m. a. ii history sem. iii p. 302 title 2019/m. a. ii... · 4 7. kq>zmm du©z h$avmzm vËh$mbrz...

$: M. A. II History Sem. III P. 302 title 2019/M. A. II... · 4 7. KQ>ZmM dU©Z H$aVmZm VËH$mbrZ àMbrV H$Wm, JrVo `mMr AMyH$ J§\$U Ho$br Amh. 8. gË` KQ>ZmÀ`m AmYmamZ dñV{Zð> dUZ$
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya{ejU H|$Ð

B{Vhmg coIZ na§nam(Traditions of History Writing)

(e¡j{UH$ df© 2019-20 nmgyZ)

E_. E. ^mJ-2B{Vhmg

Compulsory : Paper 301

H I

K J

1

KQ>H$ 1

àmMrZ d _Ü` wJrZ na§nam(Ancient and Medieval Traditions)

AZwH«$_{UH$m

1.0 C{Ôïo>

1.1 àmñVm{dH$

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

1.2.1 J«rH $ amo_Z

1.2.2 Aa~,

1.2.3 ^maVr` : B{Vhmg nwamUo Am{U n{e©`Z

1.3 gmam§e

1.4 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ

1.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX d eãXmW©

1.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

1.7 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

1.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$

1.0 C{Ôï>o

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm

B{VhmgboIZmÀ`m {d{dY na§nam g_OyZ KoVm oVrb.

àmMrZ J«rH$amo_Z B{VhmgboIZmMr na§nam g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

2

_Ü``wJrZ Aa~ B{VhmgboIZ na§nam OmUyZ KoVm oB©b.

^maVr` B{VhmgmMr nwamUo d n{e© Z B{VhmgboIZ na§nam _m{hV H$ê$Z KoVm oB©b.

1.1 àmñVm{dH$

B{VhmgboIZmÀ`m CX`mMm g§~§Y AmnU nwamUdñVyemómer OmoS>Vmo. àma§ r AZw_mZmÀ`mAmYmamZo g§{X½Y ñdê$nm_Üò B{VhmgboIZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ZXrH$mR>r Agboë`m g§ñH¥$VrÀ`mAä`mgmnmgyZ _mZdmbm B{VhmgboIZmMr àoaUm {_imbr. àma§ r B{VhmgboIZmg yJ ©emómMr \$ma_mobmMr _XV Pmbr. nwT>rb H$mim_Üò B{VhmgmbmboIZmg ghmæ` yV AgUmè`m AZoH$ emóm§Mm emoYbmJbm. Ë`mZ§Va ~w{Õàm_mÊ`dmXmÀ`m ApñVÎdmVyZ B{VhmgboIZmÀ`m AZoH$ na§nam CX`mg Amë`m.

B{VhmgH$mambm B{VhmgboIZmMr emóewÕ d Vm§{ÌH$ nÕVrMr _m{hVr AgUo _hÎdmMo Amho.Ë`m_wio B{VhmgmMr _m§S>Ur H$aUo ghO eŠ` hmoVo. B{VhmgboIZmMo __© _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>rB{VhmgboIZmÀ`m na§nam§M AmT>mdm KoUo _hÎdmMo Amho. àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ Vo _Ü``wJrZ H$mimn ªVB{VhmgboIZmÀ`m joÌmVrb _hÎdmÀ`m Q>ßß`m§Mm, d¡{eï>`m§Mm d d¡Mm[aH$ àdmhm§Mm g{_jmË_H$ Aä`mg_hÎdmMm R>aVmo. `m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU àmMrZ d _Ü` wJrZ B{VhmgboIZmÀ`m na§nam§Mm AmT>mdm KoUmaAmhmoV.

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

1.2.1 àmMrZ J«rH$, amo_Z

A) J«rH$ B{VhmgboIZmMr na§nam

B.g. nmMì`m eVH$m_Üò J«rg_Üò B{VhmgboIZmg àma§ Pmbm. VËnydu ñ_¥Vr d _m¡{IH$nÕVrZo _hÎdmÀ`m KQ>Zm ApñVÎdmV Ro>dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmV Ago. `mgmR>r H$mì`mË_H$ aMZm gmoB©À`mAgë`mZo XodXodVm§À`m H$Wm, {_WHo$, bmoH$H$Wm d bmoH$JrVo `m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$mì`mË_H$ aMZm§Mm dmagmnwT>rb {nT>`m§H$So> OmV Ago. `m H$mim_Ü o gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr, H$m ©H«$_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr bmoH$m§nwTo>H$WmH$WZ H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo _Zmoa§OZ H$aUmao ^Q>Ho$ ì`mdgm{`H$ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio `m JrVm§_Üòo H$ënZm a§OH$Vm\$ma Ago.

3

B.g. nyd© ghmdo eVH$ ho J«rg B{Vhmgm_Yrb g§H«$_UmMm H$mbI§S> hmoVm. `m H$mim_Üò boIZd JÚboIZmMr na§nam {dH${gV Pmbr. `m_wio gm{hË`, VÎdkmZ d emór` kmZm_Üò _mobmMr â nS>br.hmo_aZo B{b`S>Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$ë`mZ§Va _hmZ ì`ŠVtÀ`m em¡ ©H$Wm eãXm§H$sV hmoÊ`mMr na§nam gwê$ Pmbr.H$Wm§_Yrb H$ënH$VoMr OmJm àË`jmV KS>boë`m KQ>Zm§Zr KoVbr. Aem KQ>Zm eãXm§H$sV H$aUmè`mgbmoJmoJ«m\$g© Ago åhUVmV. Aem àH$maÀ`m na§nam§_Üò ñWm{ZH$ {df`m§da â Ago. JmdmoJmdr {\$ê$ZH$WmH$WZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ bmoH$m§Mo _Zmoa§OZ H$aUo hm Ë`m_mJrb hoVy Ago. {hH°${Q>Ag `mZo AemàH$maÀ`m H$Wm§_Üò gË`m§emMm AmJ«h Yabm. `m_wio B.g. nyd© nmMì`m eVH$m_Üò B{VhmgboIZm_ÜòH$Wm§_YyZ gË` KQ>Zm§Mo dU©Z H$aÊ`mMr na§nam {dH${gV Pmbr. bmoJmoJ«m\$g© d B{VhmgH$ma `m§À`m_ÜòXwdm OmoS>Ê`mMo H$m_ {hamoS>moQ>g `mZo Ho$bo.

{hamoS>moQ>g (B.g. nyd© 484 Vo 430)

{hamoS>moQ>gMm OÝ_ J«rg_Üò Am`mo{Z`m òWo EH$m à{V{ð>V Hw$Qw§>~m_Üò Pmbm. Vmo ghm dfm©MmAgVmZm {XK©H$mi Mmby Agbobm J«rH$BamU g§Kf© g§nwï>mV Ambm. `m wÕmMm Ë`mÀ`m _Zmda n[aUm_Pmbm. Ë`mZo àË`j wÕmVrb KQ>Zm nm{hboë`m bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z `wÕmg~§Yr _m{hVr {_i{dbr. `m _m{hVrÀ`mAmYmao Ë`mZo J«rg BamU `wÕmMm B{Vhmg ZD$ ^mJm_Üò {b{hbm. eodQ>À`m XmoZ ^mJ {b{hÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo~°{~bmo{Z`m, B{Oá d J«rH$ eham§Mm àdmg Ho$bm d _m{hVr {_i{dbr. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMo boIZ gImob dn[aUm_H$maH$ Pmbo. `wÕm{df`r boIZ H$arV AgVmZm Ë`mZo AZoH$ g§~§{YV {df`m§Mr _m{hVr {Xbr Amho.`m J«§Wm_Üò Mmodrg g_mOJQ>m§Mr, Ë`m§À`m OrdZnÕVr, na§nam, Mmbr[aVr d Ym{_©H$ OrdZmMr _m{hVr{Xbr Amho.

{hamoS>moQ>gÀ`m B{VhmgboIZ na§naoMr d¡{eï> o nwT>rb à_mUo gm§JVm oVrb.

1. {hamoS>moQ>gMr H$WZmMr e¡br Mm§Jbr AgyZ Ë`m_Üò b`~ÕVm Amho.

2. {df`mMr _m§S>Ur gmYr d gmoß`m ^mfo_Üò Amho.

3. {df`mMr _m§S>Ur_Ü o H$mbH«$_ AgyZ {df`mMo {ZdoXZ EH$g§Kr Amho.

4. {df`mÀ`m _m§S>Ur_Üò dñVy{Zð>Vm, g_Vmob Ñï>rH$moU d {ZînjnmVrnUm {XgyZ oVmo.

5. KQ>Zm§Mr gwg§JV _m§S>Ur d dU©Zm~amo~aM KQ>Zm§Mm AÝd`mW© bmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.

6. {df`mÀ`m AH$bZ j_Vo_wio _m§S>Ur n[aUm_H$maH$ Pmbr Amho.

4

7. KQ>Zm§Mo dU©Z H$aVmZm VËH$mbrZ àMbrV H$Wm, JrVo `m§Mr AMyH$ Jw§\$U Ho$br Amho.

8. gË` KQ>Zm§À`m AmYmamZo dñVy{Zð> dU©Z H$ê$Z Ë`mZo B{Vhmgmbm kmZemIoMo ê$n {Xbo.

{hamoS>moQ>gÀ`m boIZmMr hr d¡{eï> o Agbr Var Ë`mÀ`m boIZm_Ü o H$mhr ÌwQ>r AmT>iyZ oVmV.

1. {hamoS>moQ>gbm \$magr ^mfm oV Zgë`mZo BamU~m~V Ë`mZo EoH$sd _m{hVrda â {Xbm.

2. EoH$sd _m{hVrMr Ë`mZo nS>VmiUr Ho$ë`mMo {XgV Zmhr.

3. Ë`mÀ`m {bImUm_Üò {M{H$ËgH$ {díbofUmMm A^md {XgyZ oVmo.

4. KQ>ZoÀ`m H$m`©H$maU^mdm_mJo AmÜ`mpË_H$ àoaUm AgVo Ago Ë`mMo _V Agë`mZo gË` ~mOybmnS>ë`mMo OmUdVo.

B{VhmgboIZm_mJo hoVy Agbm nm{hOo Ago Ë`mMo ñnï> _V hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m B{VhmgboIZm_mJrbJ«rH$ d BamUr g§Kfm©Mr H$maUo nwT>rb {nT>rbm _m{hVr ìhmdr ho hoVy Agë`mMo Vmo åhUVmo. B{VhmgboIZmMmhoVy ñnï> H$aVmZm JVH$mimVrb KQ>Zm§Mr Zm|X nwT>rb {nT> m§gmR>r H$ê$Z Ro>dUo hm Amho Ago gm§JVmo. àË jgmjrXmam§H$Sy>Z {_imbobr _m{hVr, gwú_ {ZarjU, AmoKdVr ^mfm, KQ>Zm§Mr gwgyÌ _m§S>Ur d KQ>Zm§MmAÝd`mW© bmdÊ`mMr j_Vm `m_wio {hamoS>moQ>gbm emór` B{VhmgboIZmMm OZH$ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.em°Q>dob `mZo {hamoS>moQ>bm BamUr `wÕm§Mm hmo_a åhQ>bo Amho. EM.B©. ~Z©a `m§Zr CÎm_ H$WmH$WZH$ma åhQ>boAmho.

Ï y{gS>rS>rg² (B.g. nyd© 460396)

Ï ygrS>rS>rg² hm JwUdÎmoÀ`m Ñï>rZo J«rH$ B{VhmgH$mam_Üò loð> _mZbm OmVmo. B{VhmgmbmAmYw{ZH$ ê$n XoÊ`m_Ü o `mMm ~amM _moR>m dmQ>m Amho.

`m H$mbI§S>m_Ü o AWoÝg d ñnmQ>m©_Yrb nobmonmoZo{e`Z `wÕ Pmbo. Ï ygr{S>S>rg²Mr `m `wÕm_ÜòW«ogH$So> OmUmè`m Zm{dH$ XbmMm A{YH$mar åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ Pmbr. na§Vw Vmo Anèr Pmë`mZo Ë`mbmAWoÝg~mhoa Kmb{dÊ`mV Ambo. AWoÝg~mhoa drg df} Kmb{dbr `m H$mimV Ë`mZo `m wÕmMr _m{hVrAmR> nwñVH$m_Ü o {b{hbr Amho. `m_Ü o B.g. 411 n ªVMm B{Vhmg {b{hbm Amho. Ë`mZo `m `wÕmVrbX¡Z§{XZ KQ>Zm§Mr Zm|X Ho$br H$ê$Z `mÀ`m AmYmao {hñQ>r Am°\$ nobmonmoZo{e`Z dm°a hm J«§W {b{hbm.

JVH$mimVrb KQ>Zm§Mr _m{hVr nwT>rb {nT>rbm ìhmdr, nwT>rb {nT>rVrb _wËgÚm§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z{_imdo d Amnbo boIZ {MaH$mbrZ {Q>H$mdo Ï`wgr{S>S>rg²À`m B{VhmgboIZm_mJrb ho hoVy hmoVo. _mZdr

5

ñd^md \$magm ~XbV Zgë`mZo _mZdmbm ^{dî`H$mimMm A§XmO KoÊ`mgmR>r yVH$mimVrb _m{hVrCn`moJr AgVo Ago Ë`mbm dmQ>V hmoVo.

Ï ygr{S>S>rg²Mm {df` _`m©{XV Amho na§Vw Ë`mÀ`m boImZmg AZoH$ n¡by AmhoV. Ë`mZo `wÕmÀ`mdU©Zm~amo~aM `wÕmMo S>mdnoM d Ë`mMo gm_m{OH$ d Z¡{VH$ n[aUm_m§Mr MMm© Ho$br Amho. `wÕmÀ`m Am{W©H$~mOy§da Ë`mZo MMm© H$ê$Z gmJar gÎmoMo _hÎd gm§{JVbo Amho.

Ï y{g{S>S>rg²À`m B{VhmgboIZ d¡{eï> o nwT>rb à_mUo gm§JVm oVrb.

1. gË`{Zð>m ho Ï`ygr{S>S>rg²À`m boIZmMo à_wI d¡{eï>` Amho.

2. KQ>Zm§Mr AMyH$ Zm|X, EoH$sd _m{hVrMo {M{H$ËgH$ narjU, KQ>ZmH«$_mZwgma gwg§JV _m§S>Ur,KQ>Zm§Mm H$m`©H$maU^md d KQ>Zm§Mm VH©$ewÕ AÝd`mW© `m_wio Ë`mÀ`m boIZmbm emóewÕñdê$n àmá Pmbo.

3. Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§Mm nañna g§~§Y AgVmo ho Vmo _mZV Agë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m {bImUm_ÜòB{VhmgdmXmMo gyVdmM AmT>iVo.

4. XmoZ KQ>Zm§_Yrb nmoH$ir ^ê$Z ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`mZo N>mZZr Ho$boë`m bmoH$H$Wm§Mm dmnaHo$bm Amho.

5. Eo{Vhm{gH$ ì`ŠVtÀ`m Vm|S>r ^mfUo KmVë`m_wio {bImUmV gOrdnUm Ambm Amho.

6. gd©H$mbrZ à_o m_wio {bImUmg d¡Mm[aH$ ~¡R>H$ {_imbr Amho.

Ï ygr{S>S>rg²À`m {bImUm_Üò nwT>rb ÌwQ>r AmT>iyZ oVmV.

1. H$mhr {R>H$mUr Ho$bobo C„oI g§{X½Y AmhoV.

2. H$mhr {R>H$mUr T>mo~i ñdê$nmÀ`m Zm|Xr Ho$boë`m AmhoV.

3. Ë`mMr ^mfm AmoKdVr Zmhr.

n°br{~`g (B.g. nyd© 208 Vo 126)

n°{b{~`g hm J«rH$ B{VhmgH$mam_Üò _hÎdmMm B{VhmgH$ma _mZbm OmVmo. AboŠPm§S>aÀ`mAmH«$_Um_wio J«rH$m§Zm ZJa amÁ`m§À`m nbrH$S>rb OJmMr d g§ñH¥$VrMr AmoiI Pmbr. Ë`m_wioB{VhmgboIZmMr ì`már dmT>br. J«rH$ B{VhmgboIZm_Üò J«rg ~mhoarb OJmMm g_mdoe hmoD$ bmJbm.{b{IV H$mJXnÌo CnbãY hmoD$ bmJbr.

6

`m H$mbI§S>m_Ü o amo_Z gm_«mÁ`mMm amO{H$` gÎmm åhUyZ CX` Pmbm hmoVm. n°br{~`gZo {hñQ>rOhm J«§W {b{hbm. Mmirg ^mJm_Üò {b{hboë`m J«§WmMo gÜ`m Ho$di nmM ^mJ {e„H$ AmhoV. `m J«§Wm_Üòamo_Z gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m {dñVmamMr _m{hVr {b{hbr Amho. nm°br{~`g hm H$mhr H$mi J«rH$ dH$sb åhUyZamo__Üò am{hë`m_wio Ë`mg amO{H$` d emgH$s` H$m_mMm AZw d hmoVm. Vmo BVa B{VhmgH$mam§nojm{ejU, àdmg d ì`mdhm[aH$ AZw dm_Üò loð> hmoVm. Ë`mZo Amnë`m {df`mMr _m{hVr ânya d{dídgZr` {Xbr Agbr Var Ë`mMr ^mfm aQ>mi, Zrag d AZmH$f©H$ Amho.

nm°br{~`gÀ`m B{Vhmg boIZmMr d¡{eï> o nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb.

