159

‚L$fZ-2‚L$fZ-2‚L$fZ-2‚L$fZ-2‚L$fZ-2

^prdÆL$ ep°N]$p_^prdÆL$ ep°N]$p_^prdÆL$ ep°N]$p_^prdÆL$ ep°N]$p_^prdÆL$ ep°N]$p_

lwoVÒ_•oV[wamUmZm_≤ Amb`ß H$ÈUmb`_≤ $&

Z_mo_ ^JdÀ[mXß eßH$aß bmH$eßH$a_≤ $&& - i¨L$fı[yr[

* k_p[_ ^dÆ :-* k_p[_ ^dÆ :-* k_p[_ ^dÆ :-* k_p[_ ^dÆ :-* k_p[_ ^dÆ :-

Qpf `yfyjp\p£dp¨ ^dÆ kp• ‚\d R>°. ^dÆ A_° dp°n_p depÆ]$pÍ$`u

qL$_pfp h√Q° A\Æ A_° L$pd_u ‚pr· r_:Ó°ek L$pfL$ R>°. h•q]$L$ ^dÆ_° hpı[rhL$

fu[° S> k_p[_ ^dÆ L$¸p° R>°. fpq”_p ‚L$pidp¨ k¢L$X$p° [pfpAp°_u h√Q° ‚L$pidp_

Q¨÷_u S>°d rh_p ]°$ip°dp¨ Ó°õ$ Ap`Zp° ]°$i R>°. Ap\u S> [°_° rlfi]y$ (Bfi]|$)

L$l° R>°. nhßg`m Xy`V oMŒm_≤ S>°d_y¨ d_ L$p°B i”y rhj° `Z d_dp¨ ‹°j _ k°h°

[° ‚≈ tl]y$ [fuL°$ A°V$g° Ap°mMp[u L°$ tlkp `p°[° [p° _ L$f° `Z L$p°BL$ tlkp

L$f° [p° `Z S>°d_p¨ d_ ]|$cpe ≈e [° tl]y$. S>°_p¨ ‚dpZdp¨ Óyr[, ıd©r[ A_°

`yfpZp° R>°. dlrjÆ h°]$Ïepk `R>u i¨L$fpQpeÆ bu≈ A°hp eyN`yfyj R>°, S>°Ap°

`p°[° Óyr[, ıd©r[ A_° `yfpZdp¨ ‚r[`pq]$[ ^dÆ_p¨ ApgeÍ$`° R>°. dXm@oIbm

Y_©_ybß VX≤odXmß M Ò_•oVerbß 1

h•q]$L$ ^dÆ k_p[_ ^dÆ R>°. h•q]$L$ ^dÆ A°V$g° h°]$p°_p° ^dÆ.2 b^p S>

^dp£_u S>__u R>°. h•q]$L$ ^dÆ_y¨ k_p[_ ^dÆ_pd kp\ÆL$ R>°.3 h°]$p°dp¨ r_Í$q`[

k_p[_ k–e A° k_p[_ ^dÆ_p _pd° Ap°mMpe R>°. rlfi]y$ h•q]$L$ ^dÆ_p `pep_p¨

ip˜p° h°]$p°dp¨ F>rjAp°A° L$f°gu A`fp°n A_yc|r[Ap° D`r_j]$p°dp¨ Ïeº[ L$f°gu

R>°. S>° Ap›eps–dL$ A_ychp°_° rlfi]y$^dÆ M|b S> dl–h Ap`° R>°. h•q]$L$ ^dÆ

dysº[_p° k¨]°$i Ap`° R>°. ›ep_ fl° L°$ ^dÆ Dflr[_° dpV°$ R>°, ^dÆ_u Dflr[ \ep

160

rh_p fpS>L$ue A_° kpdprS>L$ Dflr[ `Z iºe _\u. Ap ]°$i_u ‚≈

‚pQu_L$pm\u ^dÆ_° S> ‚pZ kdS>[u Aphu R>°. q¨l¨]y$ kdp_ ^dÆ_° `p°[p_p

‚pZ\u `Z Ar^L$ dp_u_°S> Dflr[ ‚p· \pe R>°. dpV°$ S> ^dp£flr[ rkhpe

]°$ip°flr[ \B iL$hp_u _\u. Ap\u ^dÆ_p AÊey]$e rkhpe kdpS> L°$ ]°$i_p°

AÊey]$e \[p° _\u.4

^dÆ_y¨ ‚ep°S>_ :-^dÆ_y¨ ‚ep°S>_ :-^dÆ_y¨ ‚ep°S>_ :-^dÆ_y¨ ‚ep°S>_ :-^dÆ_y¨ ‚ep°S>_ :-

^dÆ_° A¨N∞°∆dp¨ "rfrgsƒe_' (Religion) L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.5 Ap

qfrgsƒe_ iÂ]$ g°qV$_ (Ligare) ^p[y_° Re ‚–ee gNpX$hp\u bfiep°

R>°."rgNpf°' A°V$g° a¢L$hy¨, gB S>hy¨, `lp¢QpX$hy¨ A_° "Re-qf' A°V$g° "`l°gp¨

l[y¨ –ep¨' Apd Ap–dp_° [°_p° d|m ı\p_ (`fdp–dp - b∞˚) kp\° kp¨L$m°

[° ^dÆ$ Nd° [° dpN£ `fdp–dp‚pr· L$fhu [° ^dÆ_p° d|m l°[y R>°.

dpZk_° ifuf R>°, Mphy¨ `uhy¨, M°ghy¨ Apq]$ ifuf_p¨ Ïep`pfp° R>°.

A°V$g° dpZk_y¨ ∆h_ AdyL$ A¨i° ]•$r_L$ qæ$epAp°dp¨ `kpf \pe A° ıhpcprhL$

R>°, `f¨[y A°V$gp dp”\u dpZk_° k¨[p°j \[p° _\u. cp•r[L$ kyMp°_u h√Q° `Z

∆h_° A°L$ ‚L$pf_p° AS>¨`p° hf[pe R>°.∆h_dp¨ A°L$ q]$hk A°hp° S>Í$f Aph°

R>° L°$ ƒepf° d_yÛe kyM\u `Z \pL$u ≈e R>°. ºepf°L$ ]y$:Mp°_p¨ ]$php_mdp¨

bm[p° dpZk A°L$pA°L$ ip[kyM_u ip°^dp¨ Ap›eps–dL$[p [fa hm° R>°.

Ap›eps–dL $Appk_ A°S> A°L$ dp” ]y$:Mp°_p° kpQp° D`Qpf R>° A°d [°_°

gpNhp dp¨X°$ R>°.6

dpZk_° op__p ‚L$pi_u L$[ÆÏecph_p_u A_° Ap“dbm_u A°d

”Z_u S>Í$f R>°. A_° A° ”Z°e ApL$p¨npAp° `|ZÆ _ \pe –ep¨ ky^u ^dÆ_y¨

‚ep°S>_ k¨ |ZÆ rkŸ \ey _ NZpe.7 ^dÆipı” A_° gp°L$Ïehlpf A°L$ S> ^dÆ_u

161

b° bpSy> R>°. AmMmaÌM°d gmYyZm_≤ $& A_° AmMmaï ‡W_m Y_©ï $& [\p gÀ`ß dX

Y_™ Ma hN°f°_p øepgp°\u rlfi]y$ ^dÆ Dfl[ riMf° rbfpS>°g R>°. tl]y$ ^dÆ_°

dp_h ^dÆ_y¨ _pd Ap`u iL$pe, L$pfZ L°$ ^dÆ_u S>° Ïepøep L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°

A_° S>° gnZp° b[phhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. [° k¨kpfdp¨ hk[p kp• L$p°B dp_h_p

L$ÎepZ dpV°$ D`ep°Nu b_° R>°.

epohÎL$e ıd©r[dp¨ S>ZpÏey¨ R>° L°$ :-

lwoVï Ò_•oVï gXmMmaï ÒdÒ` M o‡`_mÀ_Zï $&

gÂ`H≤$ gßH$Î[Oï H$m_m Y_©_ybo_Xß Ò_•V_≤ $&&

h°]$, ıd©r[ (`f¨`fpN[ A_ychop_) k]$pQpf (riÙ$-rl[L$pfu

k[π`yfyjp°_p¨ ApQpf Ïehlpf) [°dS> `p°[p_p Ap–dp_° r‚e gpN° [°d S>

DrQ[ k¨L$Î` ‚dpZ° B√R>p_° A_ykfu L$dÆ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°, Ap Qpf bpb[p°

^dÆ_p¨ D`p]$p_ R>°. [°_° A_ykfu ^dÆ_y¨ `pg_ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°, [p° [°\u Ap

gp°L$dp¨ AÊey]$e \pe A_° `fd Ó°e-L$ÎepZ k^pe.

^dÆ_p¨ ‚L$pfp° :-^dÆ_p¨ ‚L$pfp° :-^dÆ_p¨ ‚L$pfp° :-^dÆ_p¨ ‚L$pfp° :-^dÆ_p¨ ‚L$pfp° :-

^dÆ_° b° rhcpNdp¨ hl¢Qu iL$pe (1) k_p[_ ^dÆ A\hp kpdpfie

rh^dÆ A_° (2) rhriÙ$ ^dÆ A\hp Ïesº[^dÆ A°V$g° L°$ _ur[ip˜p° ıd©r[Ap°

hN°f°. lwoVÒVw dXm odk`m Y_©emÛß M d° Ò_•oVï8 A_° bu≈° cpN [–hop__p°

NZpe. k¨[p°j ndp, k¨ed, Aı[°e, ip•Q, Brfi÷e r_N∞l, rhh°L$,

Ap–dop_, k–eA_° Aæ$p°^ Ap rh^dÆ_p¨ gnZp° R>°. cNhp_ d_y L$l° R>°

[° ‚dpZ° ^dÆ_p ]$i A¨Np° R>°.9 hmu k_p[_ ^dÆ, kpdpfie ^dÆ, A°V$g°

d_yÛe_° [°_p¨ ∆h__y kp\ƺe kd≈h° [° ^dÆ, A_° [° S> h°]$p°_p° ^dÆ. k_p[_

^dÆ_p° `pep° Óyr[ R>°. b^p¨ S> ]$iÆ_p° Óyr[_° ‚dpZÍ$` NZ° R>°. Óyr[Ap°

q]$hpgp° R>°. A_° `yfpZp° A_° Br[lpkp° [°_p¨ ı[¨cp° R>°.

162

[–hop__u cÏe[pdp¨ A_° tQ[__p¨ JX$pZdp¨ h•q]$L$ ^dÆ_p° ≈°V$p°

_\u. cpf[ [p° ^dp£_u dp[©c|rd R>°. cpf[_u Ap›es–dL$ rnr[S> D`f

D`r_j]π$_p° ‚L$pi R>°. S>N[dp¨ L$p°B`Z ı\m° L$p¨B `Z _p¢^`p” D\g `p\g

A\hp Ap¨]$p°g_ \pe R>° –epf° [°_y¨ d|m cpf[dp¨ ‚NV°$gp¨ L$p°B_°L$p°B Ah[pfu

`yfyjdp¨ lp°e R>°. cpf[_p¨ F>rjAp°, ep°NuAp°, dlp–dpAp°, Aghpfp°,

ApQpep£, k¨fiepkuAp° A_° k¨[p° ‹pfp b∞˚Í$`u k“hdp¨\u k]πD`]°$i ‚p·

\pe R>°.

–epN ‹pfp Bf_p° kpnp–L$pf A\hp Ap–dkp^_p A° cpf[_p°

Br[lpk, [°dp¨\u ^dÆbp]$ \i° [p° iy¨ fl° ? ApQpeÆÓu L$l°[p L°$ ≈° ‚–e°L$

rlfi]y$, rlfi]y$ ^dÆ_° kdS>° A_° ∆h_dp¨ D[pf° [p° rlfi]y$Ap° Ap `©’hu D`f

∆h[p - ≈N[p, lf[p af[p ]°$hp° S> b_u ≈e.10 Aphp° R>° Ap`Zp° h•q]$L$

k_p[_ ^dÆ.

h°]$dp¨ ^dÆ_y¨ gnZ b[ph[p L$¸y¨ R>° L°$ -h°]$dp¨ ^dÆ_y¨ gnZ b[ph[p L$¸y¨ R>° L°$ -h°]$dp¨ ^dÆ_y¨ gnZ b[ph[p L$¸y¨ R>° L°$ -h°]$dp¨ ^dÆ_y¨ gnZ b[ph[p L$¸y¨ R>° L°$ -h°]$dp¨ ^dÆ_y¨ gnZ b[ph[p L$¸y¨ R>° L°$ -

""Y_m odÌdÒ` OJVï ‡oV>m bmH$ Yo_©>ß

‡Om C[g[©`p›V Y_U [m[_[ZwBoV YÂ_©

gd© ‡oVo>Vß Y_ VÒ_m’_™ [a_ß dXp›V $&&''11

-::- ^dÆ_u Ïepøep :--::- ^dÆ_u Ïepøep :--::- ^dÆ_u Ïepøep :--::- ^dÆ_u Ïepøep :--::- ^dÆ_u Ïepøep :-

^dÆ S>N[π_y¨ fnZ L$f° R>°. L$p°B_u kp\° [°_° c°]$cph _\u. L°$ rhfp°^

_\u. bu≈ ^dÆ_p° S>° rhfp°^ L$f° [° ^dÆ _\u `Z Ly$^dÆ R>°. ^dÆ l¨d°ip

Arhfp°^u R>° A_° ^fp^pfL$ R>°. dlrjÆ epohÎL$e S>Zph° R>° L°$ -

Y_™ `m ]mYV Y_m Z g Y_©ï Hw$Y_© VV≤

AodamYr V `m Y_©ï g Y_m _woZ[wßJd $&

163

Y_©U°d OJV≤ gwaojVo_Xß Y_m YamYmaH$ï

Y_m©X≤dÒVw Z oH$oƒMXpÒV^wdZ Y_m©` VÒ_° Z_ï$&&12

- `|hÆ dudp¨kp_p¨ S>•rd_ue k|”dp¨ MmXZm bjUm AWm Y_©ï13

- epohÎe ıd©r[dp¨ S>ZpÏep ‚dpZ°-

lwoV Ò_•oV gXmMmaï ÒdÒ` M o‡`_mÀ_Zï $&

gÂ`H≤$ gßH$Î[Oï H$m_m Y_©_ybo_Xß Ò_•V_≤ $&&14

EVV≤ MVwod©Y߇mh˛ï gmjmV≤ Y_©Ò` bjU_≤ $&

-h•i°rjL$k|”dp¨ S>ZpÏep ‚dpZ°-

AWmVm Y_© Ï`mª`mÒ`_ï $&15

`Vm A‰`wX`moZï l`gogo’ï g Y_©ï $&16

lh° Ad° ^dÆ_u Ïepøep L$fuiy¨. S>°\u AÊey]$e A_° L$ÎepZ_u rkqŸ

\pe [° ^dÆ R>°.

dlpcpf[dp¨ h°]$Ïepk∆ L$l° R>° L°$

""AÔ>mXe [wamUfw Ï`mgÒ` dMZ¤`_≤$&

[am[H$maï [w `m` [m[m` [a[rS>Z_≤ $&&''

A\pÆ[π `yŒe A°V$g° ^dÆ A_° `p`-A°V$g° A^dÆ A°hu Ïepøep

Ap`° R>°.

^prdÆL$op_ :-^prdÆL$op_ :-^prdÆL$op_ :-^prdÆL$op_ :-^prdÆL$op_ :-

^dÆ_u ^pfZp isº[ ApS>° gp°L$p°_u ◊rÙ$dp¨\u r[fp°rl[ \B flu R>°.

op__p¨ Acph° gp°L$p°_u bysŸ [dp°NyZ\u Aph©— b_u NB R>°. A_° -

AY_™ Y_©o_oV `m _›`V V_gm@d•Vm $&

gdm©Wm©Z≤ od[arVmßÌM ]wo’ï gm [mW© Vm_gr $&&17

164

[pdku byqŸ_° L$pfZ° gp°L$p° khÆ A_\p£_y¨ d|m ^dÆ_° S> dp_u b°W$p

R>°. ^dÆ_p° ddÆ L°$ ^dÆ_u Ïepøep _ ≈Z[p Ap gp°L$p° "YaVroV Y_©' A\hp

"YmÊ`©V g Y_©ï' ^dÆdp¨ S> rhk¨hpq]$[p Dcu L$fu f¸p R>°.18 cNhp_ h°]$Ïepk

^dÆ_u rhi]$ Ïepøep L$f[p S>Zph° R>° L°$ -

YmaUm’_©o_À`mhwY©Â_m Yma`V [´Omï $&

`ÀÒ`m¤maU gß`w∑Vß g Y_© BoV oZÌM`ï $&&

Y_U°d OJV≤ gwaojVo_Xß Y_m YamYmaH$ï $&

Y_m©X≤ dÒVw Z qH$oMXpÒV ^wdZ Y_m©` VÒ_° Z_ï $&&19

Ap hQ_p°_p° ı`Ù$ arg[p\Æ A° R>° L°$ ^dÆ_u dlp_ isº[ ‹pfp S>

Ap k¨kpf V$L$u f¸p° R>°. k|eÆ, Q¨÷, _n”, Ar_g, A_g, _]$u, kdy÷,

`lpX$, `hÆ[ Apq]$ klz Ap ^dÆ_° Ap^pf° S> `p°[`p°[p_u depÆ]$p A_° ı\p_dp¨

sı\f R>°. ^dÆ_p¨ ce\u S> d_yÛep° `p°[ `p°[p_p¨ L$[ÆÏe_y¨ `pg_ L$fu f¸p R>°.

^prdÆL$ rinp_p¨ Acph° L°$ ^prdÆL$ op__p¨ Acph° ApS>° gp°L$_p d[, `¨\,

k¨‚]$pe, dS>lb hN°f°_° `p°[p_p° ^dÆ dp_u T_|_ a°gphu f¸p R>°. ƒepf° ^dÆ

A° k_p[_ R>°. L$p°B [°_p° fQre[p L°$ k¨ı\p`L$, k¨QpgL$ L°$ ‚h[ÆL$ _\u. ^dÆ

h°]$dp¨ hrZÆ[ R>°. A_° h°]$p° A`p•fyj°e R>°.

k©rÙ$_u D–`r— `l°gp `Z h•q]$L$ ^dÆ Ası[–hdp¨ l[p° A_° k©rÙ$_p¨

A¨[ `R>u `Z [° ^dÆ S> Ası[–hdp¨ fl°i°. ^dÆ_u fnp A_° [°_p¨ `y_:

ı\p`_ L$pS>° Ap ^fp[g `f eyN°eyN° dlp`yfyjp° Ah[uZÆ \pe R>°. h°]$

`fdp–dp_p¨ r_:pkÍ$` R>°. r_:pkÍ$` h°]$_p¨ ‚pL$V$È_u kp\° S> ^dÆ_y¨ `Z

‚pL$V$È \pe R>°. ApQpeÆ i¨L$f° L$¸y¨ L°$ ^dÆ_y¨ e\p\Æ ıhÍ$` kdS>hp_° dpV°$

A›ep–d rh¤p_u AphÌeL$[p R>°. Ap A›ep–d rh¤p_u ‚pr· cpf[_p¨ A°L$p¨[

165

AfŒep° L°$ [`p°h_p°dp¨ Aph°gp¨ F>rjAp°_p¨ ApÓdp°dp¨ \[u. ƒep¨ AM¨X$

c|d¨X$g_p¨ Qæ$h[w kd∞pV$p° `Z ^dÆ_p¨ [–h_° ≈Zhp dpV°$ `p°[p_p¨ fpS> A_°[pS>

Ap dlrjÆAp°_p¨ QfZp°dp¨ kdr`Æ[ L$fu_° riÛecph° ^dÆ_y¨ hpı[rhL$ op_ ‚p·

L$fu ‚≈`pg_ _u kp\° F>rjAp°_p¨ ^dp£]°$i A_ykpf ipk_ L$f[p¨.

ApQpeÆ S>•rdr_A° ^dÆ_u kfk Ïepøep Ap`u R>° - h°]$dp¨ rhrl[

lp°e A_° A¨[° ]y$:Mdp¨ _ `qfZd° A°_y¨ _pd ^dÆ. ^dÆ_y¨ gnZ Ap`[p

cNhp_ d_y L$l° R>° ""oeÓQ>mMmaï Ò_•oVd©Xm oÛodYß Y_©bjU_≤'' riÙ$`yfyjp°_p

ApQpf, ıd©r[ A_° h°]$ A°d ”Z ‚L$pf_y¨ ^dÆ_y¨ gnZ R>°.

D`fp¨[ ∆h_p¨ Qpf `yfyjp\p£dp¨ ^dÆ, A\Æ, L$pd, dp°n dp¨ ^dÆ A°

S> dp°n_y¨ ‹pf R>°. Adf[p_y¨ kp^_ A_° A_¨[ ip[ kyM_p° dpNÆ R>°.

D√Q[d op__y¨ r_^p_ R>°. ^dÆA° ‚\d `yfyjp\Æ R>°. A_° dp°n A° A¨r[d

∆h__y¨ gˇe R>°. L°$ S>° dp” ^dÆ ‹pfp S> ‚p· \B iL°$. ip¨r[, Ap_¨]$,

isº[, kd[p hN°f° ^dp£√Qpf ‹pfp S> \B iL°$ R>°. A_¨[ _pdÍ$` rhrh^[p_u

`pR>m L$p°B A°L$ S> [“hÍ$` isº[ R>° A°hp° A_ych ^dÆ ApQf_pf_° \pe R>°.

[° ip[_u kp\° A°L$pL$pf b_° R>°. ""]´˜odX≤ ]´˜°d ^doV'' _p° kpnp[π A_ych

`Z L$f° R>°.20

"Yma`oV BnV Y_©' A\pÆ[π ‚≈_° S>° ^pfZ L$f° R>° [° ^dÆ kdN∞

rh_° ^pfZ L$f_pf [“h [° ^dÆ.

* i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p d[° ^dÆ :-* i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p d[° ^dÆ :-* i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p d[° ^dÆ :-* i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p d[° ^dÆ :-* i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p d[° ^dÆ :-

S>° eyNdp¨ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p° ‚p]y$cpÆh \ep° [° eyN Ap›eps–dL$ k¨OjÆ_p°

eyN l[p°.21 i|fiehp]$,A_°L$pfi[hp]$, d¤dp¨k, blz[psfi”L$ D`pk_p¨ dpNÆ

b^p_u M¢QpM¢Qudp¨ d|m h•q]$L$^dÆ fl¨°kpB f¸p° l[p°. `p°[p_p dlp_ k¨L$V$_p¨

166

A° eyNdp¨ h•q]$L$^dÆ L$p°B `fd DŸpfL$_° T¨Mu f¸p° l[p°. hmu h°]$kde\u

dp¨X$u_° ºep¨ ky^u rlfi]y$ ^dÆ_y¨ hpXπ$¡de L°$V$gy¨ S>fiÁey¨, rhı[eyØ hN°f° e\pep°¡e

Ïehı\p L$f_pf S>°V$gp¨ ApQpep£ cpf[ ]°$idp¨ \ep [°dp¨ kp•\u ‚pQu_ A_°

khÆÓ°õ$ ApQpeÆA° Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ S> R>°.

Óu V$u.A°d.`u. dlp]°$h_π _p¨ iÂ]$p°dp¨22 - A° kde_y¨ cpf[

fpS>qL$e ÷rÙ$A° rhcº[ l[y¨. ip˜p°dp¨ iÂ]$_° S> dl–h Ap`u_° [°_p¨ Ap–dp_°

AhNZ_pfp L$dÆL$p¨X$uAp° l[p. [p° bu∆ bpSy> i|fiehp]$uAp° A_° d|r[Æ`|≈_p¨

rhfp°^uAp° l[p. [°Ap° S>° L$p¨B `rh” A_° ‚pQu_ l[y¨ [°_p° _pi L$fhp [–`f

l[p. ]$iÆ_p° h√Q° [uh∞ k¨OjÆ l[p°. ^prdÆL$ k¨‚]$pep° h√Q° ‹°j ‚h[Æ[p° l[p°.

k[π A°L$ S> R>° A° h°]$_p° d|mc|[ Ap]°$i kpnfp° `Z ≈Z° hukfu Nep l[p.

Sy>]$p Sy>]$p `¨\_p¨ ApQpep£ A_° A_yepeuAp° `Z, ^dÆ_p° D`ep°N ∆h__°

^pfZ L$f_pf Ap^pf NZhp_° b]$g° Apæ$dZ_p¨ kp^_ [fuL°$ L$f[p¨ l[p¨.

i•hk¨‚]$pe, isº[k¨‚]$pe_p¨ ^dp£›enp° A_° `piy`[pQpep£_u

bp°gbpgp lp°hp\u dp°V$p`pep`f ]°$hpgep° b¨^php gp¡ep l[p. Óyr[hpºep°_u

rR>fi_rcfi_[p L$fu `p°[p_p t_¤dpNp£ ep°¡e R>° [° ]$ipÆhhp_p° ‚e–_ L$f[p

Apd isº[, c•fh, L$p`prgL$, `piy [, NpZ`–e, dÎgpqf, Ar¡_ |S>L$p°,

k|eÆ |S>L$p° S>°hp A_°L$ ¨\p° ]°$idp¨ ‚Qrg[ l[p. h°]$p°_° ‚dpZ c|[ _ dp__pfp

S>° k¨‚]$pep° [° hM[° Ası[–hdp¨ l[p [°dp¨ bp•Ÿp°_u dlpep_ ipMp_p° ‚cph

dp°V$p° l[p°. Arh_piu Ap–dp_u isº[_° [°Ap° ıhuL$pf[p _lv, Ap–dp_u

Ap›eps–dL$ isº[_p¨ A_pq]$`Zp_° [°Ap° NZL$pf[p _tl –epf° i¨L$fpQpe£ A°L$

]$piÆr_L$ k¨[ [fuL°$ L$pd L$eyØ.23 [°dZ° D]$pfd[hp]$u b_u ≈[° khp£√Q A‹•[_p°

D`]°$i Ap`hp kp\° Afie ]°$hp°_u csº[_° `Z `p°ju.

167

Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ kdedp¨ ]°$i fpS>qL$e fu[° S> _rl `Z kp¨ıL©$r[L$

A_° ^prdÆL$ ÷rÙ$A° `Z V|$L$X°$ - V|$L$X$p \B Nep° l[p°. _p[-≈[ ^dÆ A_°

k¨‚]$pe_p¨ hpX$pAp° `yÛL$m DcfpB ApÏep l[p. hl°d_y¨ kpd∞pƒe `|ZÆ[ep

ı\`pB Ney¨ l[y¨. `p°[p_p¨ k[[ ‚e–_p°\u i¨L$fpQpeÆA° kdpS>Ïehı\p_p¨

`y_fyŸpf_u kp\° kp\° ^dÆ_° `Z hl°d A_° A¨^ÓŸpdp¨\u R>p°X$pÏep°.

Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ kpQp A\Ædp¨ cpf[_u A°L$[p_p¨ ı\p`L$ L$lu iL$pe, [°Ap° bp•qŸL$,

[ps“hL$ A_° ^prdÆL$ n°”° L$peÆf[ f¸p A_° A°dZ° kdN∞ ]°$idp¨ dlp_ h•QpqfL$

A°L$[p gphhp ‚e–_p° L$epÆ. ANrZ[ hl°dp°_p° _pi L$fu [°Ap°ÓuA° gp•rL$L$

ı[f° A_°L$ fu[° L$peÆ kÁ`fi_ L$eyØ. [°Ap°A° _•r[L$ A_° Ap›eps–dL$ kpd∞pƒe_u

ı\p`_pL$fu S>° L$fiepLy$dpfu\u L$pÌduf A_° S>Nfi_p\`yfu\u ‹pfL$p ky^u

`\fpe°gy¨ l[y¨.

""b∞˚k|” ip¨L$fcpÛe''-(1-3-33) _p¨ Dâ°M `f\u ı`Ù$ R>° L°$

A° hM[° kphÆcp•d ipkL$_p Acph° h°]$rhrl[ hZpÆÓd ^dp£ ‚pe: Aı[Ïeı[

\B Ne°gp¨. kdpS>_p¨ ^pfL$ A_° ‚cphL$ ˆp°[ kyL$php dp¨X°$gp L°$ ‚]|$rj[ \B

Ne°gp¨. cpf[_p¨ hpeyd¨X$mdp¨ `p°jpe°gp¨ rhQpfıhp[fi‘e_° gu ° kp¨øe\u h°]$pfi[

[°dS> QphpÆL$, bp•Ÿ A_° S>•_ ]$iÆ_ - tQ[__u S>° L$ÎepZ ^pfpAp° hl°[u

\e°gu [° b¨r^epf \[p rh[¨X$php]$_y kp^_ b_u fl°gu. EHß gV≤ _u d|mcph_p

hpmp° h•q]$L$ ^dÆ i•h, h•ÛZh, ipº[, kp•f, NpZ`–e, c•fh hN°f° S>°hp

kp¨‚]$preL$ hpX$pAp°dp¨ A_° rhrh^ `Ÿr[Ap° ‹pfp d|r[Æ`|≈_p¨ bplepQpfdp¨

kurd[ \B Ne°gp°. hmu A°dp¨ krlÛœ[p Ap°R>u A_° k¨OjÆ h^y l[p°

h°]$hQ_p°_p° d_aph[p° A\Æ kd≈hu [°_p° V°$L$p° t_¤ dpNp£ `Z rhı[f°gp.

–epN ‚^p_ eok¨ı\p_° ıhp\Æ A_° L$dÆL$p¨X$_u S>X$[pA° ‚pe: [°≈°lu_ b_phu

d|L°$gu. ^dÆ_p¨ _pd° `pM¨X$ ‚ı[f°gp gp°L$p°_p¨ Aop_A_° A¨^Ó›^p_° L$pfZ°

168

A_°L$ ≈[_p¨ hl°d, d¨”-[¨” ≈]y$ A_° Qd–L$pfp°_u hp[p°_p° ‚cph a°gpe°gp°.

i|fiehp]$, A_°L$p¨[hp]$ blzg”p¨r”L$ D`pk_p¨ dpNÆ_p° a°gphp° l[p°. S>•_p° L$f[p¨

bp•Ÿp° h^y Apæ$dL$ l[p. rlfi]y$ ^dÆ kpd° b^p dp°fQ° gX$hp dpV°$ [°Ap°A°

bp•Ÿ fiepe_p° rhL$pk L$fu [pqLÆ$L$ kƒS>[p `Z L°$mh°gu. h°]$p°, hZpÆÓd

Ïehı\p, ]°$h[p, eo, b∞p˚Z hN°f°_p° S>Âbf rhfp°^ L$f°gp°. Ap_p° kQp°V$

rQ[pf Ap`[p¨ dp^rhe "i¨L$fq]$s¡hS>e'24 dp¨ _p¢›ey¨ R>° L°$ h°]$_p¨ hQ_p° [p°

b∞p˚Zp°A° `p°[p_u Ap∆rhL$p A\£ ≈°X$u L$pY$Èp R>° A°d bp•Ÿp° L$l° R>°. "lwV

o[XYmoV lmÃH´$VwnaÀ`ja¤`' - "`k' A°hp b° Anf kp¨cm[p¨ S> [°Ap° L$p_dp¨

Ap¨Nmu Mp°ku ]°$ R>°. "lwoVï gm‹dr _Xjr]°ï H$m ............ _Xm›_V≤' bp•Ÿp°A°

kp›hu S>°d L$B Óyr[_° c∞Ù$ L$epÆ hNf_u fpMu R>° ? QphpÆL$_u S>°d bp•Ÿp°A°

h°]$-rhfp°^u ıd©r[ hQ_p°_° `Z lr\epf b_ph°gp, S>°d L°$ -

""AoΩZhmÃß Ã`m dXm oÃX S>ß ^Ò_Jw R>>Z_≤ $&

]wo’[m°ÈfhrZmZmß OrodH$oV ]•hÒ[oVï $&&''

Apd R>[p¨ d|m hp[ h°]$d|gL$ ^dÆ, [“hop_ A_° ∆h_fur[_u

L$kp°V$u_u l[u. h•q]$L$eyN° kS>£gu k¨ıL©$r[ ‚pZhp_ l[u, S>°_p `pe° ıhı\,

kdpS> A_° kiº[ fpÙ≤$_y r_dpÆZ \B iL°$gy. [°dp¨ L$pmbm° Aph°gu AiyqŸAp°

A_° _bmpB r_hpfhp_u S>Í$f l[u. Aphp cNuf\ L$peÆ dpV°$ Ly$dpqfg cÀ$

d\u f¸p l[p. [°dZ° Óyr[rhfp°^u `qfbmp° kpd° bp\ cuX$u l[u. bp•Ÿ

^dÆ_u Akf _uQ° S>° AL$dÆŒe[p Ïep`°gu [°dp¨\u gp°L$p°_° blpf gphhp dpV°$

i¨L$fpQpeÆ A_° Ly$dpqfg cÀ°$ A\pN ‚e–_p° L$epÆ.*

Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆA° rhrh^hp]$p°_p¨ rhhp]$p°_y¨ L°$hm id_ S> _\u L$eyØ.

`Z [°Ap°_y¨ rhip°^_ `Z L$eyØ S>°d S>°d k¨‚]$pe, ^dÆ L°$ cpjp k]$uAp° `kpf

169

L$f°[°d [°d [°dp¨ Ahpı[rhL$ A_° rb_ D`ep°Nu bpb[p°_y¨ bp¸ AphfZ

fQpe R>°. A_° `R>u Ap Ahpı[rhL$ hı[yAp°_° S> ^dÆ_p¨ kpf [fuL°$ ıhuL$pfu

g°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. i¨L$fpQpeÆA° Ap bp¸`¨X$m_° [p°X$u kOmp¨, ^dp£_p¨ kpfc|[

[“h ky^u `lp¢√ep A_° ]$ipÆÏey¨ L°$ ]$f°L$ ^dÆ_p° kdfihe L$B fu[° \B iL°$ ?

^dÆ_° A_° [“hop_ cpf[_p kp¨ıL©$r[L$ ]°$l_p Arhcpƒe A¨Np° R>°. S>°\u

ApQpeÆ i¨L$f° [°_p° kdfihe kp›ep° R>°.

`qfZpd° [°Ap°_p¨ [“h]$iÆ__° A°L$ ‚L$pf_u `|ZÆ[p kdN∞[p ‚p·

\B. [°Ap°_p¨ ı[p°”p°dp¨ Ap ‚L$pf_y¨ JXy$ ]$iÆ_ d|r[Æd¨[ \ey¨ R>°. Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ

dpV°$ ^dp£`]°$i A° bp•qŸL$ L$fk[ _ l[u. A° [p° ∆h__y¨ A°L$ kd`ÆZ l[y¨.

‚–e°L$ dp_hu_p¨ ∆h_° [°Ap° `f[d[–h_y¨ ıhÍ$` dp_[p.

Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ h•rL$ ^dÆ kdp k_p[_ ^dÆ_p kpQp D`]°$iL$ l[p.

d_yÛe - d_yÛe h√Q°_p¨ c°]$p°_° dpfie fpMu_° [°Ap°_y¨ ›e°e ^dÆ, k¨ıL©$r[ A_°

[“hop__u A°L$[p ‚ı\pr`[ L$fhp_y¨ l[y¨. Ap fu[° Ap^yr_L$ cpf[ue

[“hop__u kp\° kp\° ^dÆ_u cph_p_p° `pep° `Z Ap dlp_ rhc|r[ ‹pfp

_pMhpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°.

◊rÙ$L$p°Z :-◊rÙ$L$p°Z :-◊rÙ$L$p°Z :-◊rÙ$L$p°Z :-◊rÙ$L$p°Z :-

i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ d[° ^dÆ A° L$p°B rhr^-rh^p__y¨ r_Í$`Z _\u.

L$p°B qæ$epL$p¨X$ L°$ rkŸp¨[ `Z _\u. ApQpeÆÓu_° d_ ^dÆ A° ∆h_ R>°. ^dÆA°

kpnp–L$pf L°$ A_ych_p° rhje R>°. ^dÆ A°V$g° d|R>pÆdp¨\u ≈N©r[ _rl `Z

∆h__y¨ kdN∞ `qfh[Æ_ R>°. `p°[p_u bp•qŸL$ kpdN∞udp¨ Dd°fp° L$fhp° A° ^dÆ

_\u `Z, `p°[p_p Ïesº[“h_° JQ° DW$phu `fdp–dp_u c|rdL$pA° `lp¢QpX$hy¨

A°_y¨ _pd Mfp° ^dÆ R>°. ^dÆ A°V$g° b∞˚]$iÆ_, k[π [“h_p° kpnp–L$pf,

170

Brfi÷ep°_° ANp°Qf A°hp A÷Ù$ S>N[_y ]$iÆ_ ^dÆ_u AL$m r_rÚ[[p_p° Mygpkp°

ÏepL$fZ L°$ [LÆ$ hX°$ \B iº[p° _\u. Ap`œ¨ Mfy¨ ıhfy` `fdp–d [“h R>°, [°_°

Mp°mhy¨ A_° op_`|hÆL$ [÷z` b_hy¨ A° Ap`œ¨ L$[ÆÏe R>°. A° ıhÍ$`° kp•_° A°L$

b_phhp_p° i¨L$f_p¨ A›ep–dL$d|gL$ ^dÆ_y¨ Ap S> d|mc|[ k–e R>°. `|ZÆ[p

`dpX°$ [° ^dÆ.25 kpQp ıhÍ$`_y¨ k¨ip°^_ L$fhy¨ [° ^dÆ A°hp° ApQpeÆÓu_p° d[

R>°.26

h°]$[p° dp_hdp”_° "A_•VÒ` [wÃmï' L$lu_° ]$f°L$ Ïesº[dp¨ Ïesº[–h_p¨

kpfÍ$` `fdp–dp dp°S|>]$ R>°. d_yÛe dp” `p°[p_p° D‹pf L$fhp ıh[¨” R>°.

"dp_hdp” dp¨ ]°$h–h_p° hpk R>°.' Ap rk›^p¨[ ıhuL$pepÆ `R>u Nd° [°hu`p`u

Ïesº[`Z dysº[_p¨ Ar^L$pf\u h¨rQ[ flu iL°$ _rl. Ïesº[dp¨ L$W$p°f[p¨ A_°

r_]Æ$e[p_p¨ AphfZ _uQ° Ap–dp ]$bpB Ne°gp° lp°e R>°. A° Ap–dp ∆h¨[ A_°

kqæ$e R>° A°L$hpf [L$ dm[p¨ [° D`f Aphhp dpV°$ (d|[Æ b_hp dpV°$) [–`f

lp°e R>°. `f¨[y Ap`Zpdp¨ fl°gp° Al¨, dpfp - [pfp_p° c°]$ [\p kp¨‚]$preL$

S>X$[p [°_° [°d L$f[p¨ fp°L°$ R>°.27 ƒep¨ kpQu ^dÆcph_p lp°e –ep¨ Aphp° c°]$cph

fl°hp° _ ≈°BA°. ^dÆ`pg_\u dp_hu_p¨ ˘]$edp¨ `qfh[Æ_ \B NyZN∞lZ _u

A_° rhipm ‚°d_u D√Q cph_p¨ ≈N©[ b_° R>°.

q]$Ïe rhcph_p¨ :-q]$Ïe rhcph_p¨ :-q]$Ïe rhcph_p¨ :-q]$Ïe rhcph_p¨ :-q]$Ïe rhcph_p¨ :-

i¨L$fpQpeÆÓu_y¨ ^dÆ[“h_y¨ op_ A¨[: ı\gdp¨ fl°gu q]$Ïe[p_p°

ıhuL$pf L$f° R>°. Ïesº[ [°d_° d_ b∞˚\u rcfi_ R>° S> _rl. d_yÛe Bf_p¨

ıhÍ$`_u ‚r[L©$r[S> _\u, A° [p° [“h[: ıhe¨ Bf S> R>°. D]$πpgL$ °[L°$[y_°

"VŒd_og' dlphpºe ‹pfp Ap S> [’e kd≈h° R>°. i¨L$fpQpeÆ Qp°Ω$k`Z° A°d

dp_° R>° L°$ dpZk d|mc|[ fu[° ≈°[p¨ q]$Ïe R>° A_° ^dÆ A° buSy>¨ L$iy¨ _rl `Z

171

A°_pdp¨ fl°gp¨ Ap q]$Ïe[“h_u ArcÏesº[ S> R>°.28 Ap\u Mfp° ^dÆ q]$Ïe[p

[fa\u rhdyM \B iL°$ _rl, A\hp Bf\u dpZk_° ]y$f ]y$f gB ≈eL°$ [°_°

rhdyM b_ph° [° kpQp° ^dÆ _\u.29 d_yÛe_y¨ ∆h_ l¨d°ip rhipm cphp° [fa

Ar_hpeÆ `Z° ‚Nr[ L$f[y¨ S> lp°e R>°. A° A\Ædp¨ [° Bf_y¨ ‚r[rbÁb A\hp

‚r[fy`, Bfkdp_ NyZp°hpmy¨ Ap›eps–dL$ ‚pZu R>° Apd [°_y¨ ∆h_ L°$hm

ı\|m L°$ depÆq]$[ ‚L$pf_y¨ _rl `Z rhipm, Ïep`L$ A_° Ap›eps–dL$ ıhÍ$`_y¨

R>°.

i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u ^dÆrhjeL$ rhcph_p A_° Ap›eps–dL$ rhQpfkfZu_u

kp\° S> Apf¨cdp¨ S> A° lL$uL$[ _p¢^hu OV°$ L°$ [°Ap°A° L$p°B _hp k–e_u ip°^

L$fu _ l[u. i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ d[° ^dÆ A° d_yÛe_° ıhcphrkŸ R>°, [\p AphÌeL$

R>°. Ïehlpf_p° Ap›eps–dL$ cpjpdp¨ S>° A\Æ [° ^dÆ. ^dÆ A° dpZk_u khÆ°

A•rlL$ ‚h©r—Ap°\u rhgnZ lp°hp_u kp\°, khÆ_p¨ A¨[fdp¨ ‚h°i L$fu_° [°d_°

Q•[fie A`£ R>°. A\pÆ[π A°d_pdp¨ op_, fk, ı\•eÆ bm A_° Nr[ `|f° R>°.

^dÆ - A^dÆ_p¨ c°]$ Bf ‚°qf[ _\u A° [p° dpZk_p¨ ]y$fN∞l\u `X°$gp R>°.

`k¨]$ L$f°gu ‚≈_° S> Bf ^dÆop_ Ap`° R>°.A_° bu≈ b^p [°_p\u h¨rQ[

R>° A°d _\u. ^dÆ dp” Aop_ L°$ L$`p°mL$sÎ`[ _\u, op_ h^hp_u kp\°

^dÆh©r— [uh∞ A_° N¨cuf b_° R>°, ^dÆ A° dp” rhQpfÍ$` L°$ S>°_° ip˜ue

`qfcpjpdp¨ "[L$Æ' A\hp "`fp°nop_' L$l° R>°, [° _\u, [° dp” qæ$epÍ$` `Z

_\u A°V$g°L°$ L$[ÆÏe L$fhpdp¨ S> A°_u `qfkdpr· _\u, [°d S> dp” ˘]$e_p¨

cphÍ$` A°V$g° L°$ csº[ L°$ Ap_¨]$dp¨ S> A°_u `qfkdpr· \pe R>° A°d `Z

_\u. ^dÆdp¨ Ap ”Z°e_p° Aÿcy[ k¨N∞l \pe R>°. A° S> A°_y¨ khÆ]°$iu`œ¨ R>°.

dpZk_° op__p¨ ‚L$pi_u L$[ÆÏe cph_p_u A_° Ap–dbm_u S>Í$f R>° A_° A°

172

”Z° ApL$p¨npAp° ƒep¨ ky^u `yfu _ `X°$ –ep¨ ky^u ^dÆ_y¨ ‚ep°S>_ k¨`|ZÆ fu[°

rk›^ \ey¨ _ NZpe. ‚p. ]$pkNy·p ep°¡e L$l° R>° L°$ rlfi]y$_p¨ ]$iÆ_p° dp”

rhQpf_u [f¨Nh©r— \L$u S> S>fid°gp¨ _lp°[p, `Z ∆h__p° ^prdÆL$ D]π$$°i rkŸ

L$fhp dpV°$ d_yÛe ˘]$edp¨ S>° JX$u c|M fl°gu R>° [° k¨[p°jhp dpV°$ A° D–`fl

\ep¨ l[p¨. Mfu ^prdƺ[p A° "L$dÆep°N'dp¨ fl°gu R>°. AdyL$ L$pepÆhrg

^prdÆL$[pÍ$`u d|mdp¨\u ‚NV$ \pe R>° A° d|m_p° kpnp–L$pf L$fhpdp¨ S> ^prdƺ[p

fl°gu R>°.

Ap]$iÆ ^dÆ_y¨ ›e°e ^dÆ_u `pf fl°gu Ahı\pA° `lp¢Qhp_y¨ R>°.

Ap]$iÆ ^dÆ ‹•[\u iÍ$Ap[ L$f° R>° Mfp°, `Z ApMf° ‹•[ D`f ∆[ d°mhu [°_°

idphu ]°$ R>°. ^prdÆL$ `|≈ L°$ D`pk_p ce\u iÍ$ \pe R>° `Z k_p[_

`fdp–dp ‚–e°_p¨ `|ƒecph, ‚°d A_° ‚rZ^p_dp¨\u `kpf \B R>°hV°$

kdpr^de ∆h_dp¨ `qfZd° R>°. Ap A¨r[d Ahı\pdp¨ Bf A_° Ap–dp

A°L$bu≈dp¨ Ap°Nmu _° A°L$fk \B ≈e R>°. ^dÆcph_p_p¨ JX$pZdp¨ op[p

A_° o°e A\hp ◊Ù$p A_° ◊Ìe _p° c°]$ idu ≈e R>°.30

L°$V$gp¨L$ Apgp°QL$p° Óui¨L$f_p¨ [“hop__° dp” ^dÆ L$l° R>°, `f¨[y ^dÆ

A_° ]$iÆ__° Sy>]$p `pX$u iL$pe _lv. bfl°_p° AÊepk D›hÆNpdu b_hpdp¨

d]$]$Í$` _uhX°$ R>°. Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ dpV°$ ^dÆop__p° a°gphp° A° L$p°B bp•rŸL$

L$kf[ _ l[u. A° [p° ∆h__y¨ A°L$ kd`ÆZ l[y¨. i¨L$fpQpeÆ ‚–e°L$ dp_hu_p¨

∆h_° `fd[“h_y¨ ıhÍ$` dp_[p l[p [°Ap°A° L$¸y¨ R>° L°$ Ap`Z_° A_y]$p_ Í$`°

D`gÂ^ \e°gy¨ dp_h∆h_ A° q]$Ïe[“h_u B√R>p A_ykpf Ap`Zu ≈[_°

[°_p¨ r_rd— b_hp dpV°$ dm°gy¨ R>°.

173

ApQpeÆÓu L$l°[p cpf[ue k¨ıL©$r[_p° d|m Ap^pf ^dÆ R>°, A_° [°

^dÆ_° ‚r[`pq]$[ L$f_pfp h°]$pq]$ ip˜p° R>°. cpf[ue k¨ıL©$r[_p¨ rhr^ A_°

Ïehlpfdp¨ k¨L$uZÆ[p _\u `f¨[y ""gd™ IpÎdXß ]´Ù_'' A°hp° i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p° rh_°

D]$pf k¨]°$i R>°.31 Sy>]$p Sy>]$p ‚p¨[_u k¨ıL©$r[dp¨ cg° rcfi_[p lp°e `Z [°dp¨

D]$pf[p A_° krlÛœ[p_p¨ NyZp°_p° ≈° kdph°i lp°e [p° [° rcfi_[p `Z ]|$jZ

_ fl°[p c|jZ b_u ≈e R>°. Aphp rhrcfi_ NyZp°hpmu k¨ıL©$r[Ap° A°L$ kp\°

flu iL°$ R>°. Y_majoV aojVï32 A°hy¨ ÓuL©$ÛZQ¨÷_y¨ hQ_ L°$ cNhp_ d_yA° L$l°gy¨

"Y_© Ed hVmho›V'33 _° gp°L$p° rhkfu Nep R>°. dpV°$ ƒep¨ ky^u gp°L$p°dp¨ Ap

^prdÆL$cph ≈N©[ _lu \pe –ep¨ ky^u Ap A¨^L$pf_p° _pi _rl \pe.

i¨L$f_pd[° ^dÆA° L$p°B rhr^ - rh^p__y¨ r_Í$`Z _\u. L°$ [° L$p°B

rkŸp¨[ L°$ qæ$epL$p¨X$ _\u. i¨L$fpQpeÆ_° d_^dÆ A° ∆h_ R>°. kpnp–L$pf R>°,

`fd k[π[“h_p° ∆h¨[ A_ych R>°. ^dÆ_u `qfkdpr· `Z [°d_p d[° Ap

‚L$pf_p¨ `fb∞˚_p¨ A`fp°n A_ychdp¨ \pe R>°. kpQu csº[ L°$ ^dÆ_p° A\Æ

[°d_p¨ d[°-`p°[p_p¨ kpQp ıhÍ$`_y¨ k¨ip°^_L$fhy¨ A°hp° R>°.

i¨L$f_° A›ep–d_u bpb[dp¨ qæ$epL$p¨X$ L°$ ‚r[L$p°`pk_p L°$ d|r[Æ,

d¨q]$f_u S>Í$f S>Zp[u _\u. [°d_y¨ [ps“hL$ ◊rÙ$tb]y$, ÏephlpqfL$ ◊rÙ$A° rlfi]y$

^dÆ_p¨ Ïep`L$ ◊rÙ$L$p°Z[°dS> khpÆ–dcph_p¨ ¤p°[L$ R>°. i¨L$fpQpeÆdp¨ ^dpØ^[p

_\u, L°$ _\u [°d_° ^dÆ_p¨ ‚Qpfdp¨ fk [°dZ° rhrh^ ]$iÆ_p°_y¨ [pqLÆ$L$ M¨X$_

L$eyØ R>°. R>[p¨ [°dZ° ^prdÆL$ cph_p_° W°$k `lp¢QpX°$ [°hp L$Vy$ hQ_p° L$¸p¨ _\u.

`p°[p_p ^prdÆL$ n°”_° rhı[©[ L$fhp dpV°$ [°dZ° [°d_p¨ ]$iÆ__p¨ dl°g_° S>fp

`Z M¨qX$[ \hp ]$u^p° _\u.

174

≈° L°$ ‚h[Ædp_ ^prdÆL$ øepgp° `f–h° Óui¨L$f_p° ◊rÙ$L$p°Z klp_yc|r[

cf°gp° S> l[p° [°d Qp°Ω$k`Z° L$lu iL$pe _lu, L$pfZ L°$ Br[lpk kpnu `|f°

R>° L°$ [°Ap° Apgp°Q_p–dL$ `Z l[p¨ rlfi]y$ ^dÆ_° kpak|\fp° b_phu cpf[dp¨

^prdÆL$ A°L$[p ı\p`hpdp¨ [°d_p° dp°V$p° apmp° R>°. `yfp_p A_° Í$rY$N[ øepgp°_p°

dp” qV$L$pÍ$`u lzdgpAp° ‹pfp [°dZ° _pi _\u L$ep£, `Z [°d_p ı\p_° h^y

bp•qŸL$ A_° Ap›eps–dL$ øepgp° [°dZ° k|QÏep R>°. rlfi]y$ ^dÆ_° dp°V$u S>X$[p

dp¨\u bQphu g°hpdp¨ [°d_p° apmp° R>°. ≈° [°Ap° _ lp°[ [p° S>°d `rÚddp¨

rhop__u kpd° r¿ı[u ^dÆ_p° rhfp°^ \ep° [°d Alv `Z \p[, A_° gp°lu_u

_]$uAp° hl°$[ `f¨[y i¨L$fpQpeÆ [p° ı`Ù$ dp_[p L°$ rhop_ A_° ^dÆ h√Q° rhfp°^

_k¨ch°. rhop__p° rhjek©rÙ$op_ (A`fprh¤p) A_° ^dÆ_p° rhje Ap–dop_

(`fprh¤p) Apd b¨fl° _p¨ rhje Sy>]$p¨ R>°.`f¨[y b¨fl° A°L$bu≈_p rhfp°^ _\u.

`yfL$ R>°. Óyr[hpºep°dp¨[°d_° Akp^pfZ r_õ$p lp°hp R>[p¨ Óyr[hQ_p° `Z

rhop__u rhfyŸ L$p¨B L$l° [p° [° ‚dpZc|[ _ dp_hy¨34 A°hy¨ A°dZ° gøey¨.

