ lt) E~+ Eie ( lt)k E A - ~ Ec)

= lt2gt- l E A ~ ) - )1 E ~ ~lc L~ E - ~~~-E ~J ~ 2 - -- 2- bull

lT = L [E -E - 1 1gt~ EZ J ~) _ 4c 4tr kz - -)

bull

uu ~ ~Jl tttl41 T~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~k ILM~ ~ 2~~ ~~~~~ Go-~S~ ~~Sj1b ) ~Mci)~ GlL ~ Ju ~~-s~ ~~~~amps- ~u- tL-6~ ~

t~~taL~~middot -b~ ~~k eRa~rk ~~~ ~ T~e~~J ~ ~Q- ~~~-e~ ~~l I hl

k = ~ k tlV =- j Cdilc- amp V ~ ~

J~ ~ ~s~ ~~ ~eu ~ tLb ~k ~~ ~ ~~~~~~

(1-4)

11zS ~81-- ~ ~ V~-lM~ ~1lLt~t- ~~ ~~~ td -h~ ~ ~lc 1IlL C~ Wampl-~ ~ ~) ~J ~ ~-s~ ~~ kt ~) ~~~~~L ~ ~ ~~ ~ (S+i-1)

------- -

-23shy

~ ampJn~ 4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~(~~ ~at(l- ~ ~~ lcs- ~~l- ~ ~ JrdJshy~~ cA ltl- V1 ~ l~ CUt~F~) ~ ~) SO u1shy

(1--S)

~ t)S-) ~b~~~- ~ ccfA ~~d I ~ ~J~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ tl-b) ath D-t(~( ~b~i ~ ~ ~~~

~u szlige~) ~ ~ ~p~~ ~ ~aAAAt~ks~t CtM ~~~ ~~ JJu ~Jl--ls~~ ~tUW~ ~ ~ 2S~ ai~

D6- ~~~QS- tszlig- ~ (i-2) S~euro~(31 )~ kaJ ~~~ lxMA~ ~ ~ ~k~1-~ ) ~~~ ampi1dh-s~ ~~ au L La~_ ~~ ~0-Ld6- ~ ~~U~~ ~ ~

~ == S X A k~ gt J~ ~

j~ (1--3) ~ ~

14 = e~~- ~ l(j f6e 11( l = ~A ~ [ltDtLJ(rl-Tlt ~ ~ ~ j

ba T~ S~Il~n~ Il( )~sA~k~ ~b ~ 2~uwJ ~ ~-

-2-4shy

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tgta ~ ~ ~Uu4fl ~ ~ JAA -kek~ishy~ ~szligu~~ JtU~ ~~Ik~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ Qp~o-k(~ LUltA ~ ~~ lus-~ eklt~t~ ~ ot~ ~ t-CL ampzt ~~a~ ~ atu4 cIJb-~~~4~ T~~f- ~ ~ ~ ~~~ Lit ~ ~--es~ ~ J ~ ~~-(~ ~--rL ~~l ~ l~-~R ~ ~c =~

~1 ~ lC-U- ~ L6-t~~rr~ ~~~ I(~~_ ~~lf eRe~~s4~~41et Wcl--~~ ~

~ ~ ~~ ~~~ S~ ~~lU~ W-tJ ampct~fu~ -uz~ eu~~

(8)

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W~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ lampJ~

W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

~~~~~J

~~~ ~~) ~l4-)

50 ~~ tei~~~ LCMot 4 ~~~shyf11J ~~fl ~ ~ 4 eu~~ [) ~ouml~shy~~2ri~~ J~ ~~~~~~~ lhl ~~ l-tftamp lLL ~ ~~k l4Jt(~~tlLe ~el-~~shy~ -b ~ ~~k tlJA ~amp~~ $ek~~ ~ lgtktk Lx-~~~~) ~

- -

s~~tgtU-cL~ lgt~ lM ~ szligets~e1 ~~ ~~ltcJL~ ~leU R~ ill~eU~ aM4~~ ~ ~~ eurotM~~~~sL ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ AM~hk(~~ ~ ~~~(l~ ~() ~se~) ~ ~ ~_ ~~~ scLUthec~ O~~ ~ ampa-ltt ij-C~~ ~~~~b~f~ J4~ ~~ ~ ~ s~ ~~~~ L111~-t~~ ~ ~) u-seh-~ -b~~ ~ Ut~-~ ~ l4shy

srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

LO~ ~~~ ~se~k ~~ ~ k LL4J lltruUU4 Q

~~fUM~ e ~~ ~ ( lM-t ~ ~b ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ i ~~~~lM~~ ~

se~ ~~ ~+keRJliL ~ e ~ ~ ~~~ 1~ ~amp ~~~ (YPszligl ucd (9Qfgt ~~~ ) ~ JL LjU-t~ ~ () til ~~lULJ~ tg ~ct=~6

~- -_= l~- i

e +shy e_

~shy 2- ~ - a)

o

~ ~~ ~ ~o- ~e fi- ~ (8 l l) ~~shyw~~ ~U- ~tA~ ~ ~ ~~~ W~~~k

(f)-_ _ -i lt0laquogt t l 3 - COt- It=a ) -+ = ~

-~2-

~ tt (5

~~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~~ -h~ ~ ~~--L~~ ~~ tRo--~ ~ ~~~ e ~ JL ampL

-~~-

CJ ~lAtU~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~b~~

4)4-~~ ~~ ~~u~ CQ ~ ckJ t3o_ fUeA~ lo~~~~ Cllt ~

b2e ~~--P~s ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ Ld1 ~~ u ~J ~~~~~~~d-~ llamp-c ~~ Lu luQQ(ultAU szliget ~ amp- eurogt luMSe~

Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

~ Qe Lsect - e ) 4- -e L~-Il-) z ~- ~l~ l-c shy

~ (4- a1rC 2) _ efs) a --- e ~ [

lE r ~ ( -cttti-Ll~ -- r---------J

-~r-6 ~ [A _ j z (-t- laquo212)2

k=shy esect - 1

~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

J) ~~~ ~ eA1-~ ~~ amplJj~ ~

- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

)

-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

-~-

Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

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Page 5: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-~

~ ~S-) ~ (~~ ~~~(p==O)

~l- sect = o (2 +)

~~ ~ ~ ~~ -Jgt~~l~ ~ A~~~4 ~ hU-~ jt~~QNe~ ~ ~ (2~) tU E= - A(() ) ~ ~ ~ la~ ~in 1= hv ~ ~~J Wtgt~~ UNtb ~ tUltA () tLL ~ssampq ~-tLt~

f)Cp = -4tr ~ (2a)

~ =F~~ ~ amptV E =- 4-tT ~ -b~ b~k~ shysekte- C1Ja1~~~~) ~ ekk~~~ ~ ~~ ~lJAlt

~( sect = 0 ~ ul sect = 4-~ 1 (29)

Awcampt 2fJ ~ (z9) W Jui ampJM fampWs~~ ~ ~~~ eiUb ~~ 6i

~ E ~ = ) tUuml E V = 4rr ) ~ampV ~1r~C6 ) I

~ t ( ~ ~~~

6 $t-I ~ eUtt ~Mt 1UiJ- ~_ ~Itleutl~ ltW ~ ~ ~ jlaquoM amp~~ ~~f4J) AMrk ~ ~ middot ~ 0~)~l~ g ~ ~Je4l iSl(LeIlllttA v~~~aui)~

5 =~ lf (zs4)

~ l6laquo ~1 Wt ~ Z~ lthtt1 ampmiddot9 -tiM sr ~~lshy

~ J1fr ~ ~~ Jii~ltlt-~-AJ

A4 == -4lie (fSzj

Alaquo ~~ ~[UuiAe ~ avt ~~kb~ tlwl JRA ~Jlaquo~~U~~ (s ~H-P-$lo~) ~kw4~ 6~)=4A~ ~ ~~~~~shyrL szlig~ a4-~ iJ~lU~ ~~~shy~~~ ~-~~

~C~ gt- -4iCb (s=-)

ltt ~ bLutbt ~ t2W ~1 ~ (2) ~

J1It) 3 C(l = ~ ~ JL C[D = - - 4x I (34)

I~-I

~ tJv Itt~ r~-t)

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~Jak~~ retJ s ~ ce u (-s4) ctlg6t ~

sectWlP=-~~+ ~

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~ W-~j~la~~ ~~ ft1-~~ ~lT~S)= l2gtlaquoTJ-) s

~ e1~U~DPA~J~ ~~~ ~ Te~ l4-J) S 6 1 ~~ gU1(Vdl ii1) ~ ~ ~~~~ I

j~ ~~~ Jlaquo -r~s~-~ mshyes ~m fmiddot2iimiddotJ

(p= 61tt-~ +~

4YJ ~ Ltu~~ Itl ~ tkr ~~~~J~~

~~~~

A 2w-~~lz1- b ~ _ ~ ~~ -u tf~

~ ~ ~- ~ilA-t~~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~~ ~tampJl~s ~v LeU ~)+ZA (Jr~J) Vtt~ l4tUt M ~~

Ur) = qq eTt-t 1 Jt1A -roet-t ~ ~ JA~1- ~~

llt ~ xAO-AO Lb-A

AblU-S~~~~ l ~

lkk-~~~amp~ k- fektk~~-J~ A4=~ ~ampLet~ lulaquoM ~~lt-l-~ Jo- ~~

)) L~) X I J = ( + k L~ ~ I ) (4-1) ~X-~ )

4)~ ~ GI J )( ~ ~ ~~ X ~ b kastu~t~ t(1

~ ~ CA ( G ) lCt

lJ~ ~thv ~ ~ z ~54 ~ucamp

~ (4) ~ - ~ ~ ) ~= ~ ((gtA~_~A4)JVltO-b CO V CO l-t b

~2)

-(2shy

~ -D= b K(~)~) (Sl~ -t~j CU~ ~~~aJ

tLvtwes- UU- ~ek ~- C~~~)~~ 12~)

tgt ~ fx ~laquo(~ ~)

~~se Cf ~ ~~~ ~tc~~ ~ ~(~) = (5 L~) ~) ( ~ ~ ~ ) -tgta 6S I 0 Cl( ~ I) = 0 ~ x ~ )( ~ ~~L

S Ctk) ~ Ouml c~) ~ ) - (S (~J ~)~ lttgt Ct tl~(3 I)-oVtx olA

lrk(E)~)

= + S ~ (p U-I- als) ~ 1S W) ~+ e1 ) - ~ (~)~euroI) ~ CpUe~J d~ = C) euro 1

bull e2JQ k

euro--oo

- 4rrr (pex)

~ j)~kJQ~

(4szlig~

1~ ~-et- ~S~~ ~ ~U()~) -=( bull -b~ QO~A~ )( -J( I ~ d ~~) ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ a4~~) Ja ~ Cf UM~ ltOltP9vt -ampt- ~~~1r ~~ ~)~ ttuA G4) ~ 2~ ~ ~ =-

~ ltlrlt()lts- = 0 ~ 4 ~~ t(JVt ~

~ ~~ -F ~ ~~h ~lJ~

(p()( ) =i 5 4r lG

-(3shy

13hao -lta~ lMWMP-~~r

~~ ~ lM ~3) ~ G cti ~ k C~)() ~ ~ Ol~) ~I) A J so ~ cJvJL kl(amp~~~~ ~

~_~ ITe~~~~ (~ ~ ~ ~l() ~~)

~~~ltamp1 ~(p ~ ~~ +wd~ t4 ~~ Iltau ~e lf LK) = 0

~ u-eASJt~ht- tp ~ktL l~-~

~i- ~ ttt~tAAJu~ ~~ ~~ ~ LtJ~ _g(tke- ~ ~

~41 LatilL~cM~f fio ~~~~) ~ Se1 Ec tR~ ~~~ ( dk ~ ~e tulaut~~ Lei~~) LUtJ -P 6~ li ~ ~~~~~h~

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~~ ~ ~e (p ~ J(f) ~ ~~~k f- ~

lp(D) =- 1-1 ~ =- 9Ur f(g) )(~

UJu ~~ ~~ Cf Li ~ e-~ tu-+ ~ ~ruu1J ~D ~~ Li ~ ~ iIA- ~~ fi e ~d- ~ ~th =fW-~ 1- E (P~) lAtiJ Jv ~~-~

H= CI (gJ =- -LJ- (p J ~ ftr-t 0k(~)

-t4shy

) Ck-Ce k omiddot=r

ltbkri~

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lJuu ~ 4(-= (KeuroGt (p(~)= k ~~~ ~_

U~~ l(l Jt ~ ~ tIet ~u1ta1 ~ ft il1shy~1oA~~~G~ ~ UJAJ v ~ hLt~ U~4 k ll lltu41 ~ ~ ~J Av ~J- fI=~ 0

~ JSl- ~ ~~ ~thtvt ~~ld- tutd ~~ (p ~~~ ~1tt~ a4- ~J idtut ~LUjshy

CR tfh- ~~ tJtJ ~ ~tlbtUUt ~ ~ampj tUt

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~ ~ ~ ~7tXs~~Utj b(p = ~ ~ 1lt) f6- ~(s~

PiJM [CRln ==- 0 I~ OumlQ

D~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~l- ~ tkt W~~f ~~~ ~u~~amput ~~~

-15shy

~ tlJJt 0 ~~~ ~~~~ lt=ct-~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ 1(3- I~Ht(Au~ ~ 11etshy~~kL~M~~~~ ~ fWshy~~szligt ~~ ~gtb szligG~ ~ klitU 12gt0 ) gt0 ~ I IUK) I ~ E ~ afk ~ tu- l~ I~ Jlaquo ~~ l(l~)2 lt1(tIU~ Lt ~teatiLUlWt ~~ kutiutUUt ai ~~ ~lK=1ltt ~~~ lfl- lU(~)lGE ~ DM l( ~1lM ~gto ~d ~ ~ U ~ LuJ1

sects- O~~)amptJ~~ ampQ Le

Qtk~~ ~~ ~J ~amp~~ ~- II~ I( ~~ ~~~ cetb~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ Jew~k ~ uo4t~ ~k vvsA~~ ~ ~-~~~ ~ 4 ~ ~k ~ at-lt ~ ~~ ~~ rut ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ht~ ~ -D~~~ t4 ~ ~eu ~ ~1-u~ ~~ ~~ ~~_ ~~thclk ~~ ~~~ ~~LX) ~~ __

~Ue ltUt eMu--~ F ~ tt1- J44laquo_ selth~ -r~k~

lttgt (X) = ~ ~~) J~(~I) (s) t= ~-~l

~ ~ ~ ~ ~F ~~1-QRl ~)-4gt bkkd ~~ ~llMS4 ~~~-~~~ ~~ lttt ~4~~)~ ~ kM Sct~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~eJ- G tUt) ~ ~~ 2j~~~ ~~~~l-~J ~ ~ ~Jv~ ~ ~ UM-~~L L~ ~1~)

al

(Qamp

S lE)amp~ ) = ~YLamp~4V ~ amp(~

Cs~

Jes-~~ ~ szligS~ltG~~k [ E-] =- 12Jt- E(l nashy~~ 4~4 b~ ~~~~~k~i~ ~ sk~~ Ltu-c~ u se~ ) ~~ uu ~ ~thttL~

S smiddotamp~ ~

~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~rJJ4 h~

--l1-shy

~ g amp~ = ~ --+et- E amp~ = 0 J

(5 ltSo

~~ S ~~ UM y ~ ~ l(t ~ ~~ +6u ~l~~U ge~ ~camp1) ~ ~leu~ ~W~ ~~) SO ~ P eu ~~ ~~du--k r ~ F

SCE -E~ amp~ = 0 r

-b~ ~d m- ~ ~ amp41lte1 ~ ~~shy~~~k~ E

~~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~ht4k~ l)--C- ~ IulAI2lelA tuttSos ~ E -~ ~s~CJ-(M~

At4 ~~~~~ ~ ~k~~re~Jltshy~~~~-bW~ tt1- AQ cSlM~~r~k ~ ~

E-

(s~)

-plusmngt~ ~Qu~ ~ ~ lt~l ~l- ~~ ~ cktshy

~~~ j Jlt ~ amp1-~ ~ La~~ ~l

~ ~ -1~ ~~~ AlJhsab~ ~

A- Sjp~ ~-p~~

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-)8shy

~ I ~ ~~ CW4 ~ Lu(Ju~~ ~ ~ t~ ~~h~ CtA- (4~ J~ tn ~ I) ) ~ LUuml)d lK- ~ -=tgt-U(J shy~ lAumlU

~ e ~ ~~ ~~~ E -~ ~ ~~ ~ x ~ L~~ ~~

x W -=- - - lt J~ k =-e E (61)

bex S ~suVQ~l ~ ~ ~ Lu~~~ (6)

Lu-~ ~~3 ~ W~ AUA t =- 9 ltp ~ )(

W==e ~ - Q lp amps -= euro [4gt(~)- (P (g 4 J

t1uuml- X---gt~ U4~ ~ ~ ~~ ~S~~~ qgt()~l~ ~~ ~

( 62

~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ --P~~~J~) Sb ~ ~ k-~l) 4 ~a tc1- ~ ~ - k W~ tM ~ ~s~k -P~1~ x J eu ~~ _ ~ ~~ ~s~ tM ~--P9aI~cz(_

wA = t2 tpA J (6s)

Uamp -=- e ~~ -==c d ~4)

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~~ 4 w~ ~~l S1U~~-lK aMA ~ ~shy~ M ~-P~h~ ~l ~uW~ ~ M ~ ro~~~ ~~ ~~~~

t=et = ~ Qt ~l = 1 L euro~ (gt~ bull

Alt--l 24 - )(j z Lamp ~A -~l (s)

~~ (64)~~~~~~

(6~)

1gt~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ tuM~~ J ~ U-tushy

~ ~ AlLM- ~ ~~tU~ ~ ~ ~

Ea~ = ~ ~ J Ce E

uA ~ ~~~ L~~4~ ~

e~=-~ S~V4~ = i S 1~12cG0 (~9)

j)~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ D~ rl ka~ ~L~ 9 ~~ ~u ~~~ ~i2~ ~~~(~ ~l--lf V 1 ) E tJ i ) Jcs- Ii -t -a ) bull

i- tZshy

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JU4 k~~~ ~ ~ t j ~ ~~~~ ( E - bull E J~ J ~ ~ ~ c ~Ok~ ~ ~ ~)() -4 -J ~---- - _ -J

tLutL ~~ ~~ = ~ (R~ xi ) cUt4-W~ A-W~ ~t tM4 Lu-amp amp-R-l((-- ~

SE E J = - SEmiddotmiddot V i(J tL V =_ ( - j V+V ( ( E - - J -A - l J - tcl - J

+- ~ (Pi ~~ amp- V = - r (P i E l t1 JltS - r 4gt E dltr t----gt j J J J A -l

o ~~ ~~

C0 ~~ ~~~~e)Li)~~ ~~l ~l ~ D~~~ ~ Lut~~ ~ -)-er~k ~ (ltszligA ~ ~~~~~h~~)~t-~ JuJ1 ~ ~ ~ xi ttACUM~(~rftmiddot JLVt- ~ ~ T-uuc ~~L LU~ ~~ ~ -i-~ ~~ (lJ ~ lt2~ l ~4 - )~l l E-~ -=_ C2~ 1ltZ ~

- S tt 4gtJ JltS ~ 41r e~Ql ) c-L lX-X- l u~ --4 -J

S E E J~ = -4 ~ej j ~---)-t- -l

~ ) U-cAl Cb~raquo

~el = -L ~ 5~ t j~8Ir ~Fl ~)

-2- shy

6k-~

~ampl- =- ~ ~ [~~ 2 gJ cl

Do-~e Tet~ ~ ~~ ~~~tL-L ~ ~4~jL bao ~~~ ~ ~~-A ~tA~ cu ~ -re~ ~_ ~~) J4 ~kA ~~ tb~etL )

sect f ~ ~(()Ult~~ ampJA ~1Jse~~Aa ~

igt~ eRalli~ ~ ~ ~ ~et ~~ ~_ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ 4 4~-e4k

5 ~) =- ~ L)l) E (~) (~)

a4 ~ ~~Lttli~~ ~~~ ~) lu-t~1eshyltu~ cJu ~~~~ [z])) 41ci ~ ~

~ - t 4laquoshy

E L2-sect ) = i- C E(VE+-( ~JE)JE1 411 - - _J ~ - -(9- )

-tcsect=c

Wuu rd

((7 At )1 e lA = el~- 2j~ (tJwt e k ) tlL L---v----

L ~ll1O~U4- Ouml~wt ~~k)

= ~-t) ek- C Eie) Etc = Elcl~1i t~ - COAEJ

j)0Mctl- tnshy

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= lt2gt- l E A ~ ) - )1 E ~ ~lc L~ E - ~~~-E ~J ~ 2 - -- 2- bull

lT = L [E -E - 1 1gt~ EZ J ~) _ 4c 4tr kz - -)

bull

uu ~ ~Jl tttl41 T~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~k ILM~ ~ 2~~ ~~~~~ Go-~S~ ~~Sj1b ) ~Mci)~ GlL ~ Ju ~~-s~ ~~~~amps- ~u- tL-6~ ~

t~~taL~~middot -b~ ~~k eRa~rk ~~~ ~ T~e~~J ~ ~Q- ~~~-e~ ~~l I hl

k = ~ k tlV =- j Cdilc- amp V ~ ~

J~ ~ ~s~ ~~ ~eu ~ tLb ~k ~~ ~ ~~~~~~

(1-4)

11zS ~81-- ~ ~ V~-lM~ ~1lLt~t- ~~ ~~~ td -h~ ~ ~lc 1IlL C~ Wampl-~ ~ ~) ~J ~ ~-s~ ~~ kt ~) ~~~~~L ~ ~ ~~ ~ (S+i-1)

------- -

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~ ampJn~ 4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~(~~ ~at(l- ~ ~~ lcs- ~~l- ~ ~ JrdJshy~~ cA ltl- V1 ~ l~ CUt~F~) ~ ~) SO u1shy

(1--S)

~ t)S-) ~b~~~- ~ ccfA ~~d I ~ ~J~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ tl-b) ath D-t(~( ~b~i ~ ~ ~~~

~u szlige~) ~ ~ ~p~~ ~ ~aAAAt~ks~t CtM ~~~ ~~ JJu ~Jl--ls~~ ~tUW~ ~ ~ 2S~ ai~

D6- ~~~QS- tszlig- ~ (i-2) S~euro~(31 )~ kaJ ~~~ lxMA~ ~ ~ ~k~1-~ ) ~~~ ampi1dh-s~ ~~ au L La~_ ~~ ~0-Ld6- ~ ~~U~~ ~ ~

~ == S X A k~ gt J~ ~

j~ (1--3) ~ ~

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ba T~ S~Il~n~ Il( )~sA~k~ ~b ~ 2~uwJ ~ ~-

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(8)

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W~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ lampJ~

W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

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J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

~~~~~J

~~~ ~~) ~l4-)

50 ~~ tei~~~ LCMot 4 ~~~shyf11J ~~fl ~ ~ 4 eu~~ [) ~ouml~shy~~2ri~~ J~ ~~~~~~~ lhl ~~ l-tftamp lLL ~ ~~k l4Jt(~~tlLe ~el-~~shy~ -b ~ ~~k tlJA ~amp~~ $ek~~ ~ lgtktk Lx-~~~~) ~

- -

s~~tgtU-cL~ lgt~ lM ~ szligets~e1 ~~ ~~ltcJL~ ~leU R~ ill~eU~ aM4~~ ~ ~~ eurotM~~~~sL ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ AM~hk(~~ ~ ~~~(l~ ~() ~se~) ~ ~ ~_ ~~~ scLUthec~ O~~ ~ ampa-ltt ij-C~~ ~~~~b~f~ J4~ ~~ ~ ~ s~ ~~~~ L111~-t~~ ~ ~) u-seh-~ -b~~ ~ Ut~-~ ~ l4shy

srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

LO~ ~~~ ~se~k ~~ ~ k LL4J lltruUU4 Q

~~fUM~ e ~~ ~ ( lM-t ~ ~b ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ i ~~~~lM~~ ~

se~ ~~ ~+keRJliL ~ e ~ ~ ~~~ 1~ ~amp ~~~ (YPszligl ucd (9Qfgt ~~~ ) ~ JL LjU-t~ ~ () til ~~lULJ~ tg ~ct=~6

~- -_= l~- i

e +shy e_

~shy 2- ~ - a)

o

~ ~~ ~ ~o- ~e fi- ~ (8 l l) ~~shyw~~ ~U- ~tA~ ~ ~ ~~~ W~~~k

(f)-_ _ -i lt0laquogt t l 3 - COt- It=a ) -+ = ~

-~2-

~ tt (5

~~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~~ -h~ ~ ~~--L~~ ~~ tRo--~ ~ ~~~ e ~ JL ampL

-~~-

CJ ~lAtU~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~b~~

4)4-~~ ~~ ~~u~ CQ ~ ckJ t3o_ fUeA~ lo~~~~ Cllt ~

b2e ~~--P~s ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ Ld1 ~~ u ~J ~~~~~~~d-~ llamp-c ~~ Lu luQQ(ultAU szliget ~ amp- eurogt luMSe~

Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

~ Qe Lsect - e ) 4- -e L~-Il-) z ~- ~l~ l-c shy

~ (4- a1rC 2) _ efs) a --- e ~ [

lE r ~ ( -cttti-Ll~ -- r---------J

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k=shy esect - 1

~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

J) ~~~ ~ eA1-~ ~~ amplJj~ ~

- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

)

-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

-~-

Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 6: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

6 $t-I ~ eUtt ~Mt 1UiJ- ~_ ~Itleutl~ ltW ~ ~ ~ jlaquoM amp~~ ~~f4J) AMrk ~ ~ middot ~ 0~)~l~ g ~ ~Je4l iSl(LeIlllttA v~~~aui)~

5 =~ lf (zs4)

~ l6laquo ~1 Wt ~ Z~ lthtt1 ampmiddot9 -tiM sr ~~lshy

~ J1fr ~ ~~ Jii~ltlt-~-AJ

A4 == -4lie (fSzj

Alaquo ~~ ~[UuiAe ~ avt ~~kb~ tlwl JRA ~Jlaquo~~U~~ (s ~H-P-$lo~) ~kw4~ 6~)=4A~ ~ ~~~~~shyrL szlig~ a4-~ iJ~lU~ ~~~shy~~~ ~-~~

~C~ gt- -4iCb (s=-)

ltt ~ bLutbt ~ t2W ~1 ~ (2) ~

J1It) 3 C(l = ~ ~ JL C[D = - - 4x I (34)

I~-I

~ tJv Itt~ r~-t)

-9shy~ ~ ~ce == ~amp ~ = (J1f ~ = ~

~Jak~~ retJ s ~ ce u (-s4) ctlg6t ~

sectWlP=-~~+ ~

~J 6i (~k _ J5 () -- llS

~ W-~j~la~~ ~~ ft1-~~ ~lT~S)= l2gtlaquoTJ-) s

~ e1~U~DPA~J~ ~~~ ~ Te~ l4-J) S 6 1 ~~ gU1(Vdl ii1) ~ ~ ~~~~ I

j~ ~~~ Jlaquo -r~s~-~ mshyes ~m fmiddot2iimiddotJ

(p= 61tt-~ +~

4YJ ~ Ltu~~ Itl ~ tkr ~~~~J~~

~~~~

A 2w-~~lz1- b ~ _ ~ ~~ -u tf~

~ ~ ~- ~ilA-t~~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~~ ~tampJl~s ~v LeU ~)+ZA (Jr~J) Vtt~ l4tUt M ~~

Ur) = qq eTt-t 1 Jt1A -roet-t ~ ~ JA~1- ~~

llt ~ xAO-AO Lb-A

AblU-S~~~~ l ~

lkk-~~~amp~ k- fektk~~-J~ A4=~ ~ampLet~ lulaquoM ~~lt-l-~ Jo- ~~

)) L~) X I J = ( + k L~ ~ I ) (4-1) ~X-~ )

4)~ ~ GI J )( ~ ~ ~~ X ~ b kastu~t~ t(1

~ ~ CA ( G ) lCt

lJ~ ~thv ~ ~ z ~54 ~ucamp

~ (4) ~ - ~ ~ ) ~= ~ ((gtA~_~A4)JVltO-b CO V CO l-t b

~2)

-(2shy

~ -D= b K(~)~) (Sl~ -t~j CU~ ~~~aJ

tLvtwes- UU- ~ek ~- C~~~)~~ 12~)

tgt ~ fx ~laquo(~ ~)

~~se Cf ~ ~~~ ~tc~~ ~ ~(~) = (5 L~) ~) ( ~ ~ ~ ) -tgta 6S I 0 Cl( ~ I) = 0 ~ x ~ )( ~ ~~L

S Ctk) ~ Ouml c~) ~ ) - (S (~J ~)~ lttgt Ct tl~(3 I)-oVtx olA

lrk(E)~)

= + S ~ (p U-I- als) ~ 1S W) ~+ e1 ) - ~ (~)~euroI) ~ CpUe~J d~ = C) euro 1

bull e2JQ k

euro--oo

- 4rrr (pex)

~ j)~kJQ~

(4szlig~

1~ ~-et- ~S~~ ~ ~U()~) -=( bull -b~ QO~A~ )( -J( I ~ d ~~) ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ a4~~) Ja ~ Cf UM~ ltOltP9vt -ampt- ~~~1r ~~ ~)~ ttuA G4) ~ 2~ ~ ~ =-

~ ltlrlt()lts- = 0 ~ 4 ~~ t(JVt ~

~ ~~ -F ~ ~~h ~lJ~

(p()( ) =i 5 4r lG

-(3shy

13hao -lta~ lMWMP-~~r

~~ ~ lM ~3) ~ G cti ~ k C~)() ~ ~ Ol~) ~I) A J so ~ cJvJL kl(amp~~~~ ~

~_~ ITe~~~~ (~ ~ ~ ~l() ~~)

~~~ltamp1 ~(p ~ ~~ +wd~ t4 ~~ Iltau ~e lf LK) = 0

~ u-eASJt~ht- tp ~ktL l~-~

~i- ~ ttt~tAAJu~ ~~ ~~ ~ LtJ~ _g(tke- ~ ~

~41 LatilL~cM~f fio ~~~~) ~ Se1 Ec tR~ ~~~ ( dk ~ ~e tulaut~~ Lei~~) LUtJ -P 6~ li ~ ~~~~~h~

tnW41Ul (Q ~ ~Iut~lJ- ~D 6 6t rCV- kq~tu-ttw1 CUt gt0 tl- CI ~~L

~~ ~ ~e (p ~ J(f) ~ ~~~k f- ~

lp(D) =- 1-1 ~ =- 9Ur f(g) )(~

UJu ~~ ~~ Cf Li ~ e-~ tu-+ ~ ~ruu1J ~D ~~ Li ~ ~ iIA- ~~ fi e ~d- ~ ~th =fW-~ 1- E (P~) lAtiJ Jv ~~-~

H= CI (gJ =- -LJ- (p J ~ ftr-t 0k(~)

-t4shy

) Ck-Ce k omiddot=r

ltbkri~

~ k-Cf~o) Iauut ~ ~~~~) ~ce l-tW-shy

~~utl ~ (P=k -~~ ~~j) C~JAh ~~ t 6(D-raquo

lJuu ~ 4(-= (KeuroGt (p(~)= k ~~~ ~_

U~~ l(l Jt ~ ~ tIet ~u1ta1 ~ ft il1shy~1oA~~~G~ ~ UJAJ v ~ hLt~ U~4 k ll lltu41 ~ ~ ~J Av ~J- fI=~ 0

~ JSl- ~ ~~ ~thtvt ~~ld- tutd ~~ (p ~~~ ~1tt~ a4- ~J idtut ~LUjshy

CR tfh- ~~ tJtJ ~ ~tlbtUUt ~ ~ampj tUt

~C ~ ~ ~aU ta) lt~UHlll ~ ~ ~JuuLU4Il a4 ~ tbt ~(k Jtu ~d1M~ LI4~LttJJ ~~ ~ ~~~~tt IM ~ fut1J- ~ Gtgtv ~~~~ 9r~ Cf ~~~~L ~ Cf ~ ~MWtA W- aut ~~Ut ~ ~ -uM~-kUU1 ~~ LUtuuml( -fI ~ M~ ~o

~ ~ ~ ~7tXs~~Utj b(p = ~ ~ 1lt) f6- ~(s~

PiJM [CRln ==- 0 I~ OumlQ

D~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~l- ~ tkt W~~f ~~~ ~u~~amput ~~~

-15shy

~ tlJJt 0 ~~~ ~~~~ lt=ct-~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ 1(3- I~Ht(Au~ ~ 11etshy~~kL~M~~~~ ~ fWshy~~szligt ~~ ~gtb szligG~ ~ klitU 12gt0 ) gt0 ~ I IUK) I ~ E ~ afk ~ tu- l~ I~ Jlaquo ~~ l(l~)2 lt1(tIU~ Lt ~teatiLUlWt ~~ kutiutUUt ai ~~ ~lK=1ltt ~~~ lfl- lU(~)lGE ~ DM l( ~1lM ~gto ~d ~ ~ U ~ LuJ1

sects- O~~)amptJ~~ ampQ Le

Qtk~~ ~~ ~J ~amp~~ ~- II~ I( ~~ ~~~ cetb~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ Jew~k ~ uo4t~ ~k vvsA~~ ~ ~-~~~ ~ 4 ~ ~k ~ at-lt ~ ~~ ~~ rut ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ht~ ~ -D~~~ t4 ~ ~eu ~ ~1-u~ ~~ ~~ ~~_ ~~thclk ~~ ~~~ ~~LX) ~~ __

~Ue ltUt eMu--~ F ~ tt1- J44laquo_ selth~ -r~k~

lttgt (X) = ~ ~~) J~(~I) (s) t= ~-~l

~ ~ ~ ~ ~F ~~1-QRl ~)-4gt bkkd ~~ ~llMS4 ~~~-~~~ ~~ lttt ~4~~)~ ~ kM Sct~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~eJ- G tUt) ~ ~~ 2j~~~ ~~~~l-~J ~ ~ ~Jv~ ~ ~ UM-~~L L~ ~1~)

al

(Qamp

S lE)amp~ ) = ~YLamp~4V ~ amp(~

Cs~

Jes-~~ ~ szligS~ltG~~k [ E-] =- 12Jt- E(l nashy~~ 4~4 b~ ~~~~~k~i~ ~ sk~~ Ltu-c~ u se~ ) ~~ uu ~ ~thttL~

S smiddotamp~ ~

~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~rJJ4 h~

--l1-shy

~ g amp~ = ~ --+et- E amp~ = 0 J

(5 ltSo

~~ S ~~ UM y ~ ~ l(t ~ ~~ +6u ~l~~U ge~ ~camp1) ~ ~leu~ ~W~ ~~) SO ~ P eu ~~ ~~du--k r ~ F

SCE -E~ amp~ = 0 r

-b~ ~d m- ~ ~ amp41lte1 ~ ~~shy~~~k~ E

~~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~ht4k~ l)--C- ~ IulAI2lelA tuttSos ~ E -~ ~s~CJ-(M~

At4 ~~~~~ ~ ~k~~re~Jltshy~~~~-bW~ tt1- AQ cSlM~~r~k ~ ~

E-

(s~)

-plusmngt~ ~Qu~ ~ ~ lt~l ~l- ~~ ~ cktshy