1. nm°br{~`gZo B{Vhmgmbm emó _mZbo Amho.

2. Ë`mZo KQ>Zm§Mr _m{hVr àË`j gmjrXmam§H$Sy>Z {_i{dbr Amho.

3. n°mbr{~`gZo amOH$s` {df`mda â {Xbm Amho.

4. B{VhmgboIZm_Üò ^m¡Jmo{bH$ g§X^m©Mr Amdí`H$Vm gm§{JVbr Amho.

5. KQ>Zm§À`m H$maUm§Mo ñnï>rH$aUmMr JaO ñnï> Ho$br Amho.

6. nm°{b{~`gZo B{Vhmgmbm e¡jUrH$ _yë` Amho ho gm§{JVbo Amho.

nm°br{~`gÀ`m boIZm_Üò nwT>rb ÌwQ>r AmT>iyZ oVmV.

1. n°br{~`gÀ`m boIZmMr ^mfm d _m§S>Ur AmH$f©H$ Zmhr.

2. B{VhmgboIZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao H$bJwU Ë`mÀ`H$So> ZìhVo.

n°mbr{~`gZo B{VhmgboIZm_Üò nÕVremó d {ZînjnmVrbm gwédmV Ho$br. B{VhmgboIZmbmhr nm°br{~`gMr _moR>r XoUJr Amho.

J«rH$ B{VhmgboIZmMm {dH$mgm_Üò PoZmo\$moZ, S>m`mo{Z{gg, ñQ´>m°~o d ßbwQ>mH©$ `m§Zr _hÎdmMr âKmVbr.

PoZmo\$moZ hm gm°H«o${Q>gMm {eî` hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m boIZm_Ü o ~wÕràm_mÊ`, gMmoQ>r d MVwaó ì`ŠVr_Îd{XgyZ òVmV. Ë`mZo hobo{ZH$m, _o_moam{~`m d AZm~o{gg ho à{gÕ J«§W {b{hbo. hobo{ZH$m `m J«§Wm_ÜòÏ ygr{S>S>rOÀ`m J«§Wm_Üò nobmonmoZo{e`ZÀ`m `wÕmMm Z {b{hbobm ^mJmMo dU©Z Ho$bo Amho. _o_moam{~`mJ«§Wm_Üò Ë`mZo Amnbm Jwê$ gm°H«o${Q>gÀ`m AmR>dUr {Xë`m AmhoV. BamUÀ`m g¡Ý`mV Agë`mZo Ë`mbm

7

BamUr g¡Ý`mÀ`m hmbMmbtMr _m{hVr hmoVr. BamUM amOm gmàg `mÀ`m _mo{h_m§Mr _m{hVr Ë`mZoAZm~o{gg `m J«§Wm_Üò {Xbr Amho.

ñQ>m°~o `m nm°br{~`gÀ`m g_H$mbrZ B{VhmgH$mamZo AboŠPm§S>aÀ`m _mo{h_m§Mo dU©Z H$aVmZm^m¡Jmo{bH$ _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao Ho$bo Amho. B{Vhmgmbm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ kmZmMr JaO Amho ho Ë`mZo ñnï> Ho$bo.

S>m`mo{Z{ggZo B{VhmgboIZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ CXmhaUmÛmao VÎdkmZ {eH${dVm oVo ho ñnï> Ho$bo.ßbwQ>mH©$Zo n°abb {bìhO `m J«§Wm_Üò AÇo>Mmirg _hmZ Eo{Vhm{gH$ J«rH$ d amo_Z ì`ŠVrMr M[aÌo {b{hbrAmhoV. hm J«§W {b{hVmZm Ë`mZo Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mJXnÌm§Mr N>mZZr Ho$br Amho. J«§Wmb`m_YyZ _m{hVr{_i{dbr Amho.

J«rH$ B{VhmgboIZmMr nwT>rb d¡{eï> o {XgyZ oVmV.

1. J«rH$ B{VhmgboIZ {dídgZr`, gË`, dmñVd KQ>Zm `mda AmYmabobo Amho. {_WHo$, X§VH$Wm`m§Zm B{VhmgboIZm_Üò ñWmZ XoÊ`mV Ambo Zmhr.

2. J«rH$ B{VhmgboIZ _mZd H|$ÐrV AgyZ _mZdmMo d _mZdr g_mOmMo bm¡{H$H$ ì`dhma hmboIZmMm H|$Ðq~Xy Amho. _mZìmmÀ`m H¥$VrÀ`m H$maUm§Mm emoY _mZdmÀ`m ì`dhmam_Ü oMKoVbm Amho.

3. _mZdr H¥$Ë`mMo {díbofU ~w{Õ{Zð> d dñVw{Zð> Ho$bobo Amho. KQ>Zm§Mm H$m`©H$maU^md d KQ>Zm§MmAÝd`mW© bmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Ho$bm Amho.

4. J«rH$ B{VhmgH$mam§Zr amO{H$` KQ>Zm§~amo~aM gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ OrdZmdahr àH$me Q>mH$bmAmho.

5. B{Vhmgmbm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ _m{hVrMr JaO Agë`mMo à{VnmXZ J«rH$ B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Ho$bo Amho.`mdê$Z B{VhmgMm BVa kmZ emIm§er g§~§Y Agë`mMo ñnï> Ho$bo.

6. {df`mbm Amdí`H$ AgUmar _m{hVr àdmg H$ê$Z {_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo d {_imbobr_m{hVr nS>VmiyZ nhmÊ`mMo _hÎd J«rH$ OmUV hmoVo.

7. B{VhmgboIZm_Üò a§OH$Vm, H$WmH$WZmMo _hÎd d B{VhmgmÀ`m e¡jUrH$ _yë`m§Mr OmU J«rH$B{VhmgboIZm_Üò {XgyZ òVo.

8. B{Vhmg ho {Okmgmnyd©H$ {_imboë`m JVH$mimVrb kmZ H$m`_ {Q>H${dUo d nwT>rb {nT>`m§À`mhmVr XoÊ`mMo gmYZ Amho `mMr J«rH$m§Zm OmUrd hmoVr.

8

_mZdH|$Ðr boIZ, àmW{_H$ gmYZm§Mm dmna, gmYZm§Mo emóewÕ {díbofU d Eo{Vhm{gH$n[adV©ZmMr OmU J«rH$ B{VhmgboIZm_Üò {XgyZ oVmo. Ë`m_wio eoH$S>mo dfm©nyduMo J«rH$ B{VhmgboIZAmYw{ZH$ B{VhmgboIZmÀ`m {ZH$fmda Amnbo ApñVÎd {Q>H$dyZ Amho.

~) amo_Z B{VhmgboIZ na§nam

B{VhmgboIZ na§nao_Üò J«rH$ B{VhmgH$mam§Z§Va amo_Z B{VhmgH$mam§Zr _mobmMr â KmVbr. amo_ZbmoH$m§Zm B{VhmgboIZmH$So> dim`bm H$mhr eVHo$ bmJbr. amo_Z bmoH$ àma§ rÀ`m H$mir Eo{Vhm{gH$ñdê$nmÀ`m T>mo~i Zm|Xr H$aV AgV. B.g. nyd© {Vgè`m eVH$m_Üò amo_Z B{Vhmg boIZmbm gwédmVPmbr. B.g.nyd© {Vgè`m eVH$m_Yrb amo_Z B{VhmgH$mam§_Üò H°$Q>mobm AJ«ñWmZ {Xbo OmVo.

H°$Q>mo (B.g.nyd© 234 Vo B.g. nyd© 149)

H°$Q>mobm amo_Z B{VhmgMm OZH$ g_Obm OmVmo. amo_Z {gZoQ>Mm gXñ` Agë`mZo Vmo amOH$s`KQ>Zm§Mm àË`j gmjrXma hmoVm. amo_Z àOmgÎmmH$À`m H$mbmdYr_Üò Ë`mZo ß`w{ZH$ `wÕmÀ`m H$mbI§S>m_ÜòË`mZo amOH$maUm_Ü o g{H«$` gh^mJ hmoVm. Ë`mZo Amo[aOrZ hmo J«§W {b{hbm. `m J«§W gmV ^mJV AgyZ`m_Ü o ß`w{ZH$ `wÕmMm B{Vhmg Amho. `m J«§Wm_Üò `wÕmÀ`m _m{hVr{edm` BQ>br_Yrb gm_m{OH$,Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, ^m¡JmobrH$ d A{W©H$ _m{hVr {Xbobr Amho. Ë`m_wio hm J«§W amo_Z B{VhmgboIZmVrb_hÎdmMm J«§W _mZbm OmVmo.

B{VhmgmMo e¡jUrH$ _hÎd AgyZ C×moYZ H$aUo hm B{VhmgmMm hoVy AgyZ Ë`m_Ü o amï´>r`ËdmMo,Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§Mo d Mm[aÌ g§dY©ZmMo YSo> {_imdoV hr Ë`mMr y{_H$m hmoVr. H°$Q>moÀ`m boIZmMo d¡{eï> oåhUOo `wÕ_mo{h_m§Mm B{Vhmg boIZ H$arV AgVmZm Ë`m EH$ namH«$_r hÎmrÀ`m Zmdm{edm` Xwgè`mH$moUmÀ`mhr ZmdmMm C„oI Ho$bobm Zmhr. `wÕm_Ü o goZmZrnojm g¡{ZH$ _hÎdmMo AgVmV. hr Ë`mMr y{_H$mhmoVr. `mdê$Z Vmo CƒnXmda H$m`©aV AgyZhr gm_mÝ`mÀ`m H$m`m©Mr Ë`mbm OmU Agë`mMo {XgVo. na§VwH°$Q>moMm hm J«§W AmO {e„H$ Zmhr.

brìhr (B.g.nyd© 59 Vo 17)

amo_Z B{VhmgboIZmbm J«rH$m§À`m OmoS>rbm ZoD$Z ~g{dÊ`mMo lo Á`m B{VhmgH$mam§Zm {Xbo OmVoË`mn¡H$s EH$ brìhr hm hmo`. brìhrMm H$mi amo_Z B{VhmgmVrb _Ýd§VamMm H$mi hmoVm. `m H$mim_Üòamo_Z àOmgÎmmH$mMm eodQ> hmoD$Z amo_Z gm_«Á`mMm nm`m KmVbm Jobm. amo_Z g_«mQ> d brìhr `m§Mo g§~§YOdiMo Agë`mZo brìhrbm Xa~mamVrb KQ>Zm§Mr _m{hVr hmoVr. Ë`mZo {hñQ>r Am°\$ amo_ hm J«§W {b{hbm.`m J«§WmMo 142 ^mJ AgyZ Ë`mn¡H$s AmO \$ŠV 35 ^mJ ApñVÎdmV AmhoV. `m J«§Wm_Ü o amo_À`m

9

ñWmnZonmgyZ B.g. 9 n ªVMm B{Vhmg {b{hbobm Amho. amo_À`m B{Vhmgm_Ü o g|Q> Am°JñQ>gMr H$ma{H$X©gwdU©`wJ Agë`mMo {bìhr _mZVmo. B{VhmgMm hoVy à~moÜZna Agmdm Ago brìhrbm dmQ>Vo. amï> ŠVr,ZrVr_yë o, {eñV d CÎm_ ZmJ[aH$mbm Amdí`H$ Agbobo JwU B. B{VhmgmVyZ {Xbo OmdoV d B{VhmgmÀ`mAä`mgmVyZ CÎm_ ZmJarH$ KS>mdm `m Cn`wŠVVmdmXr Ñï>rH$moUmVyZ brìhrZo B{VhmgmH$So> nm{hbo.

brìhrÀ`m B{VhmgboIZmMr d¡{eïo>

1. brìhrZo amOH$s` KS>m_moS>tMr _m{hVr XoVmZm amo_ H$mW}O `wÕ, `mXdr àOmgÎmmH$mMm A§V,gm_«mÁ`mMr nm`mâUr `mMr _m{hVr {Xbr Amho.

2. brìhrZo J«§WmMo boIZ {dídgZr` _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao Ho$bo Amho Ë`m_wio Ë`mMo boIZ _m{hVrnyU©Amho.

3. brìhrMr boIZ e¡br dU©ZmË_H$ agmi d gm{hË`JwUm§Zr wŠV Amho.

brìhrÀ`m B{VhmgboIZm_Ü o nwT>rb ÌwQ>r {XgyZ oVmV.

ÌwQ>r

1. brìhrÀ`m B{VhmgboIZm_Üò amo_Z g¡Ý`mÀ`m BQ>br_Yrb _mo{h_m§Mm OodT>r _m{hVr XoVmo VodT>r_m{hVr BQ>br~mhoarb _mo{h_m§Mr {Xbr Zmhr.

2. {_imboë`m _m{hVrMo {M{H$ËgH$ {díbofU Ho$bo Zmhr.

3. _yi H$mJXnÌm§À`m AmYmao boIZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Zmhr.

4. KQ>Zm§Mr _m§S>Ur nÕVera Ho$br Zgë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m _m§S>Ur_Üfo nañna {damoYr {dYmZoAmT>iVmV.

5. H$mb{ZX}em_Üò g§{X½YVm d MwH$m AmT>iVmV.

6. KQ>Zm§À`m H$aUm§Mr MMm© Ho$br Zmhr.

H$mZ}{b`g Q°>{Q>Q>g (Cornelius Tacitus)

Q°>{Q>Q>g hm amo_Z B{VhmgboIZm_Yrb AJ«JÊ` B{VhmgH$ma _mZbm OmVmo. Cƒ dJm©_ÜòOÝ_boë`m `m B{VhmgH$mamMm dŠV¥ÎM H$bm d H$m`ÚmMm {deof Aä`mg hmoVm. AZoH$ _hÎdmÀ`m d CƒnXmda H$m_ Ho$bo Agë`mZo Ë`mbm Xa~mar d emgH$s` H$m_mMm \$ma _moR> AZw^d hmoVm.

10

Q°>{Q>Q>gZo AZoH$ d {d{dY àH$maMo J«§W {b{hbo d amo_Z B{VhmgboIZ na§nao_Ü o _mobmMr âKmVbr. `mn¡H$s S>m`bm°J Am°Z Amoa°Q>ag©, bmB©\$ Am°\$ A°J«rH$mobm, O_©Zr`m, {hñQ>rO d A°Zëg ho J«§Wà{gÕ AmhoV. {hñQ´>rO (Histories) `m J«§Wm_Ü o Ë`mZo B.g. 68 Vo 96 `m H$bmdYr_Yrb amo_Zg_«mQ>m§À`m B{VhmgmMr _m{hVr {Xbr Amho. `mnyduÀ`m g_«mQ>m§Mr _{hVr Ë`mZo A°Zëg `m J«§Wm_Üò {XbrAmho. bmB©\$ Am°\$ A°J«rH$mobm `m J«§Wm_Üò Ë`mZo Amnë`m gmgè`mÀ`m OrdZ H$m`m©Mr _m{hVr {Xbr Amho.

Q°>{gQ>gÀ`m B{VhmgboIZm_Üfo nwT>rb d¡{eïo> {XgyZ oVmV.

1. Q°>{gQ>gZo Amnë`m {df`mgmR>r H$miOrnyd©H$ AZoH$ {R>H$mUmdê$Z _m{hVr Jmoim Ho$br.

2. Ë`mZo Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§Mo VH©$ewÕ {díbofU Ho$bo Amho.

3. KQ>Zm§À`m H$maUm§Mr MMm© H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mm AÝd`mW© bmdbm Amho.

4. ì`ŠVr ì`ŠVrVrb g§Kfm©À`m ê$nmZo Ë`mZo KQ>Zm§Mm AW© bmdbm Amho.

5. amo_Z gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m KS>UrVrb Xmof Ë`mZo ñnï>nUo XmI{dbo AmhoV.

6. Cƒ nXmdarb ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©UyH$sda Ë`mZo H$R>moanUo {Q>H$m Ho$br Amho `mbm g_«mQ>hr AndmXamhrbm Zmhr.

7. Ë`mÀ`m {bImUmMr ^mfm à^mdr AgyZ {ZdoXZm_Ü o H$ënH$Vm, a§OH$Vm d d¡Mm[aH$Vm Amho.

ì`ŠVrbm gwIr d Mm§Jbo OrdZ ì`VrV H$aÊ`mMo YSo> B{Vhmg XoVmo, ì`ŠVr_Yrb gwá JwUm§MrdmT> H$aVmo Aer Ë`mMr B{Vhmgm~Ôb y{_H$m hmoVr.

Á y{b`g grPa (B.g.10044)

Á`y{b`g grPa hm Wmoa _wËgÔr, Hw$eb goZmnVr, AZw^dr emgH$, CÎm_ dŠVm d H$dr hmoVm.B{VhmgboIZm_Üòhr Ë`mZo Mm§Jbr H$m_{Jar Ho$br Amho. Ë`mZo H$m°_|Q>rO Am°Z J°{bH$ dm°a (Comentries

on Galic) hm VrZ nwñVH$m§Mm J«§W {b{hbm. `m_Üò Ë`mZo J°{bH$ `wÕmVrb bîH$ar _mo{h_m§Mo, bîH$arS>mdnoMm§Mo dU©Z Ho$bo Amho. na§Vw _mo{h_m§À`m Vnerbm_Üò H$mbH«$_ AMyH$ Zmhr.