`qfZpd° rlfi]y$ ^dÆ S>X$[pdp¨\u dyº[ \ep°. A_° ^dÆÓŸp byqŸeyº[ b_u.35

i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u rhi°j[p A°d_p¨ Qp[yhÆŒeÆ_u `y_:ı\p`_pdp¨ _\u `Z A°d_u

`¨Qpe[_ `|≈dp¨ [\p kdfihe A_° A‹•[_p¨ [“hop_dp¨ R>°. r_ÛL$pd

L$dÆep°N_p¨ `qf`pL$Í$`° klS> L$dÆdysº[, S>°_° A°dZ° kfiepk L$¸p° [°_p¨ ]$iÆ_dp¨

R>°. i¨L$fpQpeÆ `fb∞˚hp]$u l[p R>[p¨ [°dZ° Bf S>°hy¨ L$p°B [“h R>° S> _rl

A°d L$lu [°_y¨ A°L$]$d M¨X$_ L$eyØ _\u, Bf rhj°_p¨ rhQpfp°dp¨ dpZkp°dp¨ S>°

d[rcfi_[p ≈°hp dm° R>° [° Bf [“h_p¨ A_sı[–h_° L$pfZ° _rl `Z

dpZk_p¨ Aop_Í$`u ‚r[b¨^ _° L$pfZ° ≈°hp dm° R>°. Ap_p¨ `yfphpÍ$`° Ap`Z°

rhrcfi_ ]°$h[pAp°_u [°dZ° L$f°gu ı[yr[ fQ_p_° ≈°B iL$uA° R>uA°. Ap fQ_pAp°

175

`pR>m [°d_u A_yc|r[ L$pd L$fu flu l[u. kp\° kp\° [°Ap°Óu "L¨$L$f A°V$gp

i¨L$f' S>°hu d|r[Æ |≈_° L°$ A¨ rhpk_° ‚p°–kpl_ Ap`[p _\u. [°d_p° Apie

[p° [° kde° S>° ‚Qrg[ ^dp£ l[p [°d_p ‚–e° klp_yc|r[ ]$pMhu [°_u

kdpgp°Q_p¨ L$fhp_p° l[p°. A_° A° ‹pfp S>N[ kdn rlfi]y $^dÆ_u

khÆ[p°dyMu◊rÙ$_y¨ r_Í$`Z L$fhp_p° l[p°.36 kNyZ D`pk_p ‚–e° [°Ap°

rhfL$[cph ]$pMh[p. i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p° A‹•[hp]$ `Z A°S> ]$ipÆh° R>°. S>°dp¨ ‹•[

fl°[y¨ _\u A_° Ïesº[ Ac°]$ kpnp–L$pf A_ych° R>°.

176

-:: 2.2 : ^dp£–\p_ dpV°$_p¨ ApQpeÆÓu_p¨ ‚e–_p° ::--:: 2.2 : ^dp£–\p_ dpV°$_p¨ ApQpeÆÓu_p¨ ‚e–_p° ::--:: 2.2 : ^dp£–\p_ dpV°$_p¨ ApQpeÆÓu_p¨ ‚e–_p° ::--:: 2.2 : ^dp£–\p_ dpV°$_p¨ ApQpeÆÓu_p¨ ‚e–_p° ::--:: 2.2 : ^dp£–\p_ dpV°$_p¨ ApQpeÆÓu_p¨ ‚e–_p° ::-

k_p[_ ^dÆk¨ıL©$r[A° Ah[pfhp]$_° ıhuL$pep£ R>°. rlfi]y$ ^dÆ ip˜p°

Ah[pfhp]$_y¨ r_Í$`Z kde° kde° L$f[p f¸p R>°. A° fu[° Óu

i¨L$fpQpeÆA° Ah[pfL$p°qV$_p dlp`yfyj l[p. Ah[pf_y¨ ‚pNV$È

gp°LL$ÎepZp\£ S> lp°e R>°. Ah[pf g°_pf rhc|r[_° L$p°B ıhe¨‚°qf[

B√R>p lp°[u _\u. S>_kdy]$pe rhh°L$lu_ b_u A^dÆ_° dpN£ hmu

A–e¨[ ]y$:M\u `uX$pe R>°. –epf° A° ]y$:Mu ˘]$ep°_p° Ap[Æ_p]$

rhp–dpdp¨ A°L$ ıazfZp L$f° R>°. A° ı`¨]$_dp¨\u A°L$ ‚Q¨X$ isº[_p°

AprhcpÆh \pe R>° S>° isº[ d|m ıhÍ$`dp¨ k|ˇdÍ$`° lp°e R>° [°_y¨

ı\|mdp¨ ‚L$V$uL$fZ \pe R>°.37

Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ AprhcpÆh kde° ƒepf° Qp°d°f hp[phfZ O|¨Omy¨

l[y. S>_NZ_p° Ql°fp° MfX$pe°gp° l[p°. A_° [°_° dpV°$_u q]$ip Aı`Ù$

l[u. –epf° i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ A |hÆ Ïesº[–h A_° ‚Q¨X$ yfyjp\Æ_p¨ ‚[p °

]°$i_° q]$ip-]$p•f d˛ep¨, ApNm S>hp_y¨ bm d˛ey¨ A_° Dà>hm

crhÛe_p° dpNÆ ‚iı[ \ep°.

dlpfpÙ≤$dp¨ S>°_u Ap°hu O°f O°f Nhpe R>° [° k¨[ A°L$_p\°

A°L$ Ap°hudp¨ ApQpeÆ_p¨ dlp_ ^dÆL$peÆ_° rbf]$pÏey¨ R>°.38

dßXy AmMm`© eßH$È $& Om H$m J´ßWmW© - oddH$ MVwÈ $&&

gmÍ$Z H$_©R>VMm odMmÍ$ $& ‡]mY oXZH$aw ‡H$mebm $&&

""ApQpeÆ i¨L$f_° lz¨ ‚Zpd L$fy Ry>¨, S>°Ap° N∞¨\p\°Æ rhh°Q_

dp¨ r_ÛZp¨[ R>°, S>°dZ° S>X$ L$dÆL$[pÆ_p¨ rhQpfp°_° ]|$f L$fu_° op_-

177

k|eÆ_° ‚NV$ L$ep£'' rhh°L$lu_ S>X$ L$dÆW$[pdp¨\u blpf ApÏep rh_p

^dÆ_u Q°[_p L$B fu[° ≈N° ?

h°]$bple^dp£ L°$ drg_ kp^_pdp¨ fpQ_pfp rd’epdpNwAp°

i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ [`:`|[ ∆h_ A_° [“hop__p° [° S>° Arcc|[ \B

Nep. cpf[ue [“hrh¤p_p¨ n°”° ApQpeÆ_y¨ ‚]$p_ A_fie R>°. L$]$pQ

A°d L$lu iL$pe L°$ ""Np•[dbyŸ [\p dlphuf ıhpdu `R>u_p¨ gp¨bp

kde Npmpdp¨ cpf[ue [“hop__p¨ n°”dp¨ Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ kdp_

dlp`yfyj Afie L$p°B \ep _lu lp°e.

-:- Ap›eps–dL$ kpd∞pƒe_p¨ ı\p`L$ :--:- Ap›eps–dL$ kpd∞pƒe_p¨ ı\p`L$ :--:- Ap›eps–dL$ kpd∞pƒe_p¨ ı\p`L$ :--:- Ap›eps–dL$ kpd∞pƒe_p¨ ı\p`L$ :--:- Ap›eps–dL$ kpd∞pƒe_p¨ ı\p`L$ :-

Alv A°d L$l°hy¨ ep°¡e gpN° R>° L°$ rlfi]y$ ^dÆ h°]$pq]$ ip˜p°\u ‚dpqZ[

lp°hp D`fp¨[ [°_° V$L$phhp A_° S>_ S>_ ky^u [°_u cph_p a°gphhpdp¨ k¨[p°_p°

apmp° A°V$gp°S> dlp_ R>°.39 A° lL$uL$[_° `yfhpf L$f[p k¨kpfdp¨ `uX$p[p° ‚–e°L$

dp_hu, A\hp [p° kdN∞ dp_h ≈[ Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ_p L$Í$ZpQny kdn ‚\d

Aphu. Ap L$fyZp [°Ap°_p¨ ˘]$e_p¨ A¨[f[d JX$pZ_° ı`iw NB. ApA°S>

L$Í$Zp l[u. S>°_p¨ L$pfZ° [°Ap° cpf[_p° M|Z° M|Zp° A°L$ \u h^yhM[ M|¨]$u

h˛ep. [° klz_° [°_p¨ kpQp ıhÍ$`_p° D`]°$i Ap‡ep°. ""k[π - rQ[π A_°

Ap_¨]$'' ApQpeÆÓu_p¨ d[° dp_hu `p°[p_p ıhÍ$` Aop__° L$pfZ°, kpQp

op__p¨ Acph_° L$pfZ° ]y$:Mu\pe R>°.40 dpZk `p°[p_p dlp_ hpfkp\u

F>rjAp°A° ‚p· L$f°gp¨ kÁeL$πop_ ]$iÆ_\u Aop[ R>°.41 d_yÛe_y¨ "kpQy ıhNÆ'

[°_u blpf _rl, bÎL°$ [°_u `p°[p_u A¨]$f S> R>°.42 [° kd≈hhp kpdh°]$_y¨

"VV≤ Àd_og' ([° [y¨ R>°)43, A\hÆh°]$_y¨ - "A`_mÀ_m ]´˜' (‚–e°L$ d_yÛe_p°)

Ap Ap–dpb∞˚ R>°44, eSy>h£]$_y¨ "Ahß ]´˜mpÒ_' lz¨ S> b∞˚ Ry>¨.45 A_° F>¡h°]$_y¨

178

- "‡kmZß ]´ ' - b∞ (_p° kpQp° ıhcph) op_ R>°.46 `p°[p_p ^dÆ[“hop__p¨

`pep [fuL°$ Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpe£ Qpf h°]$p°_p¨ Ap Qpf dlphpºep°_° ıhuL$pepÆ. A_°

`p°[p_u ‚cphipmu byqŸ‚r[cp\u [°Ap°_° L°$hm cpf[ dp¨ S> _rl `f¨[y

kdN∞ k¨kpfdp¨ `p°[p_p¨ Ap›eps–dL$ kpd∞pƒe_u ı\p`_p L$fu. S>N[dp¨ ^dÆ

A_° [“hop__u D–æ$p¨r[ dpV°$ Ap^pfc|[ `qfh[Æ_iug A\hp `pep_p¨

`–\f_p° cpN cS>Ïep° R>°. [°dZ°, ^dÆ‚QpfL$ A_° ‚kpfL$ ep”pAp°,

‚q[‹fi]$uAp° kp\°_p¨ ip˜p\p£ A_° L°$hgp‹•[ d[_u ı\p`_p, cpf[c|rddp¨

D]π$ch°gp¨ bp•Ÿ^dÆ_p° `fpS>e L$fu cpf[dp¨ k_p[_ ^dÆ_y¨ `y_:ı\p`_ L$B

fu[° L$eyØ [° ≈°BA°.

Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆA° ıhı\ kdpS>_p¨ r_dpÆZ_p¨ `pep dpV°$ bp•Ÿ^dÆ

A_° S>•_^dÆ_u a°gpe°gu b]$uAp°_° ]|$f L$fhp A\pN ‚e–_p° L$epÆ. [°dp¨ d|m

hp[ h°]$d|gL$ ^dÆ, [“hop_ A_° ∆h_fur[_u L$kp°V$u_u l[u. h•q]$L$eyN°

kS>£gu k¨ıL©$r[ ‚pZhp_ l[u. S>°_p¨ `pe° ıhı\ kdpS> A_° kiº[ fpÙ≤$_y¨

r_dpÆZ \B iL°$gy. Ap b^u AiyqŸAp° A_° _bmpB Ap°_° r_hpfhp_p cNuf\

L$peÆ dpV°$ Ly$dpqfgcÀ$ d\u f¸p l[p¨. [°dZ° Óyr[rhfp°^u `qfbmp° kpd° `Z

bp\ cuX$u l[u. bp•Ÿ^dÆ_u Akf _uQ° S>° AL$dÆŒe[p Ïep °gu [°dp¨\u gp°L$p°_°

blpf gphhp dpV°$ [°dZ° h°]$hrZÆ[ L$dÆdpNÆ_° fiepreL$ Ap^pf Ap`u `y_fyŸpf

L$ep£ `f¨[y Ly$dpqfg A_° i¨L$fpQpeÆ b° r]$¡N≈°_u klep”p, Ly$dpqfg cÀ$_u

æ$p¨r[_u dipg byTpB ≈e [° `l°gp¨ S> i¨L$fpQpeÆ S>°hp k¨[, ky^pfL$ A_°

]$piÆr_L°$ [°_° op_ csº[\u k¨c©[ b_phu ]$u^u.

179

^dp£–\p_ dpV°$ Apf¨c°gu [u\Æ ep”p :- (^dÆ ‚Qpf) :-^dp£–\p_ dpV°$ Apf¨c°gu [u\Æ ep”p :- (^dÆ ‚Qpf) :-^dp£–\p_ dpV°$ Apf¨c°gu [u\Æ ep”p :- (^dÆ ‚Qpf) :-^dp£–\p_ dpV°$ Apf¨c°gu [u\Æ ep”p :- (^dÆ ‚Qpf) :-^dp£–\p_ dpV°$ Apf¨c°gu [u\Æ ep”p :- (^dÆ ‚Qpf) :-

cpf[_p¨ d›eL$pgu_ Br[lpkdp¨ kp•\u dl–h_y¨ Ïesº[–h dlp–dp

S>N]π$Nyfy, Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ_y R>°. cpf[ Apsı[L$ - _psı[L$ ]$iÆ_p° A_° k¨‚]$pep°dp¨

iuZÆrhiuZÆ l[y¨ –epf° cpf[ ]°$i L°$hp L°$hp¨ _p_p - _p_p ny÷ k¨‚]$pep°dp¨ h°f

- rhM°f li° [°_p° øepg Aph° R>°. Ap ]$f°L$ kÁ‚]$pe_p¨ rQåp° Sy>]$p, ApQpfp°

Sy>]$p, OZuhpf h°i `Z Sy>]$p A_° ^prdÆL$ d[p° [p° rcfi_ Mfp S>. ApQpeÆ

i¨L$f° A‹•[hp]$_p¨ ‚Qpf ‹pfp ]°$i_p¨ Ap h°f - rhM°f kpÁ‚]$preL$ V|$L$X$pAp°_°

cp¨Nu_° ApMp ]°$i_° A°L$t`X$ b_phhp_y¨ cNuf\ L$peÆ l[y¨. [°Ap°A° ]$f°L$ ı\m°

S>B –ep¨_p BÙ$]°$h_u `|≈ L$fu `R>u A° ]°$hL°$fi÷u d[_y¨ rhı\p`_ L$f[p, A_°

`R>u A° d[p_yepeuAp°_° kfiepku _ b_ph[p `Z ıdp[ÆApQpf, `¨Q`|≈

A_° A‹•[rkŸpfi[ N∞lZ L$fph[p¨. `¨Q`|≈dp¨ `fd[krlÛœ[p `Z fl°gu

R>°. [p° kNyZL$npA° h•rh›e_p° Ap]$f `Z kdpe°gp° R>°. R>°â° [p° ApQpeÆ_°

rih, rhÛœ isº[ A° S> b∞˚ R>°. A°hp qkŸpfi[p°_p° ıhuL$pf, ‚Qpf [\p

q]$s¡hS>e `Z gp°L$rl[_° dpV°$ L$fphp[p b[phpep R>°. S>° i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p A‹•[dp¨

S> Ap b^y¨ iºe l[y¨. h°]$d|gL$ A‹•[ rkŸp¨[ ı\p`u_° [\p ‚Qpfu_°

i¨L$fpQpeÆA° cpf[_u kp¨ıL©$r[L$ A_° ^prdÆL$ A°º[p_° rkŸ L$fu b[phu R>°.

L$l°hpe R>° L°$ cNhp_ L$piu rh_p\° ApQpeÆÓu_° Q¨X$pmıhÍ$`° ]$iÆ_

]$B ^dÆ ‚Qpf_p° S>° Ap]°$i Ap‡ep° l[p°. i¨L$fpQpe£ Ap Ap]°$i_y¨ `pg_ L$f[p

lp°e [°d ‚ı\p_”eu `f cpÛep° gøep¨. Alv\u [°d_y¨ ^dÆ ‚Qpf_y¨ L$peÆ iÍ$

\ey¨.

i¨L$fpQpeÆ h∞[ı_p[ l[p. ıhe¨ D—d ApQfZ ‹pfp riÛe_p°

L$pepL$Î` L$fhp B√R>[p l[p. d_yÛe_u `p”[p A\£ kp^_Q[yÛV$e A° `pep_u

180

S>Í$fuep[ l[u. id, ]$d, Apq]$ \L$u A¨[:L$fZ_u rQ—iyqŸ L$fu d_dp¨

op__p° ‚L$pi ‚NVph[p. i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ `pfkı`iÆ hX°$ Aphp Ar^L$pf\u kÁ`fl

b∞ op°_p kdy]$peÍ$` `p°[p_p riÛeh©fi]$p°_° kp\° gB [°dZ° `p°[p_u k¨ıL$pfep”p

L$piu\u lf‹pf, F>rjL°$i, b]$fu_p\ hN°f° [u\p£ dpV°$ ApNm h^pfu.

ep”p ]$fÁep_ h√Q° Aph[p¨ ‚rkŸ ]°$hpgep°, ApÓdp° A_° [u\p£

[fa Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ∆ rhi°j gn Ap`[p. [°d_° d_ A° ‚°fZpı\p_p° lp°hp\u

S>Í$f S>Zp[u [°_p° ∆Zp£Ÿpf L$f[p b]$fu_p\ `pk°_p¨ Ïepk[u\Æ `f dlrjÆ

Ïepk∆_p [°d_° ]$iÆ_ \ep A_° h°]$p¨[ ‚Qpf_u ‚°fZp dmu. D`fp¨[

i¨L$fpQpeÆ_y¨ ApeyÛe S>° kp°m S> hjÆ_y¨ l[y¨ [° [° S> kde° `|fy¨ \pe [°d l[y¨ [°_°

32 hjÆ_y¨ \hp _p¨ Apiwhp]$ `Z Ap‡ep.

-::- æ$p¨r[L$pfu `qfh[Æ_ gph_pf :--::- æ$p¨r[L$pfu `qfh[Æ_ gph_pf :--::- æ$p¨r[L$pfu `qfh[Æ_ gph_pf :--::- æ$p¨r[L$pfu `qfh[Æ_ gph_pf :--::- æ$p¨r[L$pfu `qfh[Æ_ gph_pf :-

cpf[dp¨ rlfi]y$ ^dp£_p° `y_fyŸpf L$f_pf ApQpeÆ i¨L$f eyN`yÍ$j l[p.

[°dZ° blzdyMu ‚[ucp, _u[ud—p, A_° byqŸd—p hX°$ k_p[_$^dÆ_p

ApQpfrhQpf dp¨ æ$p¨r[L$pfu _hd|Îep°_y¨ ı\p`_ L$eyØ. kdepfi[f° Ap`Zp¨ ]°$idp¨

kpdprS>L$, fpS>Lu$e A_° ^prdÆL$ ∆h_dp¨ dlp_ `qfh[Æ_ gph_pf Óu

i¨L$fpQpeÆA° kdpS>_° A°L$ _hu S> q]$ipdp¨ dpNÆ b[phu_° cpf[ue k¨ıL©$r[

A_° `f¨`fp_° D≈Nf L$fhp_p° ‚e–_ L$ep£ R>°. ApS>° hjp£ rh–ep `R>u `Z Ap

dlp`yfyj_p¨ ∆h__u R>p` rQf¨∆h b_u S>hp `pdu R>°. Ap`Z° –ep¨ kpdp∆L$

n°”° æ$p¨r[ gph_pf, fpS>L$ue n°”° Np•fh A`ph° [°hu _°[pNufu `|fu `pX$_pf

[\p Apr\ÆL$ n°”° ]°$i_° ‚Nr[_p¨ dpN£ ]$p°fuS>_pf A_° kdpS>_p¨ Sy>]$p - Sy>]$p¨

n°”dp¨ ]$p__p° ‚hpl k[[ hl°[p° fpMu ep°N]$p_ Ap`_pf A_° ^prdÆL$ æ$psfi[

gph_pf Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ S> R>°.

181

L$p°B`Z ]°$idp¨ L$p°B`Z n°”° ƒepf° æ$psfi[ k≈Æe R>° –epf° [° l¨d°ip

Ak¨[p°jdp¨\uS> D]π$ch `pd° R>°. ‚pQu_ `f¨`fp_p° rhQpf L$fuA° [p° Ap`Zu

k¨ıL©$r[ S> h°]$ D`f Ap^pqf[ k¨ıL©$r[ R>°. `f¨[y ƒepf° L$p°B`Z rhQpf^pfp dp¨

gp¨bp kde° rR>÷p° `Z ‚h°i° R>°, `qfZpd° d|m cph_p cygp[u ≈e R>°,

ıhp\Æ‚h©r— ‚bm b_° R>°. A_° k¨ıL©$r[ dp¨ æ$di: rhL©$[[p Dcfhp gpN° R>°,

Aphy¨ S> h•q]$L$ k¨ıL©$r[_u bpb[dp¨ bfiey¨. ƒepf° S>•_^dÆ A_° bp•Ÿ^$dÆ_u

rhQpf kfZu `fpLpõ$pA° l[u. `f¨[y riMf° `lp¢√ep `R>u ApNm h^hp_p°

L$p°B dpNÆ _ S>Zp[p [°_u Akf, Ap°R>u \hp gpN° R>° [° fiepe° Óui¨L$f_p° S>fid

`Z ≈Z° L°$ Ap A¨^L$pf_° ‚L$pidp¨ `qfhr[Æ[ L$fhp dpV°$ S> \ep° lp°e [°d

dp” kp°m hjÆ_u Jdf\u ∆h__p¨ A¨[ ky^u kdN∞ ]°$idp¨ `qfc∞dZ A_° [°

‹pfp [°Ap° ƒep¨ ƒep¨ Nep –ep¨ - –ep¨ S>°V$gp° kde f¸p [° ]$frdep_ [°d_u

A‹•[hp]$_u rhQpfkfZu_° h^pf° ı`Ù$ L$fhp Afie fu[° rhQpf_pf rh‹p_p°

kp\° ip˜_u QQpÆ L$fu A_°L$ rh‹p_p°_° `fpı[ L$epÆ, A°V$gy¨ S> _rl, `f¨[y

`p°[p_p riÛe b_pÏep.S>°dp¨ [° kde_p¨ dlp_ `¨qX$[ A_° rh‹p_ d¨X$_rdÓ

`Z l[p.

-::- i¨L$f q]$s¡hƒe : cpf[ ep”p hM[° ‚]$p_ :--::- i¨L$f q]$s¡hƒe : cpf[ ep”p hM[° ‚]$p_ :--::- i¨L$f q]$s¡hƒe : cpf[ ep”p hM[° ‚]$p_ :--::- i¨L$f q]$s¡hƒe : cpf[ ep”p hM[° ‚]$p_ :--::- i¨L$f q]$s¡hƒe : cpf[ ep”p hM[° ‚]$p_ :-

^prdÆL$ n°”° [°d_y¨ kp•\y¨ dp°Vy$ ‚]$p_ ∆h__p¨ A¨[ ky^u ]°$idp¨ A°L$\u

h^y hM[ `qfc∞dZdp¨ S> f¸y¨ R>°. ƒep¨ dl“h_u L$pdNufu Í$`° Qpf dW$p° -

Qpf°e q]$ipdp¨ ı\p`u `p°[p_u rhQpf^pfp_° rhı[©[ A_° ı`Ù$ L$fhp `p°[p_p

Qpf°e riÛep°_° –ep¨ ApQpeÆ [fuL°$ ı\p`u, k¨cpmu A_° `p°[p_u rhQpfkfZu_°

h°N Ap‡ep°. A°L$ fu[° ≈°BA° [p° `⁄`p]$, lı[pdgL$, krd–`prZ,

rQq‹gpk,op_L$fi]$, rhÛœNy·, iyŸL$ur[Æ, cp_ydfurQ, L©$ÛZ]$iÆ_, byqŸh©qŸ,

182

rhf¨rQ`p]$, A_¨[p_¨]$rNqf hN°f° A_°L$ riÛep° `Z [°d_° kde°-kde° r[\Æ

ep”p ]$fÁep_ ‚p· \e°gp. [°d_u kp\° ApQpeÆÓuA° q]$s¡hƒe_p° ‚pf¨c L$ep£

[°hy¨ A_fi[p_fi]$ [°d_p¨ N∞¨\dp¨ hZÆh° R>°. [°dp¨ Ly$dpqfgcÀ$ _° d˛ep, `Z

[°Ap° dfZp°fidyM lp°hp\u [°dZ° `p°[p_p b_°hu d¨X$_rdÓ_y¨ _pd k|QÏey¨.

ApQpeÆ dprlÛd[udp¨ S>B d¨X$_ rdÓ [\p [°d_p `–_u Dcecpf[u_°

ip˜p\Ædp¨ `fprS>[ L$fu, d¨X$_rdÓ_° kyf°fpQpeÆ [fuL°$ k¨fiepk ]$unp Ap`u.

d¨X$_rdÓ D`f_p° ApQpeÆÓu_p° Ap rhS>e [°d_p¨ q]$s¡hƒe_p° ‚pf¨c NZu

iL$pe.

bp•Ÿ, S>•_ hN°f° ApOp[p°\u d©[‚pe \hp dp¨X°$gu h•q]$L$ `f¨`fp_°

`y_: Q°[_h¨[u L$fhp L$p°B dlp[u\Æ_u S>Í$f l[u. i¨L$fpQpeÆ A_° Ly$dpqfg_p¨

k¨Nd[u\Æ hX°$ A° `|ZÆ \B.47 Ap b° dlp`yfyjp°_p¨ rdg__y¨ dl“h h•q]$L$

[°dS> bp•Ÿ b¨fl° ^dp£_u ◊rÙ$A° Oœ¨ R>°. _psı[L$ bp•Ÿ ]$piÆr_L$p° ‹pfp ApeÆ dÆ_p¨

L$dÆ dpNÆ D`f cpf° ‚lpfp° \B f¸p l[p. –epf° Ly$dpqfg [°_p° S>Âbf ‚r[L$pf

L$fu f¸p l[p. i¨L$fpQpeÆ `Z bp•Ÿ A_° S>•_d[p°_y¨ M¨X$_ L$fu h•q]$L$ ^dÆ_p¨

op_ L$p¨X$_° `y_:ı\pr`[ L$fu f¸p l[p. bfl°_p¨ gˇe A_° q]$ip ‚pe: A°L$

l[p. i¨L$fpQpeÆ L$piu\u ‚epN r”h°Zu [V°$ `lp¢√ep bfi_°_y¨ rdg_ nZcf

\ey¨ R>[p Adf b_u Ney¨.