~~~ j Jlt ~ amp1-~ ~ La~~ ~l

~ ~ -1~ ~~~ AlJhsab~ ~

A- Sjp~ ~-p~~

-be (~o~u~) ~~ ~Q)- kv~ ~~UMltt~ JJ-~ ~ ~ ~~h~ x tt- ~tA ~ ~14 ~J

-)8shy

~ I ~ ~~ CW4 ~ Lu(Ju~~ ~ ~ t~ ~~h~ CtA- (4~ J~ tn ~ I) ) ~ LUuml)d lK- ~ -=tgt-U(J shy~ lAumlU

~ e ~ ~~ ~~~ E -~ ~ ~~ ~ x ~ L~~ ~~

x W -=- - - lt J~ k =-e E (61)

bex S ~suVQ~l ~ ~ ~ Lu~~~ (6)

Lu-~ ~~3 ~ W~ AUA t =- 9 ltp ~ )(

W==e ~ - Q lp amps -= euro [4gt(~)- (P (g 4 J

t1uuml- X---gt~ U4~ ~ ~ ~~ ~S~~~ qgt()~l~ ~~ ~

( 62

~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ --P~~~J~) Sb ~ ~ k-~l) 4 ~a tc1- ~ ~ - k W~ tM ~ ~s~k -P~1~ x J eu ~~ _ ~ ~~ ~s~ tM ~--P9aI~cz(_

wA = t2 tpA J (6s)

Uamp -=- e ~~ -==c d ~4)

~ (~tgt Sl-

~~ 4 w~ ~~l S1U~~-lK aMA ~ ~shy~ M ~-P~h~ ~l ~uW~ ~ M ~ ro~~~ ~~ ~~~~

t=et = ~ Qt ~l = 1 L euro~ (gt~ bull

Alt--l 24 - )(j z Lamp ~A -~l (s)

~~ (64)~~~~~~

(6~)

1gt~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ tuM~~ J ~ U-tushy

~ ~ AlLM- ~ ~~tU~ ~ ~ ~

Ea~ = ~ ~ J Ce E

uA ~ ~~~ L~~4~ ~

e~=-~ S~V4~ = i S 1~12cG0 (~9)

j)~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ D~ rl ka~ ~L~ 9 ~~ ~u ~~~ ~i2~ ~~~(~ ~l--lf V 1 ) E tJ i ) Jcs- Ii -t -a ) bull

i- tZshy

-~-

~ Muuml- tUM~ ~ l~qJ l4~~) Ja ~~ tU-tgtltA-~ jgt~ ~ ~ ~) ~ u (1) ~ 1~~~le~ eu~~ ~~ tlut ~~ ~ LuAlu~~ se

JU4 k~~~ ~ ~ t j ~ ~~~~ ( E - bull E J~ J ~ ~ ~ c ~Ok~ ~ ~ ~)() -4 -J ~---- - _ -J

tLutL ~~ ~~ = ~ (R~ xi ) cUt4-W~ A-W~ ~t tM4 Lu-amp amp-R-l((-- ~

SE E J = - SEmiddotmiddot V i(J tL V =_ ( - j V+V ( ( E - - J -A - l J - tcl - J

+- ~ (Pi ~~ amp- V = - r (P i E l t1 JltS - r 4gt E dltr t----gt j J J J A -l

o ~~ ~~

C0 ~~ ~~~~e)Li)~~ ~~l ~l ~ D~~~ ~ Lut~~ ~ -)-er~k ~ (ltszligA ~ ~~~~~h~~)~t-~ JuJ1 ~ ~ ~ xi ttACUM~(~rftmiddot JLVt- ~ ~ T-uuc ~~L LU~ ~~ ~ -i-~ ~~ (lJ ~ lt2~ l ~4 - )~l l E-~ -=_ C2~ 1ltZ ~

- S tt 4gtJ JltS ~ 41r e~Ql ) c-L lX-X- l u~ --4 -J

S E E J~ = -4 ~ej j ~---)-t- -l

~ ) U-cAl Cb~raquo

~el = -L ~ 5~ t j~8Ir ~Fl ~)

-2- shy

6k-~

~ampl- =- ~ ~ [~~ 2 gJ cl

Do-~e Tet~ ~ ~~ ~~~tL-L ~ ~4~jL bao ~~~ ~ ~~-A ~tA~ cu ~ -re~ ~_ ~~) J4 ~kA ~~ tb~etL )

sect f ~ ~(()Ult~~ ampJA ~1Jse~~Aa ~

igt~ eRalli~ ~ ~ ~ ~et ~~ ~_ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ 4 4~-e4k

5 ~) =- ~ L)l) E (~) (~)

a4 ~ ~~Lttli~~ ~~~ ~) lu-t~1eshyltu~ cJu ~~~~ [z])) 41ci ~ ~

~ - t 4laquoshy

E L2-sect ) = i- C E(VE+-( ~JE)JE1 411 - - _J ~ - -(9- )

-tcsect=c

Wuu rd

((7 At )1 e lA = el~- 2j~ (tJwt e k ) tlL L---v----

L ~ll1O~U4- Ouml~wt ~~k)

= ~-t) ek- C Eie) Etc = Elcl~1i t~ - COAEJ

j)0Mctl- tnshy

4lrk~ = E~ lt) E~+ Eie ( lt)k E A - ~ Ec)

= lt2gt- l E A ~ ) - )1 E ~ ~lc L~ E - ~~~-E ~J ~ 2 - -- 2- bull

lT = L [E -E - 1 1gt~ EZ J ~) _ 4c 4tr kz - -)

bull

uu ~ ~Jl tttl41 T~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~k ILM~ ~ 2~~ ~~~~~ Go-~S~ ~~Sj1b ) ~Mci)~ GlL ~ Ju ~~-s~ ~~~~amps- ~u- tL-6~ ~

t~~taL~~middot -b~ ~~k eRa~rk ~~~ ~ T~e~~J ~ ~Q- ~~~-e~ ~~l I hl

k = ~ k tlV =- j Cdilc- amp V ~ ~

J~ ~ ~s~ ~~ ~eu ~ tLb ~k ~~ ~ ~~~~~~

(1-4)

11zS ~81-- ~ ~ V~-lM~ ~1lLt~t- ~~ ~~~ td -h~ ~ ~lc 1IlL C~ Wampl-~ ~ ~) ~J ~ ~-s~ ~~ kt ~) ~~~~~L ~ ~ ~~ ~ (S+i-1)

------- -

-23shy

~ ampJn~ 4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~(~~ ~at(l- ~ ~~ lcs- ~~l- ~ ~ JrdJshy~~ cA ltl- V1 ~ l~ CUt~F~) ~ ~) SO u1shy

(1--S)

~ t)S-) ~b~~~- ~ ccfA ~~d I ~ ~J~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ tl-b) ath D-t(~( ~b~i ~ ~ ~~~

~u szlige~) ~ ~ ~p~~ ~ ~aAAAt~ks~t CtM ~~~ ~~ JJu ~Jl--ls~~ ~tUW~ ~ ~ 2S~ ai~

D6- ~~~QS- tszlig- ~ (i-2) S~euro~(31 )~ kaJ ~~~ lxMA~ ~ ~ ~k~1-~ ) ~~~ ampi1dh-s~ ~~ au L La~_ ~~ ~0-Ld6- ~ ~~U~~ ~ ~

~ == S X A k~ gt J~ ~

j~ (1--3) ~ ~

14 = e~~- ~ l(j f6e 11( l = ~A ~ [ltDtLJ(rl-Tlt ~ ~ ~ j

ba T~ S~Il~n~ Il( )~sA~k~ ~b ~ 2~uwJ ~ ~-

-2-4shy

-b~ ~ ampIM ~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~shy~J~k T~~e ~~((~ ~tA bQ~ tt1- ~ ~~u~ ~ tu- ~tQ~j tttLAgtu~ ~~ ~ j~~~ luA4~~~

tgta ~ ~ ~Uu4fl ~ ~ JAA -kek~ishy~ ~szligu~~ JtU~ ~~Ik~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ Qp~o-k(~ LUltA ~ ~~ lus-~ eklt~t~ ~ ot~ ~ t-CL ampzt ~~a~ ~ atu4 cIJb-~~~4~ T~~f- ~ ~ ~ ~~~ Lit ~ ~--es~ ~ J ~ ~~-(~ ~--rL ~~l ~ l~-~R ~ ~c =~

~1 ~ lC-U- ~ L6-t~~rr~ ~~~ I(~~_ ~~lf eRe~~s4~~41et Wcl--~~ ~

~ ~ ~~ ~~~ S~ ~~lU~ W-tJ ampct~fu~ -uz~ eu~~

(8)

~ ~ ~

V t f

~ ~7

~

r ~

lb ~

f

r

0 11

~~~

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~ _f

r

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lt~

f t

IEt

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q

t ~

r r~

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lte _

f

~ ~

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11

~

f~

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r

gt

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r t t

f auml-

0

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d 1P

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l J

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1 v

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r f

ct

$ ~ ~

f

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i L

J

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~f ~

t ~ ~J

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~ fmiddot

f ~

f J ~ ~

g~

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bull

r-~

- ~ ~

~

r r

f ~

r r

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gt amp

-

-gt

~

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E f

1t

rr

f[

i~~

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c

euro

~ ~ V

~ ~ ~ r

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~19

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v (gt

feuro-oE

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1

r-r--

11

f r

l t-

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~f-J

~-~ ff~ ~

~~

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v ~ t

r ~

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~ f ~ J1

0-~ lt

~ f

r

c

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f -

f t

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r -~

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f ~

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J

f ~f

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r~~

r

f

f

p

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sectl~

euro-

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wr~

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-ushy

J~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~qv~~ b~ ~ ~~~ ~~ JAJ~

UJL) = ~ ~ ctgta)CiC) A

W~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ lampJ~

W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

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-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

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~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

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Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

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-34shy

5

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2

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j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

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lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

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i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

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amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

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(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

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) x) x en - -

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-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

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a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

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~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

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Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

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r--shy

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(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

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~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

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)

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~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

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Oe)

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iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

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bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

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(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

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~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

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~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

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~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

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+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

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co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

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b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 7: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-9shy~ ~ ~ce == ~amp ~ = (J1f ~ = ~

~Jak~~ retJ s ~ ce u (-s4) ctlg6t ~

sectWlP=-~~+ ~

~J 6i (~k _ J5 () -- llS

~ W-~j~la~~ ~~ ft1-~~ ~lT~S)= l2gtlaquoTJ-) s

~ e1~U~DPA~J~ ~~~ ~ Te~ l4-J) S 6 1 ~~ gU1(Vdl ii1) ~ ~ ~~~~ I

j~ ~~~ Jlaquo -r~s~-~ mshyes ~m fmiddot2iimiddotJ

(p= 61tt-~ +~

4YJ ~ Ltu~~ Itl ~ tkr ~~~~J~~

~~~~

A 2w-~~lz1- b ~ _ ~ ~~ -u tf~

~ ~ ~- ~ilA-t~~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~~ ~tampJl~s ~v LeU ~)+ZA (Jr~J) Vtt~ l4tUt M ~~

Ur) = qq eTt-t 1 Jt1A -roet-t ~ ~ JA~1- ~~

llt ~ xAO-AO Lb-A

AblU-S~~~~ l ~

lkk-~~~amp~ k- fektk~~-J~ A4=~ ~ampLet~ lulaquoM ~~lt-l-~ Jo- ~~

)) L~) X I J = ( + k L~ ~ I ) (4-1) ~X-~ )

4)~ ~ GI J )( ~ ~ ~~ X ~ b kastu~t~ t(1

~ ~ CA ( G ) lCt

lJ~ ~thv ~ ~ z ~54 ~ucamp

~ (4) ~ - ~ ~ ) ~= ~ ((gtA~_~A4)JVltO-b CO V CO l-t b

~2)

-(2shy

~ -D= b K(~)~) (Sl~ -t~j CU~ ~~~aJ

tLvtwes- UU- ~ek ~- C~~~)~~ 12~)

tgt ~ fx ~laquo(~ ~)

~~se Cf ~ ~~~ ~tc~~ ~ ~(~) = (5 L~) ~) ( ~ ~ ~ ) -tgta 6S I 0 Cl( ~ I) = 0 ~ x ~ )( ~ ~~L

S Ctk) ~ Ouml c~) ~ ) - (S (~J ~)~ lttgt Ct tl~(3 I)-oVtx olA

lrk(E)~)

= + S ~ (p U-I- als) ~ 1S W) ~+ e1 ) - ~ (~)~euroI) ~ CpUe~J d~ = C) euro 1

bull e2JQ k

euro--oo

- 4rrr (pex)

~ j)~kJQ~

(4szlig~

1~ ~-et- ~S~~ ~ ~U()~) -=( bull -b~ QO~A~ )( -J( I ~ d ~~) ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ a4~~) Ja ~ Cf UM~ ltOltP9vt -ampt- ~~~1r ~~ ~)~ ttuA G4) ~ 2~ ~ ~ =-

~ ltlrlt()lts- = 0 ~ 4 ~~ t(JVt ~

~ ~~ -F ~ ~~h ~lJ~

(p()( ) =i 5 4r lG

-(3shy

13hao -lta~ lMWMP-~~r

~~ ~ lM ~3) ~ G cti ~ k C~)() ~ ~ Ol~) ~I) A J so ~ cJvJL kl(amp~~~~ ~

~_~ ITe~~~~ (~ ~ ~ ~l() ~~)

~~~ltamp1 ~(p ~ ~~ +wd~ t4 ~~ Iltau ~e lf LK) = 0

~ u-eASJt~ht- tp ~ktL l~-~

~i- ~ ttt~tAAJu~ ~~ ~~ ~ LtJ~ _g(tke- ~ ~

~41 LatilL~cM~f fio ~~~~) ~ Se1 Ec tR~ ~~~ ( dk ~ ~e tulaut~~ Lei~~) LUtJ -P 6~ li ~ ~~~~~h~

tnW41Ul (Q ~ ~Iut~lJ- ~D 6 6t rCV- kq~tu-ttw1 CUt gt0 tl- CI ~~L

~~ ~ ~e (p ~ J(f) ~ ~~~k f- ~

lp(D) =- 1-1 ~ =- 9Ur f(g) )(~

UJu ~~ ~~ Cf Li ~ e-~ tu-+ ~ ~ruu1J ~D ~~ Li ~ ~ iIA- ~~ fi e ~d- ~ ~th =fW-~ 1- E (P~) lAtiJ Jv ~~-~

H= CI (gJ =- -LJ- (p J ~ ftr-t 0k(~)

-t4shy

) Ck-Ce k omiddot=r

ltbkri~

~ k-Cf~o) Iauut ~ ~~~~) ~ce l-tW-shy

~~utl ~ (P=k -~~ ~~j) C~JAh ~~ t 6(D-raquo

lJuu ~ 4(-= (KeuroGt (p(~)= k ~~~ ~_

U~~ l(l Jt ~ ~ tIet ~u1ta1 ~ ft il1shy~1oA~~~G~ ~ UJAJ v ~ hLt~ U~4 k ll lltu41 ~ ~ ~J Av ~J- fI=~ 0

~ JSl- ~ ~~ ~thtvt ~~ld- tutd ~~ (p ~~~ ~1tt~ a4- ~J idtut ~LUjshy

CR tfh- ~~ tJtJ ~ ~tlbtUUt ~ ~ampj tUt

~C ~ ~ ~aU ta) lt~UHlll ~ ~ ~JuuLU4Il a4 ~ tbt ~(k Jtu ~d1M~ LI4~LttJJ ~~ ~ ~~~~tt IM ~ fut1J- ~ Gtgtv ~~~~ 9r~ Cf ~~~~L ~ Cf ~ ~MWtA W- aut ~~Ut ~ ~ -uM~-kUU1 ~~ LUtuuml( -fI ~ M~ ~o

~ ~ ~ ~7tXs~~Utj b(p = ~ ~ 1lt) f6- ~(s~

PiJM [CRln ==- 0 I~ OumlQ

D~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~l- ~ tkt W~~f ~~~ ~u~~amput ~~~

-15shy

~ tlJJt 0 ~~~ ~~~~ lt=ct-~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ 1(3- I~Ht(Au~ ~ 11etshy~~kL~M~~~~ ~ fWshy~~szligt ~~ ~gtb szligG~ ~ klitU 12gt0 ) gt0 ~ I IUK) I ~ E ~ afk ~ tu- l~ I~ Jlaquo ~~ l(l~)2 lt1(tIU~ Lt ~teatiLUlWt ~~ kutiutUUt ai ~~ ~lK=1ltt ~~~ lfl- lU(~)lGE ~ DM l( ~1lM ~gto ~d ~ ~ U ~ LuJ1

sects- O~~)amptJ~~ ampQ Le

Qtk~~ ~~ ~J ~amp~~ ~- II~ I( ~~ ~~~ cetb~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ Jew~k ~ uo4t~ ~k vvsA~~ ~ ~-~~~ ~ 4 ~ ~k ~ at-lt ~ ~~ ~~ rut ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ht~ ~ -D~~~ t4 ~ ~eu ~ ~1-u~ ~~ ~~ ~~_ ~~thclk ~~ ~~~ ~~LX) ~~ __

~Ue ltUt eMu--~ F ~ tt1- J44laquo_ selth~ -r~k~

lttgt (X) = ~ ~~) J~(~I) (s) t= ~-~l

~ ~ ~ ~ ~F ~~1-QRl ~)-4gt bkkd ~~ ~llMS4 ~~~-~~~ ~~ lttt ~4~~)~ ~ kM Sct~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~eJ- G tUt) ~ ~~ 2j~~~ ~~~~l-~J ~ ~ ~Jv~ ~ ~ UM-~~L L~ ~1~)

al

(Qamp

S lE)amp~ ) = ~YLamp~4V ~ amp(~

Cs~

Jes-~~ ~ szligS~ltG~~k [ E-] =- 12Jt- E(l nashy~~ 4~4 b~ ~~~~~k~i~ ~ sk~~ Ltu-c~ u se~ ) ~~ uu ~ ~thttL~

S smiddotamp~ ~

~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~rJJ4 h~

--l1-shy

~ g amp~ = ~ --+et- E amp~ = 0 J

(5 ltSo

~~ S ~~ UM y ~ ~ l(t ~ ~~ +6u ~l~~U ge~ ~camp1) ~ ~leu~ ~W~ ~~) SO ~ P eu ~~ ~~du--k r ~ F

SCE -E~ amp~ = 0 r

-b~ ~d m- ~ ~ amp41lte1 ~ ~~shy~~~k~ E

~~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~ht4k~ l)--C- ~ IulAI2lelA tuttSos ~ E -~ ~s~CJ-(M~

At4 ~~~~~ ~ ~k~~re~Jltshy~~~~-bW~ tt1- AQ cSlM~~r~k ~ ~

E-

(s~)

-plusmngt~ ~Qu~ ~ ~ lt~l ~l- ~~ ~ cktshy

~~~ j Jlt ~ amp1-~ ~ La~~ ~l

~ ~ -1~ ~~~ AlJhsab~ ~

A- Sjp~ ~-p~~

-be (~o~u~) ~~ ~Q)- kv~ ~~UMltt~ JJ-~ ~ ~ ~~h~ x tt- ~tA ~ ~14 ~J

-)8shy

~ I ~ ~~ CW4 ~ Lu(Ju~~ ~ ~ t~ ~~h~ CtA- (4~ J~ tn ~ I) ) ~ LUuml)d lK- ~ -=tgt-U(J shy~ lAumlU

~ e ~ ~~ ~~~ E -~ ~ ~~ ~ x ~ L~~ ~~

x W -=- - - lt J~ k =-e E (61)

bex S ~suVQ~l ~ ~ ~ Lu~~~ (6)

Lu-~ ~~3 ~ W~ AUA t =- 9 ltp ~ )(

W==e ~ - Q lp amps -= euro [4gt(~)- (P (g 4 J

t1uuml- X---gt~ U4~ ~ ~ ~~ ~S~~~ qgt()~l~ ~~ ~

( 62

~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ --P~~~J~) Sb ~ ~ k-~l) 4 ~a tc1- ~ ~ - k W~ tM ~ ~s~k -P~1~ x J eu ~~ _ ~ ~~ ~s~ tM ~--P9aI~cz(_

wA = t2 tpA J (6s)

Uamp -=- e ~~ -==c d ~4)

~ (~tgt Sl-

~~ 4 w~ ~~l S1U~~-lK aMA ~ ~shy~ M ~-P~h~ ~l ~uW~ ~ M ~ ro~~~ ~~ ~~~~

t=et = ~ Qt ~l = 1 L euro~ (gt~ bull

Alt--l 24 - )(j z Lamp ~A -~l (s)

~~ (64)~~~~~~

(6~)

1gt~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ tuM~~ J ~ U-tushy

~ ~ AlLM- ~ ~~tU~ ~ ~ ~

Ea~ = ~ ~ J Ce E

uA ~ ~~~ L~~4~ ~

e~=-~ S~V4~ = i S 1~12cG0 (~9)

j)~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ D~ rl ka~ ~L~ 9 ~~ ~u ~~~ ~i2~ ~~~(~ ~l--lf V 1 ) E tJ i ) Jcs- Ii -t -a ) bull

i- tZshy

-~-

~ Muuml- tUM~ ~ l~qJ l4~~) Ja ~~ tU-tgtltA-~ jgt~ ~ ~ ~) ~ u (1) ~ 1~~~le~ eu~~ ~~ tlut ~~ ~ LuAlu~~ se

JU4 k~~~ ~ ~ t j ~ ~~~~ ( E - bull E J~ J ~ ~ ~ c ~Ok~ ~ ~ ~)() -4 -J ~---- - _ -J

tLutL ~~ ~~ = ~ (R~ xi ) cUt4-W~ A-W~ ~t tM4 Lu-amp amp-R-l((-- ~

SE E J = - SEmiddotmiddot V i(J tL V =_ ( - j V+V ( ( E - - J -A - l J - tcl - J

+- ~ (Pi ~~ amp- V = - r (P i E l t1 JltS - r 4gt E dltr t----gt j J J J A -l

o ~~ ~~

C0 ~~ ~~~~e)Li)~~ ~~l ~l ~ D~~~ ~ Lut~~ ~ -)-er~k ~ (ltszligA ~ ~~~~~h~~)~t-~ JuJ1 ~ ~ ~ xi ttACUM~(~rftmiddot JLVt- ~ ~ T-uuc ~~L LU~ ~~ ~ -i-~ ~~ (lJ ~ lt2~ l ~4 - )~l l E-~ -=_ C2~ 1ltZ ~

- S tt 4gtJ JltS ~ 41r e~Ql ) c-L lX-X- l u~ --4 -J

S E E J~ = -4 ~ej j ~---)-t- -l

~ ) U-cAl Cb~raquo

~el = -L ~ 5~ t j~8Ir ~Fl ~)

-2- shy

6k-~

~ampl- =- ~ ~ [~~ 2 gJ cl

Do-~e Tet~ ~ ~~ ~~~tL-L ~ ~4~jL bao ~~~ ~ ~~-A ~tA~ cu ~ -re~ ~_ ~~) J4 ~kA ~~ tb~etL )

sect f ~ ~(()Ult~~ ampJA ~1Jse~~Aa ~

igt~ eRalli~ ~ ~ ~ ~et ~~ ~_ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ 4 4~-e4k

5 ~) =- ~ L)l) E (~) (~)

a4 ~ ~~Lttli~~ ~~~ ~) lu-t~1eshyltu~ cJu ~~~~ [z])) 41ci ~ ~

~ - t 4laquoshy

E L2-sect ) = i- C E(VE+-( ~JE)JE1 411 - - _J ~ - -(9- )

-tcsect=c

Wuu rd

((7 At )1 e lA = el~- 2j~ (tJwt e k ) tlL L---v----

L ~ll1O~U4- Ouml~wt ~~k)

= ~-t) ek- C Eie) Etc = Elcl~1i t~ - COAEJ

j)0Mctl- tnshy

4lrk~ = E~ lt) E~+ Eie ( lt)k E A - ~ Ec)

= lt2gt- l E A ~ ) - )1 E ~ ~lc L~ E - ~~~-E ~J ~ 2 - -- 2- bull

lT = L [E -E - 1 1gt~ EZ J ~) _ 4c 4tr kz - -)

bull

uu ~ ~Jl tttl41 T~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~k ILM~ ~ 2~~ ~~~~~ Go-~S~ ~~Sj1b ) ~Mci)~ GlL ~ Ju ~~-s~ ~~~~amps- ~u- tL-6~ ~

t~~taL~~middot -b~ ~~k eRa~rk ~~~ ~ T~e~~J ~ ~Q- ~~~-e~ ~~l I hl

k = ~ k tlV =- j Cdilc- amp V ~ ~

J~ ~ ~s~ ~~ ~eu ~ tLb ~k ~~ ~ ~~~~~~

(1-4)

11zS ~81-- ~ ~ V~-lM~ ~1lLt~t- ~~ ~~~ td -h~ ~ ~lc 1IlL C~ Wampl-~ ~ ~) ~J ~ ~-s~ ~~ kt ~) ~~~~~L ~ ~ ~~ ~ (S+i-1)

------- -

-23shy

~ ampJn~ 4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~(~~ ~at(l- ~ ~~ lcs- ~~l- ~ ~ JrdJshy~~ cA ltl- V1 ~ l~ CUt~F~) ~ ~) SO u1shy

(1--S)

~ t)S-) ~b~~~- ~ ccfA ~~d I ~ ~J~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ tl-b) ath D-t(~( ~b~i ~ ~ ~~~

~u szlige~) ~ ~ ~p~~ ~ ~aAAAt~ks~t CtM ~~~ ~~ JJu ~Jl--ls~~ ~tUW~ ~ ~ 2S~ ai~

D6- ~~~QS- tszlig- ~ (i-2) S~euro~(31 )~ kaJ ~~~ lxMA~ ~ ~ ~k~1-~ ) ~~~ ampi1dh-s~ ~~ au L La~_ ~~ ~0-Ld6- ~ ~~U~~ ~ ~

~ == S X A k~ gt J~ ~

j~ (1--3) ~ ~

14 = e~~- ~ l(j f6e 11( l = ~A ~ [ltDtLJ(rl-Tlt ~ ~ ~ j

ba T~ S~Il~n~ Il( )~sA~k~ ~b ~ 2~uwJ ~ ~-

-2-4shy

-b~ ~ ampIM ~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~shy~J~k T~~e ~~((~ ~tA bQ~ tt1- ~ ~~u~ ~ tu- ~tQ~j tttLAgtu~ ~~ ~ j~~~ luA4~~~

tgta ~ ~ ~Uu4fl ~ ~ JAA -kek~ishy~ ~szligu~~ JtU~ ~~Ik~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ Qp~o-k(~ LUltA ~ ~~ lus-~ eklt~t~ ~ ot~ ~ t-CL ampzt ~~a~ ~ atu4 cIJb-~~~4~ T~~f- ~ ~ ~ ~~~ Lit ~ ~--es~ ~ J ~ ~~-(~ ~--rL ~~l ~ l~-~R ~ ~c =~

~1 ~ lC-U- ~ L6-t~~rr~ ~~~ I(~~_ ~~lf eRe~~s4~~41et Wcl--~~ ~

~ ~ ~~ ~~~ S~ ~~lU~ W-tJ ampct~fu~ -uz~ eu~~

(8)

~ ~ ~

V t f

~ ~7

~

r ~

lb ~

f

r

0 11

~~~

-c

~ _f

r

-~

lt~

f t

IEt

116C-~

~ev

q

t ~

r r~

~ r

lte _

f

~ ~

r I~

11

~

f~

-e-~

~ ~~

s

r

gt

-f

r t t

f auml-

0

~~ ~

~ ~~

1lt3

d 1P

~~

~ f ~

e

l J

-1 b

~

~ -E-

I~ 1

_ f

1 v

I ~

~ I

V

~~

P(~

r f

ct

$ ~ ~

f

~ tP

i L

J

~ f 1

c

~f ~

t ~ ~J

-~ t J

~ fmiddot

f ~

f J ~ ~

g~

~f

A

bull

r-~

- ~ ~

~

r r

f ~

r r

~ ~ l

gt amp

-

-gt

~

~~ f

E f

1t

rr

f[

i~~

f ~

c

euro

~ ~ V

~ ~ ~ r

-rr

~19

~--

() f

v (gt

feuro-oE

-

~~~

1

r-r--

11

f r

l t-

~ I

~f-J

~-~ ff~ ~

~~

~ ~

v ~ t

r ~

~~ ~t

~ ~

~l ~

~ f ~ J1

0-~ lt

~ f

r

c

~ ~J

f -

f t

-r ~

-XI

r -~

~ P

f ~

1

J

f ~f

~

1 t~

r~~

r

f

f

p

-rr

~ ~ ~

sectl~

euro-

~Dil ~

I

wr~

~L

-ushy

J~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~qv~~ b~ ~ ~~~ ~~ JAJ~

UJL) = ~ ~ ctgta)CiC) A

W~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ lampJ~

W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

~~~~~J

~~~ ~~) ~l4-)

50 ~~ tei~~~ LCMot 4 ~~~shyf11J ~~fl ~ ~ 4 eu~~ [) ~ouml~shy~~2ri~~ J~ ~~~~~~~ lhl ~~ l-tftamp lLL ~ ~~k l4Jt(~~tlLe ~el-~~shy~ -b ~ ~~k tlJA ~amp~~ $ek~~ ~ lgtktk Lx-~~~~) ~

- -

s~~tgtU-cL~ lgt~ lM ~ szligets~e1 ~~ ~~ltcJL~ ~leU R~ ill~eU~ aM4~~ ~ ~~ eurotM~~~~sL ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ AM~hk(~~ ~ ~~~(l~ ~() ~se~) ~ ~ ~_ ~~~ scLUthec~ O~~ ~ ampa-ltt ij-C~~ ~~~~b~f~ J4~ ~~ ~ ~ s~ ~~~~ L111~-t~~ ~ ~) u-seh-~ -b~~ ~ Ut~-~ ~ l4shy

srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

LO~ ~~~ ~se~k ~~ ~ k LL4J lltruUU4 Q

~~fUM~ e ~~ ~ ( lM-t ~ ~b ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ i ~~~~lM~~ ~

se~ ~~ ~+keRJliL ~ e ~ ~ ~~~ 1~ ~amp ~~~ (YPszligl ucd (9Qfgt ~~~ ) ~ JL LjU-t~ ~ () til ~~lULJ~ tg ~ct=~6

~- -_= l~- i

e +shy e_

~shy 2- ~ - a)

o

~ ~~ ~ ~o- ~e fi- ~ (8 l l) ~~shyw~~ ~U- ~tA~ ~ ~ ~~~ W~~~k

(f)-_ _ -i lt0laquogt t l 3 - COt- It=a ) -+ = ~

-~2-

~ tt (5

~~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~~ -h~ ~ ~~--L~~ ~~ tRo--~ ~ ~~~ e ~ JL ampL

-~~-

CJ ~lAtU~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~b~~

4)4-~~ ~~ ~~u~ CQ ~ ckJ t3o_ fUeA~ lo~~~~ Cllt ~

b2e ~~--P~s ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ Ld1 ~~ u ~J ~~~~~~~d-~ llamp-c ~~ Lu luQQ(ultAU szliget ~ amp- eurogt luMSe~

Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

~ Qe Lsect - e ) 4- -e L~-Il-) z ~- ~l~ l-c shy

~ (4- a1rC 2) _ efs) a --- e ~ [

lE r ~ ( -cttti-Ll~ -- r---------J

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k=shy esect - 1

~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

-4

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- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

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-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

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~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

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lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

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Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

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Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

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amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

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(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 8: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

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~~~~

A 2w-~~lz1- b ~ _ ~ ~~ -u tf~

~ ~ ~- ~ilA-t~~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~~ ~tampJl~s ~v LeU ~)+ZA (Jr~J) Vtt~ l4tUt M ~~

Ur) = qq eTt-t 1 Jt1A -roet-t ~ ~ JA~1- ~~

llt ~ xAO-AO Lb-A

AblU-S~~~~ l ~

lkk-~~~amp~ k- fektk~~-J~ A4=~ ~ampLet~ lulaquoM ~~lt-l-~ Jo- ~~

)) L~) X I J = ( + k L~ ~ I ) (4-1) ~X-~ )

4)~ ~ GI J )( ~ ~ ~~ X ~ b kastu~t~ t(1

~ ~ CA ( G ) lCt

lJ~ ~thv ~ ~ z ~54 ~ucamp

~ (4) ~ - ~ ~ ) ~= ~ ((gtA~_~A4)JVltO-b CO V CO l-t b

~2)

-(2shy

~ -D= b K(~)~) (Sl~ -t~j CU~ ~~~aJ

tLvtwes- UU- ~ek ~- C~~~)~~ 12~)

tgt ~ fx ~laquo(~ ~)

~~se Cf ~ ~~~ ~tc~~ ~ ~(~) = (5 L~) ~) ( ~ ~ ~ ) -tgta 6S I 0 Cl( ~ I) = 0 ~ x ~ )( ~ ~~L

S Ctk) ~ Ouml c~) ~ ) - (S (~J ~)~ lttgt Ct tl~(3 I)-oVtx olA

lrk(E)~)

= + S ~ (p U-I- als) ~ 1S W) ~+ e1 ) - ~ (~)~euroI) ~ CpUe~J d~ = C) euro 1

bull e2JQ k

euro--oo

- 4rrr (pex)

~ j)~kJQ~

(4szlig~

1~ ~-et- ~S~~ ~ ~U()~) -=( bull -b~ QO~A~ )( -J( I ~ d ~~) ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ a4~~) Ja ~ Cf UM~ ltOltP9vt -ampt- ~~~1r ~~ ~)~ ttuA G4) ~ 2~ ~ ~ =-