`m{edm` A°{n`Z `mMm amo_Z {hñQ>r (Roman History) hm drg ^mJmVrb J«§W _hÎdmMmAgyZ `m_Üfo amo_Z àOmgÎmmH$mÀ`m ñWmnZonmgyZ Xwgè`m eVH$mn`ªVÀ`m amO{H$` KS>m_moS>tMm B{Vhmg{b{hbm Amho. `m_Ü o amO{H$` KQ>Zm§~amo~aM amo_Mr emgZ nÕVr, emgZg§ñWm, H$m`Xm `m§Mr _m{hVr{Xbobr Amho.

11

B.g. Xwwgè`m eVH$m_Ü o âbopìhAmo Amo[a`Z `mZo AboŠPm§S>aÀ`m _mo{h_m§Mo {M{H$ËgH$ nÕVrZoB{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>r {dídgZr` _m{hVrMm AmYma KoVbm. `m_Ü o bîH$ar _mo{h_m§À`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$nmíd© y_tMr MMm© Ho$bobr Amho.

amo_Z B{VhmgboIZ na§nao_Üò M[aÌboIZmMm àH$ma AmT>iVmo.

amo_Z B{VhmgboIZ na§naoMr d¡{eï>ò nwT>rb à_mUo gm§JVm oVrb.

1. amo_Z B{VhmgboIZ na§naoMm H|$Ðq~Xy amO{H$` d bîH$ar KS>m_moS>r AmhoV.

2. amo_Z B{VhmgH$mam§Zr {b{IV gmYZm§Mm dmna Ho$bm.

3. B{Vhmgmbm e¡jUrH$ _yë` Agë`mMr amo_Z B{VhmgH$mam§Mo _V Amho. B{Vhmgm~m~V Ë`m§Mrì`mdhm[aH$ d bm¡{H$H$ y{_H$m {XgyZ òVo.

4. amo_Z B{VhmgboIZ na§nao_Üò a§OH$Vm d ^mfmgm¡ð>d {XgyZ òVo.

ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ 1

A. `mo½` Vmo n`m© {ZdSy>Z nwÝhm dmŠ` {bhm

1. hmo_aZo ............. `m J«§WmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br.

A) B{b`S> ~) n°abb bmB©ìh H$) AZm~ogrg S>) {hñQ>rO

2. bmoJmoJ«m\$ag© d B{VhmgH$ma `m§À`mVrb Xwdm OmoS>Ê`mMo H$m_ ............ `mZo Ho$bo.

A) Ï ygrS>rS>rO ~) nm°{b{~`g H$) {hamoS>moQ>g S>) ñQ°«>~o

3. .................. Zo B{Vhmgmbm emó _mZbo.

A) nm°{b{~`g ~) H°$Q>mo H$) Ï ygrS>rS>rO S>) {bìhr

4. .................. hm amo_Z B{VhmgmMm OZH$ _mZbm OmVmo.

A) {bìhr ~) H°$Q>mo H$) Q°>{gQ>g S>) grPa

5. ............ J«§WmMo 142 ^mJ {bhrbo Jobo.

A) {hñQ>r Am°\$ amo_ ~) AmoarOrZ H$) AZm~ogrg S>) hobr{ZH$m

12

~. EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm

1. BamUr `wÕmMm hmo_a H$moUmbm åhQ>bo OmVo?

2. emór` B{VhmgboIZemómMm OZH$ åhUyZ H$moUmbm AmoiIbo OmVo?

3. {hñQ´>rO hm J«§W H$moUr {b{hbm?

4. A°Zëg hm J«§W H$moUr {b{hbm?

5. H$m°_|Q>O Am°Z {gìhrb dm°a hm J«§W H$moUr {b{hbm?

1.2.2 Aao{~H$ B{Vhmg na§nam

Bµ.g. gmVì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©_Üò Aa~ B{VhmgboIZ na§naog gwê$dmV Pmbr. Vmon ªVAa~ bmoH$ Amnë`m ñ_¥Vr _m¡{IH$ ñdê$nmV OVZ H$arV AgV. gmVì`m eVH$m_Üò Aa~m§À`m_ÜòEo{Vhm{gH$ Ñï>r {Z_m©U Pmbr. B{VhmgboIZmMo _hÎd g_Oë`mZo B{Vhmg boIZmMr àd¥Îmr {Z_m©U Pmbr.`mgmR>r Bñbm_Mm CX`, àmXo{eH$ {dñVma d gm_«mÁ` {Z{_©Vr Am{U n{e© Z B{VhmgboIZmMm à^md`m~m~r H$maUr yV Pmë`m. gmVì`m eVH$mn ªV ^Q>H$m AgUmam Aa~ g_mO Bñbm_ Y_m©_wio EH${ÌV~m§Ybm Jobm. Bñbm_ Y_m©À`m g_Vm d ~§YwVm `m {eH$dUyH$s_wio AmngmVrb g§Kf© g§nyZ Aa~g_mOm_Üò EH$Vm {Z_m©U Pmbr. Bñbm_ Y_m©À`m àgmamgmR>r Aa~m§Zr VbdmarÀ`m Adb§~ H$ê$Zgm_«mÁ` {Z_m©U Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr `wamon d A{e`m I§S>mXaå`mZ ì`mnmamda dM©ñd {_i{dbo. `mVyZdoJdoJi`m g§ñH¥$VtMo d àXoemVrb kmZmMr Aa~m§Zm _m{hVr Pmbr. `mVyZ Ho$boë`m namH«$_mMr dAZw dmMr Zm|X H$aÊ`mMr JaO dmQy> bmJbr. Y_©àgma d gm_«mÁ` {Z{_©Vr ho Aa~ B{VhmgboIZmMo àoaUmómoV hmoVo.

n{e© Z B{VhmgboIZ na§naoMm à^md

gmVì`m eVH$m_Ü o Aa~m§Zr BamUda {dO` {_i{dë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zm àJV BamUr g§ñH¥$VrMr dB{VhmgmMr _m{hVr {_imbr. AmR>ì`m eVH$mV Ë`m§Zr ~wH$g Am°\$ qH$½O (Books of Kings) `m B{VhmgJ§«WmMo Aa~r ^mfo_Üò ^mfm§Va Ho$bo. `mVyZ Aa~ B{VhmgboIZ na§naobm àoaUm {_imbr. Aa~B{VhmgboIZ na§nao_Üò n{e© Z boIZe¡br, Ab§H$marH$ ^mfm, _hmm ì`ŠVrMo H$m ©, ñ_aUr` KQ>Zm§ModU©Z d gm{hpË`H$ g\$mB©XmanUm ñnï> OmUdVmo. Aa~m§Zr n{e© Z ^mfoVhr boIZ Ho$bo. `m_wio nwT>rb

13

H$mimV B{VhmgboIZmÀ`m {df` d _m§S>Ur_Üò ~Xb Pmbm. AmR>ì`m eVH$m_Ü o {OVm§À`m g§ñH¥$VrbmBñbm_r g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o gm_mdyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$ë`mZo {dkmZ, H$bm d dmL>_`mMm {dH$mg Pmbm. Aa~B{VhmgboIZna§nao_Ü o nwT>rb B{VhmgH$mam§Zr _mobmMr â KmVbr.

A~y BãZ

`mZo AZoH$ _hmZ ì`ŠVtda d _hÎdmÀ`m KQ>Zm§da 33 J«§W {bhrbo. `mVrb {hñQ>r Am°\$ XH$m°Ý¹o$ñQ> Am°\$ BamH$ (History of the Conquestof Iraq) hm J«§W _hÎdmMm _mZbm OmVmo.

Ab dH$sXr

AmR>ì`m eVH$mVrb Ab dH$sXr `mZo Amnë`m OrdZm_Ü o AZoH$ bm§~À`m àXoemMm àdmgHo$bm. àdmg H$aVmZm Ë`mMo {\$aVo J«§Wmb` dmhÿZ ZoÊ`mgmR>r 120 C§Q> bmJV. Ë`mZo {H$Vm~ Cb _KmOr(Kitab –ul-Maghaji) hm J«§W {bhrbm. `m_Üò Bñbm_ Y_m©À`m àgmamMr d Ë`mgmR>r Ho$boë`m bîH$ar_mo{h_m§Mr g{dñVa _m{hVr {Xbobr Amho.

Ab _XmBZr

Zdì`m eVH$mVrb `m B{VhmgH$mamZo Bñbm_ Y_m©À`m àMmamMm B{Vhmg {bhrbm. `mZo _moR> mà_mUmda boIZ Ho$bo Amho. Ë`mMm ~wH$ Am°\$ Ibr\$O (Book of the Khalifs) hm J«§W à{gÕ Amho.

Ab ~hmXyar

Zdì`m eVH$mVrb `m Ab~hmXyarZo {g[a`m, gm`à«g, _ogmonmoQo>{_`m, B{Oá, ñnoZ d gm`àg`m àXoemVrb Bñbm_À`m àgmamMr d Bñbm_r AmH«$ g{dñVa _m{hVr {b{hbobr Amho. Ë`mZo {bhrbobm{hñQ>r Am°\$ H$m°Ý¹o$ñQ>g (History of Conquests) hm J«§W {dídgZr` _mZbm OmVmo.

{_ñH$mdmhr

AH$amì`m eVH$mVrb `m boIH$mZo {bhrboë`m The Experience of Nations `m J«§Wm_ÜòBamUÀ`m H$anÕVrMr d A{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrMr _m{hVr {Xbobr Amho.

Ab _gyXr

Xhmì`m eVH$mV hmoD$Z Joboë`m `m boIH$mZo 36 J«§W {b{hbo. `mn¡H$s Murudj hm _hÎdmMm J«§W{b{hÊ`mgmR>r 165 gmYZm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bobm Amho.

14

BãZ IëëmrImZ

Voamì`m eVH$mVrb `m B{VhmgboIH$mZo Obituaries of Eminent Men J«§W {b{hbm Amho.`m_Ü o 900 Bñbm_r _hmZ ì`ŠVtMr M[aÌo {b{hbr AmhoV.

Ab {~ê$Zr

AH$amì`m eVH$mVrb hm B{VhmgH$ma JPZrÀ`m _h§_Xm~amo~a ^maVm_Üò Ambm. ^maVm_Ü o VmoVoam df} amhrbm. Ë`mZo g§ñH¥$V ^mfm {eH$br. H$mhr A{ÔmV g§ñH¥$V ^mfoVrb J««§Wm§Mo Aa~r ^mfo_Üò^mfm§Va Ho$bo. `m~amo~aM J«rH$ J««§Wm§Mo Aa~r ^mfo_Ü o ^mfm§Va Ho$boë`m J««« §Wm§Mo g§ñH¥$V ^mfo_Ü o mfm§VaHo$bo. Ë`mMm Kitaba-Ul-Hind hm J«§W _hÎdmMm Amho. hm J«§Wm Ë`mÀ`m ^maVmVrb AZw dmda AmYmarVAgyZ `m_Üò ^maVr` VÎdkmZ, J{UV, IJmobemó, g_mOnÕVr `mMr _m{hVr {Xbr Amho. qhXy§À`mgm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmVrb H$mhr ~m~tMr ñVwVr H$aVmZm qhXy§_Üò AmË_g§Vwï>Vm, AmË_H|$ÐrV g§Hw${MVd¥Îmr dEo{Vhm{gH$ Ñï>rMm A^md Agë`mMm ñnï> H$aVmo.

BãZ ~VwVm

Mm¡Xmì`m eVH$m_Üò CÎma Am{\«$Ho$_Üò hm B{VhmgH$ma hmoD$Z Jobm. Ë`mZo B{Oá, {gar`m, ^maV,lrb§H$m, Omdm gw_mÌm d MrZ `m Xoem§Mm àdmg Ho$bm. `m H$mim_Üò EH${ÌV Ho$boë`m _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmaoË`mZo àdmg dU©Zo {bhrbr. ^maVm_Üò Amë`mZ§Va _h§_X VwKbH$mZo Ë`mb H$mPr åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ Ho$br.na§Vw J¡ag_Om_wio Ë`mg Vwê§$Jdmg ^moJmdm bmJbm. J¡ag_O Xy¥a Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mMr Vwê§$JdmgmVyZ gyQ>H$mPmbr. Ë`mg Amnbm XyV åhUyZ MrZbm nmR>{dÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mMm Rihala hm J«§W {díMgZr` Amho.

àËòH$ _wgb_mZmZo _¸$m _{XZm `m Ym{_©H$ ñWmZm§Zm oQ> {XbrM nm{hOo `mda Bñbm_ Y_m©Zo{Xbobm â, Aa~m§Mr gm_«mÁ` {Z{_©Vr d gmJar ì`mnmamdarb dM©ñdm_wio Aa~m§Zr AZoH$ bm§~Mo àdmgHo$bo. àdmgm_Ü o {_imboë`m _m{hVr d AZw d Ë`m§Zr {bhÿZ Ro>dbo. Ë`m_wio _Ü``wJm_Üò àdmgdU©Zhm B{VhmgboIZmMm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ ~Zbm.

BãZ IbXyZ

Aa~ B{VhmgboIZmVrb hm AJ«JÊ` B{VhmgboIH$ hmo`. B{VhmgmÀ`m Aä`mgm{df`r Ë`mMmZdrZ emór` Ñï>rH$moU d Ë`mMo Zdo {dMma hr Ë`mMr _hÎdmMr H$m`} hmoV.

BãZ IbXyZZo Kitab-al-Ibar hm OmJ{VH$ B{Vhmgmda J«§W {bhrbm. hm J«§W VrZ ^mJmV AgyZn{hë`m ^mJmV _mZdr g§ñH¥$Vr, {VMo d¡{eïo> d Ë`mMm _mZdr OrdZmdarb n[aUm_m§Mr VH©$ewÕ MMm©

15

Ho$bobr Amho. Xwgè`m ^mJm_Ü o _Ü` Am{e`mnmgyZ BQ>brn`ªVÀ`m _wñbr_ Aa~ amï´>m§Mm B{Vhmg{b{hbm Amho. {Vgè`m ^mJm_Üò Am{\«$Ho$À`m dm`ì` ^mJmMo Eo{Vhm{gH$ dU©Z Amho.

`m J«§Wmbm Agbobr 300 nmZm§À`m àñVmdZoVrb B{VhmgmÀ`m {ddoMZmZo B{VhmgmÀ`mVÎdkmZmZo H«$m§Vr Ho$br. `m àñVmdZo_Ü o B{VhmgmMo d Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§Mo ñdê$n, KQ>Zm§Mm BVa g§~§Y,Ë`mVrb {dMma àdmh, Ë`mVrb gË`Vm, ~Xb d ~Xbm_mJrb H$maUm§Mr Ë`mZo MMo Ho$br Amho. _mZdrOrdZmMm d g_mO ì`dñWoMm Ë`mZo Am{XH$mimnmgyZ AmT>mdm KoVbobm Amho. Ë`mZo B{Vhmgmbm g§ñH¥$Vremó _mZbo. B{VhmgmMm g_mOemór`S¥>ï>rZo AÝd`mW© bmdbm. _mZd Amnbm {dH$mg ñdV:M H$aVAgVmo. g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmbm n`m©daU, hdm_mZ, O_rZrMm H$g, dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ `m ~m~r Cn`moJrAgVmV. gd© kmZmMo A§{V_ CÔrï> g_mOmMo H$ë`mU Amho Ago Ë`mMo _V hmoVo. g_mOmÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH${dH$mgmbm gm_m{OH$ d amO{H$` ì`dñWmnZmMr JaO AgyZ g_mO d amOì`dñWm n[adV©Zerb Amhoho Ë`mZo ñnï> Ho$bo. EH$mË_Vm, Ý`m`, gm_§Oñ`, {ddoH$ `m gm_m{OH$ g§H$ënZm d Z¡{VH$ VmpËdH$ _yëò`m_wio g§ñH¥$VrMm {dH$mg hmoVmo. AW©ì`dhma hm g_mO ì`dñWoMm AmYma AgyZ g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmdaCËnmXZMo ñdê$n d nÕVr `m§Mm à^md nS>Vmo. bmoH$g§»`mdmT>r_wio l_m_Üò dmT> hmoVo. JaOoÀ`m dñVy§MoCËnmXZ nwaogo Pmë`mZ§Va M¡ZrÀ`m dñVy CËnmXmZmda l_ IMu nS>VmV Ago Ë`mMo _V hmoVo. g§ñH¥$Vr hrn[adV©Zr` AgyZ Vr _mZdr OrdZmà_mUo MH«$mH$ma JVrZo dmQ>Mmb H$aVo Ago Ë`mMo _V hmoVo. _mZdr H¥$Vr_mZdmbm O~m~Xma AgyZ g§nyU© d gdmªJrU _mZdr OrdZ hm B{VhmgmMm {df` Amho Ago Ë`mMo _V hmoVo.Ë`mZo B{VhmgmÀæ`m Aä`mgm_Üò gËèmoYZ, {M{H$ËgH$ VH©${Zð> Ñï>rH$moZmbm _hÎd {Xbo.B{VhmgboIH$mZo {M{H$Ëgo{edm` BVa ~m~tda {dídmg Ro>dy Zò, gd© _m{hVrMr VnmgUr gme§H$VoZoH$amdr, H$moUË`mhr {df`mda {b{hVmZm g§~§YrV AZoH$ gmYZm§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z {df`mÀ`m {d{dY A§JmZo_yi _m{hVr {_idyZ Ë`mMr N>mZZr H$amdr d gË` emoYmdo Ago Ë`mZo gm§{JVbo. nyd©J«h, AmJ«hr _Vo,ñVwVrna {dYmZo d EoH$sd _m{hVr_wio B{VhmgboIZm_Üò MwH$m hmoVmV Ago Ë`mMo _V hmoVo.