Ly$dpqfg h•q]$L$ ^dÆ A_° ]$iÆ__p¨ ddÆo l[p. |hÆ dudp¨kp_p¨ ApQpeÆ

[fuL°$_u [°d_u øepr[ l[u. bp•Ÿ A_° S>•_ ]$iÆ_p° D`f h•q]$L$ ]$iÆ__u kfkpB

ı\pr`[ L$fhp [°dZ° `f¨`fpAp°_y¨ Nl_ A›ee_ D`fp¨[ `pgu, A^ÆdpN^u,

÷prhX$u hN°f° cpjpAp° D`f ‚cy–h lp¨kg L$eyØ. S>°_p° OZp° gpc i¨L$fpQpeÆ_°

d˛ep°.

183

hpı[hdp¨ i¨L$fpQpeÆ A° hM[° M|b ‚fk°gp¨ A°hp bp•Ÿ ^dÆ kpd°

h•q]$L$^dÆ_p° ‚Qpf L$fu f¸p l[p. bp•Ÿ ^dÆ_° _pd° L°$V$gp°L$ A_pQpf `Z

a°gpe°gp°. R>[p¨ A°dp¨ hZÆc°]$_° ı\p_ _lv lp°hp\u kdpS>dp¨ Aphp c°]$ Ap°R>p

L$fhp_y Ó°e [°d_° d˛ey l[y. bp•Ÿ ^dÆdp¨ i|÷p°dp¨\u `Z L°$V$gpL$ _pdu rcnyAp°

_p¢^pep R>°. Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆA° Óyr[ ‚dprZ[ ApQpf-rhQpf_p° ‚Qpf Apf¨Êep°

l[p°. [° A°V$g° ky^u L°$ b∞˚op_ dpV°$ Óyr[_° S> A¨r[d A_° A°L$dp” ‚dpZ

W$fphu R>°. ıd©r[Ap° `Z Óyr[_y¨ A_ydp°]$_ `pd° [p° S> ‚dpZ A°d L$¸y¨.48

h°]$ ^dÆ_p¨ DŸpf dpV°$ Ly$dpqfgcÀ$_u S> ‚°fZp\u [°dZ° d¨X$_rdÓ_°

`p°[p_p¨ D]π°i_u `|r[Æ dpV°$ gˇe b_pÏep. d¨X$_rdÓ A°L$ ‚r[cpkÁ`fl A_°

kd\Æ rh‹p_ l[p. [°d_p¨ `–_u Dcecpf[u `Z rh]|$ju l[p. ""oMaU dm¿`ß

Z JVm odYmVm''49 A°d [°S>ıhu eyNg_° L$rh hpf¨hpf L$l° R>°. i¨L$fpQpeÆ kp\°_p°

[°d_p° "ip˜p\Æ$' Ar[ ‚rkŸ R>°.

–ep¨\u i¨L$fpQpeÆ dlpfpÙ≤$, Óui•g Nep. –ep¨ [°d_p¨ riÛep°A°

`piy`[, hufi•h, dpl°f, h•ÛZhhpq]$ kÁ‚]$pep° [\p h•i°rjL$,kp¨øe, S>•_

i•hisº[, bp•Ÿ, fiepe hN°f° ]$iÆ_p° D`f A‹•[ h°]$p¨[_u dl—p ı\p`u.

`pR>p afu i©¨N°fudp¨ ipf]$pÁbp `uW$_u ı\p`_p L$fu.

riÛep° A_° fp≈ ky^fihp_p ‚–en fnZ kp\°_u rhƒeep”pdp¨

A°dZ° ipº[p°_° lfpÏep, `R>u `pŒX$e Qp•g, ÷rhX$ hN°f°_°∆[u [p¨r”L$p°_° ]|$f

L$fu Apfi^∞p° [p° rh_e`|hÆL$ A°d_° ifZ° ApÏep. rh]$cÆ_u fpS>^p_udp¨ A°dZ°

riÛep° ‹pfp c•fh [¨”_p¨ D`pkL$p°_° `fpı[ L$epÆ. Np°L$ZÆn°”dp¨ rihk|”_p¨

cpÛeL$pf_ugL¨$W$_° ∆[u kp•fpÙ≤$dp¨ ApÏep, –ep¨ `p¨Qfp”p°_° lfphu Dà>re_u

Nep –ep¨ cpıL$fcÀ$_° lfpÏep. –ep¨\u hpeÏeq]$ipdp¨ S>•_]$piÆr_L$p°_° lfphu

184

[°d_p¨ k· c¨Nu_e _y¨ M¨X$_ L$eyØ. _•rdj ‚]°$idp¨ afu ]$f]$p°, cf[p°, i|fk°_p°,

Ly$fy`p¨Qpgp° hN°f° ≈r[Ap°_°, –ep¨\u L$pdÍ$` \B Arc_hNy· _pd_p

ipº[cpÛeL$pf_° lfpÏep°. `R>u rh]°$l, L$p•kg hN°f° ∆[u Np•X$]°$idp dyfpqfrdÓ,

^dÆNy· hN°f° ApQpep£ _° ∆[u i¨L$f° `p°[p_p d[_° h^y ◊Y$ b_pÏep°.

Np•X$`p]$pQpeÆ_p¨ ApiuhpÆ]$\u i¨L$fpQpeÆ° L$pÌduf_p¨ ipf]$p d¨q]$f_p¨ khÆo`]$

`f rbfpƒep A_° `R>u b÷uL°$]$pf \B ]°$hp°_u rh_¨[u \u `p°[p_y¨ Ah[pf L$peÆ

`|ZÆ L$eyØ.

≈° L°$ ApQpeÆ i¨L$f° Ap cpf[_u‚]$rnZp ]$fÁep_ A_°L$ kpdp∆L$,

^prdÆL$ D–\p__p¨ L$pep£ L$epÆ. fpd°fdp¨ i•hd[p°_y¨ r_fk_ L$eyØ. A_° [°d_p

i•hk¨‚]$pe _p¨ rQfilp°_p° –epN L$fphu A‹•[d[ ıhuL$pfpÏep°.`R>u A_fi[ie_

_pd_p ı\m° Aphu cNhp_ rhÛœ_p ]$iÆ_ L$fu –ep¨_p R> ‚L$pfdp¨ cNhp_

rhÛœ_p¨ ]$iÆ_ L$fu –ep¨_p R> ‚L$pfdp¨ h•ÛZhp° - cº[p°, cpNh[p°, h•ÛZhp°,

`p¨Qfp”p_yepeuAp°,h•Mp_kp° A_° L$dÆlu_p° Ap b^p_p¨ d[p°_y¨ r_fk_ L$eyØ.

b^p `pk° kp¨‚]$preL$ rQåp°_p° –epN L$fpÏep°, A‹•[ ıhuL$pfpÏey¨. h•q]$L$ ApQpf

[\p `¨Qeo A_° `¨Q`|≈_p¨ ApQpf D`]°$Ìep A_° r”`y¨X$, ^pfZ L$fpÏey¨.

-:- –ep¨\u `rÚd [fa kyb∞˚Œe _pd_p L$pr[ÆL°$e_p ‚pL$V$È ı\m° Aphu

–ep¨ ‚Qrg[ rlfŒeNcÆ b∞ p_p¨ d[_° [\p bu≈ Ar¡_d[_° A_ykf_pfpAp°_y

`|ZÆ d¨X$m_y¨ r[gL$ L$f_pf fº[`yÛ`^pfu k|eÆcº[p°_y¨ r_blÆZ L$fu k¨‚]$pe_p¨

rQfilπp° –eSphu ıdp[pØQpf L$fpÏep°.

-:- –ep¨\u ApNm hpeÏeq]$ipdp¨ NZhf_Nfdp¨ S>B NZ`r[_u `|≈

L$fu NZ`r[d[_y ¨ [\p lqf÷pNZ`r[-d[, Ds√R>Ù$NZ`r[d[,

NZ`r[d[”e _y¨ r_fk_ L$eyØ.

185

-:- –ep¨\u [yg≈ chp_u`yfdp¨ Aphu ]y$NpÆ]°$hu_u `|≈ L$fu isº[d[_y¨,

Ly$hge yfdp¨ dlpgˇdud[_y, ipf]$pd[_y, ipº[ hpdpQpfuAp°_p¨ d[_y M¨X$_

L$eyØ.

-:- D—f° Dà>re_u S>B L$p`prgL$ d[_y¨ M¨X$_ L$fu, L$p`prgL$p°_p¨ S>

BÙ$]°$h k¨lpfc•fh_y¨ kd\Æ_ d°mÏey¨. h°Ìep`y”, ]$pÍ$qX$ep L$p`prgL$_° ^dL$phu_°

lp¨L$u L$pY$Èp°, QphpÆL$d[_° D√R>°¤p°, kp•N[d[, n`ZL$d[, bp•Ÿd[ hN°f°

d[p°_y¨ r_blÆZ L$eyØ.

-:- –ep¨\u hpeÏe q]$ipdp¨ S>B dâ`yf_Nfdp¨ dâpqfd[_y¨ A_° –ep¨\u

`rÚd° dfyfi^_Nfdp¨ rhÛhL$k°_ d[_y¨ [\p dfid\ d[_y¨, –ep¨\u D—f°

dpN^`yfdp¨ Ly$b°f_p¨ D`pkL$ d[_y¨, Bfi÷‚ı\dp¨ Bfi÷d[_y¨, ed‚ı\dp¨

edd[_y¨ M¨X$_ L$eyØ.

-:- ‚epN S>B hfyZ,hpey, c|rd]°$h A_° [u\p£_p¨ D`pkL$p°_y ¨,

i|fiehp]$_y¨, hfpld[_y¨, gp°L$d[_y¨, NyZd[_y¨, kp¨øe, ep°N, `ugyd[_y¨

D√R>°]$_ L$eyØ.

-:- –ep¨\u L$piu S>B L$dÆd[_y¨, Qp¨÷d[_y¨ N∞l`|S>L$p°_p¨ d[_y¨ n`ZL$_y¨,

r`[©]°$hd[_y, i°j, NfyX$, rk›^ N¨ hÆ, c|[, h°[pg hN°f° d[p°_y kpd’eÆ |hÆL$

M¨X$_ L$fu b^p_° L°$hgp‹•[_p° rkŸp¨[, `¨Q`|≈ [\p ıdp[pÆQpf_p° ıhuL$pf

L$fpÏep°.

-::- `¨Qqg¨N_u ı\p`_p :--::- `¨Qqg¨N_u ı\p`_p :--::- `¨Qqg¨N_u ı\p`_p :--::- `¨Qqg¨N_u ı\p`_p :--::- `¨Qqg¨N_u ı\p`_p :-

ApQpeÆA° (ApL$pi dpN£) D—fdp¨ L•$gpk `hÆ[ `f S>B rih-

`phÆ[u_u `|≈ L$fu. `p¨Q ıaqV$L$ tgN [°d_u `pk°\u d°mÏep.S>° `R>u A°L$

L°$]$pfdp¨, buSy> _ugL¨$W$ n°”dp¨, ”uSy>¨ i©¨N°fudp¨, Qp°\y¨ rQ]$Ábfdπ dp¨ A_°

186

`p¨Qdy¨ L$p¨Qudp¨ A°d `¨QtgN_u ı\p`_p L$fu. S>°dp¨ i©¨N°fudp¨ ^mJqbJ

rQ]$Ábfdπ dp¨ _mjqbJ b]$fuL°$]$pfdp¨ _wo∑VqbJ A_° _°`pm L°$ S>° _ugL¨$W$ n°”

[fuL°$ Ap°mMp[y¨ –ep¨ draqbJ A_° `p¨Qdy¨ L$p¨Qudp¨ ı\p‡ey¨ S>° `mJqbJ [fuL°$

Ap°mMpey¨. Ap `¨QtgN_u ı\p`_p i¨L$fpQpeÆ A° L$fu [°d_p `|¨S>_ AQÆ__u

Ïehı\p L$fu. L$p¨Qudp¨ ı\p`°gp `mJqbJ _u Apfp^_p R>°hV$ ky^u i¨L$f L$f[p¨

A°d L$p¨Qu `fÁ`fp L$l° R>°. "_•j^Qqf['dp¨ ÓuljÆ° L$p¨Qu_p ıaqVL$ ep°Nqg¨N_y¨

hZÆ_ L$eyØ R>°. S>° i¨L$fpQpeÆ∆ ‹pfp ı\p`u[ R>°.50

-::- A\Ælu_ d[-d[p¨[fp° :--::- A\Ælu_ d[-d[p¨[fp° :--::- A\Ælu_ d[-d[p¨[fp° :--::- A\Ælu_ d[-d[p¨[fp° :--::- A\Ælu_ d[-d[p¨[fp° :-

Óu i¨L$fpQpe£ ApMpe rlfi]y$ı\p__u ep”pAp° `p°[p_u riÛe

d¨X$mukp\° `N`pmp L$fu R>°. [°_p° A°L$ A_°fp° ‚cph l[p°. kpdpfieS>_ [p°

csº[cph_° hi lp°e R>°. `f¨[y ıhp\wS>_p° d[-d[p¨[f Dcp L$fu rhMhp]$

S>NpX°$ R>°. A_° `p°[p_p A_yepe_p¨ ApN∞lu b_° R>°. A° kde° `Z S>° L°$V$gp¨L$

d[p° Í$Y$ \ep l[p [°dp¨ dyøe–h° i•h, h•ÛZh, kp•f, NpZ`–e A_° ipº[

d[p° k_p[_ ^dÆ_° A_ykf[p l[p, `f¨[y BÙ$]°$hÍ$`° `p°[° dp_°gp ]°$h rkhpe

bu≈ ]°$hp°_° A`|ƒe NZ[p A°V$gy¨S> _rl, [°_° L$pfZ° DN∞rhfp°^ A_° gX$pB

TOX$p¨ Qpg[p l[p. `fdp–dp khÆÏep`L$ R>° A_° R>[p¨ L°$V$gpL$ d¨]$ A_° ı\|m

byqŸhpmp dp” d|r[Ædp¨ S> ‚cy–h dp_u bu≈Ap°_u D`°np L$f° R>°, A°V$gy¨ S>

_rl `Z bu≈ ]°$hp°_u `Z t_]$p L$f° R>°. L°$V$gpL$ h•ÛZhp° L$l° R>° : hpÒVZm

VmS>Á_mZm@o[ Z J¿N>V≤ e°d_p›Xa_≤ $& Np¨X$p° \e°gp° lp\u Ap [fa Aph[p° lp°e

A_° A°L$ [fa rihd¨q]$f lp°e [p° [°_p\u L$QfpB dfu S>hy¨ kpfy¨, `Z bQph

dpV°$ _∆L$dp¨ rihd¨q]$f lp°e [p°`Z –ep¨ S>hy ¨ _rl.51 A°huS> fu[°

i•hd[hpmpAp° rhÛœ_u t_]$p L$f° R>°, [°d S A° d[hpmp_p° Ar[ie r[fıL$pf

187

L$f° R>°. [°_° ApQpeÆÓu A¨^NS>fiepe_u52 sı\q[ ‹pfp kd≈h° R>°. S>°d `p¨Q

Ap¨^mpAp° dmu_° `p°[`p°[p_p lp\dp¨ Aph°gp Aheh ‚dpZ° L$Î`_p L$fu_°

lp\u_p ıhÍ$` dpV°$ `p°[p_p° d[ kpQp° R>° A°d [L$fpf L$f° `f¨[y hpı[rhL$ fu[°

[°dp¨_p L$p°BA° lp\u_y MÍ$ ıhÍ$` ≈Œey lp°[y _\u. Aphu S> i•h A_° h•ÛZhpq]$

d[hpmpAp°_u sı\q[ R>°.

Ap rhjd `qfsı\r[_° ]|f L$fu, A¨[f¨N TOX$pAp° kdphu rlfi]y$

^dÆ_u A°º[p ı\p`hpdp¨ cNhp_ Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆA° `fı`f _p¨ kdp^p_ A_°

kdfihe_p¨ dpN£ A`|hÆ rkqŸ d°mhu R>° `p°[p_y¨ riÛeNZp°_u kp\° [°Ap° Óu

rhÛœcNhp__p dq]$f° S>B, cpNh[^dÆ_° A_ykfu k°hp |≈ L$f°, A_° rhÛœ_p°

drldp Np[p ı[p°”p°_u fQ_p L$fu h•ÛZhS>_p°_° dmu [°dp¨ Óu rhÛœcNhp__u

‚r[õ$pL$fu, Afie ]°$hp° ‚r[ Ap]$fcph S>NpX$ph°. A° fu[° rhÛœ_° d›eL°$fi÷dp¨

ı\p`u NZ°i, k|eÆ, rih A_° isº[_p¨ `|S>_ `Z iÍ$ L$fph°. A°S> fu[°

isº[_p¨ d¨q]$fdp¨ `lp¢Qu ipº[^dÆ_° A_ykfu, k°hp `|≈ L$fu, isº[_p¨

ı[p°”p°_u fQ_p L$fu, isº[_u ‚r[õ$p L$fphu, [°d_° L°$fi÷dp¨ ı\p`u NZ°i,

k|eÆ, rih A_° rhÛœ_p¨ `|ƒ_ `Z iÍ$ L$fph° Ap S> ‚dpZ° NZ`r[, k|eÆ

A_° rih_p¨ d¨q]$fp°dp¨ S>B [° [° k¨‚]$pe ‚dpZ° BÙ$]°$h_p¨ `|S>_ L$fu, Afie

]°$hp°_u ‚r[õ$p L$fph°. Apd cNhp_ Óu i¨L$fpQpe£ `¨Q]°$hp°`pk_p_u 53 `Ÿr[

‹pfp rlfi]y$ ^dÆ_p A°º[p kp^u R>°. S>°_° L$pfZ° ApS>° `Z k_p[_^dÆ_°

A_ykf_pf rlfi]y$ ≈r[_p¨ r_S>d¨q]$fp°dp¨ `p¨Q ]°$hp°_u ‚r[õ$p \B flu R>°.

(1) `¨Q]°$hp°`pk_p - ]°$h`¨Qpe[_ :-(1) `¨Q]°$hp°`pk_p - ]°$h`¨Qpe[_ :-(1) `¨Q]°$hp°`pk_p - ]°$h`¨Qpe[_ :-(1) `¨Q]°$hp°`pk_p - ]°$h`¨Qpe[_ :-(1) `¨Q]°$hp°`pk_p - ]°$h`¨Qpe[_ :-

rl¨]y$Ap° rih, rhÛœ, k|eÆ, NZ`r[ A_° A¨rbL$p (dp[p), A°

`p¨Q ]°$h_p¨ Ape[_ L$l°[p¨ fl°W$pZ, ı\p_ hp d|r[Æ, A°_u `|≈ L$f° R>°. ]°$h

188

A°L$ S> R>°, `Z [° `p¨Q fl°W$pZdp¨ ‚L$V$ \B `p¨Q Sy>]$p¨ Sy>]$p¨ _pd `pd° R>°;

[°\u [° `¨Q ]°$h _ L$l°hp[p¨ "`¨Q Ape[_' L$l°hpe R>°.

EHß$ gV≤ od‡m ]h˛Ym dXp›V A_° dgwY°d Hw$Qw>Â]H$_≤ _u cphp–dL$

A°º[p - A°L$–h_p¨ Acph kpd°, i¨L$fpQpeÆ_° k[[ gX$hy¨ `X$Èy¨ l[y¨. cpf[dp¨

A°L$p–dL$[p - ı\p`u. cphp–dL$ A°º[p Aphp b^p [“hp° ƒepf° _pdi•:j

\B Nep A_° ‚pk¨rNL$, ce‚°qf[ S>Í$qfep[ hi Dcu L$f°gu A°º[p ıhpcprhL$

_ NZpe. Aphp A_°L$[p_p kde° ]°$idp¨ Qp°d°f rhk¨hpq][p$ A_° rhi©¨Mg[p

Ïep`°gp l[p. rhQpf, h[Æ_, BÙ$]°$h_u D`pk_p, k¨‚]$pe, cpjp,

rd’epAldπ A_° rh‹°ju [\p r_dpÆÎe kdpS> A°L$[p_p bm rh_p L°$d V$L$u

iL°$ ? Aphu ı`Ù$, rhQpfkfZu ^fph[p ApQpeÆ QpgL$bm [fuL°$ L°$hm ^dÆ_°

S> [pfZlpf dp_[p. YmaUmV≤ Y_©ï $& Y_© Ed gV≤ Apd L$l°[p. `f¨[y A° EH$_≤

gV≤ L$mp[y¨ S> _lp°[y¨. i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ kdN∞L$peÆ_° A°L$k|”dp¨ L$l°hy¨ lp°e [p°

i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ kdN∞ L$peÆ_° A°L$k|”dp¨ L$l°hy¨ lp°e [p° L$l°hpe - EHß$ gV≤ 54 _y¨

`y_≈NfZ A_° `y_: ı\p`_. Ap k|” L°$ d¨”_° [°dZ° A_°L$ Í$`° d|r[Æd¨[

L$ep£ R>°. cpf[ep”p ]$fÁep__p¨ [°d_p¨ L$pep£ [°d_p¨ Adf ıdpfL$ b_u Q|ºep

R>°. i¨L$fpQpeÆA° EHß$ gV≤ `p°[p_p¨ A‹•[cpÛe ‹pfp [–hop__p¨ n°”_°,

cphc|rd_° kf L$fhp_y¨ L$W$u_ L$peÆ kp^u b[pÏey¨. [°dZ° ]°$hu - ]°$h[pAp° A°L$

S> `fd [“h_p¨ NyZ qæ$ep_y¨ ‚r[r_r^–h L$fu f¸p R>°. [°\u A°L$d°L$ \u ıh[¨”

L°$, A°L$d°L$_p¨ ı`^ÆL$ _lu `|fL$ R>°. ]°$h_y¨ Nd° [° ıhÍ$` BÙ$ L°$ Apfp›e lp°e,

`Z ]°$h–h_p° d|mcph c|gphp° _ ≈°BA° - Ap ÷rÙ$ kp\° [°dZ° A° hM[_p¨

]°$h‚^p_ R> ‚dyM k¨‚]$pep°_° `qfiyŸL$fu `p°[° f _VÒWm[H$mMm`© 55 L$l°hpep.

Ap k¨‚]$pep° i•h, h•ÛZh, isº[, kp•f, NpZ`–e, A_° L$p•dpf Ap b^p_p°

189

kdfihe L$fu, rih, isº[, rhÛœ, k|eÆ A_° NZ`r[_y¨ ]°$h`¨Qpe[_ f√ey¨.

h°]$p°dp¨ hrZÆ[ Ar¡_ A_° k|eÆ ‚–en lpS>fplSy>f ]°$hp° R>°. A° Ar¡__°

_pfpeZ_p¨ Í$` Ap`p° [p° rhÛœ_p¨ rhrh^ Í$`p° ≈°hp_° dm° k|eÆ_° ƒep°r[Í$`°

rih NZp°[p° L$pgpr¡_Í$` A_° fy÷ dlp]°$h _p¨ rhrh^ Í$`p° ≈°hp dm° R>°. rih

kp\° isº[ [p° lp°e S>. A_° ‚Zh Ap¢L$pf Í$ ° h°]$p°dp¨ ‚r[õ$p`pd°g Anf^pd_y

NZ`r[_p¨ Í$` dm°gp¨ R>°. Apd r_fpL$pf, AnfpL$pf A_° ƒep°r[_p¨ ApL$pf°

h°]$p°A° S>° [–h_p¨ ‚r[`p]$_ L$epÆ R>°. [°_° S> A`_phu, `yfpZp°A° kpL$pf

ıhÍ$` ]°$hp°_p¨ hZÆ_ L$epÆ R>°. S>°dp¨ rih_° gN[p i•h, rhÛœ_° gN[p h•ÛZh,

NZ`r[_° gN[p¨ NpZ`–e, k|eÆ_° gN[p kp•f A_° isº[_° gN[p¨ ipº[

k¨‚]$pep°_p¨ `yfpZp°A° `p°[`p°[p_p¨ BÙ$]°$hp°_p° drldp Np[p¨ Np[p¨ Afie ]°$hp°_p°

drldp Npep° R>°. i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ D`]°$i ‚dpZ° A‹•[_p¨ A_yepeuAp°A° ¨Q]°$h_y

|S>_ L$fhy ≈°BA°. ¨Q]°$hp°dp¨ S>° c°]$byqŸ fpM° R>° [°_° dpV°$ ip˜p°dp¨ b∞ l–ep_y

`p[L$ L$¸y¨ R>° [°hp° ]°$hucpNh[dp¨ Dâ°M R>°.56

i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u Ap `¨Q]°$h_u rhcph_p_u `Z M|bu R>°. ]°$h `p¨Q,

ıhÍ$` `p¨Q R>[p¨ [°_p¨ ‹pfp ArcÏesº[ [p° A°L$ S> `fd[–h_u hmuA°dp¨

h•esº[L$ A_yLy$m[p `Z dmu R>°. S>°_p S>° BÙ$]°$h lp°e [° klz_u d›e° rbfpS>°

A_° Afie b° - b° ]°$hp° ApSy>bpSy>dp¨ Qpf ^pd_u ep”p [p° \[p¨ \pe `Z

]°$h`|≈ [p° ‚–e°L$ Ofdp¨ lp°e S>. (Charity Begins at home) Ofdp¨

bpm`Z\uS> kvQp[p Ap k¨ıL$pfp° S> kdpS>_° ^dÆkrlÛœ¨ b_phhpdp¨

fpdbpZ _uhX$Èp. cº[L$rh [ygku]$pk° [°d_u ‚rkL$ "rh_e`r”L$p' _p¨

‚pf¨cdp¨ i¨L$fpQpeÆ‚Zu[ `¨Qpe[_ `|≈ `›^r[_° ›ep_dp¨ fpMu_° L°$V$gp¨L$

`¨Qpe[_ ı[yr[_p¨ cS>_p° - ı[p°”p° `Z gøep R>°.57

190

rhrcfi_ ]°$hıhÍ$`° kNyZ b∞˚_y¨ d|[Æ ıhÍ$` `|ƒhp R>[p¨ i¨L$f_p¨

d_dp¨ L°$hm b∞ld•L$cph S> fddpZ l[p°. Ap ]$ipÆh[u A°L$ L$\p ≈°BA° [p°

- i¨L$fpQpeÆ Ál•kyf_p¨ lqflf_u ep”pA° l[p A° kde° Qyı[ h•ÛZhd[_y¨ A°

L°$fi÷ l[y. ApQpe£ cNhp_ rhÛœ_p¨ ]$iÆ__u B√R>p Ïeº[ L$fu, `Z |≈fuAp°A°

ApQpeÆ_° d¨q]$fdp¨ ‚h°i _ Ap‡ep°. ApQpeÆ k¨fiepku l[p¨ A°V$gy¨ S> _lv `Z

[°dp¨ cıd A_° Í$÷pn S>°hp i•hrQfilp° ifuf `f ^pfZ L$epÆ l[p. S>° h•ÛZh

`|≈fuAp°_° fyQ°gy¨ _lv. i¨L$fpQpeÆ° [°d_° kd≈Ïep L°$ cNhp__u d|r[Æ [p°

`fb∞˚ `fdp–dp_y¨ ‚[uL$ lp°B rih-rhÛœ [fuL°$ c°]$ fl°[p _\u. A°\u fp∆

\e°gp¨ `|≈fuAp°A° ApQpeÆ dpV°$ d¨q]$f_y¨ ‹pf Mp°Îey¨, [p° klz_p¨ ApÚeÆ h√Q°

cNhp__u d|r[ÆA^Æ rih A_° A^Æ rhÛœ, lqf-lf_p¨ ıhÍ$`° _S>f° `X$u !Ap

D`fp¨[ ]$rnZ_p¨ r[fyrh]•$dpfy]y$f_u dygpL$p[ hM[° ApQpeÆ_u B√R>p l[u L°$

Ap dlp_ ]°$hpge_y tgN ıhe¨ A‹•[k–e ≈l°f L$f°. i¨L$f_u ‚p\Æ_p\u cNhp_

rih° tgNdp¨\u ‚NV$ \B lp\ JQp L$fu ”Z hpf gÀ`ß A¤°V_≤ _p° Op°j L$f°gp°

≈°BA°. Ap fu[° cNhp__p° AprhcpÆh r_lp˛ep° [°dZ° ‚kfl[p `|hÆL$

i¨L$fpQpeÆ_° `p°[p_p ApQpeÆ [fuL°$ ıhuL$pepÆ.58

-:- i¨L$fpQpeÆA° ı\p`°gp ]°$h`¨Qpe[_ L°$ `¨Q]°$h`|≈_u `f¨`fpA°

kdpS>dp¨ k¨hp]$u hp[phfZ kS>Æhpdp¨ _Ω$fapmp° Ap‡ep°. i¨L$fpQpeÆ°

ıhe¨ `¨Q]°$h_u `|≈ csº[_p¨ ‚Qpf A\£ ı[p°”p° f√ep R>°. A‹•[_p¨

A_yepeuA° ¨Q]°$h_y |S>_ L$fhy ≈°BA° A°hy i¨L$fpQpeÆ[°d_p¨ riÛep°_°

D`]°$i[p kpÁ‚]$preL$ A°L$k|”[p kp^hpdp¨ Ap ‚\d `Ngy¨ l[y¨.