~ ltlrlt()lts- = 0 ~ 4 ~~ t(JVt ~

~ ~~ -F ~ ~~h ~lJ~

(p()( ) =i 5 4r lG

-(3shy

13hao -lta~ lMWMP-~~r

~~ ~ lM ~3) ~ G cti ~ k C~)() ~ ~ Ol~) ~I) A J so ~ cJvJL kl(amp~~~~ ~

~_~ ITe~~~~ (~ ~ ~ ~l() ~~)

~~~ltamp1 ~(p ~ ~~ +wd~ t4 ~~ Iltau ~e lf LK) = 0

~ u-eASJt~ht- tp ~ktL l~-~

~i- ~ ttt~tAAJu~ ~~ ~~ ~ LtJ~ _g(tke- ~ ~

~41 LatilL~cM~f fio ~~~~) ~ Se1 Ec tR~ ~~~ ( dk ~ ~e tulaut~~ Lei~~) LUtJ -P 6~ li ~ ~~~~~h~

tnW41Ul (Q ~ ~Iut~lJ- ~D 6 6t rCV- kq~tu-ttw1 CUt gt0 tl- CI ~~L

~~ ~ ~e (p ~ J(f) ~ ~~~k f- ~

lp(D) =- 1-1 ~ =- 9Ur f(g) )(~

UJu ~~ ~~ Cf Li ~ e-~ tu-+ ~ ~ruu1J ~D ~~ Li ~ ~ iIA- ~~ fi e ~d- ~ ~th =fW-~ 1- E (P~) lAtiJ Jv ~~-~

H= CI (gJ =- -LJ- (p J ~ ftr-t 0k(~)

-t4shy

) Ck-Ce k omiddot=r

ltbkri~

~ k-Cf~o) Iauut ~ ~~~~) ~ce l-tW-shy

~~utl ~ (P=k -~~ ~~j) C~JAh ~~ t 6(D-raquo

lJuu ~ 4(-= (KeuroGt (p(~)= k ~~~ ~_

U~~ l(l Jt ~ ~ tIet ~u1ta1 ~ ft il1shy~1oA~~~G~ ~ UJAJ v ~ hLt~ U~4 k ll lltu41 ~ ~ ~J Av ~J- fI=~ 0

~ JSl- ~ ~~ ~thtvt ~~ld- tutd ~~ (p ~~~ ~1tt~ a4- ~J idtut ~LUjshy

CR tfh- ~~ tJtJ ~ ~tlbtUUt ~ ~ampj tUt

~C ~ ~ ~aU ta) lt~UHlll ~ ~ ~JuuLU4Il a4 ~ tbt ~(k Jtu ~d1M~ LI4~LttJJ ~~ ~ ~~~~tt IM ~ fut1J- ~ Gtgtv ~~~~ 9r~ Cf ~~~~L ~ Cf ~ ~MWtA W- aut ~~Ut ~ ~ -uM~-kUU1 ~~ LUtuuml( -fI ~ M~ ~o

~ ~ ~ ~7tXs~~Utj b(p = ~ ~ 1lt) f6- ~(s~

PiJM [CRln ==- 0 I~ OumlQ

D~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~l- ~ tkt W~~f ~~~ ~u~~amput ~~~

-15shy

~ tlJJt 0 ~~~ ~~~~ lt=ct-~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ 1(3- I~Ht(Au~ ~ 11etshy~~kL~M~~~~ ~ fWshy~~szligt ~~ ~gtb szligG~ ~ klitU 12gt0 ) gt0 ~ I IUK) I ~ E ~ afk ~ tu- l~ I~ Jlaquo ~~ l(l~)2 lt1(tIU~ Lt ~teatiLUlWt ~~ kutiutUUt ai ~~ ~lK=1ltt ~~~ lfl- lU(~)lGE ~ DM l( ~1lM ~gto ~d ~ ~ U ~ LuJ1

sects- O~~)amptJ~~ ampQ Le

Qtk~~ ~~ ~J ~amp~~ ~- II~ I( ~~ ~~~ cetb~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ Jew~k ~ uo4t~ ~k vvsA~~ ~ ~-~~~ ~ 4 ~ ~k ~ at-lt ~ ~~ ~~ rut ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ht~ ~ -D~~~ t4 ~ ~eu ~ ~1-u~ ~~ ~~ ~~_ ~~thclk ~~ ~~~ ~~LX) ~~ __

~Ue ltUt eMu--~ F ~ tt1- J44laquo_ selth~ -r~k~

lttgt (X) = ~ ~~) J~(~I) (s) t= ~-~l

~ ~ ~ ~ ~F ~~1-QRl ~)-4gt bkkd ~~ ~llMS4 ~~~-~~~ ~~ lttt ~4~~)~ ~ kM Sct~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~eJ- G tUt) ~ ~~ 2j~~~ ~~~~l-~J ~ ~ ~Jv~ ~ ~ UM-~~L L~ ~1~)

al

(Qamp

S lE)amp~ ) = ~YLamp~4V ~ amp(~

Cs~

Jes-~~ ~ szligS~ltG~~k [ E-] =- 12Jt- E(l nashy~~ 4~4 b~ ~~~~~k~i~ ~ sk~~ Ltu-c~ u se~ ) ~~ uu ~ ~thttL~

S smiddotamp~ ~

~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~rJJ4 h~

--l1-shy

~ g amp~ = ~ --+et- E amp~ = 0 J

(5 ltSo

~~ S ~~ UM y ~ ~ l(t ~ ~~ +6u ~l~~U ge~ ~camp1) ~ ~leu~ ~W~ ~~) SO ~ P eu ~~ ~~du--k r ~ F

SCE -E~ amp~ = 0 r

-b~ ~d m- ~ ~ amp41lte1 ~ ~~shy~~~k~ E

~~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~ht4k~ l)--C- ~ IulAI2lelA tuttSos ~ E -~ ~s~CJ-(M~

At4 ~~~~~ ~ ~k~~re~Jltshy~~~~-bW~ tt1- AQ cSlM~~r~k ~ ~

E-

(s~)

-plusmngt~ ~Qu~ ~ ~ lt~l ~l- ~~ ~ cktshy

~~~ j Jlt ~ amp1-~ ~ La~~ ~l

~ ~ -1~ ~~~ AlJhsab~ ~

A- Sjp~ ~-p~~

-be (~o~u~) ~~ ~Q)- kv~ ~~UMltt~ JJ-~ ~ ~ ~~h~ x tt- ~tA ~ ~14 ~J

-)8shy

~ I ~ ~~ CW4 ~ Lu(Ju~~ ~ ~ t~ ~~h~ CtA- (4~ J~ tn ~ I) ) ~ LUuml)d lK- ~ -=tgt-U(J shy~ lAumlU

~ e ~ ~~ ~~~ E -~ ~ ~~ ~ x ~ L~~ ~~

x W -=- - - lt J~ k =-e E (61)

bex S ~suVQ~l ~ ~ ~ Lu~~~ (6)

Lu-~ ~~3 ~ W~ AUA t =- 9 ltp ~ )(

W==e ~ - Q lp amps -= euro [4gt(~)- (P (g 4 J

t1uuml- X---gt~ U4~ ~ ~ ~~ ~S~~~ qgt()~l~ ~~ ~

( 62

~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ --P~~~J~) Sb ~ ~ k-~l) 4 ~a tc1- ~ ~ - k W~ tM ~ ~s~k -P~1~ x J eu ~~ _ ~ ~~ ~s~ tM ~--P9aI~cz(_

wA = t2 tpA J (6s)

Uamp -=- e ~~ -==c d ~4)

~ (~tgt Sl-

~~ 4 w~ ~~l S1U~~-lK aMA ~ ~shy~ M ~-P~h~ ~l ~uW~ ~ M ~ ro~~~ ~~ ~~~~

t=et = ~ Qt ~l = 1 L euro~ (gt~ bull

Alt--l 24 - )(j z Lamp ~A -~l (s)

~~ (64)~~~~~~

(6~)

1gt~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ tuM~~ J ~ U-tushy

~ ~ AlLM- ~ ~~tU~ ~ ~ ~

Ea~ = ~ ~ J Ce E

uA ~ ~~~ L~~4~ ~

e~=-~ S~V4~ = i S 1~12cG0 (~9)

j)~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ D~ rl ka~ ~L~ 9 ~~ ~u ~~~ ~i2~ ~~~(~ ~l--lf V 1 ) E tJ i ) Jcs- Ii -t -a ) bull

i- tZshy

-~-

~ Muuml- tUM~ ~ l~qJ l4~~) Ja ~~ tU-tgtltA-~ jgt~ ~ ~ ~) ~ u (1) ~ 1~~~le~ eu~~ ~~ tlut ~~ ~ LuAlu~~ se

JU4 k~~~ ~ ~ t j ~ ~~~~ ( E - bull E J~ J ~ ~ ~ c ~Ok~ ~ ~ ~)() -4 -J ~---- - _ -J

tLutL ~~ ~~ = ~ (R~ xi ) cUt4-W~ A-W~ ~t tM4 Lu-amp amp-R-l((-- ~

SE E J = - SEmiddotmiddot V i(J tL V =_ ( - j V+V ( ( E - - J -A - l J - tcl - J

+- ~ (Pi ~~ amp- V = - r (P i E l t1 JltS - r 4gt E dltr t----gt j J J J A -l

o ~~ ~~

C0 ~~ ~~~~e)Li)~~ ~~l ~l ~ D~~~ ~ Lut~~ ~ -)-er~k ~ (ltszligA ~ ~~~~~h~~)~t-~ JuJ1 ~ ~ ~ xi ttACUM~(~rftmiddot JLVt- ~ ~ T-uuc ~~L LU~ ~~ ~ -i-~ ~~ (lJ ~ lt2~ l ~4 - )~l l E-~ -=_ C2~ 1ltZ ~

- S tt 4gtJ JltS ~ 41r e~Ql ) c-L lX-X- l u~ --4 -J

S E E J~ = -4 ~ej j ~---)-t- -l

~ ) U-cAl Cb~raquo

~el = -L ~ 5~ t j~8Ir ~Fl ~)

-2- shy

6k-~

~ampl- =- ~ ~ [~~ 2 gJ cl

Do-~e Tet~ ~ ~~ ~~~tL-L ~ ~4~jL bao ~~~ ~ ~~-A ~tA~ cu ~ -re~ ~_ ~~) J4 ~kA ~~ tb~etL )

sect f ~ ~(()Ult~~ ampJA ~1Jse~~Aa ~

igt~ eRalli~ ~ ~ ~ ~et ~~ ~_ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ 4 4~-e4k

5 ~) =- ~ L)l) E (~) (~)

a4 ~ ~~Lttli~~ ~~~ ~) lu-t~1eshyltu~ cJu ~~~~ [z])) 41ci ~ ~

~ - t 4laquoshy

E L2-sect ) = i- C E(VE+-( ~JE)JE1 411 - - _J ~ - -(9- )

-tcsect=c

Wuu rd

((7 At )1 e lA = el~- 2j~ (tJwt e k ) tlL L---v----

L ~ll1O~U4- Ouml~wt ~~k)

= ~-t) ek- C Eie) Etc = Elcl~1i t~ - COAEJ

j)0Mctl- tnshy

4lrk~ = E~ lt) E~+ Eie ( lt)k E A - ~ Ec)

= lt2gt- l E A ~ ) - )1 E ~ ~lc L~ E - ~~~-E ~J ~ 2 - -- 2- bull

lT = L [E -E - 1 1gt~ EZ J ~) _ 4c 4tr kz - -)

bull

uu ~ ~Jl tttl41 T~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~k ILM~ ~ 2~~ ~~~~~ Go-~S~ ~~Sj1b ) ~Mci)~ GlL ~ Ju ~~-s~ ~~~~amps- ~u- tL-6~ ~

t~~taL~~middot -b~ ~~k eRa~rk ~~~ ~ T~e~~J ~ ~Q- ~~~-e~ ~~l I hl

k = ~ k tlV =- j Cdilc- amp V ~ ~

J~ ~ ~s~ ~~ ~eu ~ tLb ~k ~~ ~ ~~~~~~

(1-4)

11zS ~81-- ~ ~ V~-lM~ ~1lLt~t- ~~ ~~~ td -h~ ~ ~lc 1IlL C~ Wampl-~ ~ ~) ~J ~ ~-s~ ~~ kt ~) ~~~~~L ~ ~ ~~ ~ (S+i-1)

------- -

-23shy

~ ampJn~ 4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~(~~ ~at(l- ~ ~~ lcs- ~~l- ~ ~ JrdJshy~~ cA ltl- V1 ~ l~ CUt~F~) ~ ~) SO u1shy

(1--S)

~ t)S-) ~b~~~- ~ ccfA ~~d I ~ ~J~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ tl-b) ath D-t(~( ~b~i ~ ~ ~~~

~u szlige~) ~ ~ ~p~~ ~ ~aAAAt~ks~t CtM ~~~ ~~ JJu ~Jl--ls~~ ~tUW~ ~ ~ 2S~ ai~

D6- ~~~QS- tszlig- ~ (i-2) S~euro~(31 )~ kaJ ~~~ lxMA~ ~ ~ ~k~1-~ ) ~~~ ampi1dh-s~ ~~ au L La~_ ~~ ~0-Ld6- ~ ~~U~~ ~ ~

~ == S X A k~ gt J~ ~

j~ (1--3) ~ ~

14 = e~~- ~ l(j f6e 11( l = ~A ~ [ltDtLJ(rl-Tlt ~ ~ ~ j

ba T~ S~Il~n~ Il( )~sA~k~ ~b ~ 2~uwJ ~ ~-

-2-4shy

-b~ ~ ampIM ~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~shy~J~k T~~e ~~((~ ~tA bQ~ tt1- ~ ~~u~ ~ tu- ~tQ~j tttLAgtu~ ~~ ~ j~~~ luA4~~~

tgta ~ ~ ~Uu4fl ~ ~ JAA -kek~ishy~ ~szligu~~ JtU~ ~~Ik~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ Qp~o-k(~ LUltA ~ ~~ lus-~ eklt~t~ ~ ot~ ~ t-CL ampzt ~~a~ ~ atu4 cIJb-~~~4~ T~~f- ~ ~ ~ ~~~ Lit ~ ~--es~ ~ J ~ ~~-(~ ~--rL ~~l ~ l~-~R ~ ~c =~

~1 ~ lC-U- ~ L6-t~~rr~ ~~~ I(~~_ ~~lf eRe~~s4~~41et Wcl--~~ ~

~ ~ ~~ ~~~ S~ ~~lU~ W-tJ ampct~fu~ -uz~ eu~~

(8)

~ ~ ~

V t f

~ ~7

~

r ~

lb ~

f

r

0 11

~~~

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~ _f

r

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lt~

f t

IEt

116C-~

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q

t ~

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lte _

f

~ ~

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11

~

f~

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s

r

gt

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r t t

f auml-

0

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1lt3

d 1P

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e

l J

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I~ 1

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1 v

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r f

ct

$ ~ ~

f

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i L

J

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~ fmiddot

f ~

f J ~ ~

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A

bull

r-~

- ~ ~

~

r r

f ~

r r

~ ~ l

gt amp

-

-gt

~

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E f

1t

rr

f[

i~~

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c

euro

~ ~ V

~ ~ ~ r

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~19

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v (gt

feuro-oE

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1

r-r--

11

f r

l t-

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~f-J

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~~

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r ~

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0-~ lt

~ f

r

c

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f -

f t

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r -~

~ P

f ~

1

J

f ~f

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1 t~

r~~

r

f

f

p

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~ ~ ~

sectl~

euro-

~Dil ~

I

wr~

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-ushy

J~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~qv~~ b~ ~ ~~~ ~~ JAJ~

UJL) = ~ ~ ctgta)CiC) A

W~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ lampJ~

W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

~~~~~J

~~~ ~~) ~l4-)

50 ~~ tei~~~ LCMot 4 ~~~shyf11J ~~fl ~ ~ 4 eu~~ [) ~ouml~shy~~2ri~~ J~ ~~~~~~~ lhl ~~ l-tftamp lLL ~ ~~k l4Jt(~~tlLe ~el-~~shy~ -b ~ ~~k tlJA ~amp~~ $ek~~ ~ lgtktk Lx-~~~~) ~

- -

s~~tgtU-cL~ lgt~ lM ~ szligets~e1 ~~ ~~ltcJL~ ~leU R~ ill~eU~ aM4~~ ~ ~~ eurotM~~~~sL ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ AM~hk(~~ ~ ~~~(l~ ~() ~se~) ~ ~ ~_ ~~~ scLUthec~ O~~ ~ ampa-ltt ij-C~~ ~~~~b~f~ J4~ ~~ ~ ~ s~ ~~~~ L111~-t~~ ~ ~) u-seh-~ -b~~ ~ Ut~-~ ~ l4shy

srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

LO~ ~~~ ~se~k ~~ ~ k LL4J lltruUU4 Q

~~fUM~ e ~~ ~ ( lM-t ~ ~b ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ i ~~~~lM~~ ~

se~ ~~ ~+keRJliL ~ e ~ ~ ~~~ 1~ ~amp ~~~ (YPszligl ucd (9Qfgt ~~~ ) ~ JL LjU-t~ ~ () til ~~lULJ~ tg ~ct=~6

~- -_= l~- i

e +shy e_

~shy 2- ~ - a)

o

~ ~~ ~ ~o- ~e fi- ~ (8 l l) ~~shyw~~ ~U- ~tA~ ~ ~ ~~~ W~~~k

(f)-_ _ -i lt0laquogt t l 3 - COt- It=a ) -+ = ~

-~2-

~ tt (5

~~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~~ -h~ ~ ~~--L~~ ~~ tRo--~ ~ ~~~ e ~ JL ampL

-~~-

CJ ~lAtU~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~b~~

4)4-~~ ~~ ~~u~ CQ ~ ckJ t3o_ fUeA~ lo~~~~ Cllt ~

b2e ~~--P~s ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ Ld1 ~~ u ~J ~~~~~~~d-~ llamp-c ~~ Lu luQQ(ultAU szliget ~ amp- eurogt luMSe~

Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

~ Qe Lsect - e ) 4- -e L~-Il-) z ~- ~l~ l-c shy

~ (4- a1rC 2) _ efs) a --- e ~ [

lE r ~ ( -cttti-Ll~ -- r---------J

-~r-6 ~ [A _ j z (-t- laquo212)2

k=shy esect - 1

~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

J) ~~~ ~ eA1-~ ~~ amplJj~ ~

- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

)

-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

-~-

Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 9: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

AblU-S~~~~ l ~

lkk-~~~amp~ k- fektk~~-J~ A4=~ ~ampLet~ lulaquoM ~~lt-l-~ Jo- ~~

)) L~) X I J = ( + k L~ ~ I ) (4-1) ~X-~ )

4)~ ~ GI J )( ~ ~ ~~ X ~ b kastu~t~ t(1

~ ~ CA ( G ) lCt

lJ~ ~thv ~ ~ z ~54 ~ucamp

~ (4) ~ - ~ ~ ) ~= ~ ((gtA~_~A4)JVltO-b CO V CO l-t b

~2)

-(2shy

~ -D= b K(~)~) (Sl~ -t~j CU~ ~~~aJ

tLvtwes- UU- ~ek ~- C~~~)~~ 12~)

tgt ~ fx ~laquo(~ ~)

~~se Cf ~ ~~~ ~tc~~ ~ ~(~) = (5 L~) ~) ( ~ ~ ~ ) -tgta 6S I 0 Cl( ~ I) = 0 ~ x ~ )( ~ ~~L

S Ctk) ~ Ouml c~) ~ ) - (S (~J ~)~ lttgt Ct tl~(3 I)-oVtx olA

lrk(E)~)

= + S ~ (p U-I- als) ~ 1S W) ~+ e1 ) - ~ (~)~euroI) ~ CpUe~J d~ = C) euro 1

bull e2JQ k

euro--oo

- 4rrr (pex)

~ j)~kJQ~

(4szlig~

1~ ~-et- ~S~~ ~ ~U()~) -=( bull -b~ QO~A~ )( -J( I ~ d ~~) ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ a4~~) Ja ~ Cf UM~ ltOltP9vt -ampt- ~~~1r ~~ ~)~ ttuA G4) ~ 2~ ~ ~ =-

~ ltlrlt()lts- = 0 ~ 4 ~~ t(JVt ~

~ ~~ -F ~ ~~h ~lJ~

(p()( ) =i 5 4r lG

-(3shy

13hao -lta~ lMWMP-~~r

~~ ~ lM ~3) ~ G cti ~ k C~)() ~ ~ Ol~) ~I) A J so ~ cJvJL kl(amp~~~~ ~

~_~ ITe~~~~ (~ ~ ~ ~l() ~~)

~~~ltamp1 ~(p ~ ~~ +wd~ t4 ~~ Iltau ~e lf LK) = 0

~ u-eASJt~ht- tp ~ktL l~-~

~i- ~ ttt~tAAJu~ ~~ ~~ ~ LtJ~ _g(tke- ~ ~

~41 LatilL~cM~f fio ~~~~) ~ Se1 Ec tR~ ~~~ ( dk ~ ~e tulaut~~ Lei~~) LUtJ -P 6~ li ~ ~~~~~h~

tnW41Ul (Q ~ ~Iut~lJ- ~D 6 6t rCV- kq~tu-ttw1 CUt gt0 tl- CI ~~L

~~ ~ ~e (p ~ J(f) ~ ~~~k f- ~

lp(D) =- 1-1 ~ =- 9Ur f(g) )(~

UJu ~~ ~~ Cf Li ~ e-~ tu-+ ~ ~ruu1J ~D ~~ Li ~ ~ iIA- ~~ fi e ~d- ~ ~th =fW-~ 1- E (P~) lAtiJ Jv ~~-~

H= CI (gJ =- -LJ- (p J ~ ftr-t 0k(~)

-t4shy

) Ck-Ce k omiddot=r

ltbkri~

~ k-Cf~o) Iauut ~ ~~~~) ~ce l-tW-shy

~~utl ~ (P=k -~~ ~~j) C~JAh ~~ t 6(D-raquo

lJuu ~ 4(-= (KeuroGt (p(~)= k ~~~ ~_

U~~ l(l Jt ~ ~ tIet ~u1ta1 ~ ft il1shy~1oA~~~G~ ~ UJAJ v ~ hLt~ U~4 k ll lltu41 ~ ~ ~J Av ~J- fI=~ 0

~ JSl- ~ ~~ ~thtvt ~~ld- tutd ~~ (p ~~~ ~1tt~ a4- ~J idtut ~LUjshy

CR tfh- ~~ tJtJ ~ ~tlbtUUt ~ ~ampj tUt

~C ~ ~ ~aU ta) lt~UHlll ~ ~ ~JuuLU4Il a4 ~ tbt ~(k Jtu ~d1M~ LI4~LttJJ ~~ ~ ~~~~tt IM ~ fut1J- ~ Gtgtv ~~~~ 9r~ Cf ~~~~L ~ Cf ~ ~MWtA W- aut ~~Ut ~ ~ -uM~-kUU1 ~~ LUtuuml( -fI ~ M~ ~o

~ ~ ~ ~7tXs~~Utj b(p = ~ ~ 1lt) f6- ~(s~

PiJM [CRln ==- 0 I~ OumlQ

D~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~l- ~ tkt W~~f ~~~ ~u~~amput ~~~

-15shy

~ tlJJt 0 ~~~ ~~~~ lt=ct-~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ 1(3- I~Ht(Au~ ~ 11etshy~~kL~M~~~~ ~ fWshy~~szligt ~~ ~gtb szligG~ ~ klitU 12gt0 ) gt0 ~ I IUK) I ~ E ~ afk ~ tu- l~ I~ Jlaquo ~~ l(l~)2 lt1(tIU~ Lt ~teatiLUlWt ~~ kutiutUUt ai ~~ ~lK=1ltt ~~~ lfl- lU(~)lGE ~ DM l( ~1lM ~gto ~d ~ ~ U ~ LuJ1

sects- O~~)amptJ~~ ampQ Le

Qtk~~ ~~ ~J ~amp~~ ~- II~ I( ~~ ~~~ cetb~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ Jew~k ~ uo4t~ ~k vvsA~~ ~ ~-~~~ ~ 4 ~ ~k ~ at-lt ~ ~~ ~~ rut ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ht~ ~ -D~~~ t4 ~ ~eu ~ ~1-u~ ~~ ~~ ~~_ ~~thclk ~~ ~~~ ~~LX) ~~ __

~Ue ltUt eMu--~ F ~ tt1- J44laquo_ selth~ -r~k~

lttgt (X) = ~ ~~) J~(~I) (s) t= ~-~l

~ ~ ~ ~ ~F ~~1-QRl ~)-4gt bkkd ~~ ~llMS4 ~~~-~~~ ~~ lttt ~4~~)~ ~ kM Sct~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~eJ- G tUt) ~ ~~ 2j~~~ ~~~~l-~J ~ ~ ~Jv~ ~ ~ UM-~~L L~ ~1~)

al

(Qamp

S lE)amp~ ) = ~YLamp~4V ~ amp(~

Cs~

Jes-~~ ~ szligS~ltG~~k [ E-] =- 12Jt- E(l nashy~~ 4~4 b~ ~~~~~k~i~ ~ sk~~ Ltu-c~ u se~ ) ~~ uu ~ ~thttL~

S smiddotamp~ ~

~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~rJJ4 h~

--l1-shy

~ g amp~ = ~ --+et- E amp~ = 0 J

(5 ltSo

~~ S ~~ UM y ~ ~ l(t ~ ~~ +6u ~l~~U ge~ ~camp1) ~ ~leu~ ~W~ ~~) SO ~ P eu ~~ ~~du--k r ~ F

SCE -E~ amp~ = 0 r

-b~ ~d m- ~ ~ amp41lte1 ~ ~~shy~~~k~ E

~~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~ht4k~ l)--C- ~ IulAI2lelA tuttSos ~ E -~ ~s~CJ-(M~

At4 ~~~~~ ~ ~k~~re~Jltshy~~~~-bW~ tt1- AQ cSlM~~r~k ~ ~

E-

(s~)

-plusmngt~ ~Qu~ ~ ~ lt~l ~l- ~~ ~ cktshy

~~~ j Jlt ~ amp1-~ ~ La~~ ~l

~ ~ -1~ ~~~ AlJhsab~ ~

A- Sjp~ ~-p~~

-be (~o~u~) ~~ ~Q)- kv~ ~~UMltt~ JJ-~ ~ ~ ~~h~ x tt- ~tA ~ ~14 ~J

-)8shy

~ I ~ ~~ CW4 ~ Lu(Ju~~ ~ ~ t~ ~~h~ CtA- (4~ J~ tn ~ I) ) ~ LUuml)d lK- ~ -=tgt-U(J shy~ lAumlU

~ e ~ ~~ ~~~ E -~ ~ ~~ ~ x ~ L~~ ~~

x W -=- - - lt J~ k =-e E (61)

bex S ~suVQ~l ~ ~ ~ Lu~~~ (6)

Lu-~ ~~3 ~ W~ AUA t =- 9 ltp ~ )(

W==e ~ - Q lp amps -= euro [4gt(~)- (P (g 4 J

t1uuml- X---gt~ U4~ ~ ~ ~~ ~S~~~ qgt()~l~ ~~ ~

( 62

~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ --P~~~J~) Sb ~ ~ k-~l) 4 ~a tc1- ~ ~ - k W~ tM ~ ~s~k -P~1~ x J eu ~~ _ ~ ~~ ~s~ tM ~--P9aI~cz(_

wA = t2 tpA J (6s)

Uamp -=- e ~~ -==c d ~4)

~ (~tgt Sl-

~~ 4 w~ ~~l S1U~~-lK aMA ~ ~shy~ M ~-P~h~ ~l ~uW~ ~ M ~ ro~~~ ~~ ~~~~

t=et = ~ Qt ~l = 1 L euro~ (gt~ bull

Alt--l 24 - )(j z Lamp ~A -~l (s)

~~ (64)~~~~~~

(6~)

1gt~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ tuM~~ J ~ U-tushy

~ ~ AlLM- ~ ~~tU~ ~ ~ ~

Ea~ = ~ ~ J Ce E

uA ~ ~~~ L~~4~ ~

e~=-~ S~V4~ = i S 1~12cG0 (~9)

j)~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ D~ rl ka~ ~L~ 9 ~~ ~u ~~~ ~i2~ ~~~(~ ~l--lf V 1 ) E tJ i ) Jcs- Ii -t -a ) bull

i- tZshy

-~-

~ Muuml- tUM~ ~ l~qJ l4~~) Ja ~~ tU-tgtltA-~ jgt~ ~ ~ ~) ~ u (1) ~ 1~~~le~ eu~~ ~~ tlut ~~ ~ LuAlu~~ se

JU4 k~~~ ~ ~ t j ~ ~~~~ ( E - bull E J~ J ~ ~ ~ c ~Ok~ ~ ~ ~)() -4 -J ~---- - _ -J

tLutL ~~ ~~ = ~ (R~ xi ) cUt4-W~ A-W~ ~t tM4 Lu-amp amp-R-l((-- ~

SE E J = - SEmiddotmiddot V i(J tL V =_ ( - j V+V ( ( E - - J -A - l J - tcl - J

+- ~ (Pi ~~ amp- V = - r (P i E l t1 JltS - r 4gt E dltr t----gt j J J J A -l

o ~~ ~~

C0 ~~ ~~~~e)Li)~~ ~~l ~l ~ D~~~ ~ Lut~~ ~ -)-er~k ~ (ltszligA ~ ~~~~~h~~)~t-~ JuJ1 ~ ~ ~ xi ttACUM~(~rftmiddot JLVt- ~ ~ T-uuc ~~L LU~ ~~ ~ -i-~ ~~ (lJ ~ lt2~ l ~4 - )~l l E-~ -=_ C2~ 1ltZ ~

- S tt 4gtJ JltS ~ 41r e~Ql ) c-L lX-X- l u~ --4 -J

S E E J~ = -4 ~ej j ~---)-t- -l

~ ) U-cAl Cb~raquo

~el = -L ~ 5~ t j~8Ir ~Fl ~)

-2- shy

6k-~

~ampl- =- ~ ~ [~~ 2 gJ cl

Do-~e Tet~ ~ ~~ ~~~tL-L ~ ~4~jL bao ~~~ ~ ~~-A ~tA~ cu ~ -re~ ~_ ~~) J4 ~kA ~~ tb~etL )

sect f ~ ~(()Ult~~ ampJA ~1Jse~~Aa ~

igt~ eRalli~ ~ ~ ~ ~et ~~ ~_ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ 4 4~-e4k

5 ~) =- ~ L)l) E (~) (~)

a4 ~ ~~Lttli~~ ~~~ ~) lu-t~1eshyltu~ cJu ~~~~ [z])) 41ci ~ ~

~ - t 4laquoshy

E L2-sect ) = i- C E(VE+-( ~JE)JE1 411 - - _J ~ - -(9- )

-tcsect=c

Wuu rd

((7 At )1 e lA = el~- 2j~ (tJwt e k ) tlL L---v----

L ~ll1O~U4- Ouml~wt ~~k)

= ~-t) ek- C Eie) Etc = Elcl~1i t~ - COAEJ

j)0Mctl- tnshy

4lrk~ = E~ lt) E~+ Eie ( lt)k E A - ~ Ec)

= lt2gt- l E A ~ ) - )1 E ~ ~lc L~ E - ~~~-E ~J ~ 2 - -- 2- bull

lT = L [E -E - 1 1gt~ EZ J ~) _ 4c 4tr kz - -)

bull

uu ~ ~Jl tttl41 T~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~k ILM~ ~ 2~~ ~~~~~ Go-~S~ ~~Sj1b ) ~Mci)~ GlL ~ Ju ~~-s~ ~~~~amps- ~u- tL-6~ ~

t~~taL~~middot -b~ ~~k eRa~rk ~~~ ~ T~e~~J ~ ~Q- ~~~-e~ ~~l I hl

k = ~ k tlV =- j Cdilc- amp V ~ ~

J~ ~ ~s~ ~~ ~eu ~ tLb ~k ~~ ~ ~~~~~~

(1-4)

11zS ~81-- ~ ~ V~-lM~ ~1lLt~t- ~~ ~~~ td -h~ ~ ~lc 1IlL C~ Wampl-~ ~ ~) ~J ~ ~-s~ ~~ kt ~) ~~~~~L ~ ~ ~~ ~ (S+i-1)

------- -

-23shy

~ ampJn~ 4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~(~~ ~at(l- ~ ~~ lcs- ~~l- ~ ~ JrdJshy~~ cA ltl- V1 ~ l~ CUt~F~) ~ ~) SO u1shy

(1--S)

~ t)S-) ~b~~~- ~ ccfA ~~d I ~ ~J~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ tl-b) ath D-t(~( ~b~i ~ ~ ~~~

~u szlige~) ~ ~ ~p~~ ~ ~aAAAt~ks~t CtM ~~~ ~~ JJu ~Jl--ls~~ ~tUW~ ~ ~ 2S~ ai~

D6- ~~~QS- tszlig- ~ (i-2) S~euro~(31 )~ kaJ ~~~ lxMA~ ~ ~ ~k~1-~ ) ~~~ ampi1dh-s~ ~~ au L La~_ ~~ ~0-Ld6- ~ ~~U~~ ~ ~

~ == S X A k~ gt J~ ~

j~ (1--3) ~ ~

14 = e~~- ~ l(j f6e 11( l = ~A ~ [ltDtLJ(rl-Tlt ~ ~ ~ j

ba T~ S~Il~n~ Il( )~sA~k~ ~b ~ 2~uwJ ~ ~-

-2-4shy

-b~ ~ ampIM ~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~shy~J~k T~~e ~~((~ ~tA bQ~ tt1- ~ ~~u~ ~ tu- ~tQ~j tttLAgtu~ ~~ ~ j~~~ luA4~~~

tgta ~ ~ ~Uu4fl ~ ~ JAA -kek~ishy~ ~szligu~~ JtU~ ~~Ik~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ Qp~o-k(~ LUltA ~ ~~ lus-~ eklt~t~ ~ ot~ ~ t-CL ampzt ~~a~ ~ atu4 cIJb-~~~4~ T~~f- ~ ~ ~ ~~~ Lit ~ ~--es~ ~ J ~ ~~-(~ ~--rL ~~l ~ l~-~R ~ ~c =~

~1 ~ lC-U- ~ L6-t~~rr~ ~~~ I(~~_ ~~lf eRe~~s4~~41et Wcl--~~ ~

~ ~ ~~ ~~~ S~ ~~lU~ W-tJ ampct~fu~ -uz~ eu~~

(8)

~ ~ ~

V t f

~ ~7

~

r ~

lb ~

f

r

0 11

~~~

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~ _f

r

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lt~

f t

IEt

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q

t ~

r r~

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lte _

f

~ ~

r I~

11

~

f~

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r

gt

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r t t

f auml-

0

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1lt3

d 1P

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e

l J

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I~ 1

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1 v

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r f

ct

$ ~ ~

f

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i L

J

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~ fmiddot

f ~

f J ~ ~

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bull

r-~

- ~ ~

~

r r

f ~

r r

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gt amp

-

-gt

~

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E f

1t

rr

f[

i~~

f ~

c

euro

~ ~ V

~ ~ ~ r

-rr

~19

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v (gt

feuro-oE

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~~~

1

r-r--

11

f r

l t-

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~f-J

~-~ ff~ ~

~~

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v ~ t

r ~

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0-~ lt

~ f

r

c

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f -

f t

-r ~

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r -~

~ P

f ~

1

J

f ~f

~

1 t~

r~~

r

f

f

p

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~ ~ ~

sectl~

euro-

~Dil ~

I

wr~

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-ushy

J~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~qv~~ b~ ~ ~~~ ~~ JAJ~

UJL) = ~ ~ ctgta)CiC) A

W~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ lampJ~

W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

~~~~~J

~~~ ~~) ~l4-)

50 ~~ tei~~~ LCMot 4 ~~~shyf11J ~~fl ~ ~ 4 eu~~ [) ~ouml~shy~~2ri~~ J~ ~~~~~~~ lhl ~~ l-tftamp lLL ~ ~~k l4Jt(~~tlLe ~el-~~shy~ -b ~ ~~k tlJA ~amp~~ $ek~~ ~ lgtktk Lx-~~~~) ~