Aa~ B{VhmgboIZ na§naoMr d¡{eï> o :

Aa~ B{VhmgboIZ hm OmJ{VH$ B{VhmgboIZmVrb _hÎdmMm Q>ßnm _mZbm OmVmo. Aa~B{VhmgboIZmVrb d¡{eï> o nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb.

1. Aa~ B{VhmgboIZm_Üò bm¡{H$H$ OrdZm{df`r gH$mamË_H$ Ñï>r {XgyZ òVo. _mZdr H¥$VrMo d_mZdr ì`dhmamMr dñVy{Zð>Vm {XgyZ òVo.

2. Aa~ B{VhmgboIZm_Üò Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñï>r {XgyZ òVo.

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3. Aa~ B{Vhmg boIZm_Üò Ym{_©H$ d amOH$s` {df` AmhoV. B{VhmgboIZm_Ü o ì`mnH$Vm d{d{dYVm {XgyZ oVo. Aa~ B{VhmgboIZmZo {dídgZr` àdmg dU©Zm§Mr ZdrZ na§nam gwê$ Ho$br.

4. Aa~ B{VhmgboIZm_Ü o àW_M EH$gyÌr H$mbJUZm nÕVrMm dmna H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m_wioB{VhmgboIZm_Üò EH$gyÌVm d {dídgZr`Vm Ambr.

5. Aa~ B{VhmgboIH$m§Zr Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZm§À`m {dídgZr`Vobm _hÎd XoD$Z Ë`mgmR>r emór`nÕVr dmnabr.

ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ 2


1. ............ eVH$m_Ü o Aa~m§_Üò Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñï>r {Z_m©U Pmbr.

A) gmVì`m ~) ghmì`m H$) AmR>ì`m S>) Zdì`m

2. ............ Mo {\$aVo J«§Wmb` hmoVo.

A) BãZ IëXyZ ~) Ab dH$sXr H$) BãZ ~wVVm S>) {_ñH$mdmhr

3. ............... Zo [ahmbm hm J«§W {b{hbm.

A) Ab _XmBZr ~) Ab _gyXr H$) BãZ ~wVVm S>) A~y BãZ

4. ........... `mZo 900 _hmZ Bñbm_r Y{_©`m§Mr M[aÌo {b{hbr AmhoV.

A) BãZ I„rImZ ~) {_ñH$mdmhr H$) Ab dH$sXr S>) A~y BãZ

5. ............ hm B{VhmgH$ma _h§_X JPZr ~amo~a ^maVmV Ambm.

A) BãZ IbXyZ ~) Ab {~ê$Zr H$) Ab ~hmXyar S>) Ab _gyXr


1. H$moUË`m J«§Wmbm 300 nmZm§Mr àñVmdZm Amho?

2. Ab {~ê$ZrZo H$moUVm J«§W {b{hbm?

3. Aa~ B{VhmgboIZmda H$moUË`m B{VhmgboIZ na§naoMm à^md nS>bm ?

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4. {hñQ´>r Am°\$ H$m°Ý¹o$ñQ> hm J«§W H$moUr {b{hbm?

5. B{Vhmgmbm g§ñH¥$Vr emó H$moUr _mZbo?

1.2.3 ^maVr` : B{Vhmg nwamUo Am{U n{e©`Z

àmMrZ H$mir H$moUË`mhr ^maVr` boIH$mZo B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Zmhr. ~hþVoH$ gd©boIH$m§Zr Y_©, _moj, AÜ`mË_ `mgma»`m {df`mda boIZ Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio àmMrZ ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZH$aVmZm àmMrZ dmL>_`mMm gmYZ åhUyZ Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. doXH$mbrZ dmL>_`m_Ü o doX, Cn{ZfXo,doXm§Jo d gwÌ `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. doXmoÎmaH$mim_Ü o nwwamUo d _hmH$mì`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr.

nwamUo

doXmoÎma dmL²²>_`m_Üò nwamUm§Zm ~aoMgo _hÎd Amho. `m§Mo ñdê$n X§VH$Wm d Eo{VhmgrH$ KQ>Zm§MoA{Ve`moŠV dU©Z Ago Amho. N>moQ>`m _moR>`m H$Wm§Ûmao d¡{XH$ VÎdkmZ ñnï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.qh§Xy Y_m©Mo ajU H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ nwamUm§Zr Ho$bo. nwamUmVrb AmMma {dMma, ~XbË`m Ym{_©H$ n[apñWVrda`mo½` Cnm` åhUyZ Ambobo Eo{VhmgrH$ gmYZ åhUyZ nwamUm§Mo _hµÎd \$ma Amho. nwamUm§Mr {Z{_©Vr doXì`mgm§Zr Ho$ë`mMo g_Obo OmVo. EHy$U 36 nwamUo AgyZ 18 nwamUo _hÎdmMr AmhoV. am{hbobr 18 nwamUm§ZmCnnwamUo åhQ>bo OmVo. `mn¡H$s 6 nwamUm§_Ü o {ed, {dîUy d ~«÷m `§mMr _m{hVr Amho.

_hÎdmMr nwamUo nwT>rbà_mUo

1) {dîUy nwamU, 2) ZmaX nwamU, 3) lr_ØmJdV nwamU, 4) Jê$S> nwamU, 5) nÙ nwamU,6) damh nwamU, 7) ~«åhm§S>nwamU, 8) ~«÷d¡dV© nwamU, 9) _mHª$Xo nwamU, 10) ^{dî` nwamU,11) dm_Z nwamU, 12) ~«÷nwamU, 13) Hy$_© nwamU, 14) qbJ nwamU, 15) dm wnwamU, 16) ñH§$X nwamU,17) _ËgnwamU, 18) A¾r nwamU

nwamUmVyZ VËH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ amOH$s` n[apñWVrMr _m{hVr {_iVo. `m_Yrb Eo{Vhm{gH$KQ>Zm§Mo dU©Z A{Va§{OV Amho. `m_Üò X§VH$Wmhr AZoH$ AmhoV. ^mfoMo nëhmihr ânya Amho. H$mbH«$_hrZmhr. nwamUm§À`m Zmdmdê$Z hr AZoH$ Xod XodVm§Zm g_{n©V Agë`mMo ñnï> hmoVo. {dîUy nwamU, dm`wnwamU,_ËgnwamU `m_YyZ nwê$, BŠúdm§Hy$ d ZmJ B. `m amOd§emMr _m{hVr {_iVo. nwamUmVrb AmMma {dMma,~XbUmar Ym{_©H$ pñWVrMm àmMrZ ^maVmMm Ym{_©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{Vhmg {bhrÊ`mg Cn`moJ hmoVmo.

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nwamUm§Zm Eo{Vhm{gH$Ñï>`m \$mago _hÎd Zmhr. `mVrb ~hÿVoH$ H$Wm {dídgZr` ZmhrVamO{H$`Ñï>`m {dîUwnwamU, _ËgnwamU d ~«åhm§S>nwamU _hÎdmMo Amho.

n{e© Z

^maVm_Üò ~mamì`m eVH$m_Üò B{VhmgboIZmg gwê$dmV Pmbr. ~mamì`m eVH$mnmgyZ ^maVr`B{VhmgboIZmÀ`m ñdê$nm_Üò d V§ÌmÀ`mÑï>rZo _yb yV ~Xb Pmbo. ~mamdo Vo AmR>amdo eVH$ hm ^maVr`B{VhmgboIZmVrb _Ü``wJrZ H$mbI§S> _mZbm OmVmo. ^maVmVrb Pmbobm ~Xb ZdrZ B{VhmgboIZna§nam gwê$ hmoÊ`mg H$maUr yV Pmbm. ^maVm_Ü o gwbVmZemhrMm CX`m~amo~a òWo Aa~, VwH$s© d BamUrboIZH$bm gwê$ Pmbr. _Ü``wJrZ ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZmbm gwbVmZemhrÀ`m CX`m~amo~aM Bñbm_rg§ñH¥$VrZo MmbZm {Xbr. Ë`m_wio _Ü` wJrZ ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZm_Ü o Aa~ d n{e© Z B{VhmgboIZna§naoMm à^md {XgVmo. na§Vw B{VhmgboIZ H$arV AgVmZm _m{hVrMo {M{H$ËgH$ {díbofU d Ë`mMr{dídgZr`Vm Vnmgbr Jobr Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr H$mbJUZoMo V§Ì d KQ>Zm§Mm H$mbH«$_ _mÌ nmibobm {XgVmo._Ü``wJrZ B{VhmgboIZ na§nao_Üò H«$m§VrH$mar ~Xb KS>ë`m_wio hm B{VhmgboIZ na§naoVrb Zdm Q>ßnm_mZbm OmVmo. B{VhmgboIZmÀ`m ñdê$nmdê$Z n{e© Z B{VhmgboIZmMo gwbVmZemhrVrb B{VhmgboIZd _moJbH$mbmVrb B{VhmgboIZ Ago XmoZ Q>ßno nS>VmV.

gwbVmZemhr B{VhmgboIZ na§naoMoo ghm àH$ma nwT>rbà_mUo

1. gd©gm_mÝ` B{Vhmg

{_ZmOCb{gamO

A_ra Hw$Qw§>~m_Üò OÝ_bobm {_ZmOCb{gamO ~mhoê$Z ^maVmV Ambm. `mÀ`m ~wÕr_ÎmoZoà^m{dV hmoD$Z gwbVmZ Zgrê$ÔrZ `mZo Ë`mg {X„rMm H$mPr åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ Ho$br. `mZo ~mV_rXmam§H$Sy>Z{_imbobr _m{hVr d Amnë`m AZw^dmÀ`m AmYmao V~H$V B Zm{gar hm J«§W {b{hbm. `m_Üò àËòH$amOd§emda EH$ àH$aU d EH$m amOmda EH$ Cn{d^mJ {b{hbm. `m J«§Wm_Üò X¡ddmX {XgyZ òVmo, KQ>Zm§MrH$maUo emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm {XgV Zmhr. `mMo ñdê$n {ZdoXZmË_H$ Amho.

`mømBãZAh_XgaqhXr

`mZo VmarI E _w~maH$emhr hm J«§W {b{hbm. hm gæ`X KamÊ`mÀ`m Xa~mam_Üò H$mhr df}am{hboë`m `m B{VhmgboIH$mZo _h§_X KmoarnmgyZ B.g.1434 n ªVÀ`m amO{H$` KQ>Zm§Mr _m{hVr {XbrAmho. `m_Yrb {\$amoO VwKbH$n`ªVMm B{Vhmg {b{IV J«§Wmdê$Z {b{hbm Amho. Ë`mZ§VaMm B{Vhmg

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Amnë`m AZw d d A{YH¥$V ~mVå`m§dê$Z {b{hbobm Amho. àËòH$ amÁ`H$Ë`m©Mr d gaXmamMr ñdV§ÌàH$aUmV {b{hbobr Amho.

2. ñVwVrna B{Vhmg

`m àH$maÀ`m B{Vhmgm_Ü o CV~r `m§À`m VmarI B `m{_Zr J«§WmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m_Üò _h§_XJPZrMr ñVyVr Ho$bobr Amho.

e_gwÔrZ {gamO A\$s\$

`mZo {b{hbobm VmarI E {\$amoOemhr hm J«§W _hÎdmMm Amho. B{VhmgH$mamZo Ho$di KQ>Zm§Mr Zm|XZ H$aVm VÎdqMVH$,{ejH$ d _mJ©Xe©H$ Agmdo Ago Ë`mMo _V hmoVo. Vmo ñdV: {\$amoO VwKbH$mÀ`m nXarA{YH$mar nXmda hmoVm. Ë`mMo dS>rb _hgyb _§Ìmb`m_Üò A{YH$mar nXmda hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mgàemgH$s §ÌUoMr d H$m`m©Mr _m{hVr hmoVr. Ë`mZo {\$amoO VwKbH$mÀ`m H$m`m©Mr ñVwVr Ho$br. Ë`m~amo~aM{\$amoOÀ`m amOH$s` à^md H$_r hmoÊ`mMr H$maUohr gm§{JVbr AmhoV. na§Vw {_imboë`m _m{hVrMr {MH$ËgH$nS>VmiUr H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ë`mZo Ho$ë`mMo {XgV Zmhr.

3. CnXoena d Z¡{VH$ _wë`m§Mm nwaga H$aUmao B{VhmgboIZ

`m_Ü o {P`mCÔrZ ~aZr `mZo {b{hbobm VmarI E {\$amoOemhr J«§WmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

{P`mCÔrZ ~aZr

EH$m gYZ d à{Vð>rV Hw$Qw§>~m_Ü o OÝ_boë`m {P`mCÔrZ ~aZr AZoH$ df} Xa~mar dVw©imV hmoVm.Ë`mZo ZD$ gwbVmZmMm H$mbI§S> nm{hbm. Ë`mZo VmarI B {\$amoOemhr hm J«§W {b{hbm. `m J«§Wm_Üò Ë`mZo~ë~Z Vo {\$amoOehm n ªVMm B{Vhmg {b{hbm Amho. {\$amoOehmÀ`m n{hë`m ghm dfmªÀ`m H$ma{H$XuMmB{Vhmg {b{hbm Amho. `mgmR>r H$mhr nyduMo boIZ, ñdV:Mm AZw^d, AmR>dUr d gwú_ {ZarjUmMmAmYma KoVbm Amho. nwamdm åhUyZ ZmVodmB©H$ d BVa ì`ŠVrMr dmŠ o {Xbobr AmhoV. `m_Üò VËH$mbrZàemgH$s` H$m_o, A{W©H$ ì`dhma, d _hgybmMo CËnÞ `m ~m~tMr _m{hVr {_iVo. `m{edm` VËdk,H$dr, _m¡bdr, d¡Ú, d g§Vm§Mr _m{hVr `m_Üò {Xbobr Amho.

B{VhmgmMo C{Ôï> gË` gm§JUo d Z¡{VH$ YSo> XoUo Amho. B{Vhmg_Üò Zm|X Ho$bobm AZw^d, KQ>Zmd CXmhaUo {Xem Xe©H$ AgVmV. Ë`m_wio _mUgm§Zm AmoiIÊ`mMr Ñï>r {_iVo, Mm§Jë`m dmB©Q>m_Yrb\$aH$ g_OVmo, ì`dhmarH$ _m{hVr {_iVo. Mm§Jbo OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r B{VhmgmMo AÜ``Z Ho$bo nm{hOo

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Ago Ë`mMo _V hmoVo. _mZdr OrdZmVrb B{VhmgmMo _hÎd gm§JVmZm Ë`mZo B{Vhmgmbm emóm§Mr amUr

åhUbo Amho.

4. H$mì`mË_H$, H$bmË_H$ d gm{hpË`H$ {bImU

`m àH$maÀ`m B{VhmgboIZm_Üò hgZ {ZOm_r, Bgm_r d A_ra Iwòmo `m§À`m boIZmMm g_mdoe

hmoVmo. hgZ {ZOm_r hm Voamì`m eVH$m_Ü o hmoD$Z Jobm. Ë`mZo _h§_X KmoarÀ`m bîH$ar _mo{h_m d {dO`m§Mo

dU©Z Ho$bo Amho. `mZo {df`mÀ`m gImobVonojm Ab§H$marH$ ^mfobm _hÎd {Xbo.

Bgm_r

`mZo \$VyhV CggbmVrZ hm nÚ_` J«§W {b{hbm AgyZ Ë`m_Üò _h§_X JPZr d _h§_X

KmoarÀ`m _mo{h_m§Mr _m{hVr {Xbr Amho. `m{edm` gwbVmZm§À`m Xa~mamVrb H$mañWmZo, amÁ`H$V} d gaXma

dJm©Mr OrdZnÕVrMr _m{hVr {_iVo. na§Vw `mVrb ~arMgr _m{hVr EoH$sd _m{hVrda AmYmarV Amho.

A_ra Iwòmo

{X„rÀ`m Xa~mamVrb hm à{gÕ H$dr {ZOm_wÔrZ Am¡{b`mÀ`m OdiMm hmoVm. {X„rÀ`m ghm

gwbVmZm§Mr H$ma{H$Xu Ë`mZo nm{hë`m hmoË`m. Ë`mZo 90 J«§W {b{hbo. `mn¡H$s Am{eH$m `m J«§Wm_Üò Ë`mZo

{IO«ImZ hm A„mCÔrZ {IbOrÀ`m _wbJm d amOnyV amOH$Ý`m `m§À`m ào_H$WoMo dU©Z Ho$bo Amho. Xwgam

J«§W Zwh{g{\$a `m J«§Wm_Üò ^maVmVrb bmoH$, Ë`m§Mo OrdZ, ^mfm, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ pñWVr d hdm_mZmMo dU©Z

Ho$bo Amho. VwKbH$Zm_m hm Ë`mMm gdm©V _hÎdmMm J«§W _mZbm OmVmo. `m J«§Wm_Üò {K`mgwÔrZ VwKbH$À`m

èñdr _mo{h_m, amÁ`mamohU, CÎma ^maVmVrb ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr, hdm_mZ, qhXyMo Ym{_©H$ OrdZ,

lÕm, Mmbr[aVr, H$a_UwH$sMr gmYZo, F$Vy `m§Mr _m{hVr {_iVo. `m_Üò Ab§H$marH$ ^mfm d H$mì`mË_H$

e¡brMm dmna Ho$bobm Amho. `m J«§Wm_Ü o {df`mÀ`m _m§S>UrVrb gwgyÌVoMm A^md d H$mbJUZoVrb

g§{X½YVm {XgyZ òVo.