-:- h°]$pfi[dp¨ rih-rhÛœ_p¨ A‹•[ıhÍ$`_p¨ ]$iÆ_ lp°hp_° L$pfZ° Óu

i¨L$fpQpeÆ° h•ÛZh ^dÆ ‚r[ `|fp° Ap]$f b[pÏep° l[p°. A°V$gy¨ S> _tl

191

`Z k¨‚]$pep°_p¨ d[d[p¨[fp° A_° hp]$rhhp]$p°_° idphu, [°dZ°

k_p[_^dÆ_u ‚r[õ$p L$fu R>°.

-:- –ep¨\u d÷pk ‚pfi[_p¨ L$[|Æg ‚]°$i_p¨ ‚rkŸ ]°$hı\p_ Óu i•g_u

ep”p L$fu, ƒep¨ Óu drâL$pSy>Æ_ ƒep°r[tgN_u ı\p`_p R>°. Alv

L$p`prgL$ [p¨r”L$p° A_° bp•Ÿ [p¨r”L$p°_p° ‚cph rhi°j l[p°. ‚rkŸ

bp•ŸpQpeÆ _pNpSy>Æ_° –ep¨ r_hpk L$fu, [¨”dpNÆ_u ‚r[õ$p L$fu l[u

[° ı\p_° \p°X$p hjÆ r_hpkL$fu –ep¨_p¨ [p¨r”L$p° A_° hpddpNwAp° `f

rhƒe d°mhu cNhp_ drâL$pSy>Æ_ A_° cNh[u c∞dfp¨bp_u h•q]$L$

`|≈ iÍ$ L$fphu.

-:- Np°hp ‚]°$i_p¨ Np°L$ZÆ n°”Zp¨ ”Zfpr” r_hpk L$fu cNhp_

dlpbg°f_y¨ `|S>_ L$fu, –ep¨ lqfi¨L$f [u\Ædp¨ S>B, lqf-lf_p¨

Ac°]$_° ‚NV$ L$f_pf ı[p°”_u fQ_p L$fu –ep¨_p¨ h•ÛZhp°A_° ipº[p°_°

d[p¨[f hukfu S>B k_p[_ ^dÆ_° A_ykfhp_p° D`]°$i Ap‡ep°.

–ep¨\u d|L$p¨rbL$pn°”_p¨ ]$iÆ_ L$fu ]$rnZdp¨ Aph°g "Óuhrg' _pd_p

b∞p˚Zp°_p¨ AN∞lpf Npddp¨ r_hpk L$ep£.–ep¨ Ar¡_lp°”u ‚cpL$f_p¨

S>X$ d_p[p `y”_° [°dZ° ]$unpAp`u S>° lı[pdgL$pQpeÆÍ$`° `À$riÛe

NZpep. –ep¨\u i©¨NrNqf Nep, ƒep¨ `p°[° bpf hjÆ `l°gp ApÏep

l[p. F>rji©¨N° Ap ı\p_° [`ÚepÆ L$fu l[u. Ap ı\p_ ApS>° `Z

A–e¨[ ‚rkŸ R>°. d•k|f fpƒe_p¨ Ap `rh” ı\p_° [°d_° rNqf _pd_p

riÛe_u ‚pr· \B S>° [p°V$L$pQpeÆÍ$`° ‚rkŸ \ep.

-:- A°L$ cº[S>_ [u\Æep”pAp° L$fu `yŒed°mh° R>°. ƒepf° k¨[S>_ [u\Æ

ep”pAp° L$fu [°-[° [u\p£_u ‚r[õ$p h^pf° R>°. A_° [u\Æı\p_p°dp¨ Í$Y$

192

\e°gu S>X$[p A_° A¨^`f¨`fp_° ]|$f L$fu, k_p[_ ^dÆ_u ‚r[õ$p L$f°

R>°.

-:- Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆA° S>° dyøe[u\p£_u ep”p L$f°gu [°dp¨ Dà>•_, ‹pqfL$p,

S>Nflp\`yfu, ‚epN, b]$fu_p\, L$piu, L$p¨Qu, fpd°f hN°f° dyøe

R>°. [° D`fp¨[ ƒep¨ ƒep¨ bp•Ÿ [p¨r”L$p°, L$p`prgL$p°, hpdpQpfu hN°f°

`pMX$ dÆ_p ‚cph _uQ° Aph°gp [u\Æı\p_p° l[p –ep d©–ey_p ≈°Md

M°X$u_° `Z Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆA° r_hpk L$epÆ R>°. A_° [° `pM¨X$ ^$dÆ_p°

_pi L$fu, k_p[_^dÆ, rlfi]y$^dÆ_u ‚r[õ$p L$fu R>°.

-:- rldpge_p° `rh” b]$fuL$pÓd r_hpk kde° L$l°hpe R>°. L°$ ıhe¨

cNhp_ _pfpeZ° ÷Ìedp_ \B i¨L$fpQpeÆ_° AgL$_¨]$p _ufdp¨ `X°$gu

d|r[Æ b[phu l[u. S>°_u [°dZ° d¨q]$fdp¨ ‚r[õ$p L$fu. iyŸ h•q]$L$

rhr^\u `|≈ AQÆ_p \pe [° dpV°$ i¨L$f° Mpk _p¨b|]$fu b∞p˚Zp° _°

r_eyº[ L$epÆ. S>° Ïehı\p ApS>° `Z AnyŒZ R>°.

-:- i¨L$fpQpeÆA° r[Í$`r[_u ep”p ]$fÁep_ Óuh¢L$V°$f_p¨ ]$iÆ_ L$fu –ep¨_p¨

d¨q]$fdp¨ YZmH$f©U`ßà _u ı\p`_p L$fu.

-:- Óuf¨Ndπ ı\mdp¨ Óuf¨N_p\_p¨ d¨q]$fdp¨ OZmH$f©U`ßà _u ı\p`_p

L$fu, L$l°hpe R>° L°$ Ap d¨q]$fp° kp\° ^_, A_° S>__p¨ S>dph_u

brglpfu R>°.

-:- i¨L$fpQpeÆA° cpf[ep”p ]$fÁep_ kh£ IoÎdXß]´Ù_ _u A_yc|r[ kp\°

`|hÆ- `rÚd, D—f-]$rnZ A_° i•h h•ÛZh Nd° [° ıhÍ$`_u ^dÆ

‚°fZp ÷Ù$-A÷Ù$ Í$`° Ap`u.

193

khpÆ–dcph_y¨ tQ[_ :-khpÆ–dcph_y¨ tQ[_ :-khpÆ–dcph_y¨ tQ[_ :-khpÆ–dcph_y¨ tQ[_ :-khpÆ–dcph_y¨ tQ[_ :-

-:- h•q]$L$ ^dÆdp kpÁ‚]$preL$ A°L$k|”[p kp^hp [fa ]°$h`¨Qpe[_ ‚\d

`Ngy¨ l[y¨ [p° buSy>¨[°_° Ap_yjp¨rNL$ `Ngy¨ D`pk_p `Ÿr[_°

A_ygnu_° l[y¨. ^dÆ_u ArcÏesº[_y¨ qæ$ep–dL$ ıhÍ$` A°V$g° [°_u

D`pk_pfur[. ^dÆ_p¨ ip¨[ S>mdp¨ D`pk_p¨ `Ÿr[A° `Z A_°L$

hdmp° kƒepÆ azg QX$phhp\u dp¨X$u_° _fbrg QX$phhp ky^u_u

cp[cp[_u qæ$eprhr^ A_° `|≈ kp^_p_p¨ ‚L$pfp° fie|_pr^L$ Í$`°

‚Qrg[ l[p. r_õ|f hpddpNw kp^_p_p° [p° i¨L$fpQpeÆA° d|m \u

S> rhfp°^ L$f°gp°. kdN∞ cpf[ hjÆ_p¨ rhQfZ ]$fÁep_ [°Ap°A° rlfi]y$

^dÆdp¨ ‚h°i°gu A_°L$ b]$uAp° [°dS> dpfie[pAp°, A^prdÆL$

rhr^Ap°_p° L°$V$gu kiº[ [pL$p[\u ‚r[L$pf L$ep£.

-:- D—fpM¨X$dp¨ Óu_Nf A°L$ rkŸ`uW$ L$l°hpe R>°. cpf[ hjÆ_p¨ rhQfZ

]$frdep_ ƒepf° i¨L$fpQpeÆ Ap ı\m° `^pepÆ –ep¨ [°dZ° ≈°ey¨ L°$

Alv A°L$ `–\f `f ÓuQæ$ L$p°[fu_° [°_u `|≈ \pe R>°. A_° Alv

fp°S> A°L$ _fd°O - _fbrg ! \pe R>°. Ap kp¨cmu [°d_u

^dÆcph_p DL$mu DW$u. Ap A_pQpf_° M[d L$fhp A°dZ° A°L$

L$p°i D`pX$u ÓuQæ$ _p° rhipm `–\f A°L$TpV$L°$ ≈°ic°f J^p° hpmu

]$u^p° A_° ‚Q¨X$ k|fdp¨ Apop L$fu L°$-"ApS>\u Alv _fd°O `f

‚r[b¨^'.

Apd rlfi]y$^dÆdp¨ Ïep`°guAphu A_°L$ b]$uAp° A_° dpfie[pAp°_°

]y$f lV$phu_° [°dZ° h°]$-h°]$p¨[ A_° D`r_j]π$ `f cpÛe gMu_° rlfi]y$

^dÆ_u Nqfdp_° S>° L$npA° dyL$u R>° [° r_:i¨L$ A_° r_rhÆhp]$ R>°. L$pL$p

194

kpl°b L$pg°gL$f gM° R>° L°$ - "cpÛe gMhp dpV°$ byqŸ h•ch ≈°BA°,

ı[p°”p° dpV°$ csº[ _ lp°e A_° aº[ L$Î`_p_p° Dâpk S> lp°e [p°e

Qpg° `Z `fp`|hÆ\u Qpg[u Aph°gu Op[L$u Í$qY$ _° T_|_u kdpS>_u

kpd° \B_° A°L$]$d b¨^ L$fhu A°_° dpV°$ [`ı[°S>, ^dÆr_õ$ A_°

˘¤prksŸ ≈°BA°.' L$dÆL$p¨X$u r_]Æ$e isº[Ap° Qpf°L$p°f lplpL$pf L$f° R>°

A_° [°d_u h√Q° lp\dp¨ L$p°i gB_° Ap [°S>ıhu k¨fiepku_u d|r[Æ

Dcu R>°. A°$L°$e "L$dÆ'huf _∆L$ Aphhp_u tld[ L$f[p° _\u, A_°

Ap op_huf [`ıhu ^∞|S>[° lp°W°$ A°L$ - A°L$ _° L°$ b^p_° ip˜p\Æ

dpV°$ Apãp_ L$f° R>°. `Z L$p°B_u byqŸ‚r[cp A° ^dÆd|r[Æ, q]$s¡hS>eu

k¨fiepku ApNm ‚L$pi `pX$u iº[u _\u. Ap fu[° _fbrg S>°hu

‚\p[p° kdp· \B S> Q|L$u l[u `Z S>° kp•Áe ‚L$pfp° l[p [°d_u

D√QphQ[p ˘]$e_p¨ cph A_° Ap–dop__p¨ k¨]$c£ -

‡W_m ‡oV_m [yOm O[ÒVmÃmoU _‹`_ $&

CŒm_m _mZgr [yOm gm@hß [yOmŒm_mŒm_m $&&

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gB _° i¨L$f° [°_p° rhfp°^ _ L$ep£ Ap b^p _p AhL$pi h√Q° `Z `|fp

kpd’eÆc°f [°dZ° D`]°$Ìey¨ L°$ Ap b^p dp›edp° "EHß$ gV≤' _u

A_yc|r[_p¨ D`L$pfL$ kp^_p° R>°. Ap\u [°_° S> khÆıh dp_u hm¡ep

fl°hy¨ A° dlpc∞p¨r[ R>° Ap kp^_p° A¨[:L$fZ_u iyqŸ A\£ AphÌeL$

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195

kdy]$pe_u ÓŸp_° sı\f b_phhp kdfihed|gL$ ArcNd ‹pfp

gp°L$p°_p¨ ˘]$edp¨ fl°gu k¨L$uZÆ[p _p¨ ı\p_° kdS>Z, klL$pf A_°

krlÛœ[p ‚°epÆ rh ^dp£_p¨ AÊepku rh]y$ju A°_u b°kfiV°$ rlfi]y$

^dÆ_u D]$pf[p_u ‚i¨kp L$fu. rh_p°bp `Z Ahgp°L°$ R>°59 - d|r[Æ

`|≈_° dp_°[° `Z A_° _ dp_° [°`Z, Bf_° dp__pfp° A_° Bf_°

_ dp__pfp° `Z rlfi]y$ lp°B iL°$. ApV$gu `fd D]$pf[p rlfi]y$ ^dÆdp¨

Aphu [°_y¨ Ó°e dp” i¨L$fpQpeÆ_° S> ≈e R>°.60 rhfp°^u_° klu_°

`p°[p_pdp¨ kdph_pfu D]$pf[pA° S> cpf[_° iuZÆ-rhiuZÆ \[p°

AV$L$phu A°L$p–dcph° V$L$pÏep° R>° S>° "EHß$ gV≤' L$l°_pfp i¨L$fpQpeÆ _°

S> Apcpfu R>°.

-:- ]$f°L$ k¨‚]$pe_p¨ ]°$h Bf_y¨ S> ıhÍ$` (Aspect) R>°. Bfdp¨ [°_u

`|ZÆ[p R>°. L$p°B`Z Bf_u D`pk_p ApMf° [p° gˇe_u _∆L$ S>

gB S>_pfu R>°. gd© Xd Z_ÒH$maï H$edß ‡oV J¿N>>oV $& ÓhZ, d__

A_° r_r]$›epk_, A° op_dpNÆ_p¨ A¨Np° ‹pfp kp^L$ b∞˚ kpnp–L$pf

L°$ dp°n ‚p· L$f° R>°.

-:- D`]°$i`¨QL$ ‹pfp i¨L$fpQpeÆA° k¨‚]$pehp]$uAp°_° k¨Ly$rQ[[p A_°

^dÆS>X$[pdp¨\u blpf Aphhp_u, `¨\k|QL$ rQfilp° ifuf `f ^pfZ

_ L$fhp_u A_° `|≈ D`pk_p [°dS> Dfi_[ ∆h_ ∆hhp_u kdS>

‚°fu [°dS> bp°≈ hNf_u klS> kp^_p dpV°$ ‚°epÆ. i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p

Ïeqº[–h A_° D`]°$i ApNm khÆ L$p°B _[dı[L$ b_u S>[p.

-::- A°L$p–dcph_p hplL$ :--::- A°L$p–dcph_p hplL$ :--::- A°L$p–dcph_p hplL$ :--::- A°L$p–dcph_p hplL$ :--::- A°L$p–dcph_p hplL$ :-

kdı[cpf[ue[p, A°L$p–dpcph_p i¨L$fpQpeÆdp¨ d|r[Æd¨[ \B l[u.

196

A°L$p–dcph_p_p¨ hplL$ A°hp [“hÍ$` rhQpf A_° cpjp, ^dÆ A_°

k¨ıL$pf_y¨ [°dZ° L$pm∆`|hÆL$_p¨ S>[_ A_° k¨h^Æ_ A\£ L$W$p°f`qfÓd

L$ep£. i¨L$fpQpeÆ kpd° kp• ‚\d - kp•\u dp°Vy¨$ rh›_ cpjp_y¨ l[y¨.

`f¨[y Sy>]$p - Sy>]$p gp°L$p°_u Sy>]$u Sy>]$u cpjpAp°_p¨ drZf–_p°_° A°L$

cpjp_y¨ k|” bp¨^u fl°gy¨ l[y¨. A° cpjp l[u k¨ıL©$[, cpf[_u

fpÙ≤$cpjp. [° kdedp¨ k¨ıL©$[ S>_cpjp _ lp°hp R>[p¨ [°_° khÆ”

gp°L$p]$f dm°gp° l[p°. ArcÏesº[_u A]π$cy[ nd[p lp°hp\u kpfpe°

cpf[dp¨ rhQpf A_° ^dÆ_p¨ k|”^pfp°_u Ap cpjp l[u.

^mfm emIm h° ght gßÒH•$V gm hr _yb;

_yb ahV h` Yyb_| emIm _| \$b\y$b $&&

Ap fu[° cpjp_° Ap^pf b_phu i¨L$fpQpeÆ∆ cpjph•[fZue_° `pf

L$fu Nep. Apd S>_[p kp\° [°d_p¨, rhQpf, hpZu A_° h[Æ__u

D√Q NyZh—p_p¨ L$pfZ° i¨L$fpQpeÆA° [°Ap°_° `p°[p_p Qy¨bL$ue ‚cph

n°”dp¨ gB_° ApMy¨ cpf[ kf L$fu b[pÏey¨. `X≤ `X≤ AmMaoV l> ï

VV≤VXdVam OZï$& Atl A° _p¢^hy¨ DQu[ S>Zpe R>° L°$ ÓuL©$ÛZA°

ASy>Æ__° Nu[p_p° D`]°i$ `Z k¨ıL©$[dp¨ S> Ap‡ep° l[p°. ApS>° ƒepf°

cpf[dp¨ cpjp ‚Ò_p° fpnk azguapgu f¸p° R>° –epf° Ap`Z° A°L$

_S>f ÓuL©$ÛZ A_° Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ∆ [fa _pMhp_u S>Í$f R>°. L$dÆ-

csº[ A_° op__p° r”h°Zu k¨Nd :- i¨L$fpQpeÆ A°V$g° op_, csº[

A_° L$dÆep°N_p¨ k¨Nd_y¨ r”h°Zu [u\Æ [°d_u op_^pfp S>° fu[°

cpÛeÍ$`°, csº[^pfp ı[p°”Í$`° hl°[u flu [°d L$dÆ^pfp `Z ‚Qpf

A_° ‚kpf L$pep£ ‹pfp ∆h__p A¨[ky^u hl°[u flu.

197

-::- L$fyZpde csº[ :--::- L$fyZpde csº[ :--::- L$fyZpde csº[ :--::- L$fyZpde csº[ :--::- L$fyZpde csº[ :-

-:- csº[_p° A]$e l¨d°ip h°]$_pdp¨\u S> \pe R>°. cpf[_u ]y$]Æ$ipA°

i¨L$fpQpeÆ_° h°]$_p_u S>° W°$k `lp¢QpX$u [°dp¨\u L$fyZpkcf Appk_

Í$`° csº[^pfp hlu _uL$mu. Ap ı[p°”p°dp¨ [°d_p ˘]$e_u L$fyZp

A_ychpe R>°. ip¨L$f dW$p°dp¨ Nhp[p [°d_p¨ rhÛœı[p°” _u `¨sº[

R>°- "Zmam`U H$ÈUm_` eaUß H$admoU VmdH$m° MaUm° $&' Apdp¨

i¨L$fpQpeÆ `fd°f_° "L$fyZpde' L$lu_° ‚p\Æ_p¨ L$fu R>°. i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨

Ap ı[p°”dp¨ [°d_y¨ ˘]$e azV$u _uL$˛ey¨ R>°. Ap ı[p°”p° gp°L$p°_p¨ ˘]$e

r_dÆm L$fu_°, [°dp¨ csº[ cphÿY$ L$fhp fQpep R>°. [°dp¨ cº[_p¨

]•$fie c|gp°_p° A°L$fpf, ‚Ú—p` hN°f°_y¨ r_Í$`Z R>°.

-:- A°L$ Dâ°M ‚dpZ° i¨L$fpQpeÆA° L$pÌdufep”p ]$fÁep_ L$p°B b∞p˚Z

- ˜u_u `y” h^y kp\° ipº[rk›^p¨[ D`f QQpÆ L$fu. QQpÆdp¨

i¨L$fpQpeÆ Ap eyh[u_u rkŸp¨[ r_õ$p\u ‚kfl \ep A_° [°Zu_° VaßJ

(VmaßJ) _pd_y¨ A°L$ rhriÙ$ rifp°h°Ù$_ c°V$ Ap‡ey¨. ApS>° `Z

L$pÌduf_u b∞p˚Z ˜uAp° Aphy¨ `l°f° R>°.

-:- kp•fi]$eÆ glfu_u fQ_p `Z i¨L$fpQpeÆA° L$pÌdufdp¨ L$fu lp°hp_y d_pe

R>°. [°d_u ı[p°”fQ_pAp°dp¨ Ap ı[p°”p° _y¨ ArN∞d ı\p_ R>°. 100

Ôgp°L$p°_u Ó©¨Mgpdp¨ ÓuQæ$_p¨ N|Y$ flıep°_y¨ Ap^pfc|[ ı`Ù$uL$fZ

[°dp¨ kdpeyR>°. ]°$hu A°V$g° d|r[Æd¨[ kp•fi]$eÆ kdepQpf S>° ipº[dpNÆ_p°

h•q]$L$ ‚L$pf R>°. [°_u Í$`f°Mpdp¨ i¨L$fpQpeÆ cº[p°_° isº[`|≈_y¨

khp£—d ›e°e A‹•[_u A_yc|r[ R>° A°d L$l° R>°. [°Ap°A° A‹•[_u

Ap^pf-c|rd D`f rlfi]y$ ^dÆ_° ◊Y$d|m L$ep£ R>°. i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ ∆h_

L$peÆ_p° Ap dp°V$p° apmp° NZu iL$pe.

198

-::- [p¨r”L$ D`pk_p :--::- [p¨r”L$ D`pk_p :--::- [p¨r”L$ D`pk_p :--::- [p¨r”L$ D`pk_p :--::- [p¨r”L$ D`pk_p :-

[p¨r”L$ D`pk_p A° i¨L$fpQpeÆ_y¨ A°L$ rhriÙ$ `pky R>°. d¨”-[¨”

A_° ep°N_u D`pk_p rhj° Óu bg]°$h D`p›epe _p¢^° R>° L°$ -

"cpÛe_u fQ_pdp¨ op__u dl—p_y¨ ‚r[`p]$_ R>°. D`pk_p r_[p¨[

A¨[f¨N hı[y R>°. op_ dpV°$ S>° L$p°qV_$p Ar^L$pf_u S>Í$f fl° R>° [°_p\u

Ar^L$ rhriÙ$ L$p°qV$_p Ar^L$pfu_u S>Í$f [p¨r”L$ D`pk_p¨ dpV°$ fl°

R>°. ep°¡e Ar^L$pfu_° S> Ap D`pk_p_y¨ flıe kd≈hu iL$pe.61

kp•fi]$eÆ glfudp¨ L$rh[p A_° [p¨r”L$[p_p° kycN kdfihe R>°. dp¨r”L$

`¨qX$[p° kp•fi]$eÆ glfu_° d¨”ip˜_p° A°L$ ıh[¨” N∞¨\ dp_° R>°. Ap

ı[p°” D`f Apif° 40 S>°V$gu V$uL$pAp° [°_y¨ dl–h ]$ipÆh° R>°.'

-:- A‹•[_p¨ Ap dlp_ ApQpeÆ cNh[u r”`yfp_p¨ A_fie D`pkL$ l[p.

[°dZ° dW$p°dp¨ Óurh¤p A_ykpf ]°$hu_u `|≈rhr^ ‚Qrg[ L$fu, S>°

ApS>° `Z e\ph[π Qpgy R>°. ApQpeÆ_y¨ Ap kp^L$Í$` [°d_p¨ ∆h_

d¨q]$f_p° L$gi b_u f¸y¨ R>°.