- -

s~~tgtU-cL~ lgt~ lM ~ szligets~e1 ~~ ~~ltcJL~ ~leU R~ ill~eU~ aM4~~ ~ ~~ eurotM~~~~sL ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ AM~hk(~~ ~ ~~~(l~ ~() ~se~) ~ ~ ~_ ~~~ scLUthec~ O~~ ~ ampa-ltt ij-C~~ ~~~~b~f~ J4~ ~~ ~ ~ s~ ~~~~ L111~-t~~ ~ ~) u-seh-~ -b~~ ~ Ut~-~ ~ l4shy

srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

LO~ ~~~ ~se~k ~~ ~ k LL4J lltruUU4 Q

~~fUM~ e ~~ ~ ( lM-t ~ ~b ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ i ~~~~lM~~ ~

se~ ~~ ~+keRJliL ~ e ~ ~ ~~~ 1~ ~amp ~~~ (YPszligl ucd (9Qfgt ~~~ ) ~ JL LjU-t~ ~ () til ~~lULJ~ tg ~ct=~6

~- -_= l~- i

e +shy e_

~shy 2- ~ - a)

o

~ ~~ ~ ~o- ~e fi- ~ (8 l l) ~~shyw~~ ~U- ~tA~ ~ ~ ~~~ W~~~k

(f)-_ _ -i lt0laquogt t l 3 - COt- It=a ) -+ = ~

-~2-

~ tt (5

~~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~~ -h~ ~ ~~--L~~ ~~ tRo--~ ~ ~~~ e ~ JL ampL

-~~-

CJ ~lAtU~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~b~~

4)4-~~ ~~ ~~u~ CQ ~ ckJ t3o_ fUeA~ lo~~~~ Cllt ~

b2e ~~--P~s ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ Ld1 ~~ u ~J ~~~~~~~d-~ llamp-c ~~ Lu luQQ(ultAU szliget ~ amp- eurogt luMSe~

Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

~ Qe Lsect - e ) 4- -e L~-Il-) z ~- ~l~ l-c shy

~ (4- a1rC 2) _ efs) a --- e ~ [

lE r ~ ( -cttti-Ll~ -- r---------J

-~r-6 ~ [A _ j z (-t- laquo212)2

k=shy esect - 1

~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

J) ~~~ ~ eA1-~ ~~ amplJj~ ~

- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

)

-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

-~-

Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 10: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-(2shy

~ -D= b K(~)~) (Sl~ -t~j CU~ ~~~aJ

tLvtwes- UU- ~ek ~- C~~~)~~ 12~)

tgt ~ fx ~laquo(~ ~)

~~se Cf ~ ~~~ ~tc~~ ~ ~(~) = (5 L~) ~) ( ~ ~ ~ ) -tgta 6S I 0 Cl( ~ I) = 0 ~ x ~ )( ~ ~~L

S Ctk) ~ Ouml c~) ~ ) - (S (~J ~)~ lttgt Ct tl~(3 I)-oVtx olA

lrk(E)~)

= + S ~ (p U-I- als) ~ 1S W) ~+ e1 ) - ~ (~)~euroI) ~ CpUe~J d~ = C) euro 1

bull e2JQ k

euro--oo

- 4rrr (pex)

~ j)~kJQ~

(4szlig~

1~ ~-et- ~S~~ ~ ~U()~) -=( bull -b~ QO~A~ )( -J( I ~ d ~~) ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ a4~~) Ja ~ Cf UM~ ltOltP9vt -ampt- ~~~1r ~~ ~)~ ttuA G4) ~ 2~ ~ ~ =-

~ ltlrlt()lts- = 0 ~ 4 ~~ t(JVt ~

~ ~~ -F ~ ~~h ~lJ~

(p()( ) =i 5 4r lG

-(3shy

13hao -lta~ lMWMP-~~r

~~ ~ lM ~3) ~ G cti ~ k C~)() ~ ~ Ol~) ~I) A J so ~ cJvJL kl(amp~~~~ ~

~_~ ITe~~~~ (~ ~ ~ ~l() ~~)

~~~ltamp1 ~(p ~ ~~ +wd~ t4 ~~ Iltau ~e lf LK) = 0

~ u-eASJt~ht- tp ~ktL l~-~

~i- ~ ttt~tAAJu~ ~~ ~~ ~ LtJ~ _g(tke- ~ ~

~41 LatilL~cM~f fio ~~~~) ~ Se1 Ec tR~ ~~~ ( dk ~ ~e tulaut~~ Lei~~) LUtJ -P 6~ li ~ ~~~~~h~

tnW41Ul (Q ~ ~Iut~lJ- ~D 6 6t rCV- kq~tu-ttw1 CUt gt0 tl- CI ~~L

~~ ~ ~e (p ~ J(f) ~ ~~~k f- ~

lp(D) =- 1-1 ~ =- 9Ur f(g) )(~

UJu ~~ ~~ Cf Li ~ e-~ tu-+ ~ ~ruu1J ~D ~~ Li ~ ~ iIA- ~~ fi e ~d- ~ ~th =fW-~ 1- E (P~) lAtiJ Jv ~~-~

H= CI (gJ =- -LJ- (p J ~ ftr-t 0k(~)

-t4shy

) Ck-Ce k omiddot=r

ltbkri~

~ k-Cf~o) Iauut ~ ~~~~) ~ce l-tW-shy

~~utl ~ (P=k -~~ ~~j) C~JAh ~~ t 6(D-raquo

lJuu ~ 4(-= (KeuroGt (p(~)= k ~~~ ~_

U~~ l(l Jt ~ ~ tIet ~u1ta1 ~ ft il1shy~1oA~~~G~ ~ UJAJ v ~ hLt~ U~4 k ll lltu41 ~ ~ ~J Av ~J- fI=~ 0

~ JSl- ~ ~~ ~thtvt ~~ld- tutd ~~ (p ~~~ ~1tt~ a4- ~J idtut ~LUjshy

CR tfh- ~~ tJtJ ~ ~tlbtUUt ~ ~ampj tUt

~C ~ ~ ~aU ta) lt~UHlll ~ ~ ~JuuLU4Il a4 ~ tbt ~(k Jtu ~d1M~ LI4~LttJJ ~~ ~ ~~~~tt IM ~ fut1J- ~ Gtgtv ~~~~ 9r~ Cf ~~~~L ~ Cf ~ ~MWtA W- aut ~~Ut ~ ~ -uM~-kUU1 ~~ LUtuuml( -fI ~ M~ ~o

~ ~ ~ ~7tXs~~Utj b(p = ~ ~ 1lt) f6- ~(s~

PiJM [CRln ==- 0 I~ OumlQ

D~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~l- ~ tkt W~~f ~~~ ~u~~amput ~~~

-15shy

~ tlJJt 0 ~~~ ~~~~ lt=ct-~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ 1(3- I~Ht(Au~ ~ 11etshy~~kL~M~~~~ ~ fWshy~~szligt ~~ ~gtb szligG~ ~ klitU 12gt0 ) gt0 ~ I IUK) I ~ E ~ afk ~ tu- l~ I~ Jlaquo ~~ l(l~)2 lt1(tIU~ Lt ~teatiLUlWt ~~ kutiutUUt ai ~~ ~lK=1ltt ~~~ lfl- lU(~)lGE ~ DM l( ~1lM ~gto ~d ~ ~ U ~ LuJ1

sects- O~~)amptJ~~ ampQ Le

Qtk~~ ~~ ~J ~amp~~ ~- II~ I( ~~ ~~~ cetb~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ Jew~k ~ uo4t~ ~k vvsA~~ ~ ~-~~~ ~ 4 ~ ~k ~ at-lt ~ ~~ ~~ rut ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ht~ ~ -D~~~ t4 ~ ~eu ~ ~1-u~ ~~ ~~ ~~_ ~~thclk ~~ ~~~ ~~LX) ~~ __

~Ue ltUt eMu--~ F ~ tt1- J44laquo_ selth~ -r~k~

lttgt (X) = ~ ~~) J~(~I) (s) t= ~-~l

~ ~ ~ ~ ~F ~~1-QRl ~)-4gt bkkd ~~ ~llMS4 ~~~-~~~ ~~ lttt ~4~~)~ ~ kM Sct~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~eJ- G tUt) ~ ~~ 2j~~~ ~~~~l-~J ~ ~ ~Jv~ ~ ~ UM-~~L L~ ~1~)

al

(Qamp

S lE)amp~ ) = ~YLamp~4V ~ amp(~

Cs~

Jes-~~ ~ szligS~ltG~~k [ E-] =- 12Jt- E(l nashy~~ 4~4 b~ ~~~~~k~i~ ~ sk~~ Ltu-c~ u se~ ) ~~ uu ~ ~thttL~

S smiddotamp~ ~

~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~rJJ4 h~

--l1-shy

~ g amp~ = ~ --+et- E amp~ = 0 J

(5 ltSo

~~ S ~~ UM y ~ ~ l(t ~ ~~ +6u ~l~~U ge~ ~camp1) ~ ~leu~ ~W~ ~~) SO ~ P eu ~~ ~~du--k r ~ F

SCE -E~ amp~ = 0 r

-b~ ~d m- ~ ~ amp41lte1 ~ ~~shy~~~k~ E

~~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~ht4k~ l)--C- ~ IulAI2lelA tuttSos ~ E -~ ~s~CJ-(M~

At4 ~~~~~ ~ ~k~~re~Jltshy~~~~-bW~ tt1- AQ cSlM~~r~k ~ ~

E-

(s~)

-plusmngt~ ~Qu~ ~ ~ lt~l ~l- ~~ ~ cktshy

~~~ j Jlt ~ amp1-~ ~ La~~ ~l

~ ~ -1~ ~~~ AlJhsab~ ~

A- Sjp~ ~-p~~

-be (~o~u~) ~~ ~Q)- kv~ ~~UMltt~ JJ-~ ~ ~ ~~h~ x tt- ~tA ~ ~14 ~J

-)8shy

~ I ~ ~~ CW4 ~ Lu(Ju~~ ~ ~ t~ ~~h~ CtA- (4~ J~ tn ~ I) ) ~ LUuml)d lK- ~ -=tgt-U(J shy~ lAumlU

~ e ~ ~~ ~~~ E -~ ~ ~~ ~ x ~ L~~ ~~

x W -=- - - lt J~ k =-e E (61)

bex S ~suVQ~l ~ ~ ~ Lu~~~ (6)

Lu-~ ~~3 ~ W~ AUA t =- 9 ltp ~ )(

W==e ~ - Q lp amps -= euro [4gt(~)- (P (g 4 J

t1uuml- X---gt~ U4~ ~ ~ ~~ ~S~~~ qgt()~l~ ~~ ~

( 62

~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ --P~~~J~) Sb ~ ~ k-~l) 4 ~a tc1- ~ ~ - k W~ tM ~ ~s~k -P~1~ x J eu ~~ _ ~ ~~ ~s~ tM ~--P9aI~cz(_

wA = t2 tpA J (6s)

Uamp -=- e ~~ -==c d ~4)

~ (~tgt Sl-

~~ 4 w~ ~~l S1U~~-lK aMA ~ ~shy~ M ~-P~h~ ~l ~uW~ ~ M ~ ro~~~ ~~ ~~~~

t=et = ~ Qt ~l = 1 L euro~ (gt~ bull

Alt--l 24 - )(j z Lamp ~A -~l (s)

~~ (64)~~~~~~

(6~)

1gt~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ tuM~~ J ~ U-tushy

~ ~ AlLM- ~ ~~tU~ ~ ~ ~

Ea~ = ~ ~ J Ce E

uA ~ ~~~ L~~4~ ~

e~=-~ S~V4~ = i S 1~12cG0 (~9)

j)~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ D~ rl ka~ ~L~ 9 ~~ ~u ~~~ ~i2~ ~~~(~ ~l--lf V 1 ) E tJ i ) Jcs- Ii -t -a ) bull

i- tZshy

-~-

~ Muuml- tUM~ ~ l~qJ l4~~) Ja ~~ tU-tgtltA-~ jgt~ ~ ~ ~) ~ u (1) ~ 1~~~le~ eu~~ ~~ tlut ~~ ~ LuAlu~~ se

JU4 k~~~ ~ ~ t j ~ ~~~~ ( E - bull E J~ J ~ ~ ~ c ~Ok~ ~ ~ ~)() -4 -J ~---- - _ -J

tLutL ~~ ~~ = ~ (R~ xi ) cUt4-W~ A-W~ ~t tM4 Lu-amp amp-R-l((-- ~

SE E J = - SEmiddotmiddot V i(J tL V =_ ( - j V+V ( ( E - - J -A - l J - tcl - J

+- ~ (Pi ~~ amp- V = - r (P i E l t1 JltS - r 4gt E dltr t----gt j J J J A -l

o ~~ ~~

C0 ~~ ~~~~e)Li)~~ ~~l ~l ~ D~~~ ~ Lut~~ ~ -)-er~k ~ (ltszligA ~ ~~~~~h~~)~t-~ JuJ1 ~ ~ ~ xi ttACUM~(~rftmiddot JLVt- ~ ~ T-uuc ~~L LU~ ~~ ~ -i-~ ~~ (lJ ~ lt2~ l ~4 - )~l l E-~ -=_ C2~ 1ltZ ~

- S tt 4gtJ JltS ~ 41r e~Ql ) c-L lX-X- l u~ --4 -J

S E E J~ = -4 ~ej j ~---)-t- -l

~ ) U-cAl Cb~raquo

~el = -L ~ 5~ t j~8Ir ~Fl ~)

-2- shy

6k-~

~ampl- =- ~ ~ [~~ 2 gJ cl

Do-~e Tet~ ~ ~~ ~~~tL-L ~ ~4~jL bao ~~~ ~ ~~-A ~tA~ cu ~ -re~ ~_ ~~) J4 ~kA ~~ tb~etL )

sect f ~ ~(()Ult~~ ampJA ~1Jse~~Aa ~

igt~ eRalli~ ~ ~ ~ ~et ~~ ~_ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ 4 4~-e4k

5 ~) =- ~ L)l) E (~) (~)

a4 ~ ~~Lttli~~ ~~~ ~) lu-t~1eshyltu~ cJu ~~~~ [z])) 41ci ~ ~

~ - t 4laquoshy

E L2-sect ) = i- C E(VE+-( ~JE)JE1 411 - - _J ~ - -(9- )

-tcsect=c

Wuu rd

((7 At )1 e lA = el~- 2j~ (tJwt e k ) tlL L---v----

L ~ll1O~U4- Ouml~wt ~~k)

= ~-t) ek- C Eie) Etc = Elcl~1i t~ - COAEJ

j)0Mctl- tnshy

4lrk~ = E~ lt) E~+ Eie ( lt)k E A - ~ Ec)

= lt2gt- l E A ~ ) - )1 E ~ ~lc L~ E - ~~~-E ~J ~ 2 - -- 2- bull

lT = L [E -E - 1 1gt~ EZ J ~) _ 4c 4tr kz - -)

bull

uu ~ ~Jl tttl41 T~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~k ILM~ ~ 2~~ ~~~~~ Go-~S~ ~~Sj1b ) ~Mci)~ GlL ~ Ju ~~-s~ ~~~~amps- ~u- tL-6~ ~

t~~taL~~middot -b~ ~~k eRa~rk ~~~ ~ T~e~~J ~ ~Q- ~~~-e~ ~~l I hl

k = ~ k tlV =- j Cdilc- amp V ~ ~

J~ ~ ~s~ ~~ ~eu ~ tLb ~k ~~ ~ ~~~~~~

(1-4)

11zS ~81-- ~ ~ V~-lM~ ~1lLt~t- ~~ ~~~ td -h~ ~ ~lc 1IlL C~ Wampl-~ ~ ~) ~J ~ ~-s~ ~~ kt ~) ~~~~~L ~ ~ ~~ ~ (S+i-1)

------- -

-23shy

~ ampJn~ 4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~(~~ ~at(l- ~ ~~ lcs- ~~l- ~ ~ JrdJshy~~ cA ltl- V1 ~ l~ CUt~F~) ~ ~) SO u1shy

(1--S)

~ t)S-) ~b~~~- ~ ccfA ~~d I ~ ~J~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ tl-b) ath D-t(~( ~b~i ~ ~ ~~~

~u szlige~) ~ ~ ~p~~ ~ ~aAAAt~ks~t CtM ~~~ ~~ JJu ~Jl--ls~~ ~tUW~ ~ ~ 2S~ ai~

D6- ~~~QS- tszlig- ~ (i-2) S~euro~(31 )~ kaJ ~~~ lxMA~ ~ ~ ~k~1-~ ) ~~~ ampi1dh-s~ ~~ au L La~_ ~~ ~0-Ld6- ~ ~~U~~ ~ ~

~ == S X A k~ gt J~ ~

j~ (1--3) ~ ~

14 = e~~- ~ l(j f6e 11( l = ~A ~ [ltDtLJ(rl-Tlt ~ ~ ~ j

ba T~ S~Il~n~ Il( )~sA~k~ ~b ~ 2~uwJ ~ ~-

-2-4shy

-b~ ~ ampIM ~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~shy~J~k T~~e ~~((~ ~tA bQ~ tt1- ~ ~~u~ ~ tu- ~tQ~j tttLAgtu~ ~~ ~ j~~~ luA4~~~

tgta ~ ~ ~Uu4fl ~ ~ JAA -kek~ishy~ ~szligu~~ JtU~ ~~Ik~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ Qp~o-k(~ LUltA ~ ~~ lus-~ eklt~t~ ~ ot~ ~ t-CL ampzt ~~a~ ~ atu4 cIJb-~~~4~ T~~f- ~ ~ ~ ~~~ Lit ~ ~--es~ ~ J ~ ~~-(~ ~--rL ~~l ~ l~-~R ~ ~c =~

~1 ~ lC-U- ~ L6-t~~rr~ ~~~ I(~~_ ~~lf eRe~~s4~~41et Wcl--~~ ~

~ ~ ~~ ~~~ S~ ~~lU~ W-tJ ampct~fu~ -uz~ eu~~

(8)

~ ~ ~

V t f

~ ~7

~

r ~

lb ~

f

r

0 11

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r

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f t

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q

t ~

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r

gt

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r t t

f auml-

0

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d 1P

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ct

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J

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~ fmiddot

f ~

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bull

r-~

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~

r r

f ~

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gt amp

-

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1t

rr

f[

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c

euro

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feuro-oE

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11

f r

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J~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~qv~~ b~ ~ ~~~ ~~ JAJ~

UJL) = ~ ~ ctgta)CiC) A

W~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ lampJ~

W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

~~~~~J

~~~ ~~) ~l4-)

50 ~~ tei~~~ LCMot 4 ~~~shyf11J ~~fl ~ ~ 4 eu~~ [) ~ouml~shy~~2ri~~ J~ ~~~~~~~ lhl ~~ l-tftamp lLL ~ ~~k l4Jt(~~tlLe ~el-~~shy~ -b ~ ~~k tlJA ~amp~~ $ek~~ ~ lgtktk Lx-~~~~) ~

- -

s~~tgtU-cL~ lgt~ lM ~ szligets~e1 ~~ ~~ltcJL~ ~leU R~ ill~eU~ aM4~~ ~ ~~ eurotM~~~~sL ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ AM~hk(~~ ~ ~~~(l~ ~() ~se~) ~ ~ ~_ ~~~ scLUthec~ O~~ ~ ampa-ltt ij-C~~ ~~~~b~f~ J4~ ~~ ~ ~ s~ ~~~~ L111~-t~~ ~ ~) u-seh-~ -b~~ ~ Ut~-~ ~ l4shy

srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

LO~ ~~~ ~se~k ~~ ~ k LL4J lltruUU4 Q

~~fUM~ e ~~ ~ ( lM-t ~ ~b ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ i ~~~~lM~~ ~

se~ ~~ ~+keRJliL ~ e ~ ~ ~~~ 1~ ~amp ~~~ (YPszligl ucd (9Qfgt ~~~ ) ~ JL LjU-t~ ~ () til ~~lULJ~ tg ~ct=~6

~- -_= l~- i

e +shy e_

~shy 2- ~ - a)

o

~ ~~ ~ ~o- ~e fi- ~ (8 l l) ~~shyw~~ ~U- ~tA~ ~ ~ ~~~ W~~~k

(f)-_ _ -i lt0laquogt t l 3 - COt- It=a ) -+ = ~

-~2-

~ tt (5

~~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~~ -h~ ~ ~~--L~~ ~~ tRo--~ ~ ~~~ e ~ JL ampL

-~~-

CJ ~lAtU~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~b~~

4)4-~~ ~~ ~~u~ CQ ~ ckJ t3o_ fUeA~ lo~~~~ Cllt ~

b2e ~~--P~s ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ Ld1 ~~ u ~J ~~~~~~~d-~ llamp-c ~~ Lu luQQ(ultAU szliget ~ amp- eurogt luMSe~

Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

~ Qe Lsect - e ) 4- -e L~-Il-) z ~- ~l~ l-c shy

~ (4- a1rC 2) _ efs) a --- e ~ [

lE r ~ ( -cttti-Ll~ -- r---------J

-~r-6 ~ [A _ j z (-t- laquo212)2

k=shy esect - 1

~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

J) ~~~ ~ eA1-~ ~~ amplJj~ ~

- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

)

-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

-~-

Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 11: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-(3shy

13hao -lta~ lMWMP-~~r

~~ ~ lM ~3) ~ G cti ~ k C~)() ~ ~ Ol~) ~I) A J so ~ cJvJL kl(amp~~~~ ~

~_~ ITe~~~~ (~ ~ ~ ~l() ~~)

~~~ltamp1 ~(p ~ ~~ +wd~ t4 ~~ Iltau ~e lf LK) = 0

~ u-eASJt~ht- tp ~ktL l~-~

~i- ~ ttt~tAAJu~ ~~ ~~ ~ LtJ~ _g(tke- ~ ~

~41 LatilL~cM~f fio ~~~~) ~ Se1 Ec tR~ ~~~ ( dk ~ ~e tulaut~~ Lei~~) LUtJ -P 6~ li ~ ~~~~~h~

tnW41Ul (Q ~ ~Iut~lJ- ~D 6 6t rCV- kq~tu-ttw1 CUt gt0 tl- CI ~~L

~~ ~ ~e (p ~ J(f) ~ ~~~k f- ~

lp(D) =- 1-1 ~ =- 9Ur f(g) )(~

UJu ~~ ~~ Cf Li ~ e-~ tu-+ ~ ~ruu1J ~D ~~ Li ~ ~ iIA- ~~ fi e ~d- ~ ~th =fW-~ 1- E (P~) lAtiJ Jv ~~-~

H= CI (gJ =- -LJ- (p J ~ ftr-t 0k(~)

-t4shy

) Ck-Ce k omiddot=r

ltbkri~

~ k-Cf~o) Iauut ~ ~~~~) ~ce l-tW-shy

~~utl ~ (P=k -~~ ~~j) C~JAh ~~ t 6(D-raquo

lJuu ~ 4(-= (KeuroGt (p(~)= k ~~~ ~_

U~~ l(l Jt ~ ~ tIet ~u1ta1 ~ ft il1shy~1oA~~~G~ ~ UJAJ v ~ hLt~ U~4 k ll lltu41 ~ ~ ~J Av ~J- fI=~ 0

~ JSl- ~ ~~ ~thtvt ~~ld- tutd ~~ (p ~~~ ~1tt~ a4- ~J idtut ~LUjshy

CR tfh- ~~ tJtJ ~ ~tlbtUUt ~ ~ampj tUt

~C ~ ~ ~aU ta) lt~UHlll ~ ~ ~JuuLU4Il a4 ~ tbt ~(k Jtu ~d1M~ LI4~LttJJ ~~ ~ ~~~~tt IM ~ fut1J- ~ Gtgtv ~~~~ 9r~ Cf ~~~~L ~ Cf ~ ~MWtA W- aut ~~Ut ~ ~ -uM~-kUU1 ~~ LUtuuml( -fI ~ M~ ~o

~ ~ ~ ~7tXs~~Utj b(p = ~ ~ 1lt) f6- ~(s~

PiJM [CRln ==- 0 I~ OumlQ

D~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~l- ~ tkt W~~f ~~~ ~u~~amput ~~~

-15shy

~ tlJJt 0 ~~~ ~~~~ lt=ct-~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ 1(3- I~Ht(Au~ ~ 11etshy~~kL~M~~~~ ~ fWshy~~szligt ~~ ~gtb szligG~ ~ klitU 12gt0 ) gt0 ~ I IUK) I ~ E ~ afk ~ tu- l~ I~ Jlaquo ~~ l(l~)2 lt1(tIU~ Lt ~teatiLUlWt ~~ kutiutUUt ai ~~ ~lK=1ltt ~~~ lfl- lU(~)lGE ~ DM l( ~1lM ~gto ~d ~ ~ U ~ LuJ1

sects- O~~)amptJ~~ ampQ Le

Qtk~~ ~~ ~J ~amp~~ ~- II~ I( ~~ ~~~ cetb~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ Jew~k ~ uo4t~ ~k vvsA~~ ~ ~-~~~ ~ 4 ~ ~k ~ at-lt ~ ~~ ~~ rut ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ht~ ~ -D~~~ t4 ~ ~eu ~ ~1-u~ ~~ ~~ ~~_ ~~thclk ~~ ~~~ ~~LX) ~~ __

~Ue ltUt eMu--~ F ~ tt1- J44laquo_ selth~ -r~k~

lttgt (X) = ~ ~~) J~(~I) (s) t= ~-~l

~ ~ ~ ~ ~F ~~1-QRl ~)-4gt bkkd ~~ ~llMS4 ~~~-~~~ ~~ lttt ~4~~)~ ~ kM Sct~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~eJ- G tUt) ~ ~~ 2j~~~ ~~~~l-~J ~ ~ ~Jv~ ~ ~ UM-~~L L~ ~1~)

al

(Qamp

S lE)amp~ ) = ~YLamp~4V ~ amp(~

Cs~

Jes-~~ ~ szligS~ltG~~k [ E-] =- 12Jt- E(l nashy~~ 4~4 b~ ~~~~~k~i~ ~ sk~~ Ltu-c~ u se~ ) ~~ uu ~ ~thttL~

S smiddotamp~ ~

~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~rJJ4 h~

--l1-shy

~ g amp~ = ~ --+et- E amp~ = 0 J

(5 ltSo

~~ S ~~ UM y ~ ~ l(t ~ ~~ +6u ~l~~U ge~ ~camp1) ~ ~leu~ ~W~ ~~) SO ~ P eu ~~ ~~du--k r ~ F

SCE -E~ amp~ = 0 r

-b~ ~d m- ~ ~ amp41lte1 ~ ~~shy~~~k~ E

~~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~ht4k~ l)--C- ~ IulAI2lelA tuttSos ~ E -~ ~s~CJ-(M~

At4 ~~~~~ ~ ~k~~re~Jltshy~~~~-bW~ tt1- AQ cSlM~~r~k ~ ~

E-

(s~)

-plusmngt~ ~Qu~ ~ ~ lt~l ~l- ~~ ~ cktshy

~~~ j Jlt ~ amp1-~ ~ La~~ ~l

~ ~ -1~ ~~~ AlJhsab~ ~

A- Sjp~ ~-p~~

-be (~o~u~) ~~ ~Q)- kv~ ~~UMltt~ JJ-~ ~ ~ ~~h~ x tt- ~tA ~ ~14 ~J

-)8shy

~ I ~ ~~ CW4 ~ Lu(Ju~~ ~ ~ t~ ~~h~ CtA- (4~ J~ tn ~ I) ) ~ LUuml)d lK- ~ -=tgt-U(J shy~ lAumlU

~ e ~ ~~ ~~~ E -~ ~ ~~ ~ x ~ L~~ ~~

x W -=- - - lt J~ k =-e E (61)

bex S ~suVQ~l ~ ~ ~ Lu~~~ (6)

Lu-~ ~~3 ~ W~ AUA t =- 9 ltp ~ )(

W==e ~ - Q lp amps -= euro [4gt(~)- (P (g 4 J

t1uuml- X---gt~ U4~ ~ ~ ~~ ~S~~~ qgt()~l~ ~~ ~

( 62

~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ --P~~~J~) Sb ~ ~ k-~l) 4 ~a tc1- ~ ~ - k W~ tM ~ ~s~k -P~1~ x J eu ~~ _ ~ ~~ ~s~ tM ~--P9aI~cz(_

wA = t2 tpA J (6s)

Uamp -=- e ~~ -==c d ~4)

~ (~tgt Sl-

~~ 4 w~ ~~l S1U~~-lK aMA ~ ~shy~ M ~-P~h~ ~l ~uW~ ~ M ~ ro~~~ ~~ ~~~~

t=et = ~ Qt ~l = 1 L euro~ (gt~ bull

Alt--l 24 - )(j z Lamp ~A -~l (s)

~~ (64)~~~~~~

(6~)

1gt~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ tuM~~ J ~ U-tushy

~ ~ AlLM- ~ ~~tU~ ~ ~ ~

Ea~ = ~ ~ J Ce E

uA ~ ~~~ L~~4~ ~

e~=-~ S~V4~ = i S 1~12cG0 (~9)

j)~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ D~ rl ka~ ~L~ 9 ~~ ~u ~~~ ~i2~ ~~~(~ ~l--lf V 1 ) E tJ i ) Jcs- Ii -t -a ) bull

i- tZshy

-~-

~ Muuml- tUM~ ~ l~qJ l4~~) Ja ~~ tU-tgtltA-~ jgt~ ~ ~ ~) ~ u (1) ~ 1~~~le~ eu~~ ~~ tlut ~~ ~ LuAlu~~ se

JU4 k~~~ ~ ~ t j ~ ~~~~ ( E - bull E J~ J ~ ~ ~ c ~Ok~ ~ ~ ~)() -4 -J ~---- - _ -J

tLutL ~~ ~~ = ~ (R~ xi ) cUt4-W~ A-W~ ~t tM4 Lu-amp amp-R-l((-- ~

SE E J = - SEmiddotmiddot V i(J tL V =_ ( - j V+V ( ( E - - J -A - l J - tcl - J

+- ~ (Pi ~~ amp- V = - r (P i E l t1 JltS - r 4gt E dltr t----gt j J J J A -l

o ~~ ~~

C0 ~~ ~~~~e)Li)~~ ~~l ~l ~ D~~~ ~ Lut~~ ~ -)-er~k ~ (ltszligA ~ ~~~~~h~~)~t-~ JuJ1 ~ ~ ~ xi ttACUM~(~rftmiddot JLVt- ~ ~ T-uuc ~~L LU~ ~~ ~ -i-~ ~~ (lJ ~ lt2~ l ~4 - )~l l E-~ -=_ C2~ 1ltZ ~

- S tt 4gtJ JltS ~ 41r e~Ql ) c-L lX-X- l u~ --4 -J

S E E J~ = -4 ~ej j ~---)-t- -l

~ ) U-cAl Cb~raquo

~el = -L ~ 5~ t j~8Ir ~Fl ~)

-2- shy

6k-~

~ampl- =- ~ ~ [~~ 2 gJ cl

Do-~e Tet~ ~ ~~ ~~~tL-L ~ ~4~jL bao ~~~ ~ ~~-A ~tA~ cu ~ -re~ ~_ ~~) J4 ~kA ~~ tb~etL )

sect f ~ ~(()Ult~~ ampJA ~1Jse~~Aa ~

igt~ eRalli~ ~ ~ ~ ~et ~~ ~_ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ 4 4~-e4k

5 ~) =- ~ L)l) E (~) (~)

a4 ~ ~~Lttli~~ ~~~ ~) lu-t~1eshyltu~ cJu ~~~~ [z])) 41ci ~ ~

~ - t 4laquoshy

E L2-sect ) = i- C E(VE+-( ~JE)JE1 411 - - _J ~ - -(9- )

-tcsect=c

Wuu rd

((7 At )1 e lA = el~- 2j~ (tJwt e k ) tlL L---v----

L ~ll1O~U4- Ouml~wt ~~k)

= ~-t) ek- C Eie) Etc = Elcl~1i t~ - COAEJ

j)0Mctl- tnshy

4lrk~ = E~ lt) E~+ Eie ( lt)k E A - ~ Ec)

= lt2gt- l E A ~ ) - )1 E ~ ~lc L~ E - ~~~-E ~J ~ 2 - -- 2- bull

lT = L [E -E - 1 1gt~ EZ J ~) _ 4c 4tr kz - -)

bull

uu ~ ~Jl tttl41 T~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~k ILM~ ~ 2~~ ~~~~~ Go-~S~ ~~Sj1b ) ~Mci)~ GlL ~ Ju ~~-s~ ~~~~amps- ~u- tL-6~ ~

t~~taL~~middot -b~ ~~k eRa~rk ~~~ ~ T~e~~J ~ ~Q- ~~~-e~ ~~l I hl

k = ~ k tlV =- j Cdilc- amp V ~ ~

J~ ~ ~s~ ~~ ~eu ~ tLb ~k ~~ ~ ~~~~~~

(1-4)

11zS ~81-- ~ ~ V~-lM~ ~1lLt~t- ~~ ~~~ td -h~ ~ ~lc 1IlL C~ Wampl-~ ~ ~) ~J ~ ~-s~ ~~ kt ~) ~~~~~L ~ ~ ~~ ~ (S+i-1)

------- -

-23shy

~ ampJn~ 4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~(~~ ~at(l- ~ ~~ lcs- ~~l- ~ ~ JrdJshy~~ cA ltl- V1 ~ l~ CUt~F~) ~ ~) SO u1shy

(1--S)

~ t)S-) ~b~~~- ~ ccfA ~~d I ~ ~J~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ tl-b) ath D-t(~( ~b~i ~ ~ ~~~

~u szlige~) ~ ~ ~p~~ ~ ~aAAAt~ks~t CtM ~~~ ~~ JJu ~Jl--ls~~ ~tUW~ ~ ~ 2S~ ai~

D6- ~~~QS- tszlig- ~ (i-2) S~euro~(31 )~ kaJ ~~~ lxMA~ ~ ~ ~k~1-~ ) ~~~ ampi1dh-s~ ~~ au L La~_ ~~ ~0-Ld6- ~ ~~U~~ ~ ~

~ == S X A k~ gt J~ ~

j~ (1--3) ~ ~

14 = e~~- ~ l(j f6e 11( l = ~A ~ [ltDtLJ(rl-Tlt ~ ~ ~ j

ba T~ S~Il~n~ Il( )~sA~k~ ~b ~ 2~uwJ ~ ~-

-2-4shy

-b~ ~ ampIM ~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~shy~J~k T~~e ~~((~ ~tA bQ~ tt1- ~ ~~u~ ~ tu- ~tQ~j tttLAgtu~ ~~ ~ j~~~ luA4~~~

tgta ~ ~ ~Uu4fl ~ ~ JAA -kek~ishy~ ~szligu~~ JtU~ ~~Ik~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ Qp~o-k(~ LUltA ~ ~~ lus-~ eklt~t~ ~ ot~ ~ t-CL ampzt ~~a~ ~ atu4 cIJb-~~~4~ T~~f- ~ ~ ~ ~~~ Lit ~ ~--es~ ~ J ~ ~~-(~ ~--rL ~~l ~ l~-~R ~ ~c =~

~1 ~ lC-U- ~ L6-t~~rr~ ~~~ I(~~_ ~~lf eRe~~s4~~41et Wcl--~~ ~

~ ~ ~~ ~~~ S~ ~~lU~ W-tJ ampct~fu~ -uz~ eu~~

(8)

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W~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ lampJ~

W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

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~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

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agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

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srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

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(f)-_ _ -i lt0laquogt t l 3 - COt- It=a ) -+ = ~

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~ tt (5

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Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

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~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

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~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

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-2

-3

-4

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Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

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~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

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k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

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lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

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Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

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amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

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(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

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~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 12: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-t4shy