\o$arñVm

gmoi`m eVH$mVrb `m B{VhmgH$mamZo VmarI B \o$[añVm hm J«§W {b{hbm. `m J«§Wm_Üò

gwbVmZemhrMm ~mamì`m eVH$mnmgyZ gmoimì`m eVH$mn`ªV amOH$s` B{Vhmg {b{hbm Amho.

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gwbVmZemhrVrb B{VhmgboIZ na§naoMr d¡{eïo>

1. `m H$mimVrb B{VhmgH$ma à{V{ð>V Hw$Qw§>~mVrb d Mm§Jbo {ejU KoVbobo d {dÛmZ hmoVo.

amÁ`H$V}, Xa~mar bmoH$m§À`m OdiMo, amÁ{H$` dVw©im_Üò dmdaUmao d bm¡{H$H$ OrdZmV a_Umao

Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zr boIZm_Üò _mUgmÀ`m H$m © H$V¥©Îdmda â {Xbm.

2. boIZmMo {df` àm_w»`mZo amOH$s` AmhoV

3. B{VhmgboIH$m§Zm {_imboë`m amOml`m_wio boIZm_Üò Aml`XmË`mMr ñVwVr AmT>iVo.

4. B{VhmgboIZm_mJo YSo> XoUo, _mJ©Xe©Z XoUo, CnXoemÛmao ZrVr_yëò {eH${dUo hoVy {XgVmV.

5. B{VhmgboIZm_Üò KQ>ZmH«$_ d H$mbJUZoMo OmUrd {XgVo.

6. KQ>Zm§Mr VH©$ewÕ d gwg§JV _m§S>Ur d KQ>Zm§Mm AÝ`moÝ` g§~§Y {Z_m©U H$ê$Z H$m`© H$maU^md

gm§JÊ`mMm A^md {XgVmo.

7. `m H$mimVrb ~hþVm§e B{VhmgboIH$ KQ>Zm§Mo àË`j gmjrXma Agë`mZo _m{hVr_Üò

{dídgZr`Vm ~arM {XgVo. na§Vw EoH$sd _m{hVrMr {M{H$ËgH$ nS>VmiUr Ho$ë`mMo {XgV Zmhr.

`m H$mimVrb B{VhmgboIZmMo ñdê$n g§emoYZmË_H$VoEodOr {ZdoXZmË_H$ Amho.

_wKbH$mbrZ B{VhmgboIZ na§nam

_wKbH$mbrZ B{VhmgboIZ na§nao_Ü o {d{dYVm d dñVy{Zð>Vm Ambr. boIZ na§nao_Üò

n[an¹$Vm, àJë^Vm Ambr. B{VhmgboIZm_Üò OrdZmÀ`m {d{dY A§JmMr XIb KoÊ`mV Ambr. H$mhr

B{VhmgboIH$m§Zr ñdV§Ì d¥VrZo boIZ Ho$bo. `mH$mim_Üò AmË_M[aÌ hm B{VhmboIZmMr ZdrZ na§nam

gwê$ Pmbr. B{VhmgboIZ na§naobm Amdí`H$ Agbobo gmYZgm_J«r V`ma Pmbr. gmoimì`m eVH$m_Üò

AZoH$ {dÛmZ BamUr Cbo_m ^maVm_Üò Ambo. Ë`m§Zr n{e© Z {dÚoMm, ^mfoMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr

n{e© Z ^mfo_Üò boIZ H$aÊ`mg àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. n{e©`Z ^mfm CƒdJu` à{Vð>m§Mr ^mfm ~Zbr.

_wKbH$mi_Üò B{VhmgboIZ na§naoMo dJuH$aU nwT>rbà_mUo Ho$bo OmVo.

1) AmË_M[aÌo, 2) Xa~mar boIH$m§Mo A{YH¥$V B{Vhmg, 3) ImOJr[aË`m {b{hbobo AZ{YH¥$V

B{Vhmg, 4) gd©gm_mÝ` B{Vhmg, 5) gw\$s g§Vm§Mr M[aÌo.

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AmË_M[aÌo

hm B{VhmgboIZ na§naoVrb ZdrZ àdmhm d¡{eï>`nyU© Amh. amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr hm àdmh gwê$ Ho$bm.`m_Ü o àm_m{UH$nUo Ho$bobo {ZdoXZ AmT>iVo. VwPyH$B~m~ar Am{U VwPwH$BOhm§{Jar `m J«§Wm§Mm`m_Ü o g_mdoe hmoVmo.

VwPwH$B~m~ar

~m~aZo hm J«§W VwamZr n{e© Z ^mfoV {b{hbm. `mVyZ ~m~amMo ì`ŠVr_ÎdmMo Xe©Z {XgyZ òVo.Ë`mZo `m J«§Wm_Üò ^maVm_Yrb hdm_mZ d bmoH$m§{df`r ñnï>nUo Zmng§Vr XmI{dbrAmho. ñWmZ dH$mimÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>r_Üò Ë`mMo boIZ Amho. Ë`mMr {df`mMr _m§S>Ur gwg§JV AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m {ZdoXZm_ÜòVwQ>H$nUm OmUdVmo. `mVrb ^mfm AmoKdVr, gmonr d nmaXe©H$ Amho.

VwPyH$BOhm§{Jar

Ohm§{JaZo {bhrboë`m `m AmË_M[aÌm_Üò n{hë`m ~mam dfm©Mm B{Vhmg Amho. Amnë`mVrbAgUmao Xmof Ë`mZo à_m{UH$nUo H$~yb Ho$bobo AmhoV. A~wb hgÀ`m hË`mMr O~m~Xmar Ë`mZo ñdrH$mabrna§Vw ZwaOhm°, Iwòmo d eoa A\$JmU `m§À`m~m~V C„oI Ho$bobm Zmhr. `m_Üò VËH$mbrZ amOH$s`,àemgH$s` d bîH$ar _mo{h_m§Mr _m{hVr {Xbobr Amho. doJi`m g_mOJQ>mVrb gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmMo dU©ZHo$bo Amho. `mdê$Z Ohm§J[aMr gyú_ {Za{jU eŠVr d {ZdoXZ H$m¡eë` {XgyZ òVo.

2. Xa~mar A{YH¥$V B{VhmgboIZ na§nam

AH$~a Vo ehmOhmZ `m§À`m H$mim_Üò g_«mQ>m§À`m gm§JÊ`mdê$Z ~aoM B{VhmgboIZ Pmbo Amho.`m_Ü o nwT>rb B{VhmgboIH$m§Mm d J«§Wm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

VmarIBAmë\$s

AH$~amZo Bñbm_À`m {dH$mgmMm EH$ hOma dfm©Mm B{Vhmg {bhrÊ`mMo H$m_ B{VhmgH$mam§À`mEH$m JQ>mH$So> {Xbo. Ë`m§Zr VmarIBAmë\$s hm J«§W {bhrbm. `m_Ü o B.g. 1591 n`ªVMm B{Vhmg{b{hbm Amho. `m_Üò H$mbH«$_ AgyZ àËòH$ dfm©Zwgma KQ>Zm§Mr Zm|X H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

»dmOm {ZOm_wÔrZ Ah_X

`mZo B.g. 1593_Üò V~H$VBAH$~ar hm J«§W {b{hbm. `m_Üò AH$~amÀ`m AS>Vrgdfm©À`m H$ma{H$XuMm B{Vhmg {b{hbm Amho. AH$~amÀ`m Vmã`mV Agboë`m ZD$ àXoem§Mr _m{hVr `m

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J«§Wm_Üò {_iVo.`m_Ü o ì`ŠVrnojm KQ>Zm§da â {Xbobm Amho. {bImUmMo ñdê$n {M{H$Ëg ZgyZ{ZdoXZmË_H$ Amho. àmXo{eH$ B{Vhmg åhUyZ `m J«§Wmbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho.

~Xm yZr

`mMo _yi Zmd _w„m A~yXa H$mXa AgyZ ~Xm`wZr åhUyZ à{gÕ Amho. ~XmD$ZMm amhUmam boIH$

{dÛmZ Y_©emók hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m {dÛÎmoZo à^m{dV hmoD$Z AH$~amZo Ë`mMr B_m_ nXr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br. dVZåhUyZ EH$ hOma O_rZ {Xbr. Bñbm_Mm H$Å>a AZw m`r Agbooë`m ~Xm yZrbm AH$~amMo Ym{_©H$ YmoaU_mÝ` ZìhVo. AH$~amer A~wb \$ObMr AgUmar OdirH$_wio A~wb \$Ob {df`r à{VHy$b _V ~Zbo.Ë`mZo _wÝVI~Cbbw~~ hm J«§W {b{hbm. `m_Üò Ë`mZo AH$~a d A~wb \$Ob `m§À`mda H$Ro>anZo {Q>H$m

Ho$br Amho. hm J«§W VrZ ^mJm_Ü o {b{hbobm AgyZ n{hë`m ^mJm_Üò hÿ_m`yZ d eoaehmMr _m{hVr Amho.Xwgè`m ^mJm_Üò AH$~amÀ`m Mmirg dfm©À`m H$ma{H$XuMr _m{hVr d Ë`mÀ`m{df`rMr _Vo ñnï>nUo_m§S>br Amho. {Vgè`m ^mJmV g_H$mbrZ H$dr, VÎdk, Y_©Jwê$ `m§Mr M[aÌo AmhoV. {damoYH$m§da Ë`mZoAË`§V ImbÀ`m nmVirMr ^mfo_Üò {Q>H$m Ho$br Amho.

A~wb \$Ob

B.g.1574 _Ü o AH$~amÀ`m Xa~mam_Üò {dÛVo_wio `mbm àdoe {_imbm. Amnë`m {dÛVoZo VmoAH$~amÀ`m {dídmgmg nmÌ R>abm.Vmo Xa~mamVrb amOH$maUm_Üò d bîH$ar _mo{h_m§_Üò g{H«$` am{hbm.AH$~amMm hm gdm©V OdiMm g„mJma hmoVm. Vmo CXma d Y_©g{hîUy hmoVm. Ë`mMoo AH$~aZm_m d EoZo

AH$~ar ho J«§W _hÎdmMo AmhoV. `m J«§WmVyZ AH$~aH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr, àemgH$s` ì`dñWm damO{H$` KS>m_moS>tda àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho. AH$~aZmå`m_Üò ~m~a, hþ_m`yZ d AH$~aÀ`meohoMmirg dfmªMm amO{H$` B{Vhmg gm§{JVbm Amho. Xwgè`m ^mJm_Üò Ë`mZo B{Vhmgm~m~V Amnbr _Vo_m§S>br AmhoV. B{Vhmgmbm Vmo emóm§Mm _moVr åhUVmo. Ë`mÀ`m boIZm_Ü o qhXyÀ`m Ym{_©H$ {Zð>m,

gm_m{OH$ ê$T>r na§nam§Mr _m{hVr {Xbobr Amho.

A~wb \$ObMm EoZo AH$~ar hm J«§W AH$mamÀ`m àemgZ `§ÌUoMr _m{hVr XoVmo. AH$~aÀ`mAmXoemZwgma {b{hboë`m J«§WmgmR>r gd© H$mJXnÌo nwa{dÊ`mMm AmXoe AH$~aZo {Xbm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio hm J«§W_yi H$mJXnÌm§da AmYmabobm Amho. hm J«§W nmM ^mJm_Ü o {b{hbobm AgyZ gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m CËnÞmMrgmYZo, _hgyb nÕV, IMm©À`m ~m~r, ~mOmamVrb dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr, bmoH$g§»`m, A{YH$ma nXo,

A{YH$mè`m§Mr H$V©ìò d g_«mQ>mMo AmXoe `m~m~VMr _m{hVr `m J«§Wm_Ü o {_iVo.

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Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZm§{df`r emór` Ñï>r, _m{hVrMo {M{H$ËgH$ n[ajU, B{Vhmgm{df`rMr~wÕr{Zð> Ñï>r, gwg§JV _m§S>Ur, H$mbJUZoMr {ZpíMVr, gmYZm§Mr {M{H$ËgH$ nS>VmiUr H$ê$Z Ho$boboboIZ ho n{e©`Z B{VhmgboIZ na§naobm {Xbobo _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ hmo`.

_wVm_VImZ

AH$~aZ§Va gÎmoda Ambobm Ohm§JraZo _wVm_V ImZmg B{VhmgboIZ H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. _wVm_VImZmZo BH$~mb Zm_mBOhm§{Jar hm J«§W {b{hbm.

»dmOm `mZo _mgrar Ohm§Jrar `m J«§Wm_Ü o Ohm§JraÀ`m H$ma{H$XuMr _m{hVr {Xbr Amho.

{_Pm© A_rZ H$mPdmZ

ehmOhmZZo {_Pm© A_rZ H$mPdrZ `mg B{VhmgboIZ H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. na§Vw Ë`mMo H$m_ng§Vrg Z CVaë`mZo Vo H$m_ h_rX bmhmoarH$So> XoÊ`mV Ambo. h_rX bmhmoar `mZo nmXehmZm_m hm J«§W{b{hbm. `m J«§Wm_Üò ehmOhmZÀ`m drg dfm©À`m H$ma{H$XuVrb amO{H$` KS>m_moS>r, gm_m{OH$, A{W©H$d gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñWVrMr _m{hVr {Xbobr Amho.

`mM H$mim_Ü o BZm`VImZ `mZo ehmOhm°±Zm_m hm J«§W {b{hbm. `m_Üò ~m~anmgyZ 1657n ªVMr amO{H$` _m{hVr {_iVo.

B{VhmgboIZmbm {damoY AgUmè`m Am¡a§JOo~mZo Z§Va _h§_X H$mgr_ `mbm boIZ H$maÊ`mggm§{JVbo. na§Vw Vo boIZ Z AmdS>ë`mZo boIZ ~§X H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. hm J«§W Amb_JraZm_m åhUyZ à{gÕAmho. `m_Üò Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m H$ma{H$XuMr AH$am df©mMm B{Vhmg Amho.

ImOJrarË`m {b{hbobo AZm{YH¥$V B{VhmboIZ na§nam

_h§_X gmH$s _wñVoX `mZo emgH$s` H$mJXnÌm§À`m gmømZo _mgrar Amb_{Jar hm J«§W {bhrbm.`m_Ü o Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m E¸$mdÞ dfm©À`m H$ma{H$XuMm B{Vhmg {b{hbm Amho. `mbm amOkm Zgë`mZoË`m_Üò dñVy{Zð>Vm Ambobr Amho.

Im\$sImZ

Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m g_H$mbrZAgUmam _h§_X her_ Abr ImZ hm Im\$sImZ åhUyZ AmoiIbmOmVmo. Ë`mZo _wÝVIm~Cbbw~m~ hm J«§W {b{hbm. hm J«§W VmarIBIm\$sImZ Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo.

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B.g. 1688 _Üò Vmo _moJb Xa~mam_Üò Ambm. Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m X{jU _mo{h_o_Ü o Vmo hmoVm.\$mê$I{eàÀ`m H$mimV Vmo {XdmU hmoVm. VrZ ^mJm_Üò {b{hboë`m `m J«§Wm_Üò KQ>Zm§Mr Zm|X gwú_nUoHo$bobr Amho. _h§_X KmoarÀ`m ^maVmdarb AmH«$_UmnmgyZ B.g. 1733 n`ªVÀ`m KQ>Zm `m_Üògm§{JVboë`m AmhoV. Am¡a§JOo~H$mbrZ BamUr VwamUr g§Kf©, _Zg~Xmar_Üò Am¡a§JOo~mZo Ho$boë`mgwYmaUm, H|$Ðr` _wKb emgZ ì`dñWm, _wKb _amR>m g§Kf© `m~m~VMo dU©Z `m_Ü o Ho$bo Amho. `mZoAm¡a§JOo~mMr ñVwVr Ho$br Amho. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m Ym{_©H$ d ór{df`H$ YmoaUmMr ñVwVr Ho$bobr Amho.

B{VhmboIZm_Üò KQ>ZmH«$_ Agmdm d B{VhmgH$mamZo àm_m{UH$nUo d {Z:njnmVrnUo gË`{ZdoXZ Ho$bo nm{hOo Ago Ë`mMo _V hmoVo.

_h§_X H$mgr_

`mZo AhdmbCbIdmH$sZ hm J«§W {b{hbm. hm {ZOm_Cb_wëH$Mm ~jr hmoVm. `m J«§Wm_ÜòË`mZo Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m _¥Ë yZ§VaÀ`m 39 dfm©Mm B{Vhmg {b{hbobm Amho. Vmo ñdV: `mH$mimVrb KQ>Zm§MmgmjrXma Amho. Ë`mZo KQ>Zm§À`m {ZdoXZm~amo~aM KQ>Zm§Mr H$maUohr gm§{JVbr AmhoV.

{^_goZ ~èhmUnwar

Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m Xa~mar hm hmoVm. Ë`mZo ZwñH$mB{XbHw$em hm J«§W {b{hbm. ZmoH$ar {Z{_Îm Ë`mgm_«mÁ`mÀ`m {Za{Zami`m ^mJm_Üò àdmg Ho$bm. Am¡a§JOo~mMr qhXy§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ {b{hbobr Amho.Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m X{jU _mo{h_o_Yrb AZoH$ AmVrb ~m~tda Ë`mZo àH$me Q>mH$bobm Amho.