-:- i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u Óurh¤p L°$ ipº[ D`pk_p¨ kÁbfi^° A°L$ hp[ ›ep_dp¨

Aph° R>°L°$ ApS>° Óurh¤p_u S>° `f¨`fp ≈°hp dm° R>° [° ApQpeÆ_p¨

N©lı\ riÛep°\u iÍ$ \e°gu d_pe R>°. Óu rh¤pZÆh N∞¨\p_ykpf

ApQpeÆ_p¨ k¨fiepku riÛep° l[p [°d N©lı\ riÛep° `Z l[p. ≈°

L°$ Ap d[ khÆkpdpfie _\u, `Z "dlp_yipk_' hN°f°dp¨\u L°$V$gp¨L$

‚dpZ° ]$ipÆhu Óu bg]°$h D`p›epe `yrÙ$ Ap`u R>°.62

-:- Óu bg]°$h D`p›epe63 Ïepkdyr_ frQ[ ep°NcpÛe_p¨ A°L$ Ôgp°L$

‹pfp ApQpeÆ_y¨ cÏep°]$p— dp_rQ” r_lpm° R>° :-

199

""‡km‡mgmX_mÈh`em¿`ï emMVm OZmZ≤ $&

^yo`>moZd e°bÒWï gdm©Z≤ ‡mkm@Zw[Ì`oV $&& 1-49$ && ''

S>° Ïesº[ ıhe¨ JQp `hÆ[ `f QX$u Nep `R>u ]y$NÆd MuZdp¨\u ^uf°

^uf° D`f QX$u fl°gp_° fı[p° b[ph°, [° Ïesº[ dpV°$ ˘]$edp¨ L°$V$gp°

Ap]$f ‚NV°$ $& ApQpeÆ ‚op_p¨ JQp ‚kp]$`f, ApÍ$Y$ lp°hp R>[p¨

_uQ°\u D`f QX$u fl°gp¨ D`f [°dZ° A_p]$f \u L°$ [y√R>[p\u ≈°ey¨

_\u, DgVy$ [°d_p D`f A_yL¨$`p b[phu D`f QX$hp[°d_° ‚p°–kprl[

L$epÆ R>°. ApQpeÆ_u Ap dlp_[p [°Ap° iy¨ l[p A° L$f[p¨ iy¨ _lp°[p

A°_y¨ ApÚeÆ R>° !

-::- isº[ D`pk_p_p° drldp :--::- isº[ D`pk_p_p° drldp :--::- isº[ D`pk_p_p° drldp :--::- isº[ D`pk_p_p° drldp :--::- isº[ D`pk_p_p° drldp :-

Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ dp” A‹•[op__p¨ ‚h[ÆL$ [“hop_u l[p A°hp° A°L$

d[ ‚Qrg[ R>°. `f¨[y Ap d[ ep°¡e _\u. L°$hm [“hop_ kpdpfie

S>_kdy]$pe_p¨ rQ—_y¨ ApL$jÆZ L$fu iL°$ _tl. L°$hm [“hop_ [p° aº[ [LÆ$dp¨

JX$p° fk ^fph_pfp `¨qX$[p° _° S> ApL$jw iL°$. dlp–dpAp° [p° [°d_p¨ ^prdÆL$

∆h_ A_° ApQfZ hX°$ S> Apd S>_[p `f ‚cph `pX°$ R>°. i¨L$fpQpeÆ° h•q]$L$

rlfi]y$ ^dÆ_u S>° ky^pfZp L$fu R>° [°_y¨ kp^_ L°$hm A‹•[ [“hop_ S> _ l[y¨

A‹•[hp]$u lp°hp R>[p¨ Óu i¨L$f cNh[u isº[_p¨ `fd D`pkL$ `Z l[p.

Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ∆_p¨ ∆h__y Ahgp°L$_ L$f[p¨ kd≈i°L°$ bpÎephı\p\u

S> [°d_p¨ ∆h_dp¨ isº[hp]$_u c|rdL$p fQpB l[u. i¨L$f_p¨ r`[pÓu ]°$hu

cº[ l[p, A_° i¨L$f `p°[° dp[©cº[ l[p. dp[p ‚–e° [°d_° A–e¨[ Ap]$fcph

l[p°. kpdpfie k¨fiepkuAp° ˜u ≈r[_° t_¤ NZ[p lp°e –epf° Óui¨L$f ˜u

≈r[_° Ar[ `|ƒe dp_[p. _pfuisº[ ‚–e°_u `|ƒe cph_p_u AduV$ R>p`

200

[°d_p ∆h_dp¨ A°d_p¨ ∆h_dp¨ klS> A_° ıhpcprhL$ fu[° ÷rÙ$Np°Qf \pe

R>°. [°d_p¨ dp[yÓu A_° d¨X$_rdÓ_p¨ `–_u Dcecpf[u - Ap b° Ïesº[Ap°A°

i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ ∆h_dp¨ isº[hp]$_u c|rdL$p fQu l[u. [° D`fp¨[ [°d_p¨ `fdNyfy

ÓuNp•X$`p]$ `pk°\u [°Ap° isº[hp]$_u D`pk_p iuøep l[p.

Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ kdedp¨ kdpS>dp¨ A_°L$ d[p° A_° k¨‚]$pep° ‚Qrg[

l[p. Ap b^p ^dp£_u A¨]$f k–erhfp°^u A\hp bu∆ fu[° L$luA° [p° k_p[_

h°]$^dÆ_p¨ rhfp°^u S>° S>° [–hp° l[p¨ [° b^p_° ]y$f L$fu ‚–e°L$ d[_° b∞˚hı[y_p¨

L°$fi÷dp¨ M¢Qu gphhp [°dZ° kdpS>dp¨ A\pN ‚e–_ L$ep£. bu≈ ^dp£_u S>°d

isº[dpNÆ `Z [° kde° ‚Qrg[ l[p°. `f¨[y Ap isº[dpNÆ rhL©$[ bfiep°

l[p°. [°_p¨ `Z rcfi_ rcfi_ k¨‚]$pep° l[p, `f¨[y Ap b^pdp¨ i¨L$f°

isº[dpNÆ_p¨ A‹•[rk›^p¨[ hpmp k¨‚]$pep°_p°S> ıhuL$pf L$ep£ l[p°.

A‹•[rhfp°^ud[p°_y¨ M¨X$_ L$eyØ l[y¨.

EH$m@hß ]hw Ò`m_≤ $& A° A_°L$pL$pf \hp_u Ap–dp_u ıhe¨c| isº[

R>°, rhÍ$`° cpkhp_y¨ Ap–dp_y¨ Ap kpd’eÆ [° isº[ R>°. rih-ipsº[ Ac°]$

Í$`° ≈°X$pe°gp¨ R>°. hpı[rhL$ fu[° c°]$ _ lp°hp R>[p¨ D`pkL$p°_p¨ ÷rÙ$c°]$\u L°$

Ar^L$pfc°]$\u _pdÍ$`p–dL$ D`pk_p_u rhrh^ k©rÙ$Ap° `p°[p_° dpV°$ fQ° R>°.

hpı[hdp¨ [p° Ap A°L$ S> [“h R>°. kp•fi]$eÆ glfu N∞¨\_p¨ ‚\d Ôgp°L$_u

iÍ$Ap[S> oedï e∑À`m `w∑Vï A°hp iÂ]$p°\u Ac°]$_p° bp°^ Ap`° R>°.

rlfi]y$ h°]$ ^dÆ_p¨ `y_fp°‹pf_y¨ dlp_ L$peÆ Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆL$fu f¸p l[p.

l[p [° L°$hm isº[_p¨ kpd’eÆ\uS> \B f¸y¨ l[y¨. isº[dpNÆ_p¨ A‹•[ rkŸp¨[_y¨

A°L$ kde° [°d_° rhıdfZ \ey¨ –epf° cNh[u isº[A° ı\|mÍ$` ^pfZ L$fu

[°d_° ep°¡e dpNÆ]$iÆ_ L$fpÏey¨ l[y¨. [° kp¨cm[p¨S> i¨L$fpQpeÆ_° rih - isº[_p¨

201

Ac°]$_y¨ op_ ‚p· \ey¨. isº[_y¨ M¨X$_ A`fp^ R>°.A°d kd∆ [°dZ°

Óudlpr”`yfky¨]$fu_u ı[yr[ L$fu_° `y_: Ne°gy¨ kpd’eÆ ‚p· L$eyØ. Ap ı[yr[ A°

S> i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p° Ar[‚rk›^ N∞¨\ - kp•fi]$eÆ glfu S>°dp¨ [°dZ° rih-isº[_p¨

Ac°]$ cph_° ‚NV$ L$ep£.

-::- L$pÌduf_uep”p A_° khÆo`uW$ :--::- L$pÌduf_uep”p A_° khÆo`uW$ :--::- L$pÌduf_uep”p A_° khÆo`uW$ :--::- L$pÌduf_uep”p A_° khÆo`uW$ :--::- L$pÌduf_uep”p A_° khÆo`uW$ :-

L$Ìe` ‚≈`r[_p¨ _pd `f\u L$pÌe` L°$ L$pÌduf ‚]°$i NZpeR>°.

rldpge_° L$pfZ° [° iu[m, fdZue A_° ky¨]$f ‚]°$i L$pÌduf_p¨ `¨qX$[p° rhrh^

ip˜p°, [¨”p°, ]$iÆ_p° A_° L$pÏe L$gpAp°dp¨ Ly$im l[p¨. L$pÌduf ‚]°$i_u

Ar^õ$p”u ]°$hu cNh[u ipf]$p R>°, S>° ı\p_ L$pÌduf\u \p°X°$ ]|$f A°L$p¨[ ‚]°$idp¨

Aph°g R>°, [°_° khÆo`uW$ L$l° R>°. A° d¨q]$f_u Qpf° bpSy> Qpf ]$fhp≈Ap°

R>°.[°dp¨ ]$rnZ_p° ]$fhp≈° b¨^ fl°[p° l[p°. [° qhj° A°hu ]¨$[ L$\p R>° L°$ ]$rnZ

‚]°$i\u L$p°B khÆo rh‹p_ ApÏep° _\u, S>°_° L$pfZ° A° ]$fhp≈° b¨^ R>°. Óu

i¨L$fpQpeÆA° `p°[p_p¨ riÛed¨X$m_u kp\° Ap ‚]°$idp¨ S>B A_° ]$rnZ ]$fhp≈°

Mp°gu, khÆo`uW$ `f Apk_ S>dpÏey¨. –ep¨_p rh‹p_ `¨qX$[p°_u kp\° ip˜p\Æ

L$fu, [°dZ° kpnp[π ‚NV$ \e°gp¨ ipf]$p cNh[u_p° drldp Npep° A_° k_p[_

^dÆ_u ‚r[õ$p L$fu A°S> fu[° A° kde° _°`pm_p° ‚]°$i rlfi]y$ ı\p__p° S>

rhcpN NZp[p° l[p°. ApS>° `Z –ep¨ dyøe hı[u rlfi]y$Ap°_u R>°, A_° –ep¨_y¨

fpS>b¨^pfZ h•q]$L$ ^dÆ_° A_ykfu_° OX$hpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°. rlfi]y$ ı\p_dp¨ bp•Ÿ

^dÆ_p° ‚cph Ap°R>p° \[p° Nep°, –epf° _°`pmdp¨ bp•Ÿ ^dÆ_p° ‚cph `|f°`|fp°

l[p°. cNhp_ Óu i¨L$fpQpe£ [° ‚]°$i_u ep”p L$fu, `iy`r[_p\_y¨ `|S>_ L$fu

‚r[õ$p h^pfu h•q]$L$ ^dÆ_u ı\p`_p L$fu R>°. [°_p¨ ıdfZdp¨ –ep¨ rihd¨]$uf_u

`pk° Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p° dW$ R>°.

202

- ^prdÆL$ D]$pf[p :-- ^prdÆL$ D]$pf[p :-- ^prdÆL$ D]$pf[p :-- ^prdÆL$ D]$pf[p :-- ^prdÆL$ D]$pf[p :-

ApQpeÆÓu_p¨ ^dÆrhQpfdp¨ D]$pfh©r— [\p krlÛœ[p l[u. `p°[p_u

‚L©$r[ A_ykpf d_yÛep° rcfi_ - rcfi_ dpN£ ≈e A° ıhpcprhL$ R>° A°d [°Ap°

dp_[p. Ap\u S> [°Ap° `p°[p_p° d[ ıhuL$pfhp L$p°B `f ]$bpZ L$f[p¨ _rl.

`f¨[y `p°[p_p¨ rkŸp¨[p°_y¨ kd\Æ_ L$f[u h°mp [°Ap° ÷Y$ A_° dΩ$d l[p. [°dZ°

k¨Nu_ ]$gugp° A_° ip˜p°_p¨ ‚dpZ hX°$ depÆ]$peyº[ flu Afie d[p_yepeuAp°_p¨

Mp°V$p¨ d[_y¨ Mp°V$p`œ `Z rkŸ L$eyØ. A_° rhÍŸ d[ ^fph_pfp¨ rh‹p_p° ‚–e°

D]$pf[p b[phu. [°dZ° ºep¨e DN∞ QQpÆ L°$ A`iÂ]$p°_p° ‚ep°N _rl L$f[p

ip˜p° A_° [LÆ$_p° S> Ap^pf fpMu [°Ap°_° r_fy—f b_pÏep R>°. d¨X$_rdÓ∆

kp\°_p° hp[pÆgp` [°_u kpnu `yf° R>°. [°dZ° A‹•[d[_p° ‚Qpf L$ep£ `f¨[y ‹•[

kp\° rhfp°^ L$fu_° _rl. [°dZ° bp•Ÿd[_y¨ [LÆ$\u M¨X$_ L$eyØ`f¨[y bp•Ÿ^dwAp°_u

t_]$p L$fu _\u.64 ‚p°. L$pZ° dyS>b A° _psı[L$ ]$iÆ_p° kp\°_p° k¨OjÆ _ l[p°

`f¨[y h°]$_p ‚pdpŒe_p° ‚Ò l[p°.65 i¨L$f op_dpNÆ ‚h[ÆL$ lp°hp R>[p¨ [°dZ°

csº[dpNÆ_y¨ `Z dl–h ıhuL$peyØ R>°. op_u lp°hp\u [°Ap° D—dL$p°qV$_p¨ cº[

`Z l[p.[°dZ° b∞˚_p¨ r_NyÆZ ıhÍ$`_° ‚p^pfie Ap‡ey¨ [°\u kNyZ ıhÍ$`_p°

AıhuL$pf `Z [°dZ° L$ep£ _\u.66 h•q]$L$ ^dÆ_u rhr^Ap°_y¨ `Z kd\Æ_ L$eyØ

R>°. dp[p_p° Ar¡_ k¨ıL$pf L$fu dp[©F>Z A]$p L$eyØ A_° ÓpŸ_u qæ$epAp° `Z

L$fu [p° [u\Æn°”p° [\p _]$uAp°_u ı[yr[ L$fu [°d_p° drldp `Z h^pep£ R>°.

[°dZ° csº[ _p ıhuL$pf L$fu op_ A_° csº[ h√Q° k°[y kS>Æep°. [°d_p¨ ‚e–_\u

gp°L$p°dp¨ Ap`p°Ap` ≈N©r[ Aphu [°d_u [°S> ‚r[cp, rh‹[p, krlÛœ[p

A_° L$fyZp\u gp°L$p° klS> fu[° [°d_p° D`]°$i ıhuL$pf[p.

203

l≈f hjÆ\u Ar^L$ kde i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ Ah[pf _° \B Nep `f¨[y

ApS>° `Z rlfi]y$^dÆ [°_p° ›hS> gl°fphu_° NhÆ\u rhcfdp¨ kfidp__ue b_u

f¸p° R>°.67 [°_y L$pfZ Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ_u ‚byŸ ‚op_p° Ar¡_ ‚ƒhqg[ R>°. `p°[p_u

[°S>ıhu d°Op, A‚r[l[ op_isº[ [\p ‚op_u `fdk|”[pdp¨ [°Ap°A°

cpf[dp¨ ‚h[Æ[u A^prdÆL$ dpfie[pAp° [\p A_°L$ k|”[pAp°_p Al¨L$pfu hpX$pAp°

[\p ^prdÆL$ qæ$epAp°_p¨ _pd° Qpg[p¨ ^t[Np° _p¨ rir\g eyNdp¨ A°L$ _|[_

Q°[_p_p° k¨Qpf L$fu rhfp°^u ^dp£_p¨ Dd]$p rkŸp¨[p°_° rlfi]y$ ^dÆdp¨ kdprhÙ$

L$fu [°_° ÷Y$d|g b_phu cpf[ cfdp¨ ^dÆ_u `y_: ı\p`_p L$fu. [°Ap°_p¨

d_dp¨ A°L$hp[ Qp°Ω$k l[u L°$ ]°$i_u ]y$]Æ$ip_p¨ d|mdp¨ ^prdÆL$ `pM¨X$p° A_°

dpfie[pAp° S> R>°. A_° Ap dpV°$ ^dÆ_u Nqfdp_° `y_: ı\pr`[ L$fhp_p¨ ÷Y$

d_p°bm kp\° [°dZ° rldpge\u L$fiepLy$dpfu A_° L$pÌduf\u Apkpd - L$pdÍ$`

ky u_u `]$ep”p kp\° A_°L$ rh‹p_p° kp\° `p°[p_u A‚r[d byqŸd—p\u ip˜p\Æ

L$fu gNcN khÆ” kdL$pgu_ ‚L$p¨X$ ¨qX$[p°_° ip˜p\Ædp¨ `fpı[ L$epÆ. ip˜p\Ædp¨

rcøMyAp°, `piy`[p°, L$p`prgL$p°, ÓdZp°, dudp¨kL$p°, hN°f° L$p°B Ap eyhp

ApQpeÆ kpd° V$L$u iº[p _\u. Apd khÆS>¡epA° `p°[p_u h•q]$L$ rhQpf kfZu_p°

a°gphp° L$fu [°_u ‚Nr[_° h°N Ap‡ep°.

- ^dÆ A_° [–hop__p° kdfihe - ^dÆ A_° [–hop__p° kdfihe - ^dÆ A_° [–hop__p° kdfihe - ^dÆ A_° [–hop__p° kdfihe - ^dÆ A_° [–hop__p° kdfihe L$fu cpf[dp¨ h•q]$L$ k_p[_

^dÆ_p° y_fyŸpf L$f_pf ApQpeÆ i¨L$f eyN yfyj l[p. b”uk hjÆ_p¨ AÎ`L$pmdp¨

A°dZ° rhrh^n°”° Akp^pfZ rkqŸAp° ‚p· L$fu l[u, ƒepf° cpf[ `[_L$pm_p¨

Op°f A¨^L$pfdp¨\u `kpf \B f¸y¨ l[y¨ –epf° Óu i¨LfpQpe£ A°d_u blzdyMu

‚r[cp, byqŸd—pA_° _ur[d—p hX°$ rlfi]y$ ^dÆ_p¨ ApQpf rhQpfdp¨ æ$p¨r[ L$fu

_hp d|Îep° ı\pr`[ L$epÆ.

204

cpf[ue k¨ıL©$r[, ^dÆ A_° [“hop_ A°L$bu≈ kp\° NpY$ fu[°

k¨L$mpe°gp¨ R>°. A°V$g° Nd° [° A°L$_p° AÊepk bu≈ b° _p¨ AÊepk rh_p

A^|fp° fl° R>°. h•q]$L$ [“hop_ khÆ” Ïep`°gp A°L$ AM¨X$ A_° Aq‹[ue [“h_y¨

r_Í$`Z L$f° R>°. h•q]$L$ ^dÆ_p° l°[y A° `fdp–d [“h ‚–e° dp_hu_° ArcdyM

L$fhp_p° R>°. cpf[ue k¨ıL©$r[ h•q]$L$ ^dÆ A_° [“hop_ _p¨ `pep `f fQpe°gp

R>°.

h°]$_° ‚dpZ [fuL°$ ıhuL$pf_pfp¨ cpf[ue ]$iÆ_p°_u A°L$hpºe[p

gphu_° khÆd[p°_p° kdfihe kp^hp_p° rhriÙ$e–_ Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ° L$f°gp° R>°.

rlfi]y$ ^$dÆ_p¨ k¨‚]$pep°dp¨ S>° rhrh^ D`pk_pAp° l[u. [° b^pdp¨ A°L$Í$`[p

≈°B_° [°dZ° `¨Qpe[_ ]°$h_u ‚r[õ$p L$fu A_° NZ°i, Np•fu, rih,k|eÆ A_°

rhÛœ S>°hp rhriÙ$ ]°$hp°_u A°L$ S> ı\p_° ı\p`_p L$fu.

Ap fu[° [°Ap°A° L$piu, Ly$fyn°”, b]$fuL$pÓd hN°f° A_°L$ ^pdp°_u

ep”p L$fu. rhrcfi_ d[hp]$uAp°_° `fpı[ L$epÆ. A_° q]$s¡hƒe lp¨kg L$ep£.

A_° gp°L$p°_p¨ ˘]$edp¨ cpf[ue k¨ıL©$r[_y¨ `y_: ı\p`_ L$eyØ. Ap fu[° [°Ap°

kpQp A\Ædp¨ ^dÆD`]°$iL$ b_u f¸p. Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ∆ Óp°r”e b∞˚r_ÛW$$ Nyfy$

l[p S>°dZ° Aop_Í$` A¨^L$pf_p° _pi L$fu A‹•[]$iÆ__p° ‚L$pi f°gphu S>N[_p

A¨^L$pf_° ]y$f L$epÆ A_° kpQp ıhÍ$`dp¨ S>N[Nyfy`]$_° Qqf[p\Æ L$eyØ.68

‚pµ. Bfi÷h]$_ fphg gM° R>° L°$ ""Apc gNu S>°_p dı[L$ JQp `N

AX¨$[ `p[pm'' Ap eyN‚h[ÆL$ dlpdp_h Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ ∆h_ ]$fÁep_

[°dZ° L$f°gp L$peÆÏep`_y ApL$g_ L$fhy A° [p° ]$p°fX°$ L©$ÛZ_° bp¨ hp d\[u eip°]$p

S>°hu ]$ip L$l°hpe. ‚epk_y¨ Ap ]$p°fXy¨$ XemßJwb Vy¨$Ly$ S> `X°$. i¨L$fpQpeÆ S>°hu

rhh¨¤ rhc|r[ _p¨ D]$$p— L$peÆdp¨\u ‚°fZp g°hp_y¨ A_° A° ‹pfp S>N]π$Nyfy_y¨

F>Z et–L$rQ[π L$fhp_y¨ kpÁ\eÆ ‚p· \pe [°hu cpf[cp¡erh^p[p_° ‚p\Æ_p.69

205

ApQpeÆÓu_p¨ ^prdÆL$ ep°N]$p_ rhi° A°L$ S> hpºe L$lu iL$pe L°$

[°Ap° L$p¨Qu `yfudp¨ cŒep¨, _dÆ]$p qL$_pf° `rh” <L$pf [u\Ædp¨ ÷p°Z iuÛe A_°

h°]$p¨[_u rhQpf^pfp_y¨ ◊Y$uL$fZ L$eyØ A_° L$piu \B bq÷L$pÓddp¨ kS>Æ_L$peÆ `yfy

L$eyØ. L$pÌduf\u L$fiepLy$dpfu ky^u A°L$ \u h^y hpf `]$ep”p L$fu rlfi]y$ ^dÆ_p

D–\p_ L$pS>° Í$Y$ rhr^-rh^p_p° dp¨ k`X$pe°gp kdpS>_° ‚bm h°N\u op__u

q]$ip dp¨ hp˛ep°. kfiepku L$p°B kNp_° Ar¡_]$pl _ Ap`° A° b¨^_ [p°X$u_°

[°Ap° dp[p_u d©–eyiËep `f lpS>f flu [°d_p¨ ib_° Ar¡_]$pl `Z Ap‡ep°.

Vy¨$L$dp¨ L$luA° [p° cpf[_p¨ d›eL$pgu_ Br[lpk_p¨ A–e¨[ dl–h_p¨

Ïesº[–h kdp_ dlp–dp S>N]π$Nyfy Óu Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ l[p. A°d_p¨ ‚p]y$cpÆh

kde° cpf[ S>° Apsı[L$ - _psı[L$ ]$iÆ_p°, k¨‚]$pep°dp¨ iuZÆ-rhiuZÆ l[y¨.

^dpÆQfZ_° _pd° L°$hm bp¸Qpfp D`f ‚dpZ rh_p_p° cpf d|º[p Ap rhrh^

`pM¨X$p° ıhd—pN∞lu b_u_° `fı`f ‹°jcph L°$mh[p A_° A° ◊rÙ$A° ^prdÆL$,

kpdprS>L$ ◊rÙ$A° cpf[ ]°$idp¨ A¨^p^|¨^ ]y$]Æ$ip_p° kde Qpg[p° l[p°. Ap

hp[phfZ_u `p]π$c|rddp¨ ‚NV$ \B_° i¨L$fpQpeÆA° S>° ∆h_L$peÆ rkŸ L$eyØ [°_°

L$pfZ° cpf[_p¨ ^prdÆL$ Br[lpkdp¨ [°Ap° Aq‹[ue b_u f¸p.

-:- ^prdÆL$ k¨ı\pAp°_p¨ r_dpÆZ :--:- ^prdÆL$ k¨ı\pAp°_p¨ r_dpÆZ :--:- ^prdÆL$ k¨ı\pAp°_p¨ r_dpÆZ :--:- ^prdÆL$ k¨ı\pAp°_p¨ r_dpÆZ :--:- ^prdÆL$ k¨ı\pAp°_p¨ r_dpÆZ :-

S>° kde° cpf[ Op°f A¨^L$pfdp¨\u `kpf \B f¸y¨ l[y¨ ]¨$c A_°

`pM¨X$_° L$pfZ° ^dÆ ƒepf° gy·‚pe \B f¸p° l[p°, [° kde° ApQpeÆÓuA°

L$pÌduf\u L$fiepL$ydpfu ky^u_p° ‚hpk M°X$u hp]$-rhhp]$, QQpÆ A_° ip˜p\Æ

L$fu rhfp°^ud[p°_y¨ M¨X$_ L$fu ^dÆ_p¨ _hp d|Îep°_y¨ ı\p`_ L$eyØ. ^dÆ ‚h[ÆL$[fuL°$

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[° hM[_p¨ kd\Æ `¨qX$[ A_° Ó°õ$ L$dÆL$p¨X$u d¨X$_rdÓ_p° `Z hp]$dp¨ `fpƒe

206

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gB_° [°Ap°A° q]$s¡hS>e L$ep£. isº[ D`pkL$p°, rihdpNwAp°, hpddpNwAp°,

tgNpe[p°, L$dÆlu_ h•ÛZh dpNwAp°, bp°Ÿp°, S>•_ ^dwAp° hN°f° kp\° k¨hp]$

L$fu kp•_° hp]$dp¨ `fprS>[ L$epÆ.

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i¨L$fpQpeÆA° `p°[° ‚bp° °gp ^dÆ A_° k¨ıL©$r[_p¨ k_p[_ d|Îep°_°

≈mh[u A_° fpÙ≤$_u A°L$[p_° `p°j[u op_kqf[p Arhf[ hl°[p fl° [° dpV°$

Óui¨L$fpQpeÆA° Qpf N¨Np°”u k∆Æ. Ap Qpf N¨Np°”u khÆS>_ dpV°$ lp°B [°dZ°

cpf[c|rd_u ep”p ‹pfp Qpf°e q]$ipdp¨ Qpf op_ dW$_u ı\p`_p L$fu.

cpf[dp[p_y¨ AM¨X$ ]$iÆ_ L$fph[p Ap Qpf dlp[u\Æ L°$ ^pd

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A‹•[NyfyAp°_p° Arhf[ hpfkp° S>mhpB fl°.