) Ck-Ce k omiddot=r

ltbkri~

~ k-Cf~o) Iauut ~ ~~~~) ~ce l-tW-shy

~~utl ~ (P=k -~~ ~~j) C~JAh ~~ t 6(D-raquo

lJuu ~ 4(-= (KeuroGt (p(~)= k ~~~ ~_

U~~ l(l Jt ~ ~ tIet ~u1ta1 ~ ft il1shy~1oA~~~G~ ~ UJAJ v ~ hLt~ U~4 k ll lltu41 ~ ~ ~J Av ~J- fI=~ 0

~ JSl- ~ ~~ ~thtvt ~~ld- tutd ~~ (p ~~~ ~1tt~ a4- ~J idtut ~LUjshy

CR tfh- ~~ tJtJ ~ ~tlbtUUt ~ ~ampj tUt

~C ~ ~ ~aU ta) lt~UHlll ~ ~ ~JuuLU4Il a4 ~ tbt ~(k Jtu ~d1M~ LI4~LttJJ ~~ ~ ~~~~tt IM ~ fut1J- ~ Gtgtv ~~~~ 9r~ Cf ~~~~L ~ Cf ~ ~MWtA W- aut ~~Ut ~ ~ -uM~-kUU1 ~~ LUtuuml( -fI ~ M~ ~o

~ ~ ~ ~7tXs~~Utj b(p = ~ ~ 1lt) f6- ~(s~

PiJM [CRln ==- 0 I~ OumlQ

D~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~l- ~ tkt W~~f ~~~ ~u~~amput ~~~

-15shy

~ tlJJt 0 ~~~ ~~~~ lt=ct-~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ 1(3- I~Ht(Au~ ~ 11etshy~~kL~M~~~~ ~ fWshy~~szligt ~~ ~gtb szligG~ ~ klitU 12gt0 ) gt0 ~ I IUK) I ~ E ~ afk ~ tu- l~ I~ Jlaquo ~~ l(l~)2 lt1(tIU~ Lt ~teatiLUlWt ~~ kutiutUUt ai ~~ ~lK=1ltt ~~~ lfl- lU(~)lGE ~ DM l( ~1lM ~gto ~d ~ ~ U ~ LuJ1

sects- O~~)amptJ~~ ampQ Le

Qtk~~ ~~ ~J ~amp~~ ~- II~ I( ~~ ~~~ cetb~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ Jew~k ~ uo4t~ ~k vvsA~~ ~ ~-~~~ ~ 4 ~ ~k ~ at-lt ~ ~~ ~~ rut ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ht~ ~ -D~~~ t4 ~ ~eu ~ ~1-u~ ~~ ~~ ~~_ ~~thclk ~~ ~~~ ~~LX) ~~ __

~Ue ltUt eMu--~ F ~ tt1- J44laquo_ selth~ -r~k~

lttgt (X) = ~ ~~) J~(~I) (s) t= ~-~l

~ ~ ~ ~ ~F ~~1-QRl ~)-4gt bkkd ~~ ~llMS4 ~~~-~~~ ~~ lttt ~4~~)~ ~ kM Sct~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~eJ- G tUt) ~ ~~ 2j~~~ ~~~~l-~J ~ ~ ~Jv~ ~ ~ UM-~~L L~ ~1~)

al

(Qamp

S lE)amp~ ) = ~YLamp~4V ~ amp(~

Cs~

Jes-~~ ~ szligS~ltG~~k [ E-] =- 12Jt- E(l nashy~~ 4~4 b~ ~~~~~k~i~ ~ sk~~ Ltu-c~ u se~ ) ~~ uu ~ ~thttL~

S smiddotamp~ ~

~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~rJJ4 h~

--l1-shy

~ g amp~ = ~ --+et- E amp~ = 0 J

(5 ltSo

~~ S ~~ UM y ~ ~ l(t ~ ~~ +6u ~l~~U ge~ ~camp1) ~ ~leu~ ~W~ ~~) SO ~ P eu ~~ ~~du--k r ~ F

SCE -E~ amp~ = 0 r

-b~ ~d m- ~ ~ amp41lte1 ~ ~~shy~~~k~ E

~~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~ht4k~ l)--C- ~ IulAI2lelA tuttSos ~ E -~ ~s~CJ-(M~

At4 ~~~~~ ~ ~k~~re~Jltshy~~~~-bW~ tt1- AQ cSlM~~r~k ~ ~

E-

(s~)

-plusmngt~ ~Qu~ ~ ~ lt~l ~l- ~~ ~ cktshy

~~~ j Jlt ~ amp1-~ ~ La~~ ~l

~ ~ -1~ ~~~ AlJhsab~ ~

A- Sjp~ ~-p~~

-be (~o~u~) ~~ ~Q)- kv~ ~~UMltt~ JJ-~ ~ ~ ~~h~ x tt- ~tA ~ ~14 ~J

-)8shy

~ I ~ ~~ CW4 ~ Lu(Ju~~ ~ ~ t~ ~~h~ CtA- (4~ J~ tn ~ I) ) ~ LUuml)d lK- ~ -=tgt-U(J shy~ lAumlU

~ e ~ ~~ ~~~ E -~ ~ ~~ ~ x ~ L~~ ~~

x W -=- - - lt J~ k =-e E (61)

bex S ~suVQ~l ~ ~ ~ Lu~~~ (6)

Lu-~ ~~3 ~ W~ AUA t =- 9 ltp ~ )(

W==e ~ - Q lp amps -= euro [4gt(~)- (P (g 4 J

t1uuml- X---gt~ U4~ ~ ~ ~~ ~S~~~ qgt()~l~ ~~ ~

( 62

~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ --P~~~J~) Sb ~ ~ k-~l) 4 ~a tc1- ~ ~ - k W~ tM ~ ~s~k -P~1~ x J eu ~~ _ ~ ~~ ~s~ tM ~--P9aI~cz(_

wA = t2 tpA J (6s)

Uamp -=- e ~~ -==c d ~4)

~ (~tgt Sl-

~~ 4 w~ ~~l S1U~~-lK aMA ~ ~shy~ M ~-P~h~ ~l ~uW~ ~ M ~ ro~~~ ~~ ~~~~

t=et = ~ Qt ~l = 1 L euro~ (gt~ bull

Alt--l 24 - )(j z Lamp ~A -~l (s)

~~ (64)~~~~~~

(6~)

1gt~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ tuM~~ J ~ U-tushy

~ ~ AlLM- ~ ~~tU~ ~ ~ ~

Ea~ = ~ ~ J Ce E

uA ~ ~~~ L~~4~ ~

e~=-~ S~V4~ = i S 1~12cG0 (~9)

j)~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ D~ rl ka~ ~L~ 9 ~~ ~u ~~~ ~i2~ ~~~(~ ~l--lf V 1 ) E tJ i ) Jcs- Ii -t -a ) bull

i- tZshy

-~-

~ Muuml- tUM~ ~ l~qJ l4~~) Ja ~~ tU-tgtltA-~ jgt~ ~ ~ ~) ~ u (1) ~ 1~~~le~ eu~~ ~~ tlut ~~ ~ LuAlu~~ se

JU4 k~~~ ~ ~ t j ~ ~~~~ ( E - bull E J~ J ~ ~ ~ c ~Ok~ ~ ~ ~)() -4 -J ~---- - _ -J

tLutL ~~ ~~ = ~ (R~ xi ) cUt4-W~ A-W~ ~t tM4 Lu-amp amp-R-l((-- ~

SE E J = - SEmiddotmiddot V i(J tL V =_ ( - j V+V ( ( E - - J -A - l J - tcl - J

+- ~ (Pi ~~ amp- V = - r (P i E l t1 JltS - r 4gt E dltr t----gt j J J J A -l

o ~~ ~~

C0 ~~ ~~~~e)Li)~~ ~~l ~l ~ D~~~ ~ Lut~~ ~ -)-er~k ~ (ltszligA ~ ~~~~~h~~)~t-~ JuJ1 ~ ~ ~ xi ttACUM~(~rftmiddot JLVt- ~ ~ T-uuc ~~L LU~ ~~ ~ -i-~ ~~ (lJ ~ lt2~ l ~4 - )~l l E-~ -=_ C2~ 1ltZ ~

- S tt 4gtJ JltS ~ 41r e~Ql ) c-L lX-X- l u~ --4 -J

S E E J~ = -4 ~ej j ~---)-t- -l

~ ) U-cAl Cb~raquo

~el = -L ~ 5~ t j~8Ir ~Fl ~)

-2- shy

6k-~

~ampl- =- ~ ~ [~~ 2 gJ cl

Do-~e Tet~ ~ ~~ ~~~tL-L ~ ~4~jL bao ~~~ ~ ~~-A ~tA~ cu ~ -re~ ~_ ~~) J4 ~kA ~~ tb~etL )

sect f ~ ~(()Ult~~ ampJA ~1Jse~~Aa ~

igt~ eRalli~ ~ ~ ~ ~et ~~ ~_ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ 4 4~-e4k

5 ~) =- ~ L)l) E (~) (~)

a4 ~ ~~Lttli~~ ~~~ ~) lu-t~1eshyltu~ cJu ~~~~ [z])) 41ci ~ ~

~ - t 4laquoshy

E L2-sect ) = i- C E(VE+-( ~JE)JE1 411 - - _J ~ - -(9- )

-tcsect=c

Wuu rd

((7 At )1 e lA = el~- 2j~ (tJwt e k ) tlL L---v----

L ~ll1O~U4- Ouml~wt ~~k)

= ~-t) ek- C Eie) Etc = Elcl~1i t~ - COAEJ

j)0Mctl- tnshy

4lrk~ = E~ lt) E~+ Eie ( lt)k E A - ~ Ec)

= lt2gt- l E A ~ ) - )1 E ~ ~lc L~ E - ~~~-E ~J ~ 2 - -- 2- bull

lT = L [E -E - 1 1gt~ EZ J ~) _ 4c 4tr kz - -)

bull

uu ~ ~Jl tttl41 T~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~k ILM~ ~ 2~~ ~~~~~ Go-~S~ ~~Sj1b ) ~Mci)~ GlL ~ Ju ~~-s~ ~~~~amps- ~u- tL-6~ ~

t~~taL~~middot -b~ ~~k eRa~rk ~~~ ~ T~e~~J ~ ~Q- ~~~-e~ ~~l I hl

k = ~ k tlV =- j Cdilc- amp V ~ ~

J~ ~ ~s~ ~~ ~eu ~ tLb ~k ~~ ~ ~~~~~~

(1-4)

11zS ~81-- ~ ~ V~-lM~ ~1lLt~t- ~~ ~~~ td -h~ ~ ~lc 1IlL C~ Wampl-~ ~ ~) ~J ~ ~-s~ ~~ kt ~) ~~~~~L ~ ~ ~~ ~ (S+i-1)

------- -

-23shy

~ ampJn~ 4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~(~~ ~at(l- ~ ~~ lcs- ~~l- ~ ~ JrdJshy~~ cA ltl- V1 ~ l~ CUt~F~) ~ ~) SO u1shy

(1--S)

~ t)S-) ~b~~~- ~ ccfA ~~d I ~ ~J~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ tl-b) ath D-t(~( ~b~i ~ ~ ~~~

~u szlige~) ~ ~ ~p~~ ~ ~aAAAt~ks~t CtM ~~~ ~~ JJu ~Jl--ls~~ ~tUW~ ~ ~ 2S~ ai~

D6- ~~~QS- tszlig- ~ (i-2) S~euro~(31 )~ kaJ ~~~ lxMA~ ~ ~ ~k~1-~ ) ~~~ ampi1dh-s~ ~~ au L La~_ ~~ ~0-Ld6- ~ ~~U~~ ~ ~

~ == S X A k~ gt J~ ~

j~ (1--3) ~ ~

14 = e~~- ~ l(j f6e 11( l = ~A ~ [ltDtLJ(rl-Tlt ~ ~ ~ j

ba T~ S~Il~n~ Il( )~sA~k~ ~b ~ 2~uwJ ~ ~-

-2-4shy

-b~ ~ ampIM ~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~shy~J~k T~~e ~~((~ ~tA bQ~ tt1- ~ ~~u~ ~ tu- ~tQ~j tttLAgtu~ ~~ ~ j~~~ luA4~~~

tgta ~ ~ ~Uu4fl ~ ~ JAA -kek~ishy~ ~szligu~~ JtU~ ~~Ik~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ Qp~o-k(~ LUltA ~ ~~ lus-~ eklt~t~ ~ ot~ ~ t-CL ampzt ~~a~ ~ atu4 cIJb-~~~4~ T~~f- ~ ~ ~ ~~~ Lit ~ ~--es~ ~ J ~ ~~-(~ ~--rL ~~l ~ l~-~R ~ ~c =~

~1 ~ lC-U- ~ L6-t~~rr~ ~~~ I(~~_ ~~lf eRe~~s4~~41et Wcl--~~ ~

~ ~ ~~ ~~~ S~ ~~lU~ W-tJ ampct~fu~ -uz~ eu~~

(8)

~ ~ ~

V t f

~ ~7

~

r ~

lb ~

f

r

0 11

~~~

-c

~ _f

r

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lt~

f t

IEt

116C-~

~ev

q

t ~

r r~

~ r

lte _

f

~ ~

r I~

11

~

f~

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r

gt

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r t t

f auml-

0

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1lt3

d 1P

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e

l J

-1 b

~

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I~ 1

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1 v

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V

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P(~

r f

ct

$ ~ ~

f

~ tP

i L

J

~ f 1

c

~f ~

t ~ ~J

-~ t J

~ fmiddot

f ~

f J ~ ~

g~

~f

A

bull

r-~

- ~ ~

~

r r

f ~

r r

~ ~ l

gt amp

-

-gt

~

~~ f

E f

1t

rr

f[

i~~

f ~

c

euro

~ ~ V

~ ~ ~ r

-rr

~19

~--

() f

v (gt

feuro-oE

-

~~~

1

r-r--

11

f r

l t-

~ I

~f-J

~-~ ff~ ~

~~

~ ~

v ~ t

r ~

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~ f ~ J1

0-~ lt

~ f

r

c

~ ~J

f -

f t

-r ~

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r -~

~ P

f ~

1

J

f ~f

~

1 t~

r~~

r

f

f

p

-rr

~ ~ ~

sectl~

euro-

~Dil ~

I

wr~

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-ushy

J~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~qv~~ b~ ~ ~~~ ~~ JAJ~

UJL) = ~ ~ ctgta)CiC) A

W~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ lampJ~

W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

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J

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5

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-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

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r--shy

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E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

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)

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Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

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~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

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Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

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(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

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(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

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-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

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J)atAMJ- lAshy

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+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

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A

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Q - ll = Q )

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(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

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(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

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~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

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(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

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W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

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-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

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(r24)

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sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

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hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

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- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

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51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 13: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-15shy

~ tlJJt 0 ~~~ ~~~~ lt=ct-~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ 1(3- I~Ht(Au~ ~ 11etshy~~kL~M~~~~ ~ fWshy~~szligt ~~ ~gtb szligG~ ~ klitU 12gt0 ) gt0 ~ I IUK) I ~ E ~ afk ~ tu- l~ I~ Jlaquo ~~ l(l~)2 lt1(tIU~ Lt ~teatiLUlWt ~~ kutiutUUt ai ~~ ~lK=1ltt ~~~ lfl- lU(~)lGE ~ DM l( ~1lM ~gto ~d ~ ~ U ~ LuJ1

sects- O~~)amptJ~~ ampQ Le

Qtk~~ ~~ ~J ~amp~~ ~- II~ I( ~~ ~~~ cetb~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ Jew~k ~ uo4t~ ~k vvsA~~ ~ ~-~~~ ~ 4 ~ ~k ~ at-lt ~ ~~ ~~ rut ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ht~ ~ -D~~~ t4 ~ ~eu ~ ~1-u~ ~~ ~~ ~~_ ~~thclk ~~ ~~~ ~~LX) ~~ __

~Ue ltUt eMu--~ F ~ tt1- J44laquo_ selth~ -r~k~

lttgt (X) = ~ ~~) J~(~I) (s) t= ~-~l

~ ~ ~ ~ ~F ~~1-QRl ~)-4gt bkkd ~~ ~llMS4 ~~~-~~~ ~~ lttt ~4~~)~ ~ kM Sct~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~eJ- G tUt) ~ ~~ 2j~~~ ~~~~l-~J ~ ~ ~Jv~ ~ ~ UM-~~L L~ ~1~)

al

(Qamp

S lE)amp~ ) = ~YLamp~4V ~ amp(~

Cs~

Jes-~~ ~ szligS~ltG~~k [ E-] =- 12Jt- E(l nashy~~ 4~4 b~ ~~~~~k~i~ ~ sk~~ Ltu-c~ u se~ ) ~~ uu ~ ~thttL~

S smiddotamp~ ~

~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~rJJ4 h~

--l1-shy

~ g amp~ = ~ --+et- E amp~ = 0 J

(5 ltSo

~~ S ~~ UM y ~ ~ l(t ~ ~~ +6u ~l~~U ge~ ~camp1) ~ ~leu~ ~W~ ~~) SO ~ P eu ~~ ~~du--k r ~ F

SCE -E~ amp~ = 0 r

-b~ ~d m- ~ ~ amp41lte1 ~ ~~shy~~~k~ E

~~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~ht4k~ l)--C- ~ IulAI2lelA tuttSos ~ E -~ ~s~CJ-(M~

At4 ~~~~~ ~ ~k~~re~Jltshy~~~~-bW~ tt1- AQ cSlM~~r~k ~ ~

E-

(s~)

-plusmngt~ ~Qu~ ~ ~ lt~l ~l- ~~ ~ cktshy

~~~ j Jlt ~ amp1-~ ~ La~~ ~l

~ ~ -1~ ~~~ AlJhsab~ ~

A- Sjp~ ~-p~~

-be (~o~u~) ~~ ~Q)- kv~ ~~UMltt~ JJ-~ ~ ~ ~~h~ x tt- ~tA ~ ~14 ~J

-)8shy

~ I ~ ~~ CW4 ~ Lu(Ju~~ ~ ~ t~ ~~h~ CtA- (4~ J~ tn ~ I) ) ~ LUuml)d lK- ~ -=tgt-U(J shy~ lAumlU

~ e ~ ~~ ~~~ E -~ ~ ~~ ~ x ~ L~~ ~~

x W -=- - - lt J~ k =-e E (61)

bex S ~suVQ~l ~ ~ ~ Lu~~~ (6)

Lu-~ ~~3 ~ W~ AUA t =- 9 ltp ~ )(

W==e ~ - Q lp amps -= euro [4gt(~)- (P (g 4 J

t1uuml- X---gt~ U4~ ~ ~ ~~ ~S~~~ qgt()~l~ ~~ ~

( 62

~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ --P~~~J~) Sb ~ ~ k-~l) 4 ~a tc1- ~ ~ - k W~ tM ~ ~s~k -P~1~ x J eu ~~ _ ~ ~~ ~s~ tM ~--P9aI~cz(_

wA = t2 tpA J (6s)

Uamp -=- e ~~ -==c d ~4)

~ (~tgt Sl-

~~ 4 w~ ~~l S1U~~-lK aMA ~ ~shy~ M ~-P~h~ ~l ~uW~ ~ M ~ ro~~~ ~~ ~~~~

t=et = ~ Qt ~l = 1 L euro~ (gt~ bull

Alt--l 24 - )(j z Lamp ~A -~l (s)

~~ (64)~~~~~~

(6~)

1gt~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ tuM~~ J ~ U-tushy

~ ~ AlLM- ~ ~~tU~ ~ ~ ~

Ea~ = ~ ~ J Ce E

uA ~ ~~~ L~~4~ ~

e~=-~ S~V4~ = i S 1~12cG0 (~9)

j)~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ D~ rl ka~ ~L~ 9 ~~ ~u ~~~ ~i2~ ~~~(~ ~l--lf V 1 ) E tJ i ) Jcs- Ii -t -a ) bull

i- tZshy

-~-

~ Muuml- tUM~ ~ l~qJ l4~~) Ja ~~ tU-tgtltA-~ jgt~ ~ ~ ~) ~ u (1) ~ 1~~~le~ eu~~ ~~ tlut ~~ ~ LuAlu~~ se

JU4 k~~~ ~ ~ t j ~ ~~~~ ( E - bull E J~ J ~ ~ ~ c ~Ok~ ~ ~ ~)() -4 -J ~---- - _ -J

tLutL ~~ ~~ = ~ (R~ xi ) cUt4-W~ A-W~ ~t tM4 Lu-amp amp-R-l((-- ~

SE E J = - SEmiddotmiddot V i(J tL V =_ ( - j V+V ( ( E - - J -A - l J - tcl - J

+- ~ (Pi ~~ amp- V = - r (P i E l t1 JltS - r 4gt E dltr t----gt j J J J A -l

o ~~ ~~

C0 ~~ ~~~~e)Li)~~ ~~l ~l ~ D~~~ ~ Lut~~ ~ -)-er~k ~ (ltszligA ~ ~~~~~h~~)~t-~ JuJ1 ~ ~ ~ xi ttACUM~(~rftmiddot JLVt- ~ ~ T-uuc ~~L LU~ ~~ ~ -i-~ ~~ (lJ ~ lt2~ l ~4 - )~l l E-~ -=_ C2~ 1ltZ ~

- S tt 4gtJ JltS ~ 41r e~Ql ) c-L lX-X- l u~ --4 -J

S E E J~ = -4 ~ej j ~---)-t- -l

~ ) U-cAl Cb~raquo

~el = -L ~ 5~ t j~8Ir ~Fl ~)

-2- shy

6k-~

~ampl- =- ~ ~ [~~ 2 gJ cl

Do-~e Tet~ ~ ~~ ~~~tL-L ~ ~4~jL bao ~~~ ~ ~~-A ~tA~ cu ~ -re~ ~_ ~~) J4 ~kA ~~ tb~etL )

sect f ~ ~(()Ult~~ ampJA ~1Jse~~Aa ~

igt~ eRalli~ ~ ~ ~ ~et ~~ ~_ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ 4 4~-e4k

5 ~) =- ~ L)l) E (~) (~)

a4 ~ ~~Lttli~~ ~~~ ~) lu-t~1eshyltu~ cJu ~~~~ [z])) 41ci ~ ~

~ - t 4laquoshy

E L2-sect ) = i- C E(VE+-( ~JE)JE1 411 - - _J ~ - -(9- )

-tcsect=c

Wuu rd

((7 At )1 e lA = el~- 2j~ (tJwt e k ) tlL L---v----

L ~ll1O~U4- Ouml~wt ~~k)

= ~-t) ek- C Eie) Etc = Elcl~1i t~ - COAEJ

j)0Mctl- tnshy

4lrk~ = E~ lt) E~+ Eie ( lt)k E A - ~ Ec)

= lt2gt- l E A ~ ) - )1 E ~ ~lc L~ E - ~~~-E ~J ~ 2 - -- 2- bull

lT = L [E -E - 1 1gt~ EZ J ~) _ 4c 4tr kz - -)

bull

uu ~ ~Jl tttl41 T~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~k ILM~ ~ 2~~ ~~~~~ Go-~S~ ~~Sj1b ) ~Mci)~ GlL ~ Ju ~~-s~ ~~~~amps- ~u- tL-6~ ~

t~~taL~~middot -b~ ~~k eRa~rk ~~~ ~ T~e~~J ~ ~Q- ~~~-e~ ~~l I hl

k = ~ k tlV =- j Cdilc- amp V ~ ~

J~ ~ ~s~ ~~ ~eu ~ tLb ~k ~~ ~ ~~~~~~

(1-4)

11zS ~81-- ~ ~ V~-lM~ ~1lLt~t- ~~ ~~~ td -h~ ~ ~lc 1IlL C~ Wampl-~ ~ ~) ~J ~ ~-s~ ~~ kt ~) ~~~~~L ~ ~ ~~ ~ (S+i-1)

------- -

-23shy

~ ampJn~ 4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~(~~ ~at(l- ~ ~~ lcs- ~~l- ~ ~ JrdJshy~~ cA ltl- V1 ~ l~ CUt~F~) ~ ~) SO u1shy

(1--S)

~ t)S-) ~b~~~- ~ ccfA ~~d I ~ ~J~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ tl-b) ath D-t(~( ~b~i ~ ~ ~~~

~u szlige~) ~ ~ ~p~~ ~ ~aAAAt~ks~t CtM ~~~ ~~ JJu ~Jl--ls~~ ~tUW~ ~ ~ 2S~ ai~

D6- ~~~QS- tszlig- ~ (i-2) S~euro~(31 )~ kaJ ~~~ lxMA~ ~ ~ ~k~1-~ ) ~~~ ampi1dh-s~ ~~ au L La~_ ~~ ~0-Ld6- ~ ~~U~~ ~ ~

~ == S X A k~ gt J~ ~

j~ (1--3) ~ ~

14 = e~~- ~ l(j f6e 11( l = ~A ~ [ltDtLJ(rl-Tlt ~ ~ ~ j

ba T~ S~Il~n~ Il( )~sA~k~ ~b ~ 2~uwJ ~ ~-

-2-4shy

-b~ ~ ampIM ~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~shy~J~k T~~e ~~((~ ~tA bQ~ tt1- ~ ~~u~ ~ tu- ~tQ~j tttLAgtu~ ~~ ~ j~~~ luA4~~~

tgta ~ ~ ~Uu4fl ~ ~ JAA -kek~ishy~ ~szligu~~ JtU~ ~~Ik~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ Qp~o-k(~ LUltA ~ ~~ lus-~ eklt~t~ ~ ot~ ~ t-CL ampzt ~~a~ ~ atu4 cIJb-~~~4~ T~~f- ~ ~ ~ ~~~ Lit ~ ~--es~ ~ J ~ ~~-(~ ~--rL ~~l ~ l~-~R ~ ~c =~

~1 ~ lC-U- ~ L6-t~~rr~ ~~~ I(~~_ ~~lf eRe~~s4~~41et Wcl--~~ ~

~ ~ ~~ ~~~ S~ ~~lU~ W-tJ ampct~fu~ -uz~ eu~~

(8)

~ ~ ~

V t f

~ ~7

~

r ~

lb ~

f

r

0 11

~~~

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~ _f

r

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f t

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q

t ~

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f

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gt

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r t t

f auml-

0

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d 1P

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bull

r-~

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r r

f ~

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gt amp

-

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rr

f[

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f r

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r -~

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J

f ~f

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-ushy

J~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~qv~~ b~ ~ ~~~ ~~ JAJ~

UJL) = ~ ~ ctgta)CiC) A

W~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ lampJ~

W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

~~~~~J

~~~ ~~) ~l4-)

50 ~~ tei~~~ LCMot 4 ~~~shyf11J ~~fl ~ ~ 4 eu~~ [) ~ouml~shy~~2ri~~ J~ ~~~~~~~ lhl ~~ l-tftamp lLL ~ ~~k l4Jt(~~tlLe ~el-~~shy~ -b ~ ~~k tlJA ~amp~~ $ek~~ ~ lgtktk Lx-~~~~) ~

- -

s~~tgtU-cL~ lgt~ lM ~ szligets~e1 ~~ ~~ltcJL~ ~leU R~ ill~eU~ aM4~~ ~ ~~ eurotM~~~~sL ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ AM~hk(~~ ~ ~~~(l~ ~() ~se~) ~ ~ ~_ ~~~ scLUthec~ O~~ ~ ampa-ltt ij-C~~ ~~~~b~f~ J4~ ~~ ~ ~ s~ ~~~~ L111~-t~~ ~ ~) u-seh-~ -b~~ ~ Ut~-~ ~ l4shy

srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

LO~ ~~~ ~se~k ~~ ~ k LL4J lltruUU4 Q

~~fUM~ e ~~ ~ ( lM-t ~ ~b ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ i ~~~~lM~~ ~

se~ ~~ ~+keRJliL ~ e ~ ~ ~~~ 1~ ~amp ~~~ (YPszligl ucd (9Qfgt ~~~ ) ~ JL LjU-t~ ~ () til ~~lULJ~ tg ~ct=~6

~- -_= l~- i

e +shy e_

~shy 2- ~ - a)

o

~ ~~ ~ ~o- ~e fi- ~ (8 l l) ~~shyw~~ ~U- ~tA~ ~ ~ ~~~ W~~~k

(f)-_ _ -i lt0laquogt t l 3 - COt- It=a ) -+ = ~

-~2-

~ tt (5

~~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~~ -h~ ~ ~~--L~~ ~~ tRo--~ ~ ~~~ e ~ JL ampL

-~~-

CJ ~lAtU~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~b~~

4)4-~~ ~~ ~~u~ CQ ~ ckJ t3o_ fUeA~ lo~~~~ Cllt ~

b2e ~~--P~s ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ Ld1 ~~ u ~J ~~~~~~~d-~ llamp-c ~~ Lu luQQ(ultAU szliget ~ amp- eurogt luMSe~

Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

~ Qe Lsect - e ) 4- -e L~-Il-) z ~- ~l~ l-c shy

~ (4- a1rC 2) _ efs) a --- e ~ [

lE r ~ ( -cttti-Ll~ -- r---------J

-~r-6 ~ [A _ j z (-t- laquo212)2

k=shy esect - 1

~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

J) ~~~ ~ eA1-~ ~~ amplJj~ ~

- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

)

-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

-~-

Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 14: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

al

(Qamp

S lE)amp~ ) = ~YLamp~4V ~ amp(~

Cs~

Jes-~~ ~ szligS~ltG~~k [ E-] =- 12Jt- E(l nashy~~ 4~4 b~ ~~~~~k~i~ ~ sk~~ Ltu-c~ u se~ ) ~~ uu ~ ~thttL~

S smiddotamp~ ~

~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~rJJ4 h~

--l1-shy

~ g amp~ = ~ --+et- E amp~ = 0 J

(5 ltSo

~~ S ~~ UM y ~ ~ l(t ~ ~~ +6u ~l~~U ge~ ~camp1) ~ ~leu~ ~W~ ~~) SO ~ P eu ~~ ~~du--k r ~ F

SCE -E~ amp~ = 0 r

-b~ ~d m- ~ ~ amp41lte1 ~ ~~shy~~~k~ E

~~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~ht4k~ l)--C- ~ IulAI2lelA tuttSos ~ E -~ ~s~CJ-(M~

At4 ~~~~~ ~ ~k~~re~Jltshy~~~~-bW~ tt1- AQ cSlM~~r~k ~ ~

E-

(s~)

-plusmngt~ ~Qu~ ~ ~ lt~l ~l- ~~ ~ cktshy

~~~ j Jlt ~ amp1-~ ~ La~~ ~l

~ ~ -1~ ~~~ AlJhsab~ ~

A- Sjp~ ~-p~~

-be (~o~u~) ~~ ~Q)- kv~ ~~UMltt~ JJ-~ ~ ~ ~~h~ x tt- ~tA ~ ~14 ~J

-)8shy

~ I ~ ~~ CW4 ~ Lu(Ju~~ ~ ~ t~ ~~h~ CtA- (4~ J~ tn ~ I) ) ~ LUuml)d lK- ~ -=tgt-U(J shy~ lAumlU

~ e ~ ~~ ~~~ E -~ ~ ~~ ~ x ~ L~~ ~~

x W -=- - - lt J~ k =-e E (61)

bex S ~suVQ~l ~ ~ ~ Lu~~~ (6)

Lu-~ ~~3 ~ W~ AUA t =- 9 ltp ~ )(

W==e ~ - Q lp amps -= euro [4gt(~)- (P (g 4 J

t1uuml- X---gt~ U4~ ~ ~ ~~ ~S~~~ qgt()~l~ ~~ ~

( 62

~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ --P~~~J~) Sb ~ ~ k-~l) 4 ~a tc1- ~ ~ - k W~ tM ~ ~s~k -P~1~ x J eu ~~ _ ~ ~~ ~s~ tM ~--P9aI~cz(_

wA = t2 tpA J (6s)

Uamp -=- e ~~ -==c d ~4)

~ (~tgt Sl-

~~ 4 w~ ~~l S1U~~-lK aMA ~ ~shy~ M ~-P~h~ ~l ~uW~ ~ M ~ ro~~~ ~~ ~~~~

t=et = ~ Qt ~l = 1 L euro~ (gt~ bull

Alt--l 24 - )(j z Lamp ~A -~l (s)

~~ (64)~~~~~~

(6~)

1gt~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ tuM~~ J ~ U-tushy

~ ~ AlLM- ~ ~~tU~ ~ ~ ~

Ea~ = ~ ~ J Ce E

uA ~ ~~~ L~~4~ ~

e~=-~ S~V4~ = i S 1~12cG0 (~9)

j)~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ D~ rl ka~ ~L~ 9 ~~ ~u ~~~ ~i2~ ~~~(~ ~l--lf V 1 ) E tJ i ) Jcs- Ii -t -a ) bull

i- tZshy

-~-

~ Muuml- tUM~ ~ l~qJ l4~~) Ja ~~ tU-tgtltA-~ jgt~ ~ ~ ~) ~ u (1) ~ 1~~~le~ eu~~ ~~ tlut ~~ ~ LuAlu~~ se

JU4 k~~~ ~ ~ t j ~ ~~~~ ( E - bull E J~ J ~ ~ ~ c ~Ok~ ~ ~ ~)() -4 -J ~---- - _ -J

tLutL ~~ ~~ = ~ (R~ xi ) cUt4-W~ A-W~ ~t tM4 Lu-amp amp-R-l((-- ~

SE E J = - SEmiddotmiddot V i(J tL V =_ ( - j V+V ( ( E - - J -A - l J - tcl - J

+- ~ (Pi ~~ amp- V = - r (P i E l t1 JltS - r 4gt E dltr t----gt j J J J A -l

o ~~ ~~

C0 ~~ ~~~~e)Li)~~ ~~l ~l ~ D~~~ ~ Lut~~ ~ -)-er~k ~ (ltszligA ~ ~~~~~h~~)~t-~ JuJ1 ~ ~ ~ xi ttACUM~(~rftmiddot JLVt- ~ ~ T-uuc ~~L LU~ ~~ ~ -i-~ ~~ (lJ ~ lt2~ l ~4 - )~l l E-~ -=_ C2~ 1ltZ ~

- S tt 4gtJ JltS ~ 41r e~Ql ) c-L lX-X- l u~ --4 -J

S E E J~ = -4 ~ej j ~---)-t- -l

~ ) U-cAl Cb~raquo

~el = -L ~ 5~ t j~8Ir ~Fl ~)

-2- shy

6k-~

~ampl- =- ~ ~ [~~ 2 gJ cl

Do-~e Tet~ ~ ~~ ~~~tL-L ~ ~4~jL bao ~~~ ~ ~~-A ~tA~ cu ~ -re~ ~_ ~~) J4 ~kA ~~ tb~etL )

sect f ~ ~(()Ult~~ ampJA ~1Jse~~Aa ~

igt~ eRalli~ ~ ~ ~ ~et ~~ ~_ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ 4 4~-e4k

5 ~) =- ~ L)l) E (~) (~)

a4 ~ ~~Lttli~~ ~~~ ~) lu-t~1eshyltu~ cJu ~~~~ [z])) 41ci ~ ~

~ - t 4laquoshy

E L2-sect ) = i- C E(VE+-( ~JE)JE1 411 - - _J ~ - -(9- )