B©ídaXmg ZmJa `mZo \$mVwhVBAmb_{Jar `m Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m H$ma{H$Xuda J«§W {b{hbm.

_wKbH$mbrZ B{VhmboIZ na§naoMr d¡{eïo>

1. `m H$mimVrb B{VhmgH$ma emgH$s` godoVrb, à{V{ð>V Hw$Qw§>~mVrb {dÛmZ d ì`mg§Jr hmoVo.Ë`m§À`m boIZm_Üò n[an¹$Vm d àJë^Vm AmT>iyZ òVo.

2. `m H$miVrb boIZm_Üò Ym{_©H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm à^md {XgV Zmhr. _mZdr H¥$Vrda â {Xbobm{XgyZ òVmo. KQ>Zm§À`m dñVy{Zð> Zm|Xr Ho$boë`m AmhoV.

3. g_H$mbrZ KQ>Zm§Mr Zm|X, àË`j gmjrXma d _yi gmYZm§Mr CnbãYVm `m_wio boIZm_ÜòdmñVdVm Ambobr Amho.

4. Xa~mar A{YH¥$V B{VhmboIZmMo ñdê$n àe§gmna d njnmVr Va Xa~mar AZm{YH¥$VB{VhmgboIZm_Üò {dMma d _Vo _moH$ionUmZo _m§S>br AmhoV.

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5. B{VhmgboIZm_Üò H$mhr {R>H$mUr gË`mMm Anbmn OmUdVmo

6. B{VgboIZmMo {df` amO{H$` Agbo Var VËH$mbrZ A{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$~m~tdahr àH$me Q>mH$bobm Amho

7. H$mbJUZoMm AMyH$ dmna Ho$bobm Amho.

8. KQ>Zm§Mr gwg§JV _m§S>Ur Ho$br Agbr Var Ë`m_Yrb Ë`m§Mr VH©$ewÕ g§JVr bmdÊ`mMm dË`m_mJrb H$maUo gm§JÊ`mMm OmUyZ ~wOyZ H$moUr à`ËZ Ho$ë`mMo OmUdV Zmhr.

1.3 gmam§e

B{VhmgboIZ na§naoMm AmT>mdm KoVmZm Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s àma§ rÀ`m H$mir _m¡{IH$ ñdê$nm_ÜòAgbobm B{Vhmgmbm H$ënH$VoMo ñdê$n hmoVo. J«rH$ B{VhmgH$mam§Zr B{Vhmgmbm nwamì`mÀ`m AmYmaoB{VhmboIZ H$ê$Z B{Vhmgmbm emór` ñdê$n XoD$Z Ë`m_Ü o dñVy{Zð>Vm AmUbr. B.g. nmMì`meVH$m_Üò B{VhmgboIZm_Üò H$WmVyZ gË` KQ>Zm§Mo dU©Z H$aÊ`mMr na§nam gwê$ Pmbr. `mH$mimV gË`mgm§JÊ`m~amo~aM KQ>ZmH«$_mbm _hÎd {Xbo. `mH$mi_Ü o amO{H$` KQ>Zm§~amo~aM gm_m{OH$ d A{W©H$OrdZmbmhr _hÎd {Xbo Jobo.

amo_Z B{VhmgboIZ na§nao_Üò B{Vhmgmbm e¡j{UH$ _wë` Agë`mMr YmaUm gwê$ Pmbr.Ë`m_wio `m B{VhmboIZ na§nao_Üò amï>ào_mMo {ZVr_yë`m§Mo d CÎm_ ZmJarH$mbm Amdí`H$ Agboë`m JwUm§MoYSo> XoÊ`mMr na§nam gwê$ Pmbr. na§Vw amo_Z B{VhmboIZm_Üò emór` nÕVrMr Amdí`H$Vm {XgV Zmhr.`m B{VhmboIZna§nao_Ü o d¡Mm[aH$ ~¡R>H$sMm A^md AmT>iVmo. `m na§nao_Ü o M[aÌboIZmMr na§nam gwê$Pmbr.

Aa~ B{VhmgboIZ na§naoda n{e©`Z B{VhmgboIZna§naoMm à^md {XgyZ òVmo. `mB{VhmgboIZna§nao_Üò bm¡{H$H$ OrdZmH$So> gH$mamË_H$ Ñï>rZo nm{hbo Jobo. `m na§nao_Üò EH$gyÌrH$mbJUZm nÕVrMm dmna gwê$ Pmbm. B{VhmboIZ na§naobm gË`mMm AmYma XoUmao, gmYZm§Mr nS>VmiUrH$aUmao V§Ì Aa~m§Zr {dH${gV Ho$bo. hr Aa~m§Mr B{VhmboIZ na§naobm {_imbobr _moR>r XoUJr Amho.

^maVr` B{VhmgboIZ na§nam \$ma C{eam Pmbr. àmMrZ H$mimVrb ^maVmMm B{Vhmg doX,Cn{ZfXo, AmaÊ`Ho$, d nwamUo `mVyZ emoYmdm bmJVmo. na§Vw `mVrb KQ>Zm§Mr nwamì`m A^mdr nS>VmiUrH$aVm òV Zmhr. `mMo ñdê$n H$mì`mË_H$ AgyZ `m_Üò X§VH$Wm hr Agë`mMo {XgyZ Ambo Amho. Ë`m_wio

27

nwamUm§Zm emór` AmYma Zmhr. Varhr `m_YyZ VËH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, A{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$pñWVr g_OVo.

^maVm_Yrb n{e© Z B{VhmgboIZ na§nao_Üò gwbVmZemhr d _wKbH$mbrZ B{VhmgboIZna§nam Ago XmoZ ^mJ nS>VmV. gwbVmZm§Zr B{VhmgH$mam§Zm amOml` {Xbm. na§Vw KQ>Zm§Mr VH©$ewÕ _m§S>Ur,KQ>Zm§Mm g~§Y OmoSy>Z Ë`mMr H$maU _r_m§goMm A^md OmUdVmo. ~hþVoH$ B{VhmgH$ma KQ>Zm§Mo àË`jgmjrXma hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _m{hVr ~è`mM A§er {dídgZr` Amho. na§Vw EoH$sd _m{hVrMr ehmZrem Ho$bobr{XgV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio B{VhmgboIZmMo ñdê$n {ZdoXZmË_H$ Pmbo Amho.

_wKbH$mbrZ B{VhmgboIZ na§nao_Ü o KQ>Zm§À`m dñVy{Zð>Vm {XgVo. `m H$mimVrb g_«mQ>m§À`màoaUoZo {b{hbobm B{Vhmg ñVwVrna d njnmVr Amho. `m H$mimVrb B{VhmgboIZmVyZ amO{H$`{df`m~amo~a Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~m~tdahr àH$me nS>Vmo. `m_Yrb H$mbJUZm AMyH$ Amho`m H$mim_Üò AmË_M[aÌ d àdmgdU©Z hr B{VhmboIZm_Üò ZdrZ na§nam gwê$ Pmbr.

1.4 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ H«$ 3

A. `mo½` Vmo n`m©` {ZdSy>Z nwÝhm dmŠ` {bhm

1. nwamUm§Mr EHy$U g§»`m ........... Amho.

A) 9 ~) 16 H$) 36 S>) 26

2. nwamUm§Mr aMZm ........... `m§Zr Ho$ë`mMo g_Obo OmVo.

A) doX ì`mg ~) H$m¡{Q>ë` H$) dmpë_H$s S>) AJñË`

3. VwKbH$Zm_m hm J«§W ............. `mZo {b{hbm.

A) A_ra Iwòmo ~) Im{\$ImZ H$) \o$[añVm S) hgZ {ZOm_r

4. Im\$sImZ hm B{VhmgH$ma ................ À`m Xa~mamV hmoVm.

A) ehmOhmZ ~) AH$~a H$) Am¡a§JOo~ S) Ohm§Jra

5. AH$~aZm_m hm J«§W ............. `mZo {b{hbm.

A) B©ídaXmg ZmJa ~) A~wb \$Ob H$) _wVm_V ImZ S) _h§_X H$mgr_

28

~. EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1. nwamUo H$moUmbm g_{n©V Ho$br AmhoV ?

2. amO{H$`Ñï>`m H$moUVr nwamUo _hÎdmMr AmhoV ?

3. gwbVmZemhrVrb B{VhmgboIZ na§nao_Ü`o H$emMr OmUrd {XgVo

4. N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m Ym{_©H$ YmoaUmMr H$moUË`m _wKb B{VhmgH$mamZo ñVwVr Ho$br Amho.

5. _wKb B{VhmgboIZ na§nao_Ü`o H$emMm AMyH$ dmna Ho$bm Amho?

1.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX d eãXmW©

1. H$mbH«$_ H$mimZwgma _m§S>Ur H$aUo

2. dñVy{Zð>Vm gË`Vm

3. H$mbJUZm H$mi _moOUo

4. {hOar Bñbm_r H$mbJUZm

1.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

ñd §AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ 1


1. A) B{b`S> 2. H$) {hamoS>moQ>g 3. A) nm°{b{~`g

4. ~) H°$Q>mo 5. A) {hñQ>r Am°\$ amo_


1. {hamoS>moQ>g 2. Ï`ygrS>rS>rO

3. nm°{b{~`g 4. H$m°Zm}{b`g Q°>{gQ>g

5. Á`y{bAg grPa

29

ñd §AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ 2

A. `mo½` Vmo n`m©` {ZdSy>Z nwÝhm dmŠ` {bhm

1. A) gmVì`m 2. ~) Ab dH$sXr 3. H$) BãZ ~wVVm

4. A) BãZ I„rImZ 5. ~) Ab {~ê$Zr


1. {H$Vm~ Ab B~a 2. {H$Vm~ Cb qhX

3. n{e© Z 4. Ab ~hmXyar

5. Ab IëXyZ

1.6 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ H«$ 3


1. H$) 36 2. doX ì`mg 3. A) A_ra Iwòmo

4. H$) Am¡a§JOo~ 5. ~) A~wb \$Ob


1. XodXodVm§Zm 2. {dîUynwamU, _ËgnwamU, ~«÷m§S>nwamU

3. KQ>ZmH«$_ d H$mbJUZm 4. Im\$sImZ

5. H$mbJUZm


A) J«rH$ B{VhmgboIZ na§naoMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.

~) amo_Z B{VhmgboIZ na§naoMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.

H$) Aa~ B{VhmgboIZ na§naoMr MMm© H$am

S>) gwbVmZemhr H$mimVrb B{VhmgboIZ na§naoMo _hÎd {deX H$am

B) _wKb B{VhmgboIZ na§naoMo _hÎd gm§Jm.

30


1. em§Vm H$moRo>H$a B{Vhmg V§Ì Am{U VÎdkmZ.

2. Ama.S>r. Jm`H$dmS> B{VhmgboIZ emóo.

3. E.H. Car What is History.

1

KQ>H$ 2

AmYw{ZH$ maVr` na§nam

A) àË`jdmX / àË`jmW©dmX

~) _mH©${eñQ>

H$) A°Zëg

A) àË`jdmX / àË`jmW©dmX

C{ÔîQ>ço :

àË`jmW©dmXr³dMmagaUrMr nmíd© y_r g_Oob.

àË`jmW©dmX `m g§H$ënZobm d¡km{ZH$ d Eo{Vhm{gH$ n[a^mfo_Ü`o g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

Am°JñV H$m°åVÀ`m OrdZ d H$m`m©da àH$me Q>mH$Vm oB©b.

Am°JñV H$m°åV `m§À`m àË`jmW©dmXr {dMmam§Mr {M{H$Ëgm H$aVm oB©b.

H$m°åV àUrV _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m AdñWm§Mo {MÌU g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

H$m°åVÀ`m àË`jmW©dmXmMm B{VhmgboIZmda nS>bobm à^md g_Oob.

{bAmonmoëS> a°Ho$ `mMo B{VhmgmVrb àË`jmW©dmXr `moJXmZ g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

19 ì`m eVH$m_Ü o B{Vhmgm_Ü`o ApñVËdmV Ambobm EH$ d¡Mm[aH$ VËdkmZmË_H$ {dMma åhUOoàË`jmW©dmX hmo . àË`jmW©dmX `m VËdmkmZmMm dmñVd AW© åhUOo àdmh _yb yV d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZnÕVrà_mUoM Eo{Vhm{gH$ kmZmMr _m§S>Ur H$aUo. EH§$XarVM àË`jmW©dmX åhUOo Eo{Vhm{gH$ kmZmMrd¡km{ZH$ ~m§YUr hmo . 18 ì`m eVH$m_Ü o ApñVËdmV Amboë`m d¡km{ZH$ H«$m§Vr_wio B{VhmgmÀ`mAÜ``Zmbm, g§emoYZmbm {Z~wa, a°ÝH$mo `m gma»`m AZoH$ B{VhmgH$ma d g§emoYH$m§Zr d¡km{ZH$ {M{H$ËgoMr

2

OmoS> {Xbr. `mMmM n[aUm_ åhUOo Eo{Vhm{gH$ _m{hVr d kmZmMo n[a{ebZ g§emoYZ emór` qH$dmd¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo H$aÊ`mÀ`m d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrbm àË`jmW©dmXr Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.

AW© :

àË`jmW©dmX hm eãXà`moJ XmoZ AWm©Zr dmnabm OmVmo. EH$m AWm©Zo _ZmMr EH$ àd¥Îmr(Temper of Mind) Agm AW© Amho Va `mMm Xwgam AW© åhUOo VÎdkmZmMr EH$ {d{eï> àUmbr

åhUOoM àË`jdmX hmo`, àË`ÌmW©dmX hm _wbV: EH$ ì`dhmaàYmZ Ñï>rH$moZ AgyZ hm Ñ{ï>H$moU àËòH$

KQ>ZoH$S>o (Incident) dm KQ>H$mH$S>o Zoh_r e§Ho$Zo nmhVmo. EImÚm àíZmda bj H|${ÐV H$ê$Z Vmo àíZemór` Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ gmoS>dÊ`mMr nÕV åhUOo àË`ÌmW©dmX hmo . Eo{Vhm{gH$ kmZmbm d¡km{ZH$ AmYma

XoÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrbm àË`jmW©dmX Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. B{VhmgmÀ`m kmZmMo d¡km{ZH$ kmZmV ê$nm§VaU

H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrbm àË`jmW©dmX åhQ>bo OmVo. àË`jmW©dmXm_Üò dmñVd KQ>Zm_Yrb d¡km{ZH$ VÎdemoYbo OmVo.

H$mën{ZH$ d A_yV© KQ>Zm, Jmoï>r, {dMmam§_Üò Z AS>H$Vm àË`j {_imboë`m d¡km{ZH$AZw dmÀ`m Omoamda gË` nS>VmiyZ nmhÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrbm àË`jmW©dmX Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.

àË`jmW©dmXm_Üò dmñVd KQ>Zm Am{U d¡km{ZH$ VÎd `m§ZmM _hÎd AgyZ H$mën{ZH$ KQ>Zm, {dMma `m§Zm

àË`jmW©dmXm_Üò Hw$R>boM ñWmZ Zmhr. {edm` àË`jmW©dmXmZo ñdÀN>§XVmdmXmMm {damoY H$ê$ZñdÀN>§XVmdmXmÀ`m H$mën{ZH$ ñdÀN>§XVmdmXr Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$ënZm§Mm {damoY Ho$bm. àË`jmW©dmXr

{dMmam§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aUmè`m B{VhmgH$mam§_Üò Zr~wa Am{U a¢H$ `m§Mm àW_ H«$_m§H$ bmJVmo. nyU©Vm VËWm§da

AmYm[aV ì`{º$JV njnmVmMm A^md AgUmè`m boIZmMm g_mdoe àË`jmW©dmXr B{Vhmg boIZm_ÜòH$aÊ`mV oVmo. bm°S>© A°ŠQ>Z `m§Zr "Ho$på~«O _m°S>Z© {hñQ>r' gmR>r àË`jmW©dmXr nyU©V: dñVy{Zð> d {Zînj

B{Vhmg boIZ H$aÊ`mMr gyMZm {Xbr. Oo. ~r. ~ar `m§Zr àË`jmW©dmXmbm àmoËgmhZ XoVmZm Ago åhQ>bo

H$s, "B{Vhmg \$º$ {dkmZM hmoVm Ë`mnojm H$_rhr Zmhr d OmñVnU Zmhr' àË`jmW©dmXr B{Vhmg åhUOoyVH$mbrZ Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§Zm Hw$R>ë`mhr à^mdmnmgyZ _wº$ R>odyZ dñVy{Zð> _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mMm

VÎdkmZmË_H$ àdmh hmo`.

àË`jmW©dmXr B{VhmgmMr _m§S>Ur, B{VhmgmÀ`m àË`jmW©dmXr VÎdqMVZmMr _m§S>Ur n{hë`m§Xm

\«$mÝg_Yrb {dMmad§V Am°JñV H$m°åV (1798-1897) `m§Zr Ho$br. Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZm§Mr {Zînj _m§S>Ur

hr àË`jmW©dmXr B{VhmgboIZmMr n{hbr nmàr Amho Ago åhQ>bo Amho.