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A_° ]$rnZ° fpd°fdp¨ Ó©¨N°fudW$, fpd°f^pddp¨ dW$_u ı\p`_p

207

_lu L$f[p Ó©¨N°fu _Nfudp¨ ı\p`_p L$fu R>°. [°\u [°_° Ó©¨N°fu dW$ A_° fpd°f

[u\Æ L$l°hpe R>°.

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am_úamª`ß VrW©_≤ AmoXdmamhXdVm $&&

Am›Y´–odS> H$Um©Q>H$abmoX ‡^XVï $&

l•ßJar AYrZm Xemï V ¯dm©`rMr oXJdpÒWVmï $&& -dW$pÁ_pe

D`fp¨[ `p°[° ApQpeÆ [fuL°$ _ud°gp Qpf `À$riÛep°_° Np•fh A`phhp

r_Áep [°Ap° dW$p›enp°_u `f¨`fpdp¨ [°d_p¨ Ïesº[N[ _pdp° cg° Sy>]$p lp°e

`Z i¨L$fpQpeÆS> L$l°hpep. ApQpeÆÓuA° D`]°$i Ap‡ep° L°$ Ar^L$pfu_° h•q]$L$

dpNÆdp¨ ‚h©— L$fhp, ]y$fpQpfuAp°_° kfidpN£ QX$phhp [\p Afie riÛep°A° Ap

Qpf°e ApQpeÆ_° ApQpeÆkdp_ NZu dp_ Ap`hy¨.71

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dp_hp°_u Dfi_r[_y¨ d|m ^dÆ R>°, [° ^dÆ ApQpeÆ_° Ahg¨b° R>°, dpV°$

ApQpeÆ_y¨ ipk_ khÆk¨d[ R>°. S>° `p`uS>_p° `f ApQpeÆ_p¨ ]¨$X$_p¨ ipk_ Qpg°

R>°, [° `p`\u dyº[ \pe R>°. Ap Qpf dW$p° D`f ApÍ$Y$ \e°g `qfh∞pS>L$

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[°Ap° hpı[hdp¨ AW¨$N L$dÆep°Nu l[p. A°d_p¨ ∆h__y¨ kp•\u AN–e_y¨ ›e°e

208

cpf[_p¨ ‚–e°L$ M|Zp ky^u c∞dZ L$fhp_y¨ A_° A‹•[_p `pep `f ]°$i_u A°L$[p

A_° AM¨qX$[[p_p Ap›eps–dL$ hpfkp_° ≈mhhp dW$p° ı\p`hp_y¨ l[y¨. L°$ S>°\u

[°Ap°_p° h•rL$ cpBQpfp_p° rkŸpfi[ A_° [°_p° ‚Qpf S>mhpB fl°. [°d_y¨ ]$iÆ_

l[y¨ L°$ kpdpfie dp_hu_° `p°[p_y¨ ∆h_ L$p°B`Z ‚L$pf_p¨ N|¨QhpX$p\u `f flu_°

∆hhp dpV°$ r_edbŸ L$p°B Ïehı\p_u AphÌeL$[p l[u. ]$f°L$ dp_hu k[[

L$dÆ_u dl—p_° ∆h_dp¨ JQy ı\p_ Ap`° A°hu [°d_u d_ujp l[u, A_° [°_y¨

D]$plfZ [°Ap°A° `p°[° S> yfy `pX$Èy. cpf[dp¨ Qpf°e q]$ipAp°dp¨ [°dZ° ı\p °gp

dW$p° Ap lL$uL$[_u kpnu `|f° R>°.

Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpe£ ı\p`°gp Qpf dW$p° A_° ApQpep£_u `f¨`fp ApS>°

`Z Qpgy R>°. Q[yÆ^pÆdh°]$ ch_ fiepk [fa\u Ap Qpf°e ^pdp°dp¨ h°]$d¨q]$fp°_u

fQ_p L$fu. h°]$p°_p¨ ıhp›epe A_° dyM `pW$_u `f¨`fp ApS>° `Z Qpgy flu R>°.

Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ dW$pÁ_pe_p¨ Ap]°$i ‚dpZ° ^dÆ_u Ïehı\p kQhpe [° cph

–ep¨ fS|> \ep° R>° -

_`m©Xm Efm gwodk`m MVw_©R>odYmo`Zr $&

Vm_Vmß g_w[molÀ` AmMm`m©ï g‡oVo>Vmï $&&

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g߇Xm`m¸ MÀdma Efm Y_©Ï`dpÒWoVï $&& - _R>>mÂZm`

""Ahß ]´h_mpÒ_'' lz¨ b∞˚ Ry>¨ A°hu [°d_u dpfie[p D`fp¨[ ‚–e°L$

d_yÛekdS>° L°$ rhdp¨ ]$f°L$ hı[y _pih¨[ R>°, ‚–e°L$ L$dp£ agpipfrl[ L$fhp

≈°BA°. A_° Bf_p¨ kS>Æ_ ‚–e° ‚–e°L$ ‚pZu ‚–e° dp_hu_° ∆h_ ‚°d A_°

L$fyZp\u `qf`|ZÆ lp°hy¨ ≈°BA°. kdN∞ rh_p¨ ‚pZu dp” A° `p°[p_u ≈[_°

Ap ‚dpZ° [•epf L$fhp dpV°$ [°Ap°A° `p°[p_p Qpf dyøe riÛep°_° D`]°$i

209

Ap‡ep°, A_° [°Ap°_° `p°[° ı\p`°gp Qpf dW$p°dp¨ [° D`]°$i_° a°gphhp dpV°$

r_eyº[ L$epÆ. cpf[_p¨ Sy>]$p Sy>]$p M|ZpAp°dp¨ dW$ ı\p`hpdp¨ [°Ap°_p° ip° Dÿ°i

l[p° A° ≈°BA° [p° [°Ap°_p° A°L$ dyøe rhQpf A°S> l[p° L°$ Ap A°L$ S> ]°$i R>°.

cg° Ap`Zpdp¨ Sy>]$p Sy>]$p ^dp£ lp°e, Sy>]$p - Sy>]$p `¨\p° lp°e L°$ rhrcfl d[p°

lp°e A_° A_°L$ ‚≈ Alv flu lp°e L°$ Alv hku lp°e `Z Ap`Z° klz A°L$

S> Ly$Vy¨$b_p¨ kÊep° R>uA°. [°Ap°_y¨ kdN∞ ]°$idp¨ `qfc∞dZ L$fhp `pR>m_p° dyøe

Dÿ°i ""dgwY°dHw$Qw>Â]H$_≤'' k¨]°$i ‹pfp dyøe D]π$°i A° k¨]°$i_y¨ ◊Y$uL$fZ L$fhp_p°

l[p°. Ap`Zp dlp_ ]°$idp¨ khÆ” A°L$ kdp_ k¨ıL©$r[ Ïep`°gu R>°.

[°dZ° cpf[_u Qpf q]$ipdp¨ Qpf dW$p° _u ı\p`_p L$fu [° ı\mp°_u

`k¨]$Nu [°d_u kdN∞ cpf[_° A°L$k|”dp¨ bp¨ hp_u ]|$f]$riÆ[p ]$ipÆh° R>°. [°Ap°A°

ı\p`°gp Qpf dW$p° [\p [°_p ApQpep£ Ap ‚dpZ° R>° :-73

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(hpeyA¨iph[pf) (ƒep°r[dÆW$)

210

Ap ‚dpZ° Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆA° Qpf° q]$ipAp°dp¨ cNhp_ rhÛœ_u Qpf

cy≈Ap° kdp_ Qpf dW$p°_u ı\p`_p L$fu, A_° Ap Qpf°e dW$p° D`f `p°[p_p¨

Qpf `À$riÛep°_° [° dW$p°_p¨ ApQpeÆ b_phu, `p°[p_u kdp_ L$p°qV$A° NŒep R>°.

cpf[]°$i_u Qpf°e q]$ipAp°dp¨ Aph°gp Ap Qpf°e dW$p° D`f rbfpS>[p

i¨L$fpQpep£_u 60 \u 70 S>°V$gu (kpW$ \u ku—°f S>°V$gu) `f¨`fp ApS>° ≈°hp_°

dm° R>°. S>°d A°L$ fpÙ≤$ L°$ `n_y¨ fpS>b¨^pfZ OX$pe, A° S> ‚dpZ° Óu

i¨L$fpQpeÆA° `p°[° dW$pÁ_pe A_° dlp_yipk_ k¨ıL©$[ cpjpdp¨ OX$Èp R>°.

dW$pÁ_pe_° A_ykfu_° ‹pqfL$pdp¨ `rÚdpÁ_pe, Ó©¨N°fu (fpd°f) dp¨

]$rnZpÁ_pe, S>Nfi_p\ yfudp¨ |hpÆÁ_pe, A_° L°$]$pf-b]$fu `pk° ≈°ju dW$dp¨

D—fpÁ_pe_u ı\p`_p L$fu, [° [° ‚]°$ip°dp¨ fl°[p ‚≈S>_p°_° ^dÆdp¨ ‚h©—

L$fhp, fp≈Ap° A_° Ar^L$pfuAp°_° Ap]°$i Ap`hp° [°dS> ^dÆ\u rh`fu[ h[Æ_

L$f_pf_p° ]¨$X$ L$fhp°. A° ‚dpZ°_p° Ap]°$i dlp_yipk_dp¨ Ap‡ep° R>°.

Ap Qpf dW$p°_u `pk° `p°[p_u dy÷pAp° R>°. S>° ipk_`” `f A¨qL$[

R>°. ƒepf° Ap i¨L$fpQpep£_u khpfu _uL$m°, –epf° R>X$u `p°L$pfhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

S>°dp¨ ipk_`uW$ `f Ar^rõ$[ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ ipk__p° r_]£$i lp°e R>°. dykgdp_p°

A_° rb∞qV$i_p¨ ipk_dp¨ `Z Npd A_° _Nfp°_p¨ ‚≈S>_p° [°dS> rlfi]y$ fp≈Ap°

dlpfp≈Ap° Ap i¨L$fpQpep£_p¨ blydp_ L$f[p¨, A_° [°d_p¨ D`]°$i_° A_ykfu

^dÆ_p¨ `pg_ L$f[p¨. ApS>° `Z Ap i¨L$fpQpep£_u kpfu ‚r[õ$p R>°.

dW$pÁ_pe dp¨ S>ZpÏep ‚dpZ° Qpf dW$p°_p¨ n°”, ApQpeÆ, h°]$,

dlphpºe, ]°$hu hN°f°_u Ïehı\p ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L Alv fSy> L$eyØ R>°.

211

`rÚdpÁ_pe`rÚdpÁ_pe`rÚdpÁ_pe`rÚdpÁ_pe`rÚdpÁ_pe ]$rnZpÁ_pe]$rnZpÁ_pe]$rnZpÁ_pe]$rnZpÁ_pe]$rnZpÁ_pe `|hpÆÁ_pe`|hpÆÁ_pe`|hpÆÁ_pe`|hpÆÁ_pe`|hpÆÁ_pe D—fpÁ_peD—fpÁ_peD—fpÁ_peD—fpÁ_peD—fpÁ_pe

dW$ ipf]$pdW$ Ó©¨N°fu Np°h^Æ_ ≈°judW$

n°” ‹pqfL$p fpd°f `yfyjp°—d b]$qfL$pÓd

_pd [u\Æ, ApÓd kfıh[u, AfŒe, h_ rNqf, `hÆ[

cpf[u `yfu kpNf

]°$h rkŸ°f Apq]$ hpfpl S>Nfi_p\ _pfpeZ

ApQpeÆ kyf°fpQpeÆ lı[pdgL$pQpeÆ `⁄`p]$pQpeÆ [p°V$L$pQpeÆ

[u\Æ Np°d[u-kpNf [y¨Nc÷pkpNf dlp°]$r^ AgL$_¨]$p

h°]$ kpd e≈y: F>¡h°]$ A\hÆh°]$

dlphpºe VŒd_og Ahß ]´˜mpÒ_ ‡kmZß ]´˜ A`_mÀ_m ]´˜

Np°” ArhN[ ^y^y©dï Òdï L$pÌe` c©Ny

‚]°$i tk^y, kp•huf Ap¨^∞, ÷prhX$ A¨N, b¨N, Ly$fy, L$pÌduf

kyfpÙ≤$, dlpfpÙ≤$ L°$fg, L$ZpÆV$L$ L$rgN, D–L$g `p¨Qpg, L$p¨bp°S>

`uW$ ipf]$p Ó©¨N°fu Np°h^Æ_ ƒep°r[Û`uW$

k¨‚]$pe L$uV$hpf c|qfhpf cp°Nhpf Ap_¨]$hpf

b∞˚Qpfu ıhÍ$` Q•[fie ‚L$pi Ap_¨]$

]°$hu c÷L$pgu L$pdpnu rhdgp `|ZpÆrNqf

dp¨ S>ZpÏep ‚dpZ° [° dW$p°_p¨ riÛep°_p¨ _pd_° A¨[° AfŒe, h_,

kfıh[u, cpf[u, `yfu, [u\Æ, ApÓd, rNqf, `hÆ[ A_° kpNf ≈°X$hpdp¨

Aph° R>°. Ap `f\u ]$i_pdu k¨fiepkuAp° `Z Ap dW$p°_u kp\° k¨b¨^ ^fph°

R>°, [° rkŸ \pe R>°.

212

ApQpf `uW$p°dp¨ D—fpM¨X$ ƒep°r[dW$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u k¨kNÆc|rd R>°,

`rÚddp¨ ‹pqfL$p L°$ ‹pfph[u dp°nc|rd R>°. ]$rnZ° i©¨N°fudW$ A° [`p°c|rd,

D`pıe c|rd R>°. S>Nflp\`yfu `|hÆ q]$ipdp¨ [u\Æ c|rd R>°.

-::- ÓuQæ$_u ı\p`_p :--::- ÓuQæ$_u ı\p`_p :--::- ÓuQæ$_u ı\p`_p :--::- ÓuQæ$_u ı\p`_p :--::- ÓuQæ$_u ı\p`_p :-

Ap Qpf dyøe `uW$p° D`fp¨[ `Z `p¨Qdu ‚^p_ `uW$ L$p¨Qu_u

L$pdL$p°qV$`uW$ R>°.74 i¨L$fpQpeÆ _p¨ kde_y¨ Ap A–e¨[ `rh” [u\Æı\p_ l[y¨.

–ep¨_p `rh”-rhøep[ L$pdpnu d¨q]$fdp¨ q]$s¡hƒe ]$fÁep_ i¨L$f° ÓuQæ$_u

‚r[õ$p L$fu l[u. A_° khÆÓ°õ$ ep°NtgN_u `Z ‚r[õ$p L$fu. A_° [°d_p¨ S>

kprfi_›edp¨ ∆h__p¨ A¨r[d hjp£ `kpf L$epÆ. L$p¨Qu n°”dp¨ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p° Ardf

‚cph kde_p¨ hl°Z kp\° ‚NpY$ bfiep° R>°. kp•fi]$eÆ glfu dp¨ 100 Ôgp°L$p°_u

i©¨Mgpdp¨ ÓuQæ$_p¨ N|Y$ flıep°_y¨ hZÆ_ R>°. L$p¨Qu_p° ^prdÆL$ h•ch i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨

‚e–_p°_y¨ am R>°. dW$_u `f¨`fp 12-12 k]$uAp° hu[hp R>[p¨ l∆ ∆h¨[ R>°.

A›en ‹pfp k]$pQpf A_° ^dÆ_p° D`]°$i kdpS>_p¨ M|Z° - M|Z° `lp¢Q[p° fl°

[° dpV°$ A›en `p°[p_p¨ ‚p¨[p°dp¨ l¨d°ip `qfc∞dZ L$epÆ L$fhp_y¨ ‚dp]$ ^dÆ_p°

i”y Ïesº[ lp°e L°$ k¨ı\p Óuh©s›^ l¨d°ip k[[ D¤d_u S> A`°np fpM° R>°.

dpV°$ S> A_°L$ k¨ı\pAp° A_° kdpS>p° ı\`pep bp]$ Aı[ \ep R>°. dW$p°_y¨

‚pZ[fih ≈° L$p°B lp°e [p° i¨L$fpQpeÆ_y¨ Ap]$iÆ ∆h_, [°d_p° D`]°$i, [°dZ°

k°h°gp° ApN∞l A_° D—fp°—f S>mhpe°gu A_yepeuAp°_u ep°¡e[p. Ap\uS>

ip¨L$frhQpf ^fph[p dW$p° D`f ApS>° `Z gp°L$p°_u AM|V$ Ó›^p R>°. `qfZpd°

Ap k¨ı\pAp° sı\f A_° rQf¨∆hu b_u R>°.

ApQpeÆÓu_° rlfi]y$ ^dÆ_° k¨ı\pL$ue Í$` Ap‡ey. Ap [°d_y dlp_L$peÆ

l[y¨. Qpf dW$-Qpf q]$ipdp¨ ı\p`u [°dZ° dyøe Qpf riÛep°_° [°_p¨ Np]$u`r[

213

b_pÏep. [°dp¨ ApS> `eÆfi[ ApQpeÆÓuA° ı\p`°gp Ap dW$p°_u ‚\p A_°

`fÁ`fp Qpgy flu R>°. Np]$u `f Aph_pf kp• ApQpeÆ [fuL°$ S> Ap°mMpe R>°.

Ap dW$_p¨ ApQpep£ Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ dpN£ S> flu_° ApS>° `Z [°Ap° h•q]$L$

k_p[_ ^dÆ_p¨ ‚QpfL$ A_° ‚h[ÆL$ f¸p R>°. ApQpeÆÓu_u Ap k¨ı\pL$ue fQ_p_°

gu^° rlfi]y$^dÆ A_° k¨ıL©$r[_p¨ d|Îep° S>mhpB f¸p R>°.

-::- ]$i_pdu k¨‚]$pe :--::- ]$i_pdu k¨‚]$pe :--::- ]$i_pdu k¨‚]$pe :--::- ]$i_pdu k¨‚]$pe :--::- ]$i_pdu k¨‚]$pe :-

S>¨Nd [u\p£_y¨ kp^y L$peÆ ]$i_pdu k¨fiepku [fuL°$ ‚rkŸ k¨‚]$pe

i¨L$fpQpeÆ kp\° ≈°X$pe°gp° R>°. A‹•[_p `pep `f Dc°gu kp¨ıL©$r[L$

A°L$[p A_° Ap›eps–dL$[p_p¨ Ap]$iÆ_° ≈mhhp dpV°$ krfi_õ$ ‚QpfL$p°

≈°BA°$& nyfıe^pfp S>°hy¨ Ap L$qW$_ L$peÆ ƒep¨ k¨kpfuAp°_u depÆ]$p

Aphu ≈e –ep¨ i¨L$fpQpeÆA° kfiepkuAp°_° kqæ$e b_pÏep. i¨L$fpQpe£

h°f-rhM°f kp^y kdy]$pe_° 10 hNp£dp¨ Ïehsı\[ L$ep£. ‚–e°L$_°

_pd ‹pfp Ap°mM Ap`u. S>° "rNqf', "`yfu', "cpf[u', "[u\Æ',

"kfıhr[', "ApÓd', "h_', "AfŒe', "`hÆ[' A_° "kpNf'_p¨

_pd° ApS>° `Z k¨fiepkuAp°dp¨ ‚h[Ædp_ R>°. S>° ]$i_pdu k¨‚]$pe

L$l°hpep°. i¨L$fpQpe£ Ap ]$i _pdp°_° Qpf dW$ ı\p`u [°_u kp\°

kp¨L$mu gu^p. [°dp¨_p¨ [u\Æ A_° ApÓd_° ‹pfL$p_p¨ ipf]$pdW$ kp\°;

kfıh[u, cpf[u A_° yfu i©N°fu dW$ kp\°; AfŒe A_° h_ yfu_p¨

Np°h^Æ_dW$ kp\° [°dS> rNqf, `hÆ[ A_° kpNf b]$qfL$pÓd_p¨

ƒep°r[dW$ kp\° kp¨L$m°gp R>°. Ap Ïehı\p Qyı[ A_° ]y$fı[ fpMhp

dpV°$ ‚–e°L$ hN£ ‚r[op gB L°$V$gp¨L$ ed-r_ed `Z `pmhp_p¨ _Ω$u

L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. Ap k¨fiepku k¨‚]$pe° i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p D]°π$i_°

^dÆfnZ ‹pfp Qqf[p\Æ L$fu Np•fh A`pÏey¨ R>°.

214

-:- i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ dW$ rkhpe `Z ]i_pdu kfiepkuAp° R|>V$p R>hpep kpfpe°

cpf[dp¨ fl°gp¨. [°d_p¨ hX$p Np°ıhpdu L$l°hp[p. isº[kp^_p dpV°$

A_° i˜[pgud dpV°$ iL$f° Ap AMpX$pAp°_° ‚p°–kpl_ Ap‡ey. ^dÆ_p

fnZ dpV°$ Ap[[peu rh^dwAp°_p° ‚r[L$pf `Z AMpX$pAp°A° L$ep£

R>°. i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u ]$u^Æ÷rÙ$ A_° rhQnZ bysŸd—p \u kp^y -

kfiepkuAp°dp¨ Ry>`pe°gu Adp` isº[_p° fpÙ≤$ A_° ^dÆ_p¨ rl[dp¨

rhr_ep°N \[p° f¸p°.

^dÆ ‚h[ÆL$ Ap¨]$p°g_ isº[ipmu b_phhp Ap ]$i_pdu k¨‚]$pe°

k_p[_ ^dÆ_p¨ fnZ dpV°$ k[[ ‚e–_p° L$epÆ R>°. ‚pf¨cdp¨ `f]°$iu Apæ$dL$p°_p¨

OpX$p¨ D—f tl]$dp¨\u ƒepf° D[fu `X$Èp A_° rlfi]y$ h°]$^dÆ_p° rh_pi L$fhp_u

‚h©r— Ap]$fu –epf° Ap ]$i_pdu k¨‚]$pe° [°d_u kpd° ‚Q¨X$ Ap¨]$p°g_ QgpÏey,

A_° ^dÆ A_° k¨ıL©$r[_u dipg S>g[u fpMu. D`fp¨[ ]$i_pdu k¨fiepkuAp°A°

]°$icfdp¨ `]$ep”p iÍ$ L$fu, A_° eyhp_ `°Y$u_° rlfi]y$ ^dÆ_p¨ kpQp d|Îep°

kd≈hu ^dpÆfi[f_u Ap ‚h©r—_° AV$L$phu. Ap°NZukdu k]$u_p¨ ‚pf¨cdp¨

A°L$ A¨^ ]$i_pdu k¨fiepku rhf≈_¨]°$ ^dÆ_° DNpfhp ‚Q¨X$ `yfyjp\Æ Ap]$ep£.

Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ° Apep°S>°gp° Ap k¨‚]$pe ApS>q]$_ ky^u k[[ L$peÆiug f¸p° R>°.

ApS>° `Z [°Ap° ApQpeÆÓu_p¨ ^dp£`]°$i_° a°gphu f¸p¨ R>°. Ap fu[° cpf[dp¨

k¨fiepk_u `y_: ‚r[õ$p L$f_pf i¨L$fpQpeÆ l[p.

Ap D`fp¨[ ^dp£`]°$i L$fhp dpV°$ ApQpe£ k¨fiepkuAp°_° kqæ$e

b_pÏep. A°L$ ı\m° b°ku fl°hp_° b]$g° ‚hpk L$fu ^dp£ ]°$i Ap`hp_p° Ap]°$i

Ap‡ep°. D`fp¨[ k¨fiepk ^dÆ_y¨ L$X$L$ _ur[ r_edp°\u `pg_ L$fhp_p° [°dZ°

ApN∞l fpøep°.

215

-::- Ly¨ $cd°mp_y¨ Apep°S>_ :--::- Ly¨ $cd°mp_y¨ Apep°S>_ :--::- Ly¨ $cd°mp_y¨ Apep°S>_ :--::- Ly¨ $cd°mp_y¨ Apep°S>_ :--::- Ly¨ $cd°mp_y¨ Apep°S>_ :-

Ap D`fp¨[ ApQpeÆÓuA° Ly¨$cd°mp_y¨ `y_: Apep°S>_ L$eyØ. Ly¨$cd°mp°

A° b^p S> ^prdÆL$ k¨‚]$pep°_p¨ dlp–dpAp°_y¨ rdg_ı\p_ R>°. ]°$i_p¨ Sy>]$p -

Sy>]$p ‚p¨[dp¨\u Aph[p kp^y - dlp–dpAp°, `fı`f A°L$ bu≈_p¨ op__p°

gpc gB iL°$ - Ap`kdp¨ kdp_[p_u cph_p ≈N©[ b_°. Ly¨$cd°mpA° ApS>°

k¨ı\pL$ue Í$` ^pfZ L$eyØ R>°. l≈fp° ^dÆ‚°duAp° dpV°$ [° ÓŸp A_° ‚°fZp_p¨

˜p°[ kdp_ R>°.

Óu i¨L$fpQpe£ D—fphı\pdp¨ Qpf dyøe dW$p°_u ı\p`_p L$fu D`fp¨[

bu≈ A_°L$ ^prdÆL$ L°$fi÷p°_u ı\p`_p L$fu. ^dÆ ‚Qpf_° ›ep_dp¨ fpMu_° [°dZ°

_prkL$, Dà>•_, ‚epN [\p lf‹pfdp¨ ]$f bpf hj£ Ly¨$c_y¨ Apep°S>_ L$eyØ.

[°dZ° rih A_° isº[dp¨ Ac°]$ cph_p ≈°B_° ndpepQ_p dpN[y¨ isº[ı[p°”

f√ey¨. k_p[_ ^dÆ_u fnp L$f_pf, b∞˚[“h_° S>NpX$_pf A_° h°]$ ^dÆ_p¨

‚Qpf_° Qfd riMf° Apk_ı\ L$f_pf A°L$dp” i¨L$fpQpeÆS> l[p. Apd

i¨L$fpQpeÆ A‹•[d[_p° ‚Qpf L$f[p¨ cpf[ hjÆdp¨ rhQfZL$f[p¨, b¨Npm A_°

rblpfdp¨ rhQepÆ. bp•Ÿp°_p¨ dW$ _pg¨]$p, fpS>N©l [\p Nep `Z `lp¢√ep.