-tcsect=c

Wuu rd

((7 At )1 e lA = el~- 2j~ (tJwt e k ) tlL L---v----

L ~ll1O~U4- Ouml~wt ~~k)

= ~-t) ek- C Eie) Etc = Elcl~1i t~ - COAEJ

j)0Mctl- tnshy

4lrk~ = E~ lt) E~+ Eie ( lt)k E A - ~ Ec)

= lt2gt- l E A ~ ) - )1 E ~ ~lc L~ E - ~~~-E ~J ~ 2 - -- 2- bull

lT = L [E -E - 1 1gt~ EZ J ~) _ 4c 4tr kz - -)

bull

uu ~ ~Jl tttl41 T~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~k ILM~ ~ 2~~ ~~~~~ Go-~S~ ~~Sj1b ) ~Mci)~ GlL ~ Ju ~~-s~ ~~~~amps- ~u- tL-6~ ~

t~~taL~~middot -b~ ~~k eRa~rk ~~~ ~ T~e~~J ~ ~Q- ~~~-e~ ~~l I hl

k = ~ k tlV =- j Cdilc- amp V ~ ~

J~ ~ ~s~ ~~ ~eu ~ tLb ~k ~~ ~ ~~~~~~

(1-4)

11zS ~81-- ~ ~ V~-lM~ ~1lLt~t- ~~ ~~~ td -h~ ~ ~lc 1IlL C~ Wampl-~ ~ ~) ~J ~ ~-s~ ~~ kt ~) ~~~~~L ~ ~ ~~ ~ (S+i-1)

------- -

-23shy

~ ampJn~ 4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~(~~ ~at(l- ~ ~~ lcs- ~~l- ~ ~ JrdJshy~~ cA ltl- V1 ~ l~ CUt~F~) ~ ~) SO u1shy

(1--S)

~ t)S-) ~b~~~- ~ ccfA ~~d I ~ ~J~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ tl-b) ath D-t(~( ~b~i ~ ~ ~~~

~u szlige~) ~ ~ ~p~~ ~ ~aAAAt~ks~t CtM ~~~ ~~ JJu ~Jl--ls~~ ~tUW~ ~ ~ 2S~ ai~

D6- ~~~QS- tszlig- ~ (i-2) S~euro~(31 )~ kaJ ~~~ lxMA~ ~ ~ ~k~1-~ ) ~~~ ampi1dh-s~ ~~ au L La~_ ~~ ~0-Ld6- ~ ~~U~~ ~ ~

~ == S X A k~ gt J~ ~

j~ (1--3) ~ ~

14 = e~~- ~ l(j f6e 11( l = ~A ~ [ltDtLJ(rl-Tlt ~ ~ ~ j

ba T~ S~Il~n~ Il( )~sA~k~ ~b ~ 2~uwJ ~ ~-

-2-4shy

-b~ ~ ampIM ~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~shy~J~k T~~e ~~((~ ~tA bQ~ tt1- ~ ~~u~ ~ tu- ~tQ~j tttLAgtu~ ~~ ~ j~~~ luA4~~~

tgta ~ ~ ~Uu4fl ~ ~ JAA -kek~ishy~ ~szligu~~ JtU~ ~~Ik~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ Qp~o-k(~ LUltA ~ ~~ lus-~ eklt~t~ ~ ot~ ~ t-CL ampzt ~~a~ ~ atu4 cIJb-~~~4~ T~~f- ~ ~ ~ ~~~ Lit ~ ~--es~ ~ J ~ ~~-(~ ~--rL ~~l ~ l~-~R ~ ~c =~

~1 ~ lC-U- ~ L6-t~~rr~ ~~~ I(~~_ ~~lf eRe~~s4~~41et Wcl--~~ ~

~ ~ ~~ ~~~ S~ ~~lU~ W-tJ ampct~fu~ -uz~ eu~~

(8)

~ ~ ~

V t f

~ ~7

~

r ~

lb ~

f

r

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f ~

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bull

r-~

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~

r r

f ~

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rr

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euro

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J~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~qv~~ b~ ~ ~~~ ~~ JAJ~

UJL) = ~ ~ ctgta)CiC) A

W~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ lampJ~

W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

~~~~~J

~~~ ~~) ~l4-)

50 ~~ tei~~~ LCMot 4 ~~~shyf11J ~~fl ~ ~ 4 eu~~ [) ~ouml~shy~~2ri~~ J~ ~~~~~~~ lhl ~~ l-tftamp lLL ~ ~~k l4Jt(~~tlLe ~el-~~shy~ -b ~ ~~k tlJA ~amp~~ $ek~~ ~ lgtktk Lx-~~~~) ~

- -

s~~tgtU-cL~ lgt~ lM ~ szligets~e1 ~~ ~~ltcJL~ ~leU R~ ill~eU~ aM4~~ ~ ~~ eurotM~~~~sL ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ AM~hk(~~ ~ ~~~(l~ ~() ~se~) ~ ~ ~_ ~~~ scLUthec~ O~~ ~ ampa-ltt ij-C~~ ~~~~b~f~ J4~ ~~ ~ ~ s~ ~~~~ L111~-t~~ ~ ~) u-seh-~ -b~~ ~ Ut~-~ ~ l4shy

srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

LO~ ~~~ ~se~k ~~ ~ k LL4J lltruUU4 Q

~~fUM~ e ~~ ~ ( lM-t ~ ~b ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ i ~~~~lM~~ ~

se~ ~~ ~+keRJliL ~ e ~ ~ ~~~ 1~ ~amp ~~~ (YPszligl ucd (9Qfgt ~~~ ) ~ JL LjU-t~ ~ () til ~~lULJ~ tg ~ct=~6

~- -_= l~- i

e +shy e_

~shy 2- ~ - a)

o

~ ~~ ~ ~o- ~e fi- ~ (8 l l) ~~shyw~~ ~U- ~tA~ ~ ~ ~~~ W~~~k

(f)-_ _ -i lt0laquogt t l 3 - COt- It=a ) -+ = ~

-~2-

~ tt (5

~~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~~ -h~ ~ ~~--L~~ ~~ tRo--~ ~ ~~~ e ~ JL ampL

-~~-

CJ ~lAtU~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~b~~

4)4-~~ ~~ ~~u~ CQ ~ ckJ t3o_ fUeA~ lo~~~~ Cllt ~

b2e ~~--P~s ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ Ld1 ~~ u ~J ~~~~~~~d-~ llamp-c ~~ Lu luQQ(ultAU szliget ~ amp- eurogt luMSe~

Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

~ Qe Lsect - e ) 4- -e L~-Il-) z ~- ~l~ l-c shy

~ (4- a1rC 2) _ efs) a --- e ~ [

lE r ~ ( -cttti-Ll~ -- r---------J

-~r-6 ~ [A _ j z (-t- laquo212)2

k=shy esect - 1

~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

J) ~~~ ~ eA1-~ ~~ amplJj~ ~

- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

)

-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

-~-

Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 15: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

--l1-shy

~ g amp~ = ~ --+et- E amp~ = 0 J

(5 ltSo

~~ S ~~ UM y ~ ~ l(t ~ ~~ +6u ~l~~U ge~ ~camp1) ~ ~leu~ ~W~ ~~) SO ~ P eu ~~ ~~du--k r ~ F

SCE -E~ amp~ = 0 r

-b~ ~d m- ~ ~ amp41lte1 ~ ~~shy~~~k~ E

~~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~ht4k~ l)--C- ~ IulAI2lelA tuttSos ~ E -~ ~s~CJ-(M~

At4 ~~~~~ ~ ~k~~re~Jltshy~~~~-bW~ tt1- AQ cSlM~~r~k ~ ~

E-

(s~)

-plusmngt~ ~Qu~ ~ ~ lt~l ~l- ~~ ~ cktshy

~~~ j Jlt ~ amp1-~ ~ La~~ ~l

~ ~ -1~ ~~~ AlJhsab~ ~

A- Sjp~ ~-p~~

-be (~o~u~) ~~ ~Q)- kv~ ~~UMltt~ JJ-~ ~ ~ ~~h~ x tt- ~tA ~ ~14 ~J

-)8shy

~ I ~ ~~ CW4 ~ Lu(Ju~~ ~ ~ t~ ~~h~ CtA- (4~ J~ tn ~ I) ) ~ LUuml)d lK- ~ -=tgt-U(J shy~ lAumlU

~ e ~ ~~ ~~~ E -~ ~ ~~ ~ x ~ L~~ ~~

x W -=- - - lt J~ k =-e E (61)

bex S ~suVQ~l ~ ~ ~ Lu~~~ (6)

Lu-~ ~~3 ~ W~ AUA t =- 9 ltp ~ )(

W==e ~ - Q lp amps -= euro [4gt(~)- (P (g 4 J

t1uuml- X---gt~ U4~ ~ ~ ~~ ~S~~~ qgt()~l~ ~~ ~

( 62

~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ --P~~~J~) Sb ~ ~ k-~l) 4 ~a tc1- ~ ~ - k W~ tM ~ ~s~k -P~1~ x J eu ~~ _ ~ ~~ ~s~ tM ~--P9aI~cz(_

wA = t2 tpA J (6s)

Uamp -=- e ~~ -==c d ~4)

~ (~tgt Sl-

~~ 4 w~ ~~l S1U~~-lK aMA ~ ~shy~ M ~-P~h~ ~l ~uW~ ~ M ~ ro~~~ ~~ ~~~~

t=et = ~ Qt ~l = 1 L euro~ (gt~ bull

Alt--l 24 - )(j z Lamp ~A -~l (s)

~~ (64)~~~~~~

(6~)

1gt~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ tuM~~ J ~ U-tushy

~ ~ AlLM- ~ ~~tU~ ~ ~ ~

Ea~ = ~ ~ J Ce E

uA ~ ~~~ L~~4~ ~

e~=-~ S~V4~ = i S 1~12cG0 (~9)

j)~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ D~ rl ka~ ~L~ 9 ~~ ~u ~~~ ~i2~ ~~~(~ ~l--lf V 1 ) E tJ i ) Jcs- Ii -t -a ) bull

i- tZshy

-~-

~ Muuml- tUM~ ~ l~qJ l4~~) Ja ~~ tU-tgtltA-~ jgt~ ~ ~ ~) ~ u (1) ~ 1~~~le~ eu~~ ~~ tlut ~~ ~ LuAlu~~ se

JU4 k~~~ ~ ~ t j ~ ~~~~ ( E - bull E J~ J ~ ~ ~ c ~Ok~ ~ ~ ~)() -4 -J ~---- - _ -J

tLutL ~~ ~~ = ~ (R~ xi ) cUt4-W~ A-W~ ~t tM4 Lu-amp amp-R-l((-- ~

SE E J = - SEmiddotmiddot V i(J tL V =_ ( - j V+V ( ( E - - J -A - l J - tcl - J

+- ~ (Pi ~~ amp- V = - r (P i E l t1 JltS - r 4gt E dltr t----gt j J J J A -l

o ~~ ~~

C0 ~~ ~~~~e)Li)~~ ~~l ~l ~ D~~~ ~ Lut~~ ~ -)-er~k ~ (ltszligA ~ ~~~~~h~~)~t-~ JuJ1 ~ ~ ~ xi ttACUM~(~rftmiddot JLVt- ~ ~ T-uuc ~~L LU~ ~~ ~ -i-~ ~~ (lJ ~ lt2~ l ~4 - )~l l E-~ -=_ C2~ 1ltZ ~

- S tt 4gtJ JltS ~ 41r e~Ql ) c-L lX-X- l u~ --4 -J

S E E J~ = -4 ~ej j ~---)-t- -l

~ ) U-cAl Cb~raquo

~el = -L ~ 5~ t j~8Ir ~Fl ~)

-2- shy

6k-~

~ampl- =- ~ ~ [~~ 2 gJ cl

Do-~e Tet~ ~ ~~ ~~~tL-L ~ ~4~jL bao ~~~ ~ ~~-A ~tA~ cu ~ -re~ ~_ ~~) J4 ~kA ~~ tb~etL )

sect f ~ ~(()Ult~~ ampJA ~1Jse~~Aa ~

igt~ eRalli~ ~ ~ ~ ~et ~~ ~_ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ 4 4~-e4k

5 ~) =- ~ L)l) E (~) (~)

a4 ~ ~~Lttli~~ ~~~ ~) lu-t~1eshyltu~ cJu ~~~~ [z])) 41ci ~ ~

~ - t 4laquoshy

E L2-sect ) = i- C E(VE+-( ~JE)JE1 411 - - _J ~ - -(9- )

-tcsect=c

Wuu rd

((7 At )1 e lA = el~- 2j~ (tJwt e k ) tlL L---v----

L ~ll1O~U4- Ouml~wt ~~k)

= ~-t) ek- C Eie) Etc = Elcl~1i t~ - COAEJ

j)0Mctl- tnshy

4lrk~ = E~ lt) E~+ Eie ( lt)k E A - ~ Ec)

= lt2gt- l E A ~ ) - )1 E ~ ~lc L~ E - ~~~-E ~J ~ 2 - -- 2- bull

lT = L [E -E - 1 1gt~ EZ J ~) _ 4c 4tr kz - -)

bull

uu ~ ~Jl tttl41 T~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~k ILM~ ~ 2~~ ~~~~~ Go-~S~ ~~Sj1b ) ~Mci)~ GlL ~ Ju ~~-s~ ~~~~amps- ~u- tL-6~ ~

t~~taL~~middot -b~ ~~k eRa~rk ~~~ ~ T~e~~J ~ ~Q- ~~~-e~ ~~l I hl

k = ~ k tlV =- j Cdilc- amp V ~ ~

J~ ~ ~s~ ~~ ~eu ~ tLb ~k ~~ ~ ~~~~~~

(1-4)

11zS ~81-- ~ ~ V~-lM~ ~1lLt~t- ~~ ~~~ td -h~ ~ ~lc 1IlL C~ Wampl-~ ~ ~) ~J ~ ~-s~ ~~ kt ~) ~~~~~L ~ ~ ~~ ~ (S+i-1)

------- -

-23shy

~ ampJn~ 4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~(~~ ~at(l- ~ ~~ lcs- ~~l- ~ ~ JrdJshy~~ cA ltl- V1 ~ l~ CUt~F~) ~ ~) SO u1shy

(1--S)

~ t)S-) ~b~~~- ~ ccfA ~~d I ~ ~J~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ tl-b) ath D-t(~( ~b~i ~ ~ ~~~

~u szlige~) ~ ~ ~p~~ ~ ~aAAAt~ks~t CtM ~~~ ~~ JJu ~Jl--ls~~ ~tUW~ ~ ~ 2S~ ai~

D6- ~~~QS- tszlig- ~ (i-2) S~euro~(31 )~ kaJ ~~~ lxMA~ ~ ~ ~k~1-~ ) ~~~ ampi1dh-s~ ~~ au L La~_ ~~ ~0-Ld6- ~ ~~U~~ ~ ~

~ == S X A k~ gt J~ ~

j~ (1--3) ~ ~

14 = e~~- ~ l(j f6e 11( l = ~A ~ [ltDtLJ(rl-Tlt ~ ~ ~ j

ba T~ S~Il~n~ Il( )~sA~k~ ~b ~ 2~uwJ ~ ~-

-2-4shy

-b~ ~ ampIM ~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~shy~J~k T~~e ~~((~ ~tA bQ~ tt1- ~ ~~u~ ~ tu- ~tQ~j tttLAgtu~ ~~ ~ j~~~ luA4~~~

tgta ~ ~ ~Uu4fl ~ ~ JAA -kek~ishy~ ~szligu~~ JtU~ ~~Ik~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ Qp~o-k(~ LUltA ~ ~~ lus-~ eklt~t~ ~ ot~ ~ t-CL ampzt ~~a~ ~ atu4 cIJb-~~~4~ T~~f- ~ ~ ~ ~~~ Lit ~ ~--es~ ~ J ~ ~~-(~ ~--rL ~~l ~ l~-~R ~ ~c =~

~1 ~ lC-U- ~ L6-t~~rr~ ~~~ I(~~_ ~~lf eRe~~s4~~41et Wcl--~~ ~

~ ~ ~~ ~~~ S~ ~~lU~ W-tJ ampct~fu~ -uz~ eu~~

(8)

~ ~ ~

V t f

~ ~7

~

r ~

lb ~

f

r

0 11

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r

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f t

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f auml-

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f ~

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bull

r-~

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r r

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gt amp

-

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f[

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J~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~qv~~ b~ ~ ~~~ ~~ JAJ~

UJL) = ~ ~ ctgta)CiC) A

W~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ lampJ~

W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

~~~~~J

~~~ ~~) ~l4-)

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CJ ~lAtU~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~b~~

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b2e ~~--P~s ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ Ld1 ~~ u ~J ~~~~~~~d-~ llamp-c ~~ Lu luQQ(ultAU szliget ~ amp- eurogt luMSe~

Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

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~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

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2

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j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

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lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

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i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

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amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

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(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

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r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

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-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

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a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

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~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

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r--shy

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(9Q)

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~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

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E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

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-44shy

)

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~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

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Oe)

~- 2 ~

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-4(shy

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g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

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iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

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(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

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~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

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Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

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~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

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~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

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+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

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co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

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~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

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b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 16: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-)8shy

~ I ~ ~~ CW4 ~ Lu(Ju~~ ~ ~ t~ ~~h~ CtA- (4~ J~ tn ~ I) ) ~ LUuml)d lK- ~ -=tgt-U(J shy~ lAumlU

~ e ~ ~~ ~~~ E -~ ~ ~~ ~ x ~ L~~ ~~

x W -=- - - lt J~ k =-e E (61)

bex S ~suVQ~l ~ ~ ~ Lu~~~ (6)

Lu-~ ~~3 ~ W~ AUA t =- 9 ltp ~ )(

W==e ~ - Q lp amps -= euro [4gt(~)- (P (g 4 J

t1uuml- X---gt~ U4~ ~ ~ ~~ ~S~~~ qgt()~l~ ~~ ~

( 62

~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ --P~~~J~) Sb ~ ~ k-~l) 4 ~a tc1- ~ ~ - k W~ tM ~ ~s~k -P~1~ x J eu ~~ _ ~ ~~ ~s~ tM ~--P9aI~cz(_

wA = t2 tpA J (6s)

Uamp -=- e ~~ -==c d ~4)

~ (~tgt Sl-

~~ 4 w~ ~~l S1U~~-lK aMA ~ ~shy~ M ~-P~h~ ~l ~uW~ ~ M ~ ro~~~ ~~ ~~~~

t=et = ~ Qt ~l = 1 L euro~ (gt~ bull

Alt--l 24 - )(j z Lamp ~A -~l (s)

~~ (64)~~~~~~

(6~)

1gt~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ tuM~~ J ~ U-tushy

~ ~ AlLM- ~ ~~tU~ ~ ~ ~

Ea~ = ~ ~ J Ce E

uA ~ ~~~ L~~4~ ~

e~=-~ S~V4~ = i S 1~12cG0 (~9)

j)~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ D~ rl ka~ ~L~ 9 ~~ ~u ~~~ ~i2~ ~~~(~ ~l--lf V 1 ) E tJ i ) Jcs- Ii -t -a ) bull

i- tZshy

-~-

~ Muuml- tUM~ ~ l~qJ l4~~) Ja ~~ tU-tgtltA-~ jgt~ ~ ~ ~) ~ u (1) ~ 1~~~le~ eu~~ ~~ tlut ~~ ~ LuAlu~~ se

JU4 k~~~ ~ ~ t j ~ ~~~~ ( E - bull E J~ J ~ ~ ~ c ~Ok~ ~ ~ ~)() -4 -J ~---- - _ -J

tLutL ~~ ~~ = ~ (R~ xi ) cUt4-W~ A-W~ ~t tM4 Lu-amp amp-R-l((-- ~

SE E J = - SEmiddotmiddot V i(J tL V =_ ( - j V+V ( ( E - - J -A - l J - tcl - J

+- ~ (Pi ~~ amp- V = - r (P i E l t1 JltS - r 4gt E dltr t----gt j J J J A -l

o ~~ ~~

C0 ~~ ~~~~e)Li)~~ ~~l ~l ~ D~~~ ~ Lut~~ ~ -)-er~k ~ (ltszligA ~ ~~~~~h~~)~t-~ JuJ1 ~ ~ ~ xi ttACUM~(~rftmiddot JLVt- ~ ~ T-uuc ~~L LU~ ~~ ~ -i-~ ~~ (lJ ~ lt2~ l ~4 - )~l l E-~ -=_ C2~ 1ltZ ~

- S tt 4gtJ JltS ~ 41r e~Ql ) c-L lX-X- l u~ --4 -J

S E E J~ = -4 ~ej j ~---)-t- -l

~ ) U-cAl Cb~raquo

~el = -L ~ 5~ t j~8Ir ~Fl ~)

-2- shy

6k-~

~ampl- =- ~ ~ [~~ 2 gJ cl

Do-~e Tet~ ~ ~~ ~~~tL-L ~ ~4~jL bao ~~~ ~ ~~-A ~tA~ cu ~ -re~ ~_ ~~) J4 ~kA ~~ tb~etL )

sect f ~ ~(()Ult~~ ampJA ~1Jse~~Aa ~

igt~ eRalli~ ~ ~ ~ ~et ~~ ~_ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ 4 4~-e4k

5 ~) =- ~ L)l) E (~) (~)

a4 ~ ~~Lttli~~ ~~~ ~) lu-t~1eshyltu~ cJu ~~~~ [z])) 41ci ~ ~

~ - t 4laquoshy

E L2-sect ) = i- C E(VE+-( ~JE)JE1 411 - - _J ~ - -(9- )

-tcsect=c

Wuu rd

((7 At )1 e lA = el~- 2j~ (tJwt e k ) tlL L---v----

L ~ll1O~U4- Ouml~wt ~~k)

= ~-t) ek- C Eie) Etc = Elcl~1i t~ - COAEJ

j)0Mctl- tnshy

4lrk~ = E~ lt) E~+ Eie ( lt)k E A - ~ Ec)

= lt2gt- l E A ~ ) - )1 E ~ ~lc L~ E - ~~~-E ~J ~ 2 - -- 2- bull

lT = L [E -E - 1 1gt~ EZ J ~) _ 4c 4tr kz - -)

bull

uu ~ ~Jl tttl41 T~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~k ILM~ ~ 2~~ ~~~~~ Go-~S~ ~~Sj1b ) ~Mci)~ GlL ~ Ju ~~-s~ ~~~~amps- ~u- tL-6~ ~

t~~taL~~middot -b~ ~~k eRa~rk ~~~ ~ T~e~~J ~ ~Q- ~~~-e~ ~~l I hl

k = ~ k tlV =- j Cdilc- amp V ~ ~

J~ ~ ~s~ ~~ ~eu ~ tLb ~k ~~ ~ ~~~~~~

(1-4)

11zS ~81-- ~ ~ V~-lM~ ~1lLt~t- ~~ ~~~ td -h~ ~ ~lc 1IlL C~ Wampl-~ ~ ~) ~J ~ ~-s~ ~~ kt ~) ~~~~~L ~ ~ ~~ ~ (S+i-1)

------- -

-23shy

~ ampJn~ 4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~(~~ ~at(l- ~ ~~ lcs- ~~l- ~ ~ JrdJshy~~ cA ltl- V1 ~ l~ CUt~F~) ~ ~) SO u1shy

(1--S)

~ t)S-) ~b~~~- ~ ccfA ~~d I ~ ~J~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ tl-b) ath D-t(~( ~b~i ~ ~ ~~~

~u szlige~) ~ ~ ~p~~ ~ ~aAAAt~ks~t CtM ~~~ ~~ JJu ~Jl--ls~~ ~tUW~ ~ ~ 2S~ ai~

D6- ~~~QS- tszlig- ~ (i-2) S~euro~(31 )~ kaJ ~~~ lxMA~ ~ ~ ~k~1-~ ) ~~~ ampi1dh-s~ ~~ au L La~_ ~~ ~0-Ld6- ~ ~~U~~ ~ ~

~ == S X A k~ gt J~ ~

j~ (1--3) ~ ~

14 = e~~- ~ l(j f6e 11( l = ~A ~ [ltDtLJ(rl-Tlt ~ ~ ~ j

ba T~ S~Il~n~ Il( )~sA~k~ ~b ~ 2~uwJ ~ ~-

-2-4shy

-b~ ~ ampIM ~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~shy~J~k T~~e ~~((~ ~tA bQ~ tt1- ~ ~~u~ ~ tu- ~tQ~j tttLAgtu~ ~~ ~ j~~~ luA4~~~

tgta ~ ~ ~Uu4fl ~ ~ JAA -kek~ishy~ ~szligu~~ JtU~ ~~Ik~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ Qp~o-k(~ LUltA ~ ~~ lus-~ eklt~t~ ~ ot~ ~ t-CL ampzt ~~a~ ~ atu4 cIJb-~~~4~ T~~f- ~ ~ ~ ~~~ Lit ~ ~--es~ ~ J ~ ~~-(~ ~--rL ~~l ~ l~-~R ~ ~c =~

~1 ~ lC-U- ~ L6-t~~rr~ ~~~ I(~~_ ~~lf eRe~~s4~~41et Wcl--~~ ~

~ ~ ~~ ~~~ S~ ~~lU~ W-tJ ampct~fu~ -uz~ eu~~

(8)

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J~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~qv~~ b~ ~ ~~~ ~~ JAJ~

UJL) = ~ ~ ctgta)CiC) A

W~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ lampJ~

W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

~~~~~J

~~~ ~~) ~l4-)

50 ~~ tei~~~ LCMot 4 ~~~shyf11J ~~fl ~ ~ 4 eu~~ [) ~ouml~shy~~2ri~~ J~ ~~~~~~~ lhl ~~ l-tftamp lLL ~ ~~k l4Jt(~~tlLe ~el-~~shy~ -b ~ ~~k tlJA ~amp~~ $ek~~ ~ lgtktk Lx-~~~~) ~

- -

s~~tgtU-cL~ lgt~ lM ~ szligets~e1 ~~ ~~ltcJL~ ~leU R~ ill~eU~ aM4~~ ~ ~~ eurotM~~~~sL ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ AM~hk(~~ ~ ~~~(l~ ~() ~se~) ~ ~ ~_ ~~~ scLUthec~ O~~ ~ ampa-ltt ij-C~~ ~~~~b~f~ J4~ ~~ ~ ~ s~ ~~~~ L111~-t~~ ~ ~) u-seh-~ -b~~ ~ Ut~-~ ~ l4shy

srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

LO~ ~~~ ~se~k ~~ ~ k LL4J lltruUU4 Q

~~fUM~ e ~~ ~ ( lM-t ~ ~b ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ i ~~~~lM~~ ~

se~ ~~ ~+keRJliL ~ e ~ ~ ~~~ 1~ ~amp ~~~ (YPszligl ucd (9Qfgt ~~~ ) ~ JL LjU-t~ ~ () til ~~lULJ~ tg ~ct=~6

~- -_= l~- i

e +shy e_

~shy 2- ~ - a)

o

~ ~~ ~ ~o- ~e fi- ~ (8 l l) ~~shyw~~ ~U- ~tA~ ~ ~ ~~~ W~~~k

(f)-_ _ -i lt0laquogt t l 3 - COt- It=a ) -+ = ~

-~2-

~ tt (5

~~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~~ -h~ ~ ~~--L~~ ~~ tRo--~ ~ ~~~ e ~ JL ampL

-~~-

CJ ~lAtU~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~b~~

4)4-~~ ~~ ~~u~ CQ ~ ckJ t3o_ fUeA~ lo~~~~ Cllt ~

b2e ~~--P~s ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ Ld1 ~~ u ~J ~~~~~~~d-~ llamp-c ~~ Lu luQQ(ultAU szliget ~ amp- eurogt luMSe~

Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

~ Qe Lsect - e ) 4- -e L~-Il-) z ~- ~l~ l-c shy

~ (4- a1rC 2) _ efs) a --- e ~ [

lE r ~ ( -cttti-Ll~ -- r---------J

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k=shy esect - 1

~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

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J) ~~~ ~ eA1-~ ~~ amplJj~ ~

- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

)

-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

-~-

Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

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a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 17: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

(6~)

1gt~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ tuM~~ J ~ U-tushy

~ ~ AlLM- ~ ~~tU~ ~ ~ ~

Ea~ = ~ ~ J Ce E

uA ~ ~~~ L~~4~ ~

e~=-~ S~V4~ = i S 1~12cG0 (~9)

j)~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ D~ rl ka~ ~L~ 9 ~~ ~u ~~~ ~i2~ ~~~(~ ~l--lf V 1 ) E tJ i ) Jcs- Ii -t -a ) bull

i- tZshy

-~-

~ Muuml- tUM~ ~ l~qJ l4~~) Ja ~~ tU-tgtltA-~ jgt~ ~ ~ ~) ~ u (1) ~ 1~~~le~ eu~~ ~~ tlut ~~ ~ LuAlu~~ se

JU4 k~~~ ~ ~ t j ~ ~~~~ ( E - bull E J~ J ~ ~ ~ c ~Ok~ ~ ~ ~)() -4 -J ~---- - _ -J

tLutL ~~ ~~ = ~ (R~ xi ) cUt4-W~ A-W~ ~t tM4 Lu-amp amp-R-l((-- ~

SE E J = - SEmiddotmiddot V i(J tL V =_ ( - j V+V ( ( E - - J -A - l J - tcl - J

+- ~ (Pi ~~ amp- V = - r (P i E l t1 JltS - r 4gt E dltr t----gt j J J J A -l

o ~~ ~~

C0 ~~ ~~~~e)Li)~~ ~~l ~l ~ D~~~ ~ Lut~~ ~ -)-er~k ~ (ltszligA ~ ~~~~~h~~)~t-~ JuJ1 ~ ~ ~ xi ttACUM~(~rftmiddot JLVt- ~ ~ T-uuc ~~L LU~ ~~ ~ -i-~ ~~ (lJ ~ lt2~ l ~4 - )~l l E-~ -=_ C2~ 1ltZ ~

- S tt 4gtJ JltS ~ 41r e~Ql ) c-L lX-X- l u~ --4 -J

S E E J~ = -4 ~ej j ~---)-t- -l

~ ) U-cAl Cb~raquo

~el = -L ~ 5~ t j~8Ir ~Fl ~)

-2- shy

6k-~

~ampl- =- ~ ~ [~~ 2 gJ cl

Do-~e Tet~ ~ ~~ ~~~tL-L ~ ~4~jL bao ~~~ ~ ~~-A ~tA~ cu ~ -re~ ~_ ~~) J4 ~kA ~~ tb~etL )

sect f ~ ~(()Ult~~ ampJA ~1Jse~~Aa ~

igt~ eRalli~ ~ ~ ~ ~et ~~ ~_ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ 4 4~-e4k

5 ~) =- ~ L)l) E (~) (~)

a4 ~ ~~Lttli~~ ~~~ ~) lu-t~1eshyltu~ cJu ~~~~ [z])) 41ci ~ ~

~ - t 4laquoshy

E L2-sect ) = i- C E(VE+-( ~JE)JE1 411 - - _J ~ - -(9- )

-tcsect=c

Wuu rd

((7 At )1 e lA = el~- 2j~ (tJwt e k ) tlL L---v----

L ~ll1O~U4- Ouml~wt ~~k)

= ~-t) ek- C Eie) Etc = Elcl~1i t~ - COAEJ

j)0Mctl- tnshy

4lrk~ = E~ lt) E~+ Eie ( lt)k E A - ~ Ec)

= lt2gt- l E A ~ ) - )1 E ~ ~lc L~ E - ~~~-E ~J ~ 2 - -- 2- bull

lT = L [E -E - 1 1gt~ EZ J ~) _ 4c 4tr kz - -)

bull

uu ~ ~Jl tttl41 T~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~k ILM~ ~ 2~~ ~~~~~ Go-~S~ ~~Sj1b ) ~Mci)~ GlL ~ Ju ~~-s~ ~~~~amps- ~u- tL-6~ ~

t~~taL~~middot -b~ ~~k eRa~rk ~~~ ~ T~e~~J ~ ~Q- ~~~-e~ ~~l I hl

k = ~ k tlV =- j Cdilc- amp V ~ ~

J~ ~ ~s~ ~~ ~eu ~ tLb ~k ~~ ~ ~~~~~~

(1-4)

11zS ~81-- ~ ~ V~-lM~ ~1lLt~t- ~~ ~~~ td -h~ ~ ~lc 1IlL C~ Wampl-~ ~ ~) ~J ~ ~-s~ ~~ kt ~) ~~~~~L ~ ~ ~~ ~ (S+i-1)

------- -

-23shy

~ ampJn~ 4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~(~~ ~at(l- ~ ~~ lcs- ~~l- ~ ~ JrdJshy~~ cA ltl- V1 ~ l~ CUt~F~) ~ ~) SO u1shy

(1--S)

~ t)S-) ~b~~~- ~ ccfA ~~d I ~ ~J~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ tl-b) ath D-t(~( ~b~i ~ ~ ~~~

~u szlige~) ~ ~ ~p~~ ~ ~aAAAt~ks~t CtM ~~~ ~~ JJu ~Jl--ls~~ ~tUW~ ~ ~ 2S~ ai~

D6- ~~~QS- tszlig- ~ (i-2) S~euro~(31 )~ kaJ ~~~ lxMA~ ~ ~ ~k~1-~ ) ~~~ ampi1dh-s~ ~~ au L La~_ ~~ ~0-Ld6- ~ ~~U~~ ~ ~

~ == S X A k~ gt J~ ~

j~ (1--3) ~ ~

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ba T~ S~Il~n~ Il( )~sA~k~ ~b ~ 2~uwJ ~ ~-

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J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

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Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

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J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

~~~~~J

~~~ ~~) ~l4-)

50 ~~ tei~~~ LCMot 4 ~~~shyf11J ~~fl ~ ~ 4 eu~~ [) ~ouml~shy~~2ri~~ J~ ~~~~~~~ lhl ~~ l-tftamp lLL ~ ~~k l4Jt(~~tlLe ~el-~~shy~ -b ~ ~~k tlJA ~amp~~ $ek~~ ~ lgtktk Lx-~~~~) ~

- -

s~~tgtU-cL~ lgt~ lM ~ szligets~e1 ~~ ~~ltcJL~ ~leU R~ ill~eU~ aM4~~ ~ ~~ eurotM~~~~sL ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ AM~hk(~~ ~ ~~~(l~ ~() ~se~) ~ ~ ~_ ~~~ scLUthec~ O~~ ~ ampa-ltt ij-C~~ ~~~~b~f~ J4~ ~~ ~ ~ s~ ~~~~ L111~-t~~ ~ ~) u-seh-~ -b~~ ~ Ut~-~ ~ l4shy

srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

LO~ ~~~ ~se~k ~~ ~ k LL4J lltruUU4 Q

~~fUM~ e ~~ ~ ( lM-t ~ ~b ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ i ~~~~lM~~ ~

se~ ~~ ~+keRJliL ~ e ~ ~ ~~~ 1~ ~amp ~~~ (YPszligl ucd (9Qfgt ~~~ ) ~ JL LjU-t~ ~ () til ~~lULJ~ tg ~ct=~6

~- -_= l~- i

e +shy e_

~shy 2- ~ - a)

o

~ ~~ ~ ~o- ~e fi- ~ (8 l l) ~~shyw~~ ~U- ~tA~ ~ ~ ~~~ W~~~k

(f)-_ _ -i lt0laquogt t l 3 - COt- It=a ) -+ = ~

-~2-

~ tt (5

~~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~~ -h~ ~ ~~--L~~ ~~ tRo--~ ~ ~~~ e ~ JL ampL

-~~-

CJ ~lAtU~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~b~~

4)4-~~ ~~ ~~u~ CQ ~ ckJ t3o_ fUeA~ lo~~~~ Cllt ~

b2e ~~--P~s ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ Ld1 ~~ u ~J ~~~~~~~d-~ llamp-c ~~ Lu luQQ(ultAU szliget ~ amp- eurogt luMSe~

Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

~ Qe Lsect - e ) 4- -e L~-Il-) z ~- ~l~ l-c shy

~ (4- a1rC 2) _ efs) a --- e ~ [

lE r ~ ( -cttti-Ll~ -- r---------J

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k=shy esect - 1

~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

J) ~~~ ~ eA1-~ ~~ amplJj~ ~

- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

)

-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

-~-

Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 18: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-~-

~ Muuml- tUM~ ~ l~qJ l4~~) Ja ~~ tU-tgtltA-~ jgt~ ~ ~ ~) ~ u (1) ~ 1~~~le~ eu~~ ~~ tlut ~~ ~ LuAlu~~ se

JU4 k~~~ ~ ~ t j ~ ~~~~ ( E - bull E J~ J ~ ~ ~ c ~Ok~ ~ ~ ~)() -4 -J ~---- - _ -J

tLutL ~~ ~~ = ~ (R~ xi ) cUt4-W~ A-W~ ~t tM4 Lu-amp amp-R-l((-- ~

SE E J = - SEmiddotmiddot V i(J tL V =_ ( - j V+V ( ( E - - J -A - l J - tcl - J

+- ~ (Pi ~~ amp- V = - r (P i E l t1 JltS - r 4gt E dltr t----gt j J J J A -l

o ~~ ~~

C0 ~~ ~~~~e)Li)~~ ~~l ~l ~ D~~~ ~ Lut~~ ~ -)-er~k ~ (ltszligA ~ ~~~~~h~~)~t-~ JuJ1 ~ ~ ~ xi ttACUM~(~rftmiddot JLVt- ~ ~ T-uuc ~~L LU~ ~~ ~ -i-~ ~~ (lJ ~ lt2~ l ~4 - )~l l E-~ -=_ C2~ 1ltZ ~

- S tt 4gtJ JltS ~ 41r e~Ql ) c-L lX-X- l u~ --4 -J

S E E J~ = -4 ~ej j ~---)-t- -l

~ ) U-cAl Cb~raquo

~el = -L ~ 5~ t j~8Ir ~Fl ~)

-2- shy

6k-~

~ampl- =- ~ ~ [~~ 2 gJ cl

Do-~e Tet~ ~ ~~ ~~~tL-L ~ ~4~jL bao ~~~ ~ ~~-A ~tA~ cu ~ -re~ ~_ ~~) J4 ~kA ~~ tb~etL )

sect f ~ ~(()Ult~~ ampJA ~1Jse~~Aa ~

igt~ eRalli~ ~ ~ ~ ~et ~~ ~_ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ 4 4~-e4k

5 ~) =- ~ L)l) E (~) (~)

a4 ~ ~~Lttli~~ ~~~ ~) lu-t~1eshyltu~ cJu ~~~~ [z])) 41ci ~ ~

~ - t 4laquoshy

E L2-sect ) = i- C E(VE+-( ~JE)JE1 411 - - _J ~ - -(9- )

-tcsect=c

Wuu rd

((7 At )1 e lA = el~- 2j~ (tJwt e k ) tlL L---v----

L ~ll1O~U4- Ouml~wt ~~k)

= ~-t) ek- C Eie) Etc = Elcl~1i t~ - COAEJ

j)0Mctl- tnshy

4lrk~ = E~ lt) E~+ Eie ( lt)k E A - ~ Ec)

= lt2gt- l E A ~ ) - )1 E ~ ~lc L~ E - ~~~-E ~J ~ 2 - -- 2- bull

lT = L [E -E - 1 1gt~ EZ J ~) _ 4c 4tr kz - -)

bull

uu ~ ~Jl tttl41 T~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~k ILM~ ~ 2~~ ~~~~~ Go-~S~ ~~Sj1b ) ~Mci)~ GlL ~ Ju ~~-s~ ~~~~amps- ~u- tL-6~ ~

t~~taL~~middot -b~ ~~k eRa~rk ~~~ ~ T~e~~J ~ ~Q- ~~~-e~ ~~l I hl

k = ~ k tlV =- j Cdilc- amp V ~ ~

J~ ~ ~s~ ~~ ~eu ~ tLb ~k ~~ ~ ~~~~~~

(1-4)

11zS ~81-- ~ ~ V~-lM~ ~1lLt~t- ~~ ~~~ td -h~ ~ ~lc 1IlL C~ Wampl-~ ~ ~) ~J ~ ~-s~ ~~ kt ~) ~~~~~L ~ ~ ~~ ~ (S+i-1)

------- -

-23shy

~ ampJn~ 4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~(~~ ~at(l- ~ ~~ lcs- ~~l- ~ ~ JrdJshy~~ cA ltl- V1 ~ l~ CUt~F~) ~ ~) SO u1shy

(1--S)

~ t)S-) ~b~~~- ~ ccfA ~~d I ~ ~J~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ tl-b) ath D-t(~( ~b~i ~ ~ ~~~

~u szlige~) ~ ~ ~p~~ ~ ~aAAAt~ks~t CtM ~~~ ~~ JJu ~Jl--ls~~ ~tUW~ ~ ~ 2S~ ai~

D6- ~~~QS- tszlig- ~ (i-2) S~euro~(31 )~ kaJ ~~~ lxMA~ ~ ~ ~k~1-~ ) ~~~ ampi1dh-s~ ~~ au L La~_ ~~ ~0-Ld6- ~ ~~U~~ ~ ~

~ == S X A k~ gt J~ ~

j~ (1--3) ~ ~

14 = e~~- ~ l(j f6e 11( l = ~A ~ [ltDtLJ(rl-Tlt ~ ~ ~ j

ba T~ S~Il~n~ Il( )~sA~k~ ~b ~ 2~uwJ ~ ~-

-2-4shy

-b~ ~ ampIM ~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~shy~J~k T~~e ~~((~ ~tA bQ~ tt1- ~ ~~u~ ~ tu- ~tQ~j tttLAgtu~ ~~ ~ j~~~ luA4~~~

tgta ~ ~ ~Uu4fl ~ ~ JAA -kek~ishy~ ~szligu~~ JtU~ ~~Ik~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ Qp~o-k(~ LUltA ~ ~~ lus-~ eklt~t~ ~ ot~ ~ t-CL ampzt ~~a~ ~ atu4 cIJb-~~~4~ T~~f- ~ ~ ~ ~~~ Lit ~ ~--es~ ~ J ~ ~~-(~ ~--rL ~~l ~ l~-~R ~ ~c =~

~1 ~ lC-U- ~ L6-t~~rr~ ~~~ I(~~_ ~~lf eRe~~s4~~41et Wcl--~~ ~

~ ~ ~~ ~~~ S~ ~~lU~ W-tJ ampct~fu~ -uz~ eu~~

(8)

~ ~ ~

V t f

~ ~7

~

r ~

lb ~

f

r

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bull

r-~

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r r

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rr

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J~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~qv~~ b~ ~ ~~~ ~~ JAJ~

UJL) = ~ ~ ctgta)CiC) A

W~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ lampJ~

W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

~~~~~J

~~~ ~~) ~l4-)

50 ~~ tei~~~ LCMot 4 ~~~shyf11J ~~fl ~ ~ 4 eu~~ [) ~ouml~shy~~2ri~~ J~ ~~~~~~~ lhl ~~ l-tftamp lLL ~ ~~k l4Jt(~~tlLe ~el-~~shy~ -b ~ ~~k tlJA ~amp~~ $ek~~ ~ lgtktk Lx-~~~~) ~

- -

s~~tgtU-cL~ lgt~ lM ~ szligets~e1 ~~ ~~ltcJL~ ~leU R~ ill~eU~ aM4~~ ~ ~~ eurotM~~~~sL ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ AM~hk(~~ ~ ~~~(l~ ~() ~se~) ~ ~ ~_ ~~~ scLUthec~ O~~ ~ ampa-ltt ij-C~~ ~~~~b~f~ J4~ ~~ ~ ~ s~ ~~~~ L111~-t~~ ~ ~) u-seh-~ -b~~ ~ Ut~-~ ~ l4shy

srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

LO~ ~~~ ~se~k ~~ ~ k LL4J lltruUU4 Q

~~fUM~ e ~~ ~ ( lM-t ~ ~b ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ i ~~~~lM~~ ~

se~ ~~ ~+keRJliL ~ e ~ ~ ~~~ 1~ ~amp ~~~ (YPszligl ucd (9Qfgt ~~~ ) ~ JL LjU-t~ ~ () til ~~lULJ~ tg ~ct=~6

~- -_= l~- i

e +shy e_

~shy 2- ~ - a)

o

~ ~~ ~ ~o- ~e fi- ~ (8 l l) ~~shyw~~ ~U- ~tA~ ~ ~ ~~~ W~~~k

(f)-_ _ -i lt0laquogt t l 3 - COt- It=a ) -+ = ~

-~2-

~ tt (5

~~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~~ -h~ ~ ~~--L~~ ~~ tRo--~ ~ ~~~ e ~ JL ampL

-~~-

CJ ~lAtU~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~b~~

4)4-~~ ~~ ~~u~ CQ ~ ckJ t3o_ fUeA~ lo~~~~ Cllt ~

b2e ~~--P~s ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ Ld1 ~~ u ~J ~~~~~~~d-~ llamp-c ~~ Lu luQQ(ultAU szliget ~ amp- eurogt luMSe~

Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

~ Qe Lsect - e ) 4- -e L~-Il-) z ~- ~l~ l-c shy

~ (4- a1rC 2) _ efs) a --- e ~ [

lE r ~ ( -cttti-Ll~ -- r---------J

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k=shy esect - 1

~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

-4

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J) ~~~ ~ eA1-~ ~~ amplJj~ ~

- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

)

-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

-~-

Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

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+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

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co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 19: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-2- shy

6k-~

~ampl- =- ~ ~ [~~ 2 gJ cl

Do-~e Tet~ ~ ~~ ~~~tL-L ~ ~4~jL bao ~~~ ~ ~~-A ~tA~ cu ~ -re~ ~_ ~~) J4 ~kA ~~ tb~etL )

sect f ~ ~(()Ult~~ ampJA ~1Jse~~Aa ~

igt~ eRalli~ ~ ~ ~ ~et ~~ ~_ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ 4 4~-e4k

5 ~) =- ~ L)l) E (~) (~)

a4 ~ ~~Lttli~~ ~~~ ~) lu-t~1eshyltu~ cJu ~~~~ [z])) 41ci ~ ~

~ - t 4laquoshy

E L2-sect ) = i- C E(VE+-( ~JE)JE1 411 - - _J ~ - -(9- )

-tcsect=c

Wuu rd

((7 At )1 e lA = el~- 2j~ (tJwt e k ) tlL L---v----

L ~ll1O~U4- Ouml~wt ~~k)

= ~-t) ek- C Eie) Etc = Elcl~1i t~ - COAEJ

j)0Mctl- tnshy

4lrk~ = E~ lt) E~+ Eie ( lt)k E A - ~ Ec)

= lt2gt- l E A ~ ) - )1 E ~ ~lc L~ E - ~~~-E ~J ~ 2 - -- 2- bull

lT = L [E -E - 1 1gt~ EZ J ~) _ 4c 4tr kz - -)

bull

uu ~ ~Jl tttl41 T~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~k ILM~ ~ 2~~ ~~~~~ Go-~S~ ~~Sj1b ) ~Mci)~ GlL ~ Ju ~~-s~ ~~~~amps- ~u- tL-6~ ~

t~~taL~~middot -b~ ~~k eRa~rk ~~~ ~ T~e~~J ~ ~Q- ~~~-e~ ~~l I hl

k = ~ k tlV =- j Cdilc- amp V ~ ~

J~ ~ ~s~ ~~ ~eu ~ tLb ~k ~~ ~ ~~~~~~

(1-4)

11zS ~81-- ~ ~ V~-lM~ ~1lLt~t- ~~ ~~~ td -h~ ~ ~lc 1IlL C~ Wampl-~ ~ ~) ~J ~ ~-s~ ~~ kt ~) ~~~~~L ~ ~ ~~ ~ (S+i-1)

------- -

-23shy

~ ampJn~ 4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~(~~ ~at(l- ~ ~~ lcs- ~~l- ~ ~ JrdJshy~~ cA ltl- V1 ~ l~ CUt~F~) ~ ~) SO u1shy

(1--S)

~ t)S-) ~b~~~- ~ ccfA ~~d I ~ ~J~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ tl-b) ath D-t(~( ~b~i ~ ~ ~~~

~u szlige~) ~ ~ ~p~~ ~ ~aAAAt~ks~t CtM ~~~ ~~ JJu ~Jl--ls~~ ~tUW~ ~ ~ 2S~ ai~

D6- ~~~QS- tszlig- ~ (i-2) S~euro~(31 )~ kaJ ~~~ lxMA~ ~ ~ ~k~1-~ ) ~~~ ampi1dh-s~ ~~ au L La~_ ~~ ~0-Ld6- ~ ~~U~~ ~ ~

~ == S X A k~ gt J~ ~

j~ (1--3) ~ ~

14 = e~~- ~ l(j f6e 11( l = ~A ~ [ltDtLJ(rl-Tlt ~ ~ ~ j

ba T~ S~Il~n~ Il( )~sA~k~ ~b ~ 2~uwJ ~ ~-

-2-4shy

-b~ ~ ampIM ~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~shy~J~k T~~e ~~((~ ~tA bQ~ tt1- ~ ~~u~ ~ tu- ~tQ~j tttLAgtu~ ~~ ~ j~~~ luA4~~~

tgta ~ ~ ~Uu4fl ~ ~ JAA -kek~ishy~ ~szligu~~ JtU~ ~~Ik~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ Qp~o-k(~ LUltA ~ ~~ lus-~ eklt~t~ ~ ot~ ~ t-CL ampzt ~~a~ ~ atu4 cIJb-~~~4~ T~~f- ~ ~ ~ ~~~ Lit ~ ~--es~ ~ J ~ ~~-(~ ~--rL ~~l ~ l~-~R ~ ~c =~

~1 ~ lC-U- ~ L6-t~~rr~ ~~~ I(~~_ ~~lf eRe~~s4~~41et Wcl--~~ ~

~ ~ ~~ ~~~ S~ ~~lU~ W-tJ ampct~fu~ -uz~ eu~~

(8)

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W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

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J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

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kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

~~~~~J

~~~ ~~) ~l4-)

50 ~~ tei~~~ LCMot 4 ~~~shyf11J ~~fl ~ ~ 4 eu~~ [) ~ouml~shy~~2ri~~ J~ ~~~~~~~ lhl ~~ l-tftamp lLL ~ ~~k l4Jt(~~tlLe ~el-~~shy~ -b ~ ~~k tlJA ~amp~~ $ek~~ ~ lgtktk Lx-~~~~) ~

- -

s~~tgtU-cL~ lgt~ lM ~ szligets~e1 ~~ ~~ltcJL~ ~leU R~ ill~eU~ aM4~~ ~ ~~ eurotM~~~~sL ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ AM~hk(~~ ~ ~~~(l~ ~() ~se~) ~ ~ ~_ ~~~ scLUthec~ O~~ ~ ampa-ltt ij-C~~ ~~~~b~f~ J4~ ~~ ~ ~ s~ ~~~~ L111~-t~~ ~ ~) u-seh-~ -b~~ ~ Ut~-~ ~ l4shy

srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

LO~ ~~~ ~se~k ~~ ~ k LL4J lltruUU4 Q

~~fUM~ e ~~ ~ ( lM-t ~ ~b ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ i ~~~~lM~~ ~

se~ ~~ ~+keRJliL ~ e ~ ~ ~~~ 1~ ~amp ~~~ (YPszligl ucd (9Qfgt ~~~ ) ~ JL LjU-t~ ~ () til ~~lULJ~ tg ~ct=~6

~- -_= l~- i

e +shy e_

~shy 2- ~ - a)

o

~ ~~ ~ ~o- ~e fi- ~ (8 l l) ~~shyw~~ ~U- ~tA~ ~ ~ ~~~ W~~~k

(f)-_ _ -i lt0laquogt t l 3 - COt- It=a ) -+ = ~

-~2-

~ tt (5

~~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~~ -h~ ~ ~~--L~~ ~~ tRo--~ ~ ~~~ e ~ JL ampL

-~~-

CJ ~lAtU~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~b~~

4)4-~~ ~~ ~~u~ CQ ~ ckJ t3o_ fUeA~ lo~~~~ Cllt ~

b2e ~~--P~s ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ Ld1 ~~ u ~J ~~~~~~~d-~ llamp-c ~~ Lu luQQ(ultAU szliget ~ amp- eurogt luMSe~

Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

~ Qe Lsect - e ) 4- -e L~-Il-) z ~- ~l~ l-c shy

~ (4- a1rC 2) _ efs) a --- e ~ [

lE r ~ ( -cttti-Ll~ -- r---------J

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k=shy esect - 1

~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

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- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

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-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

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Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 20: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

uu ~ ~Jl tttl41 T~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~k ILM~ ~ 2~~ ~~~~~ Go-~S~ ~~Sj1b ) ~Mci)~ GlL ~ Ju ~~-s~ ~~~~amps- ~u- tL-6~ ~

t~~taL~~middot -b~ ~~k eRa~rk ~~~ ~ T~e~~J ~ ~Q- ~~~-e~ ~~l I hl

k = ~ k tlV =- j Cdilc- amp V ~ ~

J~ ~ ~s~ ~~ ~eu ~ tLb ~k ~~ ~ ~~~~~~

(1-4)

11zS ~81-- ~ ~ V~-lM~ ~1lLt~t- ~~ ~~~ td -h~ ~ ~lc 1IlL C~ Wampl-~ ~ ~) ~J ~ ~-s~ ~~ kt ~) ~~~~~L ~ ~ ~~ ~ (S+i-1)

------- -

-23shy

~ ampJn~ 4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~(~~ ~at(l- ~ ~~ lcs- ~~l- ~ ~ JrdJshy~~ cA ltl- V1 ~ l~ CUt~F~) ~ ~) SO u1shy

(1--S)

~ t)S-) ~b~~~- ~ ccfA ~~d I ~ ~J~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ tl-b) ath D-t(~( ~b~i ~ ~ ~~~

~u szlige~) ~ ~ ~p~~ ~ ~aAAAt~ks~t CtM ~~~ ~~ JJu ~Jl--ls~~ ~tUW~ ~ ~ 2S~ ai~

D6- ~~~QS- tszlig- ~ (i-2) S~euro~(31 )~ kaJ ~~~ lxMA~ ~ ~ ~k~1-~ ) ~~~ ampi1dh-s~ ~~ au L La~_ ~~ ~0-Ld6- ~ ~~U~~ ~ ~

~ == S X A k~ gt J~ ~

j~ (1--3) ~ ~

14 = e~~- ~ l(j f6e 11( l = ~A ~ [ltDtLJ(rl-Tlt ~ ~ ~ j

ba T~ S~Il~n~ Il( )~sA~k~ ~b ~ 2~uwJ ~ ~-

-2-4shy

-b~ ~ ampIM ~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~shy~J~k T~~e ~~((~ ~tA bQ~ tt1- ~ ~~u~ ~ tu- ~tQ~j tttLAgtu~ ~~ ~ j~~~ luA4~~~

tgta ~ ~ ~Uu4fl ~ ~ JAA -kek~ishy~ ~szligu~~ JtU~ ~~Ik~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ Qp~o-k(~ LUltA ~ ~~ lus-~ eklt~t~ ~ ot~ ~ t-CL ampzt ~~a~ ~ atu4 cIJb-~~~4~ T~~f- ~ ~ ~ ~~~ Lit ~ ~--es~ ~ J ~ ~~-(~ ~--rL ~~l ~ l~-~R ~ ~c =~

~1 ~ lC-U- ~ L6-t~~rr~ ~~~ I(~~_ ~~lf eRe~~s4~~41et Wcl--~~ ~

~ ~ ~~ ~~~ S~ ~~lU~ W-tJ ampct~fu~ -uz~ eu~~

(8)

~ ~ ~

V t f

~ ~7

~

r ~

lb ~

f

r

0 11

~~~

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~ _f

r

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lt~

f t

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t ~

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lte _

f

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r

gt

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r t t

f auml-

0

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d 1P

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l J

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~ fmiddot

f ~

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bull

r-~

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r r

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gt amp

-

-gt

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1t

rr

f[

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c

euro

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11

f r

l t-

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r

c

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r -~

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J

f ~f

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r

f

f

p

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sectl~

euro-

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I

wr~

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-ushy

J~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~qv~~ b~ ~ ~~~ ~~ JAJ~

UJL) = ~ ~ ctgta)CiC) A

W~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ lampJ~

W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

~~~~~J

~~~ ~~) ~l4-)

50 ~~ tei~~~ LCMot 4 ~~~shyf11J ~~fl ~ ~ 4 eu~~ [) ~ouml~shy~~2ri~~ J~ ~~~~~~~ lhl ~~ l-tftamp lLL ~ ~~k l4Jt(~~tlLe ~el-~~shy~ -b ~ ~~k tlJA ~amp~~ $ek~~ ~ lgtktk Lx-~~~~) ~

- -

s~~tgtU-cL~ lgt~ lM ~ szligets~e1 ~~ ~~ltcJL~ ~leU R~ ill~eU~ aM4~~ ~ ~~ eurotM~~~~sL ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ AM~hk(~~ ~ ~~~(l~ ~() ~se~) ~ ~ ~_ ~~~ scLUthec~ O~~ ~ ampa-ltt ij-C~~ ~~~~b~f~ J4~ ~~ ~ ~ s~ ~~~~ L111~-t~~ ~ ~) u-seh-~ -b~~ ~ Ut~-~ ~ l4shy

srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

LO~ ~~~ ~se~k ~~ ~ k LL4J lltruUU4 Q

~~fUM~ e ~~ ~ ( lM-t ~ ~b ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ i ~~~~lM~~ ~

se~ ~~ ~+keRJliL ~ e ~ ~ ~~~ 1~ ~amp ~~~ (YPszligl ucd (9Qfgt ~~~ ) ~ JL LjU-t~ ~ () til ~~lULJ~ tg ~ct=~6

~- -_= l~- i

e +shy e_

~shy 2- ~ - a)

o

~ ~~ ~ ~o- ~e fi- ~ (8 l l) ~~shyw~~ ~U- ~tA~ ~ ~ ~~~ W~~~k

(f)-_ _ -i lt0laquogt t l 3 - COt- It=a ) -+ = ~

-~2-

~ tt (5

~~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~~ -h~ ~ ~~--L~~ ~~ tRo--~ ~ ~~~ e ~ JL ampL

-~~-

CJ ~lAtU~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~b~~

4)4-~~ ~~ ~~u~ CQ ~ ckJ t3o_ fUeA~ lo~~~~ Cllt ~

b2e ~~--P~s ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ Ld1 ~~ u ~J ~~~~~~~d-~ llamp-c ~~ Lu luQQ(ultAU szliget ~ amp- eurogt luMSe~

Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

~ Qe Lsect - e ) 4- -e L~-Il-) z ~- ~l~ l-c shy

~ (4- a1rC 2) _ efs) a --- e ~ [

lE r ~ ( -cttti-Ll~ -- r---------J

-~r-6 ~ [A _ j z (-t- laquo212)2

k=shy esect - 1

~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

J) ~~~ ~ eA1-~ ~~ amplJj~ ~

- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

)

-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

-~-

Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 21: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-23shy

~ ampJn~ 4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~(~~ ~at(l- ~ ~~ lcs- ~~l- ~ ~ JrdJshy~~ cA ltl- V1 ~ l~ CUt~F~) ~ ~) SO u1shy

(1--S)

~ t)S-) ~b~~~- ~ ccfA ~~d I ~ ~J~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ tl-b) ath D-t(~( ~b~i ~ ~ ~~~

~u szlige~) ~ ~ ~p~~ ~ ~aAAAt~ks~t CtM ~~~ ~~ JJu ~Jl--ls~~ ~tUW~ ~ ~ 2S~ ai~

D6- ~~~QS- tszlig- ~ (i-2) S~euro~(31 )~ kaJ ~~~ lxMA~ ~ ~ ~k~1-~ ) ~~~ ampi1dh-s~ ~~ au L La~_ ~~ ~0-Ld6- ~ ~~U~~ ~ ~

~ == S X A k~ gt J~ ~

j~ (1--3) ~ ~

14 = e~~- ~ l(j f6e 11( l = ~A ~ [ltDtLJ(rl-Tlt ~ ~ ~ j

ba T~ S~Il~n~ Il( )~sA~k~ ~b ~ 2~uwJ ~ ~-

-2-4shy

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~1 ~ lC-U- ~ L6-t~~rr~ ~~~ I(~~_ ~~lf eRe~~s4~~41et Wcl--~~ ~

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J~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~qv~~ b~ ~ ~~~ ~~ JAJ~

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W~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ lampJ~

W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

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W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

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Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

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5

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C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

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amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

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(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

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) x) x en - -

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-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

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~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

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r--shy

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(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

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WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

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)

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Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

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g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

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iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

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(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

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(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

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ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

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Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

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~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

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J)atAMJ- lAshy

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+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

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co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

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(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

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(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

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j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

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-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

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(r24)

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~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

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- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

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(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

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E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

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1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

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-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

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Page 22: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

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J~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~qv~~ b~ ~ ~~~ ~~ JAJ~

UJL) = ~ ~ ctgta)CiC) A

W~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ lampJ~

W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

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50 ~~ tei~~~ LCMot 4 ~~~shyf11J ~~fl ~ ~ 4 eu~~ [) ~ouml~shy~~2ri~~ J~ ~~~~~~~ lhl ~~ l-tftamp lLL ~ ~~k l4Jt(~~tlLe ~el-~~shy~ -b ~ ~~k tlJA ~amp~~ $ek~~ ~ lgtktk Lx-~~~~) ~

- -

s~~tgtU-cL~ lgt~ lM ~ szligets~e1 ~~ ~~ltcJL~ ~leU R~ ill~eU~ aM4~~ ~ ~~ eurotM~~~~sL ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ AM~hk(~~ ~ ~~~(l~ ~() ~se~) ~ ~ ~_ ~~~ scLUthec~ O~~ ~ ampa-ltt ij-C~~ ~~~~b~f~ J4~ ~~ ~ ~ s~ ~~~~ L111~-t~~ ~ ~) u-seh-~ -b~~ ~ Ut~-~ ~ l4shy

srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

LO~ ~~~ ~se~k ~~ ~ k LL4J lltruUU4 Q

~~fUM~ e ~~ ~ ( lM-t ~ ~b ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ i ~~~~lM~~ ~

se~ ~~ ~+keRJliL ~ e ~ ~ ~~~ 1~ ~amp ~~~ (YPszligl ucd (9Qfgt ~~~ ) ~ JL LjU-t~ ~ () til ~~lULJ~ tg ~ct=~6

~- -_= l~- i

e +shy e_

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o

~ ~~ ~ ~o- ~e fi- ~ (8 l l) ~~shyw~~ ~U- ~tA~ ~ ~ ~~~ W~~~k

(f)-_ _ -i lt0laquogt t l 3 - COt- It=a ) -+ = ~

-~2-

~ tt (5

~~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~~ -h~ ~ ~~--L~~ ~~ tRo--~ ~ ~~~ e ~ JL ampL

-~~-

CJ ~lAtU~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~b~~

4)4-~~ ~~ ~~u~ CQ ~ ckJ t3o_ fUeA~ lo~~~~ Cllt ~

b2e ~~--P~s ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ Ld1 ~~ u ~J ~~~~~~~d-~ llamp-c ~~ Lu luQQ(ultAU szliget ~ amp- eurogt luMSe~

Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

~ Qe Lsect - e ) 4- -e L~-Il-) z ~- ~l~ l-c shy

~ (4- a1rC 2) _ efs) a --- e ~ [

lE r ~ ( -cttti-Ll~ -- r---------J

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k=shy esect - 1

~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

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- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

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-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

-~-

Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

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sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

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W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

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~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

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agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

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srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

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Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

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~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

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~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

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plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

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i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

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ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

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WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

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amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

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L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

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Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

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a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

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amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

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(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

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~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 24: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-ushy

J~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~qv~~ b~ ~ ~~~ ~~ JAJ~

UJL) = ~ ~ ctgta)CiC) A

W~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ lampJ~

W= L ~ q(p ( ampV =-~ (gt~ u~ l ) V4~~ 7ltp(Pampv ~ hl ~

(4)

~cQ k9ft(~kb~jp~eMb )c 4j) ~ei k~~~

i Cr =- ~ ( v Cpa~ V ltp (j) ampJJ 2 J S1r ~ - shy

J~ ~~ 1L~~ ~eurovllv- k~~ s~L~3h ~b-)(LW ~t f~~V I) A~L~ ~ ~2) ~ ~

4lrC = r epLl)lt)Cpcj) tr = 5 ~4(l) ampr- -=- 4~ ltSl~ l l j n C) -- C) LtL A bull

Li()L~ lt)Li 0)

kk tt ~ltp ltW ~~ Lt k ks- ~~_ ~ CIJ=-l ~ LjJ f=o a4- L (tlaquo=F~) (~__Uuml4

aAk ~ ~ ~~ VI tlt ~ ~~ ~ecM~~ ~_ ~ tgi ~ V81~~ ~ l~middot6) ~-A~ )

~ ~ ~ (2~) ~ ~l- ~ ~ (S2~ ~ L~ ~ ~

IQt =2 C) (p J=A 3 J J

Luut 4 ~~ t4- ~ ~4-) l8S) ~ (81-)

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

~~~~~J

~~~ ~~) ~l4-)

50 ~~ tei~~~ LCMot 4 ~~~shyf11J ~~fl ~ ~ 4 eu~~ [) ~ouml~shy~~2ri~~ J~ ~~~~~~~ lhl ~~ l-tftamp lLL ~ ~~k l4Jt(~~tlLe ~el-~~shy~ -b ~ ~~k tlJA ~amp~~ $ek~~ ~ lgtktk Lx-~~~~) ~

- -

s~~tgtU-cL~ lgt~ lM ~ szligets~e1 ~~ ~~ltcJL~ ~leU R~ ill~eU~ aM4~~ ~ ~~ eurotM~~~~sL ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ AM~hk(~~ ~ ~~~(l~ ~() ~se~) ~ ~ ~_ ~~~ scLUthec~ O~~ ~ ampa-ltt ij-C~~ ~~~~b~f~ J4~ ~~ ~ ~ s~ ~~~~ L111~-t~~ ~ ~) u-seh-~ -b~~ ~ Ut~-~ ~ l4shy

srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

LO~ ~~~ ~se~k ~~ ~ k LL4J lltruUU4 Q

~~fUM~ e ~~ ~ ( lM-t ~ ~b ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ i ~~~~lM~~ ~

se~ ~~ ~+keRJliL ~ e ~ ~ ~~~ 1~ ~amp ~~~ (YPszligl ucd (9Qfgt ~~~ ) ~ JL LjU-t~ ~ () til ~~lULJ~ tg ~ct=~6

~- -_= l~- i

e +shy e_

~shy 2- ~ - a)

o

~ ~~ ~ ~o- ~e fi- ~ (8 l l) ~~shyw~~ ~U- ~tA~ ~ ~ ~~~ W~~~k

(f)-_ _ -i lt0laquogt t l 3 - COt- It=a ) -+ = ~

-~2-

~ tt (5

~~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~~ -h~ ~ ~~--L~~ ~~ tRo--~ ~ ~~~ e ~ JL ampL

-~~-

CJ ~lAtU~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~b~~

4)4-~~ ~~ ~~u~ CQ ~ ckJ t3o_ fUeA~ lo~~~~ Cllt ~

b2e ~~--P~s ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ Ld1 ~~ u ~J ~~~~~~~d-~ llamp-c ~~ Lu luQQ(ultAU szliget ~ amp- eurogt luMSe~

Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

~ Qe Lsect - e ) 4- -e L~-Il-) z ~- ~l~ l-c shy

~ (4- a1rC 2) _ efs) a --- e ~ [

lE r ~ ( -cttti-Ll~ -- r---------J

-~r-6 ~ [A _ j z (-t- laquo212)2

k=shy esect - 1

~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

J) ~~~ ~ eA1-~ ~~ amplJj~ ~

- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

)

-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

-~-

Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 25: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-2y shy

J~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ r~ ~-1) ~ es) ~k --gt4~ s~~ ~ ~)-gt ~ ~~

A ~

2 C ~ (() c Q~ - ~ c ~j CI t == ltti-(gt t bull ~ J-AJ

=UtH - (~ i)

)~ ~k ~k ~ (~q) td- -kka~~ ~1tU- ~~

belo~~k ampu Ct~ (~J=lLt+r) lt) szligk~k ~-k~ampa du2s ~ ~~~~~ ~e- r~~)- ~~ ~~~ ~lU amp-4~ ~W6- L~ ~ (yt) -cJeh Q~ (PUt+cJ bullbull ~

4gt- ~iiXl~ ~ ~l- ~ r1tu ~t(e-~~ (gA) ~ (s) ~~~~

kltf4~+- ~~ ~~Stt~ ~ ~~ ~WU-~ ~ le~ LA) Lz ~ amp +-~amp ~ C

v- ~A-Ift

V= (Q~ - (p ac 4 o-leck-famp~e- ) se ampoJu~ l- ua ltQrtthW-Auml~

~4 = - ltQz- =- C v (8-tfgt)

f-ouml~ ~ ~ lLv ~ cl amp U~j= 1gt2) ~Qu~ ~ Au4

~~ ($) ~ = A 2 = -C-l +- c) (P + (cZ-2+ c1zJ ~z

)

v == ~ampLl ~

(PI = C22-+ c~~ v laquoJ2- = _ C-(4-c Y c~ -l- CZ 2 zC2 ) C(A ~ CL2-t2~z- )

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

~~~~~J

~~~ ~~) ~l4-)

50 ~~ tei~~~ LCMot 4 ~~~shyf11J ~~fl ~ ~ 4 eu~~ [) ~ouml~shy~~2ri~~ J~ ~~~~~~~ lhl ~~ l-tftamp lLL ~ ~~k l4Jt(~~tlLe ~el-~~shy~ -b ~ ~~k tlJA ~amp~~ $ek~~ ~ lgtktk Lx-~~~~) ~

- -

s~~tgtU-cL~ lgt~ lM ~ szligets~e1 ~~ ~~ltcJL~ ~leU R~ ill~eU~ aM4~~ ~ ~~ eurotM~~~~sL ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ AM~hk(~~ ~ ~~~(l~ ~() ~se~) ~ ~ ~_ ~~~ scLUthec~ O~~ ~ ampa-ltt ij-C~~ ~~~~b~f~ J4~ ~~ ~ ~ s~ ~~~~ L111~-t~~ ~ ~) u-seh-~ -b~~ ~ Ut~-~ ~ l4shy

srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

LO~ ~~~ ~se~k ~~ ~ k LL4J lltruUU4 Q

~~fUM~ e ~~ ~ ( lM-t ~ ~b ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ i ~~~~lM~~ ~

se~ ~~ ~+keRJliL ~ e ~ ~ ~~~ 1~ ~amp ~~~ (YPszligl ucd (9Qfgt ~~~ ) ~ JL LjU-t~ ~ () til ~~lULJ~ tg ~ct=~6

~- -_= l~- i

e +shy e_

~shy 2- ~ - a)

o

~ ~~ ~ ~o- ~e fi- ~ (8 l l) ~~shyw~~ ~U- ~tA~ ~ ~ ~~~ W~~~k

(f)-_ _ -i lt0laquogt t l 3 - COt- It=a ) -+ = ~

-~2-

~ tt (5

~~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~~ -h~ ~ ~~--L~~ ~~ tRo--~ ~ ~~~ e ~ JL ampL

-~~-

CJ ~lAtU~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~b~~

4)4-~~ ~~ ~~u~ CQ ~ ckJ t3o_ fUeA~ lo~~~~ Cllt ~

b2e ~~--P~s ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ Ld1 ~~ u ~J ~~~~~~~d-~ llamp-c ~~ Lu luQQ(ultAU szliget ~ amp- eurogt luMSe~

Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

~ Qe Lsect - e ) 4- -e L~-Il-) z ~- ~l~ l-c shy

~ (4- a1rC 2) _ efs) a --- e ~ [

lE r ~ ( -cttti-Ll~ -- r---------J

-~r-6 ~ [A _ j z (-t- laquo212)2

k=shy esect - 1

~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

J) ~~~ ~ eA1-~ ~~ amplJj~ ~

- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

)

-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

-~-

Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 26: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-23shy2

Cu lt22-2-- CAz bull V Ct-(--~ ~ 2Cl

2cA( C Z2- - C2

C (A -- C2z 2C4shy

-1 ~ ~ ( i) llttshy

W= ~ 2 (p amp = 1 L~A-(P2) lt52 -=- ~ V~c 2 7 shy

(8 (2)

~-S~J ~~ ~~~s l~ampad ka~5j)

~ ~~~~ ~el ~ ~ ~ ~~ UuL~~~ 0~~ CO~ ~el lgtGJk htt- ~t) ~= ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ Gt rrt- CI ~ Lampwtt (~~~X~Atluushy~~~10 trt ampdA ~ fvtAcM ~~ ~~u~ U lt ~ l()== Campu4) ~ ~ ~ ~ sect = bull )~ ~ ~0

~-lt4~f ampJA ~~ ~~

~2 ~~Ouml~~~~~~~

~u ~~ ~sl-~ ~~~~~

agt -PgtlUA~ tJe-~~ etMeA lu-~~ ~42lu~ QWipRA~ Ltt~ k ~Q~~)

~use~ cLi rgteak ~ se~~middot (~~ tri seshy~~ I ~ ~ tRA-t lU4~ ~ ~~~~ Vb~~ ~~~-P~Wje~~ ~~-Puuld~ ~~~b~ ~~~~J~ ~te V~tt~ tLe ~~~~~ 41~l ~~)

-2fJshy

Nuu tfJUt ~ 4kl- lUvl Uvt ~~ ~~ amp-shy~~~ ~ tuuje~b~ V6s~~ ~Aumlshy~Ja~ CCi t-~

----IIgt X

J

So ~ JaH ~~ ~ ~UM~~ ~ LArk~ ~~~ ~i1l ~ CtM dv leu~~~ ~ (J =- ouml

~~~~~

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~~~ ~~) ~l4-)

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Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

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(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

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-34shy

5

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2

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j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

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lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

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) x) x en - -

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-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

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a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

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r--shy

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~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

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E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

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-44shy

)

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~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

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iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

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bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

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(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

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~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

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Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

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~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

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~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

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+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

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co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

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~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

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-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

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b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

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~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 28: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

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s~~tgtU-cL~ lgt~ lM ~ szligets~e1 ~~ ~~ltcJL~ ~leU R~ ill~eU~ aM4~~ ~ ~~ eurotM~~~~sL ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ AM~hk(~~ ~ ~~~(l~ ~() ~se~) ~ ~ ~_ ~~~ scLUthec~ O~~ ~ ampa-ltt ij-C~~ ~~~~b~f~ J4~ ~~ ~ ~ s~ ~~~~ L111~-t~~ ~ ~) u-seh-~ -b~~ ~ Ut~-~ ~ l4shy

srs~~ k~k~ ~4 u-~l- ~~(J tc-deg4~~~ ~ ~ ~l-u~ ~~~ ~-t-~

~ Louml~ ~~)~ tUt~~ ampto-amp ~leu ~1tlde

J) ---U~~d ~eJM~~~~~ ~

LO~ ~~~ ~se~k ~~ ~ k LL4J lltruUU4 Q

~~fUM~ e ~~ ~ ( lM-t ~ ~b ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ i ~~~~lM~~ ~

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e +shy e_

~shy 2- ~ - a)

o

~ ~~ ~ ~o- ~e fi- ~ (8 l l) ~~shyw~~ ~U- ~tA~ ~ ~ ~~~ W~~~k

(f)-_ _ -i lt0laquogt t l 3 - COt- It=a ) -+ = ~

-~2-

~ tt (5

~~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~~ -h~ ~ ~~--L~~ ~~ tRo--~ ~ ~~~ e ~ JL ampL

-~~-

CJ ~lAtU~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~b~~

4)4-~~ ~~ ~~u~ CQ ~ ckJ t3o_ fUeA~ lo~~~~ Cllt ~

b2e ~~--P~s ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ Ld1 ~~ u ~J ~~~~~~~d-~ llamp-c ~~ Lu luQQ(ultAU szliget ~ amp- eurogt luMSe~

Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

~ Qe Lsect - e ) 4- -e L~-Il-) z ~- ~l~ l-c shy

~ (4- a1rC 2) _ efs) a --- e ~ [

lE r ~ ( -cttti-Ll~ -- r---------J

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k=shy esect - 1

~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

J) ~~~ ~ eA1-~ ~~ amplJj~ ~

- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

)

-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

-~-

Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

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~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

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Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

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-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

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-2

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- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

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~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

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Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

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i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

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ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

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WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

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amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

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w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

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) x) x en - -

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-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

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(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

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~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

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a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

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sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

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Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

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amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

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(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

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)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

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Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

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iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

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(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

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~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

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~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

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+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

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co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

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~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

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Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

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~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

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- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

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~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

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Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

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k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

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~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

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amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

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L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

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r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

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-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

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(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

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a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

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sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

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Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

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amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

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(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

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-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

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Oe)

~- 2 ~

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~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

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Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

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~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

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I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

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~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

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~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

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+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

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co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

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Q +- ce + Q-e ~ tlt COL) = ~- l~-zl

CQ-~)o ~lU~ lt

(823)

~~~ SctJt ~~ ~ ~ ~-1~ ~~_

~ u ~ ~L ~ (s UMJ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~l-j ~ tamp- ~ ~COk

~bbu~ ~~ ~ ~ alt 4 wus Q

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~~ ~~l~ uu ~ampcrkM~~ huuml t~gt~ct Rs~t ~ ~Q~ J1e ~~Jamp ~~~~ Pl4LJt~~ 1~ ~ ~~ h~ ( k l~-e-z ~ ~~~ UJJO~ ~ W~ ~ ~~~ ~ l~~ ~~~

-34shy

5

Q(= 3

2

4 5 O~~-J~~~~I~I~I~I

o -lZ14la -1

-1

-2

-3

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- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

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-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

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Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

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k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

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~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

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L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

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r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

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(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

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amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

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(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

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-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

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~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

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~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

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~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

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I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

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~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

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~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

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+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 32: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-34shy

5

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2

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- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

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-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

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k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

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~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

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L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

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r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

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(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

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~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

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a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

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sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

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amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

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(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

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Oe)

~- 2 ~

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~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

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~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

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I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

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(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

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~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

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~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

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+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

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b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 33: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

- ~cs-shy

~ ~ CU-tA amp~+ed- ~ ~lq tMa~ ~

Cf =shy A ) -t-- ( a

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-b~~- A4 = ()

~ X=-+-~S- (s ~~) tLCU4 ~eL amptu h~~

~ (p ~ -t--=CL ~h~ irl) ~ ~ ~ud kJ-L -eu)~~J til~ ~=ECi~ ~~ ~ (szligZS) (A-4ea~~ UMshy

~~ MAA1 ~) ampP LUaM te ~4~ ~~ -Ut ~)

plusmngt~ ~v-eAk-e4 ~ ~~~~ TK1shy

4ttr-~~ -= - ~ t = ~amp-lE~ ~) -== 3gt3 ~ (zU) ~t ~=Q a~

j)~ ~au~~ ~At-~~ ~1a4 ( Stki)- clQ= 0) ~e ~ ~ ~ k~ ~ (tuu- ~ l(-~~~~ ~shys~~( U-t~L Cl fh~~ )

k=2-1 ~(jl-)l-~amp k = 0 I

lAl~ lAAt~ ampiA ~tamp~i- ~ s-fcLu- ~~ E ~~ (- -- +- a+-3) + A ) l gt ltL )

C(I-= A ) + L CL (gozf)

Sl(~~ ~ ~M~1tA~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

-~-

Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 34: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

~) ~~ cuU~ ~(tamputtUA amp-~~ 1lto~~~ampflt-~JltS

Wu ~~lUAlaquo~ ~U- ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~amp~ ~ ~~ ~ kt~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~~ ~ ~1kI~ ~leM (ugt-Cgt() -1~~ ~ ~ ~~-(~~)

+c

t + lt ==-~ 2tlt )

rt- -7L =~ ~

c )

k -== ~~~cZ)(c)L-) c

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

-~-

Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 35: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-~+-

k ~l(~~~ l6l-) ~~ ~~~LUMS- ~~

amp5gt2= ci Lt-4- t~-+ ~-z amp 0 2=- ~~7-gt amp4L- +- cl)--z

i ut_ cl- cZ_IrZ J

+- Llt~c2) L c~T~) ~ ~3b) MU~ ~rmiddot1S cshy

~ -h~ ~~ K4M lt01 ~ la~~ au-~~ b~~- (~~) ~Q~ ~~~~ -lt1 amptu ~~ CA4) ~~l-- U-ltfUt Q4d ~o) ~~

ltp(t() -= Aamp lt-G +-szlig (tgstt-c-

I

h~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~L~ ~ ~ uuW -lgt()~~~ Q-ltu- W~ amp ~Jtz-k~ ~ ~=-o ~ A = ~2-c ~ (JttL t82B Wr- uumlc ~ ~~lt~ U ~ ~ UJul ~~ ~ ~ ~~llaquot~ Lt ~~~ Lucse~ ~~ 2c-+ )

WLikQ~~ ~ ~ ~U(2A~-~ a4 ~~~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

-~-

Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 36: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-~2-

amptu ~~ ~t- ~~(raquo) ~~ ~ ~

4tr~L=_~~lte = - ~l u~C lL=-a 0 Lt l)= ~ V lt~ Y- LL- d

-Co 21r-J ~t Jltgt =_i draquo-5~ 41t-~ = ~

~ ~ ~~~ lkA ~~~

~~ ~k~~~ LtMJ ~~~ ~Jj-eamp~~1t

lMtb ikA b~lc~aJ~ Kttui~~ ~~L ~ ~ ~~~ t4- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~1Ll-b c 1R3 ~IL ~kh~ 4 l4-t1-~~~

L~) ltl E c 2 (~) uuJ 6ftgt =- 0 l ~ ~ )J

l~) ~E CCOb) ~ ~~j (p ~ k C(G) utu( tp COb = -f

w~ ~ t~ ~ ligt~ bl)~ rl ~ ~~~) ~ ~ lw1-~ WXUtUM-t~~HP s~ ~etl

(fH JJdamp- c~~)Jt sect 4 A ~ ~ lf) lM~ ~~~ ~v~ V

OumlC$)X) ) ~~ 12auJ~k ~ ~szlig1-~~~~4

-~-

Ce(~)= 1- ~ l l~)S) ~(P(5)_ ~Cx) CO6lt~I) J ~~) 4tt CCESl lt) x I ~lcx

C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 37: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-~-

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C--s~

~ Jv1 ~~)~~~ (S(~~I) ~ ~~ ~ P~77 )(1 euroOb Qti~~ckL ~~k ~ l41lshy

r- - ) ~~ ~ crmiddot3~) JaA -b~~ ~~~(fS~ hioumleurolaquo ~ ~amp(l~ Mrt~ ~so- ~~ ~-~ ~ ~t~ ~k~~ Gl~) ~) tLtouml ~~~s~ ~~~ E~JX) ~ ~~~~ szlig~s~ ~~i5~ ~ ~ x ~ Jk~1gt~~~ tM j) (10u ~se~ ~ ~~ ) j)~ (t~

) x) x en - -

~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 2i) )(2 ~--D louml~ ~ ~~ kJ k2 c-h J kf lt2= ~ ~~ ~kQ

f~~ li ~ ~~ 2 ~sJJt ~~ ~ ~~ ~ld~ ~L~AJ ~ ) ~ eS L~1 )(1) ~ ~J2L -bkUk2 auj)~- ~ ~~~h~~~~ ~~~ ~ L~i( gttu4- COb ~L ~t~ K A ~ ~P~ltk X~ ~~~~ Slgt --euroJliaQ~ ~ ~-A- ~~1-)(~)

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 38: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-40shy

-b ~ ~~~ ~ ( )( - x)_ A ~ ~ --b ~ltL~~~ Jt - - x-x

LlAA~ ~ ~Qa~~ ~~~ _ ~ ~ ~~ -(atL(lUt4shycr- )(-X

~~r Mi- ~~)~ S~ ~-b ~~o-- t1l~ [Zmiddot3sectj ~L~ 0

~ ~ -J) ~ ~sk ~~L~ G(~J~) ~~laquo~

~ ~ ~ ~3gts)

(POlt) -1 ca b (~)~) 4 C~~ ~c~) (~~ltJ) - 4tt- CCb ~l1)(

~~ ~~ -j)HM-i~ ~~t~~

~ ~ lt2K~~ ~~~~h~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lUA~lLa~ ~~~

~~eQ ~ -h~ ~~4 Lt~~ 10 ~~ b~ ~~~~lth~ bL~f) ~ ~~ k (~U4a) ~~ Lllaquo4t ~) U ~ ~ ~ ~Q ~~~_ ~ IM S~ k 4szligA ~~~~W~ k ~-aIt~ Lu Q7-)5 )((~ (~ k) -4eshy~k- ( ~ ampa4 ~-S~~ --J ~ s ~E)) bull b~-Pll)~l~ ~~~-=r~~

a a IG c~) ~ ) =- - ) ~I~= ~ ) Csectgt4f ~ - )( f )( l x -~4 Z-

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 39: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-4~-

~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~(~~AI~~eL )~ ~ AAA 0~~ dd ~~ ir ~--sk~~lt~4tt

sect9 ko ~M +ampJ u ~b~llt~ ~~ m~~~~~3Wlfampeuro~~~3J

~~~~~k ~)-(lk~ tlaquo ~~ ~ ~~~d )~~b~ ~ t) ~ ~ C1(

~)~ ~ ~~~ Aamp~rk s~urJle ~_ ~~lM l~amp~te ~ ~ tu4~~eM-~ ~_ ~ltgt ~efL ~0t ~ ~ ~~~ ~-24 amph~~ lM JeA ~k~) (oumlL -~ CUA) ~T~ ~ ~(~leAk--e4 ~ ~ ~eA~ ~-4 ~~ l4l- ~~~ CL ~ ~gtCL ~~ wO ~

(g middot1)

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 40: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-42 shy

Se~ ~CJ2) ~ (q-) ~ sou~ ~ ~ ~ -Pe~~ ~ tk1 ~4uJJ~ttampe~~~ ~ ampu amp~

R=-o

r--shy

~A = - ~ ~ (~)(+A r~) J

(9-+ )q~b -= ~ rr J

(q8)~ -=- S~ ~C)( ) J~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 41: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-4~-

amptu 4~~~ ~~~-- N(L ~ e=- ~ ~

122-= ~J ~ Ccopy~C~ ~2- ~-2))

~2A = - ~ V [Q~ - Hlu ) )

(9Q)

~ ampLJ ~ ~ amp~dls-e I~o-t-- laquoe~~~

Qlj = ~ (~(~)(j - Ir~J -t2) ~O)~ bull (9l0)

~ ~~~ ~a~ M~-~~ ~ ~~MQl~~~~ amp~) ~ ~

WL~ gt = S +- ~ ~i (Ql x( Yi -- _ - l~l ~3 2 lxs

E~ == - 4-ti q f t4 Y (~ltp)~ pUA r-t-(4-2 ~~ itu I

LY~-u oL L~lU~ )

~ t=-A LluA~ ~ ~~ ~e-~~ ) -egtkA1J- ~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 42: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-44shy

)

~ ~~ 0middotA() ~AL

~~ ~ Aq~~amp~~~U~ UAeW~ ~ 2--~ ~ F =IJ2 ~ UA=- C

~l~~~t

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotential linien (schwach ausgezogen) (ur einen horizontal liegenden Dipol

Feldlinien (stark ausgezogen) und Aumlquipotentiallinien (schwach ausgezogen) fuumlr einen horizontallielenden streckten Quadrupol

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 43: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-4sshy

~te ~JJsoskt~k ~ Utq~~-t~ ~~~At~ bull

b~ ~rs~ ~~k~d ~ ~~ uot~~~ ~ t-K- - ~~sA~ - ~ ~~~et~ -igt~ ~~~ b23plusmn-~ ~~ ~O( keurot~ ~ L~ ~ =-CJ) ~ g~~~~ ~~ ~ V~ AtA~~~ lt~r~v~ ~ ~ ~CUAe ~~~~ftuL ~- ~ ~~~e~ uutl_ ~~~~ ~zl ~7-~ ulaquodCoumlouml-k ~ Mlt~_ ~~h ~ V~Q~~~UM~~~~ ~~~~ eu~- h~J~ ktlkamp~ to~ ~~ ~ UJa~~~ ~s~Q CLltlt4 ~ ~~~S1ww~ b~~ [~ue~ ampdet ~ ~~ kt ~~~~aa--D~ ~ amp~ ~ ~ ~-W~t~~ ~~~rh~) ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ U4~~~e~ q~k~~~~lle-~ lJo amp~ ~~S~~~ ~~~~(~ ~eA ~~ ~LcANt~~~~d)tf~~ lU4~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ltaM~ __ ue~sk ~[fgt~ ~U~ )

+U j)~JULltin~ ~~ ~-rA ~~ ~+ tOuml2--C)t ~~ ~ 14t~~~ ~~~

~ Q == 0 ) ~o- ~ == 4lr (J~-i)

~ trl- ~ ~ LLvt~~~ 4Jn--sJe ~ ~ ~ t-(l ~ ~~~~~ ~(p~kt~J tt~

Oe)

~- 2 ~

~ (l()z

~ ~(ltl ~ ~~ k k~ ~~~ LToos ~b~ ~~t ) Q4 J(~ )+ luU-- u eUA 0

~~ a~-j~~~ ~ Jtamp( ~Je

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 44: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-4(shy

~ kU-e2~- ~o- ~4~~ FL~) k~~~ ~ ~

Se~ ~ aAo

g~J = lt~gt~gt ~~~~ 0Qmiddot)I

AJs~~ ~)

5fgt -Mf-~ A)

~l- g -=- () ~ ~v Esect = 4tr laquo~ gt (0 t)

iJlUA UMk~ ~ k ~~ ~~keurotultj lt~gt~ ~ue2) W

lt1tgt = ~ lt ~Ck) gt (()8 )

~~~~~ ~ (9(vraquo ~~ ~~ ~~)

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 45: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-41--

Luuuml-- ~ ~WA ~~ ~eJ- J-k aJ~ltA(j--D~~~~ UM ampu 11 W~4-I(CltAI()6~tJ-) Xc k ~ t L4tD~ eA--stt t0~~

Wu- se~ AA

lt~(~ ()C) = ~ ~ (~ - X I) ~(~IJ cPx

X~XL=- ~ uu) ~~~ ~ T~

(k) r (0 ~ lt~ gt LKJ -= 1 ~t~ - x~- ~ ) ~ (~~+-J J ~

= ~ (-~)- ct-s-(l(-~0 ( ~ ___ f ~(~x +- l1 110

3 l-ef) V l ) X ~x j Il - 00 -) ~

bull -- u

bo j- ~ ~ Mamp~~ a4-u-t~ Mt~ ~~ v~tlt~ ~~~ a-1 U QQ~) 4 Let~ Mt- 1Il=ll)A u4ltt~ C~ ~ ~I~ ~ D4L-Lc ~ (SJ~~~ u1-) ~ ~(~

(I() 0(-) Ck) lty gt l~) euro ~(~ - ~-)- -f middot j (~-x -) -I- ____)

(ampl0 ~~

k ~~ ~s ) 6k~u- ~ ~h ~ )( (Ic)

~ ~

I gttgt ~ - -r- )= Z

~ (~~Q = ~ SL~-t) e )

(~)E -= ~ $-()(- ik) ta ~~~ mrl tJ~ s~ ~ViJJ~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 46: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-48shy

~ Li~~~kb ~t lszligl ~~~J ~ ~k(shy~ ~~ S~~~ ~ltu~~~~tt~ ~~amphh~ XLc ~o tszlig ~ Azlli~igt~~k L~ ~ldl~S~~)

T Jb- wlkQ~ ~~ ScP~s ~ ~U4~-F~ fCkJ G ~ t~h~ ~c (W~~k~ JJlA bua~ ~~middotlI)kt ~ ~ amp~~~~~l~)

-Jgt~ ~~~k~~ ~ (le (t1) ~ ~~~~~ ~u ~~ V~~ ~ ~~I~ ~J ~ h~ ks-~~ ~ jeJte~~ ~ IIA~JI

L~J tamp~) ~~D~t4 ~~ ~s~ U~ lAt C()(-1)(~~ (lDrzJ) ~~~~kT~ ~ ~ ~ -P~l$4~ ~ ~4td2~ tkt ~ ~ ~k4te luu- ~~ ~~~k1hr~shy~~)~~~~ ~~~~shy~~1eL ~ ~lLA ~~ ~ J~ ~ ampJJjtS~ l=eiJ ~W ~ ~L ~h~~ JtA )h(P~~ ~ ~~ ~~~kA(F~ltM~k ~~~ ~ ~~ U-t ~~~ r~lSa ~~W~ ~ u4~-j)~~~J-)~ tAt Auml~~~~ ~~k ~ ~~ ~) ~(1Qj-~~ ~~ ~ trl -D~J aumlw~ ~Jow ~ ltk~ ~6- u~1e~ )~~~Je~L ~~ e~ ~~ ~ V~s ~ (~h~)

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 47: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

~~ u-eAs~ltouml-LUM ~ (gi-) ~ (-lt6 -iA) QAtuLQ~ ~ UA ~ L4~ ~~~amp1h Ma~4-t~~ 5

ctc- ~ = 4lr( ~~ - ~u--p~ (lEgt4)

--j~ ~~~ ~ tutk kw ~ I-h~JeU

I~~ E+4-1rT ) 6e1S)

Le s~ ~tk~k VA~~d J ~~Sit~~l ~ ~ ~ck~ J1RA Uut~k6q-)~ ~~shysQl~

~~~ du- ~~~-s~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c~ t ) ~ ~~ Vamp~ tcuamp ~~~~ ~ ~ ~te~~ ~-S~ E Ult-~ e l~ ~gt~ Y ~ s) ~~~ UM-~ ~k~_ ~sk~~iL (amp~~~t1Mk-~ ~~~ blko~ ~) ampe~ W4- ~~ Luts c~4shyAM~ ~~~~~~ ~~

~~~~~~~~ ~W- ~ ~4t ~~~ ~~~ szligt~ eshy--z-~ ~-s~ -p ~ ~ Wu k~~ UM4 ~ ~~~~~~

--p =- rx e ~ (llgt -)

-b~ ~~ Xe ttl- ~ ~~~k~~f~~Q1el ~~ ~ Qu4 ~ E~~L~L~~~

J)atAMJ- lAshy

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 48: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-~-

~ ts~ ~ -plusmngt~~Js-~l4b~ Lhk)

~~~ (ce ~~~~d) tS-L ~

ampht- E = 4r ~e - ~

-JgtQ3- ~tl- ampaM ~~~~~1e ~~ ) ~ ~Jlt-G-~4 RQJ ~~~~ lAM~~1~~ ~ E ~L ~~tl(~~~)

+uuml ~ 1lttlMJk~ d4 ~k~~b~ (~h1) vle-~- ~ ~ uuml sectS

(12--b) V = 4tr~- I

g~ sk) (1()20

ct) tgtUMJ~~a ~~~ ctt~Ws~ ~~ ~QQz~4

~~~~v~~ lJM1-tgtk E A ~ E71tu ~ 1 C~middotgt()) ~~~ ~r4 ~ ~UA1~ e(s~)

x

e - - - - - - - - - - - - - bull gt- Z

A

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 49: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-S(shy

~ LL) -=2l L -= - --I-~--

co~ 1lt1 ~=- 0 cof Rz) r-=O ~-+2)3--

~~ ~~~~ lMmiddotI) ~

Q - ll = Q )

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 50: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-bZshy

~ a~-J eU ~~ E tI kt ~_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ se~ ~ ~ keamp~ls-~~ ~ k i- -b lt e 80 silt ~aM ~ ~ = Cl ~ ~ ~QQJt t= =- VCf ap = o ~~ ~ -te~~4~ U ~ Luuk~~~ ~ L6U-~~~C~ 1gt~ ltal- ct~LUu~0lt9~lht)

(P~LKJ= Z A( t-t ~J~~) )( E k jlpLJ() = t-=o ) shy

- (gttt~) = (~-~+ C~ (4) ) ~(bStI)- f k

(~tlir) ~ -p CA~b)

~-f-L-----gt a

__-~gtEe ----Ioo- shy

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 51: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-s-~-

~ II~ ~ 4 - t 7- = -tc ~tt -Dab

~ =Auml) ~Lo =- ~) -- JS+- ~ ~szligt UUI szligA -b Q ~~

--BA=- tO ---DcQ ~ ~--~~~ ~k~- ~ ~ ~~~ aL-t ~ ~tszlige~

Lt) ~e~ ~~ t~ r - ~~ -=--~ c-olt-eq 1 ~~ Q cn~ t-=ll Cl ~ L=a )

(l~) sk~ ~ Dl- lt- 9t=c) - e COC(Jl 1 = -~ l CO t- t-=a CO ~=Ct

~ lA) ~

Jgt~ ~~~ ~~~~ AumlJ =- Ce =- 0 ~ t =+ -i ~ A A -= - ( 3 ) E 0 -J C ~ -= ~- -i a~-eo

2-+-E- e+shy

~ --Pszlig~~ td- ~ kaU- tLttrt ( b)

(A1-)4gt= -~ t o -t~~ ) xG-k)

lt2-+-2

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 52: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-S-drshy

Aus~~ ~~ktl~ -b~ -P~ Wu~ampt~k ~~ ~_ )~1 V ~ - --1- V - lamp ~~- ~ ~J ~ J2u~~Lmiddotmiddot~ QL(

~3~ ~~ ( ~ h ~~ Re( E~shy~ e~to ~~o~L 1tu-~~Jt s~~

sect-2 ~lL~sct-s~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~-D~eReili-~

~ ~ 41Avt~~~ lf ~~s~ ~ ampe ~~-1 ~~ ~ ~ tI1~ ~L~k ~ ~ek~shy~~~ --Pamp~~~ lf ~~

W-=- A~ ~ ~ Cf J V 6z-1)

Jgt~ AtwL~ tv- ~~ ~ ~L ampd ~l-rt ~J UM ~ ~ aM4 ~ ~k~ ~ dle ~~ ~h~l~ ~ ~~ ~~ ct~t~~M ~Qu ~ ampIlA ~~~~~~~s4laquoA~ ~~l ~~)~ (21 ~tLL ampk tjf4~ ~ ~ lUA~~r~ ~~4~~ ~

j)~ ~~S~~ ~-4- ~~L ~~~ ~ 1Se~A~ ~-S~ 1 UMd sect U-O-~~~

WtA-~ cL ~~- llW J ~ ~a ttl I MAumlAuml ~ U-tfu~_ ~ ~~ ~~ ampu ~~~~~~~ ~ ~shy~~ ts-1~ ~ lJ1ampit~~ ~~ u-Jl- ~~-shy~)

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 53: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-ssshy

~w-= ~ li~Qs) 4gt ~ ) J~

1~ rn ltQ ~ ~b~~~~~ 5=-SZltP ~ l~-= ~Sgtt ~ Ouml~e = ~ ~(o1) lliL ~ lgtltU(~ J4~~ -u~ ~laquo ~1aU

~W= -1 S sect~~ ~ (J2z-4r

~~ ~gt~ ~ wcA --J) ~ 0i~~-~ Qamp~~ t- secthgt =~1f(sect~) ~~ lishy[122) ~ ~~-j)~~ ~~~ Jamp ktCra~ k-~~~

W= - ~ ~1 J-V Cl2~

JU~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~~4

(r24)

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 54: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-~b-

sect ~~ -~~~~~1~~1 vAUJ eUe~s~cke ~~eeftlaquo-t~ (~~~C~lvl- -(~cv)

Juuml ~ M~t ~~ ~ ~ Car~eurogt~Ulta~OC)Be_ 2t~~ ~~~ ~ -bk E uuJ ~ a~ llu~-~gt =gtJcut~~ 0lt k-t leb~ ~ k~~L ~

-tlaquo ~~~ szlig- ~ ~ --tgttt~~~~ RAlt~ ~~ C~~) uMamp C tamp amp4A hluJ2e ~ dIl4 A~ ~~ ampJth~4 ~ E t( lMJl u) s ~l-laquose~~ E t-g J2U ~~ ~ (~k ~-uraquo 4h ~~ U4~ ~ W4amp~ Ll ~lu- ~~4l JU ~szlige~-d ) ~~ E ~ E ~etL

hllM- lamp- turA ( 5 f) = cx -l ~ LW b~k k ~~) ~~ wO- ampal-~ L l~2) ~J SD JV~6~ ~~

~tJ0( lJ e aumlL AlL=- --shy - -4 oe l-J - 4lr oumll j

3 ~

=-gt ( ~4-)

b~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~-~~ ~~ AishyWittM~~ I-tt t ~ ~ T~~~-A~ N JQ~~-rA ~ ~~~~ ~ E~A l~ ~~) UfASA~~ LLu~sJueJ ~~ g I ~ ~ lUu( ~ Cl~ 4 ) ~

euro- A ~ 4lt kJ cX bull LE~)

~olt ~~~~ ~u~~LtvA~~~ ~~~tkt Be~ltl ~ ~AtfU~~ ~ ~ J

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 55: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

- S1-shy

1e~~~ ~ ~ C~Z-)middot

tou ~~~ ~ --j)~kltG~~ ~ eutuA s~~~ ~~ ~ go ~ ~ lMA~~sk ~ 5 t-el ~(64) fu ~t =- 0

D~~ ~ E =- Cfgt ~1-

fgt = (Jo _ ~ ~ltrgt ~gt ~ ~_~f J

~~ 40 ~ fe~l~ ~ ~~ teJo( E ltgt m -DQA PJJ ~ Wd S I Ct4 Jtv S~~ ~(rl~ tS ~-~b ~~ E o ~ ~ SlAUALMa- ~ ~6Z~ ~ -plusmngt(ygt~) tZu4~~lMeuroM ~ ~(t~ ~ ~ Ae~Le~ S~ -btamp SulU~ a~)W~-lM ~ ~ ~~ ~ (J~ ~~ UM~ ~ rLt amp~~le SlJk ~~ ~ k J ~ UA~b(M~J ~ tf(l) ~ ~uus- ~ ~ JJL ~-Ut~l b~ tgtdZ~ ~ amp14 ~ ~~ ~) ~ lw~~ ~l- ~ Mamp~ ~ ~~~) LUul~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ w~ cM ~~~ ~ - Campl-~~~ t(shy~~ ~A~~~ ~e~~~~~ m C~k~ (t14))

51==- Q (PA ~( = - S ~~ Ui) cl~ f - ~ p ~ I ~~l)) 1R~K ~- ~ ) ~- ~ l

(~ ~ouml1- tuL4 lt ~) (

V~~ ~ laquo1 (~+) So ~~~ Sn~

(p = ~ - cp6 +- S yrP4 J I _ ) ~~ k(x) A k ~_~ lt) t~_~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 56: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-S8shy

c( = S -120 - eWe-( k ~~~~~~e -P~ ~ bk J

cb4A ~ l4 ~~ ~ ~-rit C7-pr) - ( ampQ -t2 (r(Mt) (-Uft) = _ ~n-~ bull

JC(( 1-~s shy

~(=~_E~+4P (szligl0

~h~~~ k~~ w-U-~~~~ tsect z ~~1-~ ~~ ~ ~ kmiddot ~k~~~~~) ~eJ~ k ~Sr~ ~ ~~ ~ a~~ lUt1 wszlig~ ~~ -D~ ~~~~Le gt4 Q Jgt~ 1o~h~ ~i2ltl -tgt~~ ~ ltamp~ ~ amp~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ LJj)~) ~~1ul1gt~ ~ti- ~~~ampb~~ uv~ ~S~ == (lQ)llaquo) ~a) N~ Tel- Cs~~ 19q)J

~~~L 4

E = L ~(~ middot~lJc) - l ~~~c ~ bull -l

~i- IJ ~ t~ ( sshy

~~ x- lt~v-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ E = 2 ~lAZfx +tj Pl1 + ~ ~ rr-) -( 12+j~ kt) Fx

2)( r-L j- agt ClZ+J 2 -- kZ)~-

AumlU4 s~~~~~ uecsl4~~ ~ b~+kt~) louml-laquo~ ckL ~~kt~ ~~rA ~ ~-o( ~Lde ~ tz-l( = C ~ ~~ E2-= o-b~ ~-~ ~ ~ hl~~ S~-L~ ~~~~~~~ __ s1b~ S~ ~ ~~ V~~a ~~k VRAk--e~ Aee~~ ~ E se~ ~ ~

1gt~ ~ ~ m ~- LLuJ (3l0)

~= t o+ E+ =2 ~ Eo~-to+-~P))

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr

Page 57: ltuJe. - ETH Zedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/articles/ED1.pdf · ELE-KTROl)'{NAMlK Cl:J.~ I \JJ~) E~'b~ -j)lR.-~,~m.~~k~~ CES)) 't&1--~A ~kt~tlUt1L-chA ~~~(;e~ hA ~~\,.'S~~~1L. ~S"t--t-t..~

-S9shy

~ (~2) ~-k- r-g1

~~~~ ~-Pst2aMS~~llta~

-b~ Y~~S~~~L iW-Auml ~~~~~ LuA~~ ~~~~~ ~k~ ~JUSe~ ~~ ~~~ H-U ~ t2t vtc amp(W-t ~_ ~ ehJ-t-J-tsbtampt1 trt (~ ~~ltf~) ~ S ~4) ~ igt~~l p= a~E -=- ~ Vs Lv=v~ ~ ~) -b~ -p~~~~ tg14-~ oumllt = ~v ~ () lt J V lt tlaquo- ~ 4tr