3

Am°JñV H$m°åV :

àË`jmW©dmXm~amo~aM AmYw{ZH$ g_mOemñjmMo OZH$, {nVmgh AgUmè`m H$m°åVMm OÝ_ B.g.1798 _Üò \«$mÝg_Yrb _moQ>ono{bà oWo Pmbm. Am°JñV H$m°åVMm qnS> hm _wimVM {dÐmohr ñdê$nmMmhmoVm. H$m°åV `m§Zr H$mhr H$mi J{UVmMo {ejH$ åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bo d Z§Va g|Q> {g_mo `m§Mo g{Md åhUyZ H$m_Ho$bo. ho H$aV AgVmZm§M Hw$R>ë`mhr ~§YZmV AS>H$Ê`mMm Hw$R>ë`mhr M_ËH$mar {dMmamV Z AS>H$Ê`mMm,Hw$R>ë`mhr Ym{_©H$ g§H$ënZoV Z AS>H$Umè`m H$m°åVÀ`m {dMmamZo ~§S>mbm gwê$dmV Ho$br. H$m°åVÀ`m{dMmam§Mr C^maUr Cƒ _mZdVmdmXr _yë`mda AmYm[aV hmoVr. J¥hñW/nm[admar, gm§gm[aH$ OrdZm_ÜòApñWa Am{U Am{W©H$ d emar[aH$ ÑîQ>çm H$_Hw$dV Agboë`m H$m°åVMr gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoÀ`m gm_m{OH$n[adV©ZmÀ`m joÌmVrb {ZarjUo A{Ve` gyú_ hmoVr. Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm Oar hmbm{IMr n[apñWVr AgbrVar H$m°åV H$_mbrMm AmemdmXr hmoVm. ñdV:bm _mZdVoMm Y_©Jwê$ Kmo{fV H$aUmam Am°JñV H$m°åV `m§À`mg_mOemómbm {Xboë`m aMZmË_H$ d d¡km{ZH$ `moJXmZm_wio Ë`m§Zm AmYw{ZH$ g_mOemómMm OZH$ åhQ>boOmVo.

H$m°åVMo AmB©dS>rb H°$Wm{bH$ n§Wr` hmoVo. H$m°åVMo àmW{_H$ {ejU Ë`mÀ`m JmdrM Pmbo. B.g.1814 _Üò Vmo BH$sb nm°{bQ>opŠZH$_Üò XmIb Pmbm. H$m°åVda ~|O{_Z \«°$H${bZ `m§Mm à^md hmoVm.Ë`mM~amo~a {S>_m°BñQ>a `m na§namdmÚm§nmgyZ H$m°åV Zo CËH«$m§VrMo VÎd Vmo {eH$bm. "g_mO hm Zoh_r CËH«$m§VhmoV AgyZ hr CËH«$m§Vr EH$m {d{eï> {eñVr_YyZ hmoV AgVo ho VÎd Ë`mZo emoYbo. 1930 gmbr H$m°åVZoCourse of positive philosophy hm J«§W {bhbm. `m J«§WmMo ghm I§S> Ë`mZo {bhbo. `m J«§Wm_Üòg_mOemór` {dMmam§Mm Chmnmoh Ho$bobm Amho. Positive Policy hm J«§WgwÕm {deof _mÝ`Vm nmdbm.`m~amo~aM H$m°åVÀ`m AÝ` J«§Wm_YyZhr H$m°åVZo _mZdr {dMmaeº$sMm {dH$mg Am{U Ë`m§Mo d¡km{ZH${díbofU `m§Mr MMm© Ho$br Amho. Am°JñV H$m°åV nydu \«$mÝg_Üò n[adV©ZdmXr {dMmad§V hoÝar S>o g|Q> {g_mo`m§Zr nydm©l_rÀ`m Ad¡km{ZH$ VÏ` AgUmè`m gd©M Eo{Vhm{gH$ {_WH$m§Zm {ZH$mbmV H$mT>Ê`mMr na§nam{Z_m©U H$ê$Z "àË`jmW©dmX' àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Á`m_Ü o Ý`yQ>ZÀ`m d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZnÕVrMo g_W©Z H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ emóm§Zm d¡km{ZH$ VÎdm§À`m AmYmao g_OyZ KodyZ kmZmÀ`m gd©MemIm§_Üò ho {dMma {dH${gV H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

Am°JñV H$m°åVÀ`m d¡Mm[aH$ àUmbrbm àË`jmW©dmXr åhQ>bo OmVo H$maU `m àË`jmW©dmX `mZmdm_ÜòM {ZpíMV, gwñnï>, nyU© JwUdÎmm AgyZ hrM VÎdo hoM JwU d¡{eîQ>ço d bjU ^m¡{VH$, Z¡g{J©H${dkmZmÀ`m {Z`_m§Zm bmJy hmoVmV. àË`jmW©dmÚm§À`m _Vo, Á`m nÕVrZo d¡km{ZH$ {ZgJ© {dkmZmMo emór`

4

AÜ``Z H$aVmV. Ë`m à_mUoM g_mOmVrb _mZdmMo AÜ``Z Ho$bo nm{hOo Am{U ho eŠ` Amho.Ë`m~amo~aM Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ pñWË §Vam§À`m _mJÀ`m {ZpíMV dmñVdmbm emoYUo eŠ` Amho.kmZmÀ`m àJV AdñWm§Zm bjmV KodyZ ~m¡{ÕH$ {dMmam§Zm doJio diU bmdbo nm{hOo Ago H$m°åV `m§ZmdmQ>V Ago. H$m°åV `m§Zm emór` d d¡km{ZH$ ñdê$nmMo kmZ Ano{jV Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, "g_mOmMrnwZa©MZm hmoV AgVm§Zm Ho$di emór` d gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ OrdZmVrb àË`j KQ>Zm§Mo kmZ AgyZ^mJUma Zmhr. Va emór` Ñï>rH$moZ d dmñVd KQ>Zm `m_Üò g_Ýd` gmYZo Amdí`H$ Amho. H$m°åVÀ`m_Vo g_mOmMr gwYmaUm d nwZa©MZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r g_mOmMo {Z`_ AmYr _m{hV Agbo nm{hOoV. g_mOmMoAgo {Z`_ g_OÊ`mgmR>r dmgËd kmZ ho {ZarjU Am{U AZw d `m§À`m ghmæ`mZo {_iy eH$Vo Am{U AgokmZ hoM àË`jmW©dmXr AgVo.

{dH$mgmÀ`m VrZ AdñWm :

d`mÀ`m 24 ì`m dfu H$m°åV `m§Zr {dH$mgmÀ`m VrZ AdñWm§Mo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. `m {Z`_mZwgmagd© _mZdr g_mOmÀ`m gd© H$mimV _mZdr ~w{ÕÀ`m {dH$mgmMm AmT>mdm KoV AgVmo. Á`mdoir AmT>mdmKoVbm OmVmo V|ìhmM EH$m loð> Am{U AmYma yV Aem {Z`_m§Mm emoY bmJVmo Am{U hm {Z`_ VrZAdñWm§_YyZ OmVmo Ë`m AdñWm Imbrbà_mUo.

1. B©ídaemór`

2. gÎmmemór`

3. àË`jmWu qH$dm dmñVddmXr

1. B©ídaemór` (Theological) :

hr _mZdr OrdZmMr àW_ AdñWm AgyZ `mbmM Y_©emór` AdñWm Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo. `mAdñWo_Üò àËòH$ Jmoï>rMm {dMma hm Abm¡{H$H$ Aem X¡dr eº$sÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ho$bm OmV Ago. `mAdñWo_Üò _mZdmZo àËÌ KQ>ZoÀ`m _mJo B©ída Amho ho J«hrV Yabo hmoVo. _mZdmMr hr AdñWm Ë`mÀ`mqMVZmMr n{hbr AdñWm hmo . `m AdñWo_Üò MoVZm d MamMamVrb dñVy_Üò AmË_VËd âboboAgÊ`m~amo~aM gd©Ì AmËå`mMmM à^md AgVmo. Ë`mZ§Va AZoHo$ídadmX d EHo$ídadmX `m VrZAdñWm§_YyZ B©ídaemór` AdñWoMm H$mbI§S> OmVmo.

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2. gÎmmemór` (Metaphysical) :

hr _mZdr CËH«$m§Vr_Yrb Xwgar AdñWm AgyZ `m AdñWo_Üò B©ídamMo ApñVËd d g§Ho$VZmH$maÊ`mV odyZ `m H$mbI§S>m_Üò qH$dm AdñWo_Üò KQ>Zm§À`m nmR>r_mJo EH$ gXdñVyemór` A_wV©Aer eº$s AgVo. hr AdñWm B©ídamMo ApñVËd Z _mZVm EH$m A_wV© eº$sMo ApñVËd _mZVo. `mMAdñWo_Üò amï>dmX d gmd©^m¡_Ëd {Z_m©U Pmbobo AgyZ n{hë`m d {Vgè`m AdñWo_Yrb gmIirgmYUmar hr EH$ AdñWm Amho.

3. àË`jmWu qH$dm dmñVddmXr (Positivistic) :

hr AdñWm dmñVddmXr AgyZ `m AdñWo_Üò JwT> ahñ`_`VoMm nyU©V: Zm`ZmQ> hmodyZ `mAdñWo_Üò KQ>Zm§_Yrb EH${dY g~§YmMm emoY KodyZ Ë`m KQ>Zm H$moUË`m nÕVrZo H$moUË`m arVrZo KS>VmVAgo àíZ `m AdñWo_Üò {dMmaÊ`mV òdy bmJbo. "{Zanoj H$maUm§À`m {R>H$mUr {ZgJ©{Z`_ ~Z{dbo'KQ>Zm§_Yrb g§~§Y {ZarjUmÀ`m nÕVrZo emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`m~amo~aM VH$m©bm d {dMmam§Zm nQ>Umao gË`MñdrH$maÊ`mMr nÕV gwê$ Pmbr. H$m`©H$maUg§~§YmZm emoYÊ`mÀ`m `m àd¥Îmr_YyZ d¡km{ZH$ dmñVddmXràË`jmWu nÕV gwê$ Pmbr. `mbmM dmñVddmXr àË`jmW©dmXr qH$dm {dkmZmdñWm åhQ>bo OmVo.

H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo àË`jmWu `m eãXmMm AW© gË` (Real), Cn wº$ (Useful), {ZpíMV(Certain), g§e`mVrV (Indubitable), AMyH$ (Exact) Agm Amho. Ago ho àË`jmW©dmXr kmZd¡H$pënH$ kmZmMm ñdrH$ma H$aV ZgyZ Oo dmñVdmV {XgVo Ë`mMmM W© bmdyZ gm_mÝ`rH$aU H$ê$Zgmd©Xo{eH$ {Z`_ emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. Ë`m_wioM àË`jmW©dmX hm dñVyMo, KQ>ZoMo `WmW© dU©ZH$aVmo. dñVy qH$dm KQ>Zm KS>Ê`mMr `mo½` arV d nÕVr ñnï> H$aVmo. H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo, H$moUVohr VÎdkmZ darbVrZ AdñWm§_YyZM {dH$mg nmdVo.

H$m°åVÀ`m {gÕm§VmMr MMm© H$arV AgVmZm àm. ~r. eoI Abr `mZo H$m°åVÀ`m VÎdkmZmMo nmM^mJ nmS>bo AmhoV.

1. àË`jmW©dmXr nÕVrMm Ho$bobm ñdrH$ma qH$dm B{Vhmgmbm ~hmb Ho$bobr emór` nÕVr.

2. ~m¡{ÕH$ àJVrÀ`m VrZ AdñWm d {Z`_.

3. emñÌm§Mo dJuH$aU.

4. g_mOgmómÀ`m nyduÀ`m gd© emóm§À`m VÎdkmZmMr Ho$bobr g§H$ënZm.

5. àË`jmW©dmXr VÎdkmZmÀ`m nÕVrMm Ho$bobm g_Ýd`.

6

_mZdr g_mO àË`jmW©dmXmn ªVÀ`m AdñWoV OmÊ`mnydu Ë`mbm AamOH$ d H«$m§Vr `m XmoZAdñWo_YyZ Omdo bmJVo. H$m°åVZo ^m¡{VH$emóo d e_mOemóo EH$_oH$m§er g§~§{YV AmhoV ho XmIdyZXoÊ`m~amo~aM àË`jmW©dmXmgmR>r H$m°åVZo emóm§Mm AZwH«$_hr Imbrb à_mUo _m§S>bm Amho. CXm. J{UV,Omo{Vfemó, nXmW©{dkmZ, agm`Zemó, Ordemó Am{U g_mOemó `mVrb àËòH$ emó ho Ë`mÀ`mAm{YÀ`m emómda Adb§~yZ Amho. CXm. g_mOgmó ho Ordemómda Adb§~yZ Amho Va Ordemó hoagm`Zemómda Adb§~yZ Amho. Aem {díbofUmVyZ gm_m{OH$ B{Vhmg {bhrV AgVm§Zm g§ mì` {Z`_m§MrMMm© H$ê$Z àË`jmW©dmXr VÎdkmZmbm AmH$ma {Xbm.

OJmVrb H$moUVrhr KQ>Zm AZmH$bZr` Aem KQ>Zm§_wio KS>V ZgVo. hmM `m àË`jmW©dmXmMm_yi Jm^m Amho. àË`j ~w{ÕJå` {dMmambm, VH$m©bm nQ>ob Agm gm_m{OH$ dmQ>MmbrMm AmboIàË`jmW©dmXr VÎddoË`m§Zr _m§S>bm. `m àË`jmW©dmXr {dMmam§Mr _m§S>Ur g_mOemór` y{_Ho$VyZ Ho$brJobr. KQ>Zm H$m KS>VmV, `m àíZmMm emoY KodyZ _mZdr OrdZmMm AÝd`mW© bmdÊ`mEodOr KQ>Zm H$emd H$moUË`m [aVrZo KS>VmV ho g_OyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ àË`jmW©dmXr AÝd`mWm©V Ho$bm Jobm Amho. {ZarjUHo$bo Jobo d {ZarjUmVyZ H$mhr gd©gm_mÝ` {Z`_ V`ma Ho$bo Jobo. VH$m©bm, ~w{Õbm nQ>Umao gË` CbJS>boJobo. H$m`©H$maUg§~§Y àñWm{nV Ho$bo Jobo d _mZdr OrdZmMm Aä`mg hm {ZpíMV, AMyH$, gË` dg§e`mVrb nÕVrZo emór` {ZH$fm§da Ho$bm Omdy bmJbm d Ë`m AmYmao àË`jmW©dmXr AÝd`mW© bmdbmOmdy bmJbm. Oo dmñVì`mV {XgVo Ë`mÀ`mM AmYmao `m ^m¡{VH$ OJmVrb KQ>Zm, àg§J `mMr gwg§JVrbmdbr Jobr.

àË`jmW©dmXmda {b{hboë`m EH§$XarV ghm nwñVH$m§_YyZ ghm nwñVH$m§_YyZ Am°JñV H$m°åV ZoEH$M _V nwÝhm nwÝhm nQ>dyZ gm§{JVbo H$s, ~w{Õ_ÎmoÀ`m H$gmoQ>rda KmgyZ g_mOmbm nQ>Vrb AgoM {dMma_m§S>mdo. _mZdr {dMma eº$s, _mZdr {dMmam§Mo d¡km{ZH$ {díbofU, g_mOmVrb nardV©Z `m_YyZ Zì`m{dMmam§Mr aMZm hmoVo Ago H$m°åV åhUVmo.

{bAmonmoëS> a±Ho$ : 1795-1886

a±Ho$ hm O_©Z B{VhmgH$ma AgyZ ~{b©Z {dÚmnrR>m_Üò B{VhmgmMm àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ H$m © Ho$bo.hm Am°JñV H$m°åVÀ`m g_H$mbrZ AgyZ `mZo B{Vhmg g§emoYZm_Üò àË`jkmZdmXmMr _whÿV©_oT>nÕVeranUo amodbr. B{VhmgboIZm_Ü o emór` nÕVrMm dmna H$aÊ`mMm AmJ«h Ho$ë`m_wioM a°Ho$bm"AmYw{ZH$ B{VhmgboIZ emómMm OZH$' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. B{Vhmgmbm X¡ddmXr Mm¡H$Q>rVyZ ~mhoa

7

H$mT>Ê`mMo H$m_ a±Ho$ Zo Ho$bo. {edm` a±Ho$Zo Zr{V~moYmË_H$ B{VhmgmMm {ZfoY Ho$bm. No Document No

History hm {dMma {Xbm. Ë`mÀ`m Universal History ZmdmÀ`m Amnë`m ghm I§S>m_Ü o {d^mJboë`mJ«§WmVyZ hr à{MVr òVo. `m{edm` Ë`mZo amo_Z, O_©Zr d a{e`m `m Xoem§Mm B{Vhmg àË`jdmXr{dMmanÕVrZo {bhrbm.

a±Ho$À`m `m dñVy{Zï> B{Vhmg boIZm_wioM Iyn _moR>çm à_mUmV B{Vhmgm~Ôb B{VhmgH$mam§À`m_Zm_Üò Om{Udm {Z_m©U Pmë`m. H$maU B{Vhmgmbm emó _mZUmam Vmo n{hbm B{VhmgH$ma hmoVm.

a±Ho$Mo B{VhmgboIZ{df`rMo {dMma :

1. gË` hmM B{VhmgmMm AmË_m Amho d B{Vhmg hoM emó Amho.

2. nwamì`m{edm` dñVy{Zð> B{VhmgboIZ hmody eH$V Zmhr.

3. gmYZm§Mr dñVy{Zð> àË`j {M{H$Ëgm H$amdr.

4. B{Vhmg hr ñdm`Îm kmZemIm AgyZ {VÀ`m AÜ``ZmMr {ZpíMV C{Ôï>o d {d{eï> {ZYm©[aV V§ÌAmho.

5. B{VhmgboIZm_Üò H$ënZm d JwT>dmXmbm _wirM ñWmZ Xody Z o.

àË`j kmZdmXr {dMmam§À`m à^mdmVyZ a±Ho$Zo AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI§S>mÀ`m B{VhmgboIZm_ÜòZdH«$m§Vr KS>dyZ AmUbr.

àV`jmW©dmXr VÎdkmZ d B{Vhmg boIZ :

àË`jmW©dmX åhUOo àË`jkmZ hmo . àË`jmW©dmX åhUOo {ZpíMV, {Z:g§{X½Y, dmXmVrbñdê$nmMo {Ma§VZ kmZ hmo . {dkmZemIoVrb g§emoYZmà_mUo B{VhmgH$mam§Zr JVH$mbrZ _mZdr OrdZmMmemñÌewÕ Aä`mg H$amdm d gËèmoYyZ H$mT>mdo Agm `m {dMmaàUmbrMm AmJ«h Amho. àË`jmW©dmXr{dMmagaUr hr AZw d{gÕ {dMmagaUr AgyZ `m {dMmagaUrZwgma JVH$mbrZ _mZdr OrdZmVrbdmñVdmMo emór` nÕVrMm dmna H$ê$Z gË`Xe©Z KS>dUo A{^àoV Amho. hr àË`jmW©dmXr {dMmagUrB{VhmgmÀ`m joÌmV àM{bV H$aÊ`mMo lo O_©Z B{VhmgH$ma {bAmonmëS> a±Ho$ d \«|$M VÎdk Am°JñV H$m°åV`m§Zm OmVo. Amnë`m àË`jdmXr {gÕm§VmÀ`m AmYmamda B{VhmgmMm gm_m{OH$ emómÛmao AÝd`mW©

8

bmdÊ`mMm _mJ© ^mdr {nT>rbm Iwbm H$ê$Z {Xbm. {dkmZm_wio XyaÑï>r àmá hmoVo Am{U XyaÑï>r H¥$Vrbm OÝ_XoVo. Positive philosophy of history Agm eãXà`moJ H$m°åV Zo n{hë`m§Xm Ho$bm. Ë`mÀ`mB{Vhmg{df`H$ VÎdkmZmZo B{Vhmg boIZmÀ`m joÌmV H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ AmUbr. Eo{Vhm{gH$ gË`mda â{Xë`m_wio B{Vhmgmbm {dídgZr`VoMm ^¸$_ AmYma {_imbm. emór` kmZ d AZw d{gÕ à`moJmÛmao_yb yV gË`mMm emoY bmJbm H$s Ë`mMm Cn`moJ g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r H$aVm oVmo. hr Am°JñVH$m°åVÀ`m àË`jdmXr VÎdkmZmMr d¡Mm[aH$ ~¡R>H$ Amho. H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo, B{VhmgmÀ`m Aä`mgH$mZoHo$diJVH$mbrZ gË` KQ>Zm§Mm emoY bmdUo EdT>oM B{VH$V©ì` Z _mZVm Ë`m KQ>Zm§_mJrb Am§V[aH$ gyÌemoYyZ H$mT>mdo, Ë`mVyZ gd©gm_mÝ` {Z`_ emoYmdoV. `mVyZ _mZdr ì`dhmam§Mo {Z`_Z H$aUmè`m _yb yVgyÌm§Mm emoY bmJbm Va Ë`m AmYmao ^{dî`mV _mZdr OrdZmbm {Xem XoVm oB©b.

Am°JñV H$m°åVZo Amnë`m VÎdkmZm_Üò JwT>dmXr B{VhmgboIZ nÕVr ZmH$mê$ZB{VhmgboIZmgmR>r _yi ómoV gmYZm§À`m Aä`mgmda d emór` nÕVrMm dmna H$ê$Z Eo{Vhm{gH$gË`mMm emoY KoÊ`mda Am{U Vo gË` dñVw{Zð> nÕVrZo _m§S>Ê`mda â {Xbm. Á`mà_mUo emók {ZgJm©MAä`mg H$aVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo g_mOmMm emór` kmZmda AmYm[aV Aä`mg H$amdm. B{VhmgmMm Aä`mgH$amdm Ago H$m°åV `m§Zm dmQ>Vo. Á`mà_mUo {ZgJm©Vrb KQ>Zm§_Üò EH$àH$maMr {eñV AgVo KQ>ZmH«$_R>abobm AgVmo. VemM àH$maMr KQ>Zm d {eñV _mZdr g_mOmV AgVo. H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo, Eo{Vhm{gH$KQ>Zm§H$S>o CËH«$m§VrdmXmVyZ nm{hbo nm{hOo. B{VhmgmVrb gË` emoYÊ`mgmR>r emór` nÕV hmM B{VhmgmMmAmYma {dMmam§Mm AmYma Agmdm Ago H$m°åV gm§JVmV.

1. Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§Mr VwbZm H$aUo d g_mOmMr CËH«$m§Vr H$er Pmbr `mMm VwbZmË_H$ {dMma H$aUohm àË`jmW©dmXmMm AmYma Amho.

2. Z¡g{J©H$ emómZo Á`m à_mUo Amnbo {Z`_ {gÕ Ho$bo AmhoV Ë`mMà_mUo gm_m{OH$ emómZo {Z`_{gÕ Ho$bo åhUOo Ë`mbm gm_m{OH$ emómMo ñdê$n àmá hmoB©b.

3. B{VhmgmMm Aä`mg gËèmoYÊ`mnwaVm {g_rV Zgmdm Va _mZdr ì`dhmamÀ`m emórÀÜ``ZmVyZ hmVr Amboë`m gË`mÀ`m AmYmao Ë`m~m~V H$mhr {gÕm§V emoYyZ H$mT>Vm oVrb.Ë`m§À`m Omoamda B{VhmgmVrb KQ>Zm§Mm gm_mÝ` Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg Ë`m {df`mbm emóewÕ nm`mbm ob.

4. B{Vhmg ho _mZìèmó Agë`m_wio emómMo {Z`_ nyU©nUo B{Vhmgmbm bmJy H$aVm òV Zgbo Var{ZarjU, {M{H$Ëgm, {díbofU, gË` AgË`mMm {ZU©` `m nÕVrMm dmna H$ê$Z B{VhmgmVXoIrb gd©gm_mÝ` {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm òVmV.

9

5. àË`jkmZdmXmV AWdm {dkmZdmXmV H$ënZm, lÕm `m§Zm ñWmZ ZgyZ {ZarjU, à`moJmË_H$Vm,narjU, dJuH$aU {díbofU Ago gyÌ~Õ ì`dñWmnZ AgVo.

6. {ZgJ©dmXmÀ`m Aä`mgmà_mUo àË`jmW©dmXmÀ`m Aä`mgm_wio _mZdmMr JVH$mimVrb dmT>Amnë`mbm H$iy eHo$b d Ë`mÀ`m AmYmamda Amnë`mbm ^{dî` dV©{dUo eŠ` hmoB©b.

EHy$UM Am°JñV H$m°åV d a°ÝHo$À`m `moJXmZm_wio B{Vhmg boIZm_Üò dmñVddmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU{dH${gV Pmbm.

àË`jmW©dmXmMm B{VhmgboIZmdarb à^md :

H$m°åVÀ`m àË`jmW©dmXmMm B{Vhmg boIZmdarb à~md hm 19 ì`m eVH$mVrb Z¡g{J©H${dkmZmMm àË`j n[aUm_ hmoVm H$maU 19 ì`m eVH$m_Ü o {dkmZmÀ`m g§emoYZmbm J{V{ebVm àmáPmbobr hmoVr. _wbV: J{UVVÁk Agboë`m H$m°åV `mZo {dkmZmÀ`m VÎdmÀ`m AmYmao ^m¡{VH$emó,agm`Zemóm_Yrb à`moJ nÕVr g§emoYZnÕVrMm Adb§~ gm_m{OH$ emómÀ`m g§emoYZm_Üò Ho$bm. `mg§emoYZm_Üò Ë`mZo gd©àW_ VÏ`m§Mo g§H$bZ H$aÊ`mnmgyZ Vo _m§S>V Agboë`m {dYmZmMm AmamIS>mH$aÊ`mnmgyZ Vo àË oH$ N>moQ>çm N>moQ>çm KQ>H$m§H$S>o d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ nmhÿZ g§emoYZmVrbgm_mÝ`rH$aUmÀ`m nmàrn`ªV g§emoYZmbm AJXr dñVw{Zï>VoZo Amnë`m d¡km{ZH$s {M{H$ñVoVyZM {ZpíMVAmH$ma {Xbm.

B{Vhmgmdarb H$m°åVMo {ddoMZ ho A{Ve` _m¡{bH$ AgÊ`m~amo~aM gm_m{OH$ {dkmZmÀ`m gd©MemIm§da Iyn ì`mnH$ à^md nmS>Umao, gImob à~md nmS>Umao hmoVo. ZdrZ {dMma d qMVZmMo {~OmamonUH$aÊ`mÀ`m_Ü o gdm©V geº$ qMVZH$V} Am{U ~m¡{ÕH$ àoaUmómoV åhUyZ \«$mÝgÀ`m B{Vhmgm_Üò S>oH$mQ>©Z§Va _hmZ {dMmad§V hmoVo. àË`jmW©dmXm_wio qH$dm àË`jmW©dmXmÀ`m à^mdm_wio B{VhmgmÀ`m{dH$mgm_Üò Am{U Eo{Vhm{gH$ kmZm_Üò A yVnyd© d¥Õr Pmbobr {XgyZ òVo. Ë`mM~amo~a EH$m ZdrZàH$maMr {dMmagaUr, àË`jmW©dmXm_wio ApñVËdmV Ambr. àË`jmW©dmXr _J Vo a°ÝH$modmXr AgmoV qH$dmH$m°åVdmXr AgmoV. Ë`m§Zr VËWg§H$bZmÀ`m M_ËH$marH$ à^mdmMr gwê$dmV H$ê$Z {díbofUmMm EH$ ZarZ_mJ© AZwgabm. B{VhmgH$mam§Zm Ë`m gd© gm_J«rVyZ VÏ` g§H$bZ H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm {Xbr _J Vr VÏònwamVËdm§_Ü o AgmoV, {ebmboIm§_Üò AgmoV, qH$dm gm{hË`V AgmoV Ë`m_wio A{Ve` {dñV¥V Am{UgImob n[aàojmVyZ emoY KodyZ Eo{Vhm{gH$ gm_J«rMo g§H$bZ H$aÊ`mMm ZdrZ g§aMZo_wio B{VhmgmÀ`mkmZm_Üò A yVnyd© d¥{Õ Pmë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.

10

àË`jmW©dmXr VÎdqMVH$m§À`m _Vo B{VhmgmÀ`m àË oH$ VÏ`m§_Üò EH$ nyU© g§nyU© ApñVËd AgyZ

ho `m gyú_ VÏ`m§Mm ì`mnH$ {dñVma hmody eH$Vmo. Ë`m_wio hr VÏò _yb yV AgÊ`m~amo~M ñdV§Ì, ì`mnH$

d gd©H$f AgVmV. Ë`m_wio B{VhmgH$mamÛmam Ë`mda _V _m§S>Ê`mÀ`m EodOr Vo Ogo AmhoV Vgo Ë`m§Mr

{M{H$Ëgm Ho$br nm{hOo.

Am°JñV H$m°_À`m àË`jmW©dmXr {dMmaYmaoÀ`m AZwgma "_mZdr g_mO d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmgmR>r

Cn`wº$' Amho Am{U Iè`m AWm©Zo Ë`m_wioM AmYw{ZH$ g_mOemómMm CX` Pmbm Am{U VX²Z§Va `m

àË`jmW©dmXr {dMmam§Zwgma Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$ê$Z Ago {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo H$s {ÌH$mbm~mYrV

AgVrb. åhUOoM àË`jmW©dmXr VÎdkmZ B{VhmgmMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZoMr CH$b H$aÊ`m~amo~aM Aem

H$mhr gm_mÝ` {dYmZm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aVmV H$s Ë`m Amnë`mbm B{VhmgMH«$m_Üò nwÝhm nwÝhm AmT>iVmV.

CXm. Z¡g{J©H$/àmH¥${VH$ {dkmZm_Yrb {dYmZ, amgm`{ZH$, ^m¡{VH$ qH$dm J{UVr` g{_H$aUo Or

Hw$R>ë`mhr H$mimV VerM bmJy nS>VmV. Ë`mM nÕVrZo àË`jmW©dmXr {dYmZo Oar nyU©V: bmJy hmoV Zgbr

Var Vr nyU©VoÀ`m Odinmg OmVmV. CXm. 158 Xoem§À`m g§{dYmZmMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z AañVy Zo Ago _V

_m§S>bo H$s qH$dm _m§S>Ê`mg g_W© Pmbo H$s, ""H«$m§VrgmR>r gd©gm_mÝ` H$maU åhUOo gw{dYmg§nÞ Am{U

gw{dYm{dhrZ dJm©À`m _Üò AgUmam g§Kf© Amho.'' Aer dñVy{Zð> dmñVdXeu _Vo Or àmH¥${VH$

{dkmZmÀ`m Odi OmUmar hr àË`jmW©dmXr VÎdkmZm_Üò d VÎdkmZmÀ`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§emoYZr`

g§aMZo_Ü o A{^àoV AmhoV.

àË`jmW©dmXr nÕVrZo B{VhmgmMo, Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§Mo AdbmoH$Z Ho$bo AgVm Ago bjmV òVo

H$s, A{Ve` N>moQ>çmV N>moQ>çm KQ>ZoMr gwÕm gyú_ nmVirda {M{H$Ëgm Ho$br OmVo. _wbV: àË`jmW©dmX

hm ì`dhmamàYmZ Ñ{ï>H$moU AgyZ Vmo {dídmÀ`m ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m KS>m_moS>tÀ`m VÎdmÀ`m _mJo bmJV

Zmhr Va Vmo {dídmVrb EImÚm {d{eï> àíZmda bj H|${ÐV H$ê$Z Vmo àíZ emór` Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ H$gm

gmoS>dVm òB©b `mMm {dMma H$aVmo. EH§$X[aVM àË`jmW©dmXtZm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s gd© kmZmVrb g_mZ VÎdo

emoYyZ Ë`mÀ`m AmYmao g_mOmMr Zdr aMZm H$amdr åhUOo OJmbm Mm§Jbo _mJ©Xe©Z {_iob. àË`jmW©dmXr

VÎdkmZm_Üò dmñVd KQ>Zm d d¡km{ZH$ VÎd `m§Zm \$ma _moR>o _hÎd {Xbo AgyZ àË`jmW©dmXm_Üò

AZmH$bZr`, g_OÊ`mnbrH$S>o AgUmè`m Jmoï>tZm Wmam Zmhr àË`jmW©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU nyU©V: d¡km{ZH$

ñdê$nmMm AgyZ H$mën{ZH$ Jmoï>r d A_wV© H$ënZm§Zm `m_Ü o ñWmZ Zmhr.

11

gmam§e :

emór` kmZ d AZw^d{gÕ à`moJmÛmao _yb yV gË`mMm emoY bmJbm H$s Ë`mMm Cn`moJ _mZdrg_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r H$aVm òVmo hr àË`jmW©dmXr VÎdkmZmMr d¡Mm[aH$ ~¡R>H$ Amho.àË`jmW©dmXm_Üò \$º$ JVH$mbrZ KQ>Zm§Mo gË` emoYUo EdT>oM Zmhr Va Ë`m KQ>Zm§_Yrb Am§V[aH$gyÌ emoYyZ H$mTy>Z Ë`mVyZ gd©gm_mÝ` {Z`yZ emoYmdoV `mÛmao ^{dî`m_Ü o _mZar OrdZmbm {Xem XoVmòB©b.

JwT>dmXr B{Vhmg boIZnÕVr, X¡ddmXr B{Vhmg boIZnÕVr ZmH$mê$Z emór`M nÕVrZoMgËèmoYZmMm Zdm amO_mJ©, àË`jmW©dmXmZo A[JH$mabm. Á`m nÕVrZo {ZgJ©{Z`_mbm EH$ àH$maMr{eñV AgVo {VM {eñV _mZdr g_mOm_Üò ê$OdÊ`mMm à`ËZ `m àË`jmW©dmXmZo Ho$bm. àË`jmW©dmXm_Üò H$ënZm d lÕm `m§Zm ñWmZ ZgyZ {ZarjU, à`moJmË_H$Vm, narjU, {díbofU `mbm ñWmZAgVo. hoM àË`jmW©dmÚm§Zr XmIdyZ {Xbo. B{Vhmgmbm X¡ddmXr Mm¡H$Q>rVyZ ~mhoa H$mTy>Z emór`kmZemIoMm XOm© àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMo H$m`© àË`jmW©dmÚm§Zr Ho$bo. B{Vhmgmbm emó ~ZdÊ`mMo H$m`©àË`jmW©dmÚm§Zr Ho$bo. gmYZm§Mm emór` emoY d {M{H$Ëgm `mda àË`jdmXmMm â AgyZ àË`jmW©dmXrB{Vhmg boIZm_wio B[VhmgmÀ`m joÌmV ZdH«$m§Vr KSy>Z Ambr. àË`jmW©dmXmZo nyduÀ`m Ad¡km{ZH$ VÏÀgUmè`m gd©M Eo{Vhm{gH$ {_WH$m§Zm {ZH$mbmV H$mT>bo.

EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1. àË`jmW©dmXr VÎdkmZmMm CJ_ H$moUË`m eVH$m_Üò