L$pdÍ$` _°`pg\u dp¨X$u D—fcpf[ krl[ ]°$i_p¨ A_°L$ [u\ÆpV$__u ep”p L$fu

khÆ” ı\m° rhrcfi_ d[p°_y¨ M¨X$_ L$fu `p°[p_p A°L$d[_p° ›hS> ^dÆ_p¨ _pd°

gl°fpÏep° Ap ∆h_ L$peÆ ]$fÁep_ [°dZ° d¨q]$f, dW$ [°dS> ApÓdp°_u ı\p`_p

L$fu_° ^dÆ_° ∆h¨[ fpMhp kyep°rS>[ L$peÆ L$eyØ.A_° Ap¨[qfL$ ^dÆ TOX$p\u ]$f°L$_y¨

AL$ÎepZ \[y¨ r_hpeyØ. hmu [°dZ° S>•_ L°$ bp•Ÿ ^dÆ_p¨ rkŸp¨[p°_p° rhfp°^ _

L$f[p ıhuL$pfhp gpeL$ rkŸpfi[p°_° kyd°m |hÆL$ ^dÆdp¨ kdprhÙ$ L$fu h•q]$L$ ^dÆ_p¨

iyŸ ıhÍ$`_° AN∞ı\p_° ‚ı\pr`[ L$epÆ.

216

ApS>° `Z i¨L$fpQpeÆ A° ı\`°gp Qpf dW$p° `|hÆdp¨ S>Nflp\`yfu dp¨

Np°h Æ_dW$, D—fdp¨ rldpge_p¨ b]$qfL$pÓddp¨ ƒep°r[dW$, `rÚddp¨ ‹pfL$pdp¨

ipf]$pdW$, A_° ]$rnZdp¨ L$ZpÆV$L$ fpƒedp¨ i©¨N°fu dW$ A_°, Ap dW$dp¨ [°dZ°

`p°[p_p¨ ‚\d `¨sº[_p Qpf riÛep° khÓu d¨X$_rdÓ L°$ S>°Ap° kfiepk N∞lZ

L$epÆ `R>u kyf°fpQpeÆ[fuL°$ Ap°mMpep [\p Afie `⁄`p]$pQpeÆ, [p°V$L$pQpeÆ

A_° lı[pdgL$pQpeÆ_° r_eyº[ L$fu dW$pr^`r[ b_pÏep. Ap `f¨`fp ApS>°

`eÆfi[ Qpgu Aphu R>°.

ApS>° `Z Ap Qpf°e dW$_p¨ ApQpeÆ, i¨L$fpQpeÆ A›ep–d rh¤p_p

L°$fi÷ b_u ‚h©r— ‹pfp ^dÆ_° ‚ı\pr`[ fpMu k¨h^w f¸p R>° A_° A_°L$ op_

r``pkyAp° [°d_p° gpc g° R>°.

-::- k¨fiepkuAp°_u kyrhøep[ Ó°ZuAp°_u ı\p`_p :--::- k¨fiepkuAp°_u kyrhøep[ Ó°ZuAp°_u ı\p`_p :--::- k¨fiepkuAp°_u kyrhøep[ Ó°ZuAp°_u ı\p`_p :--::- k¨fiepkuAp°_u kyrhøep[ Ó°ZuAp°_u ı\p`_p :--::- k¨fiepkuAp°_u kyrhøep[ Ó°ZuAp°_u ı\p`_p :-

Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ ‹pfp k¨fiepkuAp°_u ]$k kyrhøep[ Ó°ZuAp°_u `Z

ı\p`_p L$fhpdp¨ Aphu S>° rNqf, `yqf, cpf[u, kfıhr[, [u\Æ, ApÓd

h_, AfŒe, `hÆ[ A_° kpNf _p¨ _pd° ApS>° kfiepkuAp°dp¨ ‚h[Ædp_ R>°.

S>° ]$i_pdu k¨‚]$pe NZpe.

Apd Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆA° `p°[p_p¨ ∆h_L$peÆ [fuL°$ rlfi]y$ ^dÆ_° `y_:

k¨hr^Æ[ L$fu ‚ı\pr`[ L$ep£. Ap cNuf\ L$peÆ rkŸ L$fu b[pÏey¨. A°V$gy¨ S>

_lv kp\p° kp\ [°Ap°A° A_°L$ kp˜p° [°dS> ı[p°”p°_p¨ kS>Æ_\u `Z ^dÆ_°

k¨hr^Æ[ L$fu Q°[_ph¨[ L$ep£. S>°dp¨ b∞˚k|” cpÛe, Bi, L°$_, LW$ hN°f° dyøe

bpf D`r_j]π$p°_p¨ cpÛe, Nu[p cpÛe, khÆh°]$pfi[-rkŸp¨[ k¨N∞l, ‚bp°^

ky^pL$f A`fp°np_yc|r[ Apq]$ kdprhÙ$ R>°. Ap khÆdp¨ [°Ap°_y¨ rhh°L$ Q|X$pdrZ

Ar^L$ ‚iı[ N∞¨\ R>°.

217

ApS>° k¢L$X$p°hjp£ bp]$ `Z cpf[_p¨ ^prdÆL$ ∆h_ `f [°d_p° ‚cph

Ïep`L$ A_° `|ZÆ[: rh¤pdp_ R>°. [°Ap°A° ‚ƒhrg[ L$f°g rlfi]y$ ^dÆ_p¨ eo_u

h°]$u ApS>° `Z ‚S>hg° R>°. Ap b^p N∞¨\p° D`f Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆA° L$f°gy¨ rhh°Q_

ApS>° `Z ‚dpZc|[ d_peR>°. [°d_p¨ rhh°Q_dp¨ Nl_ AÊepk_y¨ ]$iÆ_ \pe

R>°. hjp£ `l°gp¨[°dZ° Ïeº[ L$f°gp rhQpfp° ApS>_p eyNdp¨ `Z A°V$gp¨ S>

‚ı[y[ R>°. r_NyÆZ - r_fpL$pf b∞˚_p¨ op_dpNÆ_p¨ D`pkL$ Óui¨L$fpQpeÆA°

kNyZ b∞˚_u D`pk_p_p¨ `pqf`pL$ Í$`° A_°L$ ]°$h-]°$hu_° L°$fi÷dp¨ fpMu_° ı[p°”

f√ep R>°. Aphp ı[p°”p°_u k¨øep bıkp° D`fp¨[ R>°. [°dZ° A‹•[hp]$u op_dpNÆ

A_° ‹•[hp]$u csº[dpNÆ_p° ky¨]$f Ac°]$ kdfihe [°d_p¨ ∆h_-L$h_dp¨ L$fu

b[pÏep°.

-::- h°]$pfi[ ^dÆ ‚h[ÆL$ :--::- h°]$pfi[ ^dÆ ‚h[ÆL$ :--::- h°]$pfi[ ^dÆ ‚h[ÆL$ :--::- h°]$pfi[ ^dÆ ‚h[ÆL$ :--::- h°]$pfi[ ^dÆ ‚h[ÆL$ :-

kpdpfie S>_ ƒepf° ApQpfdp¨ rir\g bfiep° lp°e, L°$V$gp¨L$

Ap]$iÆhp]$_u hp[p° L$fhpdp¨ r_f[ lp°e A_° L°$V$gpL$ L°$hm [LÆ$ - rh[LÆ$_u

Ap¨V$uO|¨V$u dp¨S> `X$Èp lp°e –epf° S> A°L$ A]$πcy[ rhc|r[_y¨ ApNd_ \pe R>°.

S>° Ap]$iÆ_° Ïehlpfy b_phu, kdpS>_° D`f gph° R>°, S>° rhMhp]$\u dyº[ L$fu

A°º[p k^phu, fpÙ≤$ ^dÆ_p¨ bp°^`pW$ Ap`° R>°. rlfi]y$ ^dÆdp¨ A_°L$ d[d[p¨[fp°

A° ƒepf° ı\p_ gu^p l[p¨. rlfi]y$ ı\p_dp¨ QphpÆL$_p° cp•r[L$hp]$, _psı[L$p°_p°

A\Æhp]$ A_° Apsı[L$p°_p° L$dÆhp]$, [\p bp•Ÿp°_p° i|fiehp]$ Ap ‚dpZ° Ap

b^p ƒepf° `fı`f_p¨ M¨X$_ A_° rhMhp]$dp¨ akpep l[p. –epf° rlfi]y$ ı\p_dp¨

fpÙ≤$^dÆ_u A°L$[p_u ı\p`_p L$fu h°]$pfi[ ^dÆ_u ‚r[õ$p Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆA° L$fu

R>°.

218

dp¨dpkL$p°_p¨ d[ ‚dpZ° h°]$p° ‚h©r— `fL$ NZpep R>°. [°\u eo-

eZpq]$ L$dp£ h°]$ ^dÆ_y¨ dyøe ‚ep°S>_ R>°. A°d kprb[ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨, Ap

d[\u Sy>]$p `X$u b≈ dudp¨kL$p°A° h°]$p°_p¨ A¨[ cpN° fl°gp¨ D`r_j]$p°_° r_h©r—

`fL$ NZu, [°_° S> h°]$^dÆ L$lp° L°$ h°]$pfi[^dÆ L$lp°, [° ‚ep°S>_ _° dyøe NŒey¨

R>°. Apd `|hÆdudp¨kp A_° D—fdudp¨kp A°hp¨ b° rhcpN ≈°hp dm° R>°.S>°dp¨

D—fdudp¨kp A° S> h°]$p¨[ A_° [°_p¨ dyøe ‚h[ÆL$ Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ R>°.

h°]$p¨[^dÆ flıe`fL$ N|Y$[“h_y¨ r_Í$`Z L$f° R>°, D`r_j]π$p°dp¨ A°

fu[° N|Y$[“h_u k|ˇd rhQpfZp L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. `f¨[y D`r_j]π$p°_p¨ [–hp°_p¨

]$iÆ_ L$f_pfp A_°L$ F>rjdyr_Ap° R>° A_° [°\u [°dp¨ A°L$ ‚L$pf_p¨ rkŸpfi[ L°$

[“hop__p° r_Úe \B iº[p° _\u. h°]$Ïepk° D`r_j]π$p°_p¨ hpºep° A_°

rk›^p¨[p°dp¨ fl°gp¨ ]°$Mp[p¨rhfp°^p° ]|$f L$fu [°_u A°L$hpºe[p gphhp dpV°$

b∞˚k|”p°_u fQ_pL$fu. b∞Ñk|”p° - Nu[p A_° [°_p¨ d|m ‚dpZdp¨ fl°gp¨

D`r_j]π$p° `f cpÛe fQ_pf cNhp_ i¨L$fpQpeÆ ky^u Ap kudp_p° rhı[pf

L$fhpdp¨ Aph° [p° h°]$Ïepk `R>u_u `f¨`fpdp¨ Np•X$`p]$pQpeÆ A_° Np°qh¨]$`p]$_°

Nyfy`]$ Ap`u_° cNhp_ i¨L$fpQpeÆA° ‚pQu_ `f¨`fp_u ‚r[õ$p L$fu R>°.

b∞˚k|”_p¨ k|”p° - D`r_j]$p° h°]$pfi[`fL$ lp°hp_° L$pfZ° [°_° h°]$pfi[k|”p° `Z

L$l° R>°. D`r_j]π$p° - b∞˚k|” A_° Nu[p Ap ”Z N∞fi\p°_° ‚ı\p_”eu _pd

d˛ey¨ R>°. ‚ı\p_ A°V$g° Ap^pf ı\¨c - h°]$h°]$p¨[ ^dÆ_p¨ Ap^pfı[¨c Í$`°

fl°gp¨ Ap ”Z N∞¨\p°_° ‚ı\p_”eu NZhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ° dp¨ŒX|$ºe

D`r_j]π$_u Np•X$`p]$ L$pqfL$pAp° `f cpÛe f√ey¨ R>°. [°_y¨ `Z D`r_j]π$ S>°V$gy¨

S> ‚dpŒe ıhuL$peyØ R>°. ‚ı\p_”eu `f cpÛe fQ_pf cNhp_Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ

‚\d R>°.

219

cpf[ ]°$idp¨ Qpf° q]$ipAp°dp¨ ı\`pe°gp dW$p°dp¨ Ap fu[_y¨ ^dÆipk_ dm°gy¨

R>°. S>°dp¨ ‚≈S>_p° - fp≈Ap° hN°f° Ap]$f- kfidp_ ]$ipÆh° R>°. Ap ^dpÆ_yipk_

‚dpZ° ApQpep£ A_° ]$i_pdu k¨fiepkuAp°A° ^dÆ_p¨ fnZ L$fhp dpV°$ `p°[p_p

brg]$p_ `Z Ap‡ep R>°. ]$i_pdu k¨fiepkuAp° D`fp¨[ AMpX$pAp°_u `Z

ı\p`_p \e°gu S>°_y¨ hZÆ_ `Z Ap A›epedp¨ S> ANpDL$f°g R>°. ]$i_pdu

k¨‚]$pe_p¨ k¨fiepkuAp°A° ıh[¨” fu[° dW$p°, A_° ApÓdp°_u ı\p`_p `Z L$fu

R>° [°d S> h°]$p¨[ ^dÆ_p¨ ‚Qpfdp¨ Ad|Îe k°hp _p¢^`p” R>°.

Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u `fÁ`fpA° A_° ]$i_pdu k¨‚]$pe_p¨ kfiepkuAp°A°

A‹•[ h°]$pfi[ ^dÆ_u ‚r[õ$p L$fu R>°, [p° `Z i•h k¨‚]$pe_p¨ ‚h[ÆL$ Í$`° S>

[°d_u ‚rks›^ R>°. [° S> fu[° h°]$p¨[ ^dÆdp¨ A‹•[, ‹•[p‹•[ L°$ ‹•[_p¨ c°]°$

h°]$pfi[_p¨ rk›^p¨[p°_p° ıhuL$pf L$fhp¨ R>[p¨ `Z Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ `R>u_p¨ ApQpep£_°

cpNh[ L°$ h•ÛZh k¨‚]$pe_p¨ ‚h[ÆL$ b[pÏep R>° A° _p¢^_ue bpb[ R>°. ≈° L°$

R>[p¨ i¨L$fpQpeÆ rlfi]y$ ^dÆ_p¨ kudpı\¨c l[p¨ S>°dZ° `p°[p_p¨ ‚Mf `yfyjp\Æ,

rh‹[p, k¨ed A_° –epN_p¨ ‚cph° rlfi]y$ ^dÆ_u A‚r[d k°hpAp° L$fu R>°.

dlp_ rh rhS>°[pAp° Br[lpk D`f `p°[p_u Akf `pX$u Nep R>°.

`f¨[y [°Ap° [°d_u `pR>m L$p°B ‚L$pf_p¨ ip[ d|Îep° d|L$u Nep _\u. kdpS>

D`f JX$u Akf [p° ^dÆı\p`L$p° A_° ^dÆ‚h[ÆL$p°_u S> `X$u R>°. fpd,L©$ÛZ,

byŸ, S>feyŸ dld]$ `eNÁbf, Bky q¿ı[, dlphuf hN°f° eyN`yfyjp°A°

‚h[pÆh°gp ^dÆ_u JX$u Akf ApS>° `Z Ap`Z° ≈°B iL$uA° R>uA°. i¨L$fpQpeÆ

`Z D√QL$p°qV$_p¨ eyN`yfyj l[p. k–e _u Mp°S> L$f_pfp rS>opkyAp° A_°

A›ep–dhp]$uAp° ApS>° `Z i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ ∆h_ A_° ]$iÆ_dp¨\u ‚°fZp A_°

dpNÆ]$iÆ_ d°mhu f¸p R>°. ^dpÆQpep£A° ‚NV$ph°gu op_ƒep°r[ L$pm_p¨ NcÆdp¨

rhgu_ _ \[p¨ k]$p_° dpV°$ ‚L$pidp_ fl° R>°.

220

Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆA° ArMg cpf[_° `p°[p_u L$dÆc|rd_y¨ rhipm n°”

b_phu cpf[_p¨ rhrcfl ^dp£ A_° k¨‚]$pep°dp¨ A°dZ° kp¨ıL©$r[L$ A°º[p_y¨ S>

]$iÆ_ L$eyØ l[y. ApS>_p¨ h•opr_L$ AœeyNdp¨ ƒepf° Qpf° [fa Aip¨r[_y kpd∞pƒe

a°gpe°gy¨ R>°. –epf° Ap`Z° Ap–dp_u Mp°S> L$fu, ^dÆ, k]$pQpf A_°

Ap›eps–dL$[p_p¨ ip[ d|Îep° ıhuL$pfhp_p° kde Aphu Nep° R>°. eyŸ A_°

tlkp_° dpN£ _rl `f¨[y ^dÆ_° dpN£ S> ‚≈_p° D–L$jÆ A_° `y_fyŸpf \B iL$i°.

ApS>° Ap kdedp¨ `Z Ap`Z° i¨L$fpQpeÆ S>°hp dlp`yfyjp° _p¨ Qv^°gp dpN£

ApNm h^u ∆h__p¨ _•r[L$ d|Îep° ı\pr`[ L$fhp `X$i°. Ap fu[°

Apq]$i¨L$fpQpeÆfy u eyhp_ ‚r[cpd|r[ÆA° cpf[dp¨ S>°hu ^prdÆL$ A°º[p_y r_dpÆZ

L$eyØ A°hy A°d_p `l°gp L$p°BA° L$eyØ _ l[y. X$pµ. fp^pL©$ÛZ__y Ap rh^p_ k¨ |ZÆ[:

‚ı[y[ b_u fl° R>°.75

221

‚L$Z - 2 : ^prdÆL$ ep°N]$p_ :-‚L$Z - 2 : ^prdÆL$ ep°N]$p_ :-‚L$Z - 2 : ^prdÆL$ ep°N]$p_ :-‚L$Z - 2 : ^prdÆL$ ep°N]$p_ :-‚L$Z - 2 : ^prdÆL$ ep°N]$p_ :-

* k¨]$cÆ k|rQ :-* k¨]$cÆ k|rQ :-* k¨]$cÆ k|rQ :-* k¨]$cÆ k|rQ :-* k¨]$cÆ k|rQ :-

(1) Np•Qdk|” - 1.1.2.

(2) "rlfi]y$ ^dÆ' - `©.9 ıhpdu rihp_¨]$.

(3) "h°]$p¨[rh¤p' - `©.210 A_° h°]$p¨[]$iÆ_. `©.3 ‚ı[ph_p.

(4) rlfi]y$ ^dÆæ$p¨r[ -`©.7

(5) rlfi]y$^dÆ -`©.7. ıhpdu rihp_¨]$∆.

(6) "Óud[π i¨L$fpQpeÆ' `©.20.

(7) "Ap`Zp ^dp£' - Ap.bp.^∞yh - `©.3.14.

(8) d_yıd©r[ - 2.10

(9) Sy>Ap° rlfi]y$ ^dÆ - `©.51

(10) rlfi]y$ ^dÆ - ıhpdu rihp_¨]$∆ -`©.53

(11) Sy>Ap° rlfi]y$ ^dÆ]$iÆ_ - `©.5

(12) ep”hÎL$e ıd©r[-2.

(13) `|hÆdudp¨kp S>•rdr_k|” - 1-1-2.

(14) epohÎL$e ıd©r[, d_yıd©r[-2.

(15) L$Zp]$ - h•i°rjL$k|” - 1.

(16) h•i°rjL$k|” - 2.

(17) Óud]π$ cNh]π$Nu[p - A›epe-18/32.

(18) rlfi]y$ ^dÆ ]$iÆ_ - `©.4, [\p rlfi]y$ ^dÆ-`©.48.

(19) dlpcpf[ - Apq]$`hÆ A¨.62, ^dÆ Ïepøep `©.4.

(20) "h°]$p¨[rh¤p' cpZ]°$h-`©.82, 142 [\p b©.D.1.4.10 [\p

1.4.14.

(21) b∞.k|.ip¨.cp. 1.3.33.

222

(22) "i¨L$fpQpeÆ' - Óu V$u.A°d.`u. dlp]°$h_π -`©.1. A_yhp]$L$ ‚p.

A°d.hu.bnu.

(23) "‚iıe ]$iÆ_p°' g°. Óu A.L$. r”h°]$u-`©.50.

(24) Sy>Ap° "Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ' `©.27 ‚pµ. Bfi÷h]$_ bu. fphg_p° g°M.

k¨`p. X$pµ. Np•[d `V°$g.

(25) Sy>Ap° "Óud]π$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_y¨ [“hop_' `©.540.

(26) ıhfy`p_yk¨^p_¨csº[: B–ergr^e[° $& rhh°L$Q|X$pdrZ.

(27) [| L$p° B[_p duV$p qL$ [| [| _ fl°, Ap•f [yS>d° ]|$BL$u b| _ fl°.

(28) "Religion is the manifestation of the Divine in man' Sw.

Vivekananda - Óud]π$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_y¨ [“hop_' `©.541.

(29) "I went from "god" to "god", until they cried." from "me" in "me",

oh thou I" - Suri Saint Bayazid. Óud]$π i¨._y¨. [“hop_ `©.541 _°

Ap^pf°.

(30) "h°]$p¨[rh¤p' - `©.208, 210.

(31) Sy>Ap° R>pfi]$p°. D`. 3.14, [\p h°. rh¤p. `©. 203.

(32) Óud]π$cNh]π$Nu[p - A›ep - 18/31.

(33) d_yıd©r[ A›ep.-2.

(34) Z oh lwoVeV_o[ AoΩZï AZwÓUï BoV ]´wdZ≤ ‡m_m `_≤ C[°oV$& VWm

`ÒVH$UmZwgßYV g Y_™ dX ZVaï $& epohÎL$eıd©r[.

(35) rh_p°bp∆A° Ap`°g ip¨L$frkŸp¨[_y¨ Í`p¨[f :-

dXdXm›V JrVmZm_≤ odZwZm gma C’•Vï $&

]´˜gÀ`ß OJV≤ Ò\y$oV©ï OrdZß gÀ`emYZ_≤ $&&

"Óui¨L$fQpeÆ_y¨ [“hop_' `©. 536 _° Ap^pf°.

(36) "Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ_y¨ [“hop_' `©. 536.

(37) "ApQpeÆi¨L$f_y¨ ∆h_' g°. _V$hfgpg ka•ep - `©. 1.

223

(38) "Apq]$i¨L$fpQpeÆZ `©.56. g°M. ‚pµ. Bfi÷h]$_ bu. fphg. k¨`p.

Np•[d `V°$g.

(39) "rlfi]y$ ^dÆ ]$iÆ_'-`©.8.

(40) AWmod⁄m‹`ÒVm ]´˜ `H$pÒ_Z≤ ....... BoV ]´y`V≤ - ip¨.cp.3.2.21.

(41) VÒ_mX›À`Z ‡_mUZ ‡oV[moXV AmÀ_°H$Àd....... ip¨.cp.2.1.14.

(42) Ao[ M°Z_mÀ_mZß oZaÒVg_ÒV ‡[ƒM_Ï`∑Vß gßamYZH$mb [Ì`p›V `moJZï

$& b∞.k|.ip¨.cp. 3..24.

(43) Ap dlphpºe R>p. D. _p¨ _h d¨”p°dp¨ Aph° R>°. A-6-M¨X$-8,

d¨”-4, M¨X$-6-d¨”-4, M¨X$-10-d¨”-3, M¨X$-11-d¨”-3,

M¨X$-12-d¨”-3, M¨X$-13-d¨”-3, M¨X$-14-d¨”-3, M¨X$-15-

d¨”-3, M¨X$-16-d¨”-3.

(44) dp. D`. q‹[ue d¨”

(45) b©l. D`. 1-4-10.

(46) A•. D`. 3-1-3.

(47) Sy>Ap° "Apq]$i¨L$fpQpeÆ' `©.28 ‚pµ. Bfi÷h]$_ bu. fphm_p° g°M.

(48) Sy>Ap° S>•rdr_k|” - 1.3.3. [\p "rhfp°^°–h°_`°n¨ .....¸y_ydp_dπ$&

b∞.k|.2.1.1. `f_y¨ ip¨.cp.

(49) "Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ' `©.35. [\p "Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ' bg]°$h D`p›epe-

`©.86.

(50) _•j^Qqf[-ÓuljÆ kNÆ-12, Ôgp°L$. 38.

(51) "Ap`Zp°^dÆ' `©.172-ıhpdu ‚L$pip_¨]$∆.

(52) Sy>Ap° "Ap`Zp°^dÆ' `©.173.

(53) "rih rhÛœA¨rbL$p'......."S>N]π$Nyfy Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ' `©.58.

(54) F>¡h°]$-1/164/46. [\p "Apq]$i¨L$fpQpeÆ' -`©.47.

224

(55) "Óud]π$ ip¨L$fpQpeÆ_y¨ [“hop_' `©.21 ‚pµ. ku.hu. fphm [\p

Apq]$i¨L$fpQpeÆ-`©.48.

(56) "Ap`Zp° ^dÆ' `©.173.

(57) "Apq]$i¨L$fpQpeÆ'`©.48 g°. ‚pµ. Bfi÷h]$_ bu. fphm

(58) "S>N]π$NyÍ$ Apq]$i¨L$fpQpeÆ' `©.44.

(59) "Apq]$i¨L$fpQpeÆ' `©.49.

(60) rlfi]y$ ^dÆ]$iÆ_ `©.353.

(61) "Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ' Ap.bg]°$h D`p›epe-`©.286,335.

(62) "Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ' `©.188.

(63) "Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ' `©.140 \u 145.

(64) h°]$p¨[k|” 1.1.4 [\p b©l]$p. D`. 5.5.1.

(65) ^u rlıV≤$u Ap°a ip¨.cp, `u.hu.L$pZ°-`©.1471.

(66) b∞.k|.ip¨.cp. 1.2.14 [\p h°]$p¨[ `qfcpjp -`©.8. oZJw©U_o[....$&

(67) A°k.fp^pL©$ÛZ_π-"BrfiX$e_qagp°kp°au' `©.657.

(68) "ApQpeÆi¨L$f_y¨ ∆h_' _V$hfgpg kf•ep - `©.18.

(69) "Apq]$i¨L$fpQpeÆ' g°.k¨`p. Np•.`., ‚pµ. Bfi÷h]$_fphg_p° g°M-

`©.56.

(70) ‹pfL$p_u ipf]$p`uW$ `f rbfpS>[p rh¤dp_ Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ∆ Arc_h

ks√Q]$p_¨]$∆ dlpfpS> 77 dp¨ i¨L$fpQpeÆ∆ R>°.

(71) Óud]π$ Apq]$i¨L$fpQpeÆ g°. hpd_ `V°$g `©.100.

(72) rlfi]y$ ^dÆ ]$iÆ_ - `©.286.

(73) "Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ_y¨ [“hop_' `©.27 [\p "rlfi]y$ ^dÆ]$iÆ_' `©.360.

(74) "dW$pÁ_pe[prgL$p'-D`fp¨[ Sy>Ap° "Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ' `©.206.

(75) L°$V$gpL$ rh‹p_p° Qpf `uW$ D`fp¨[ L$p¨Qu_u L$pdL$p°rV$`uW$_° `f `p¨Qdp¨ dW$

[fuL°$ Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ_u ı\p`_pÍ$`° NZph° R>°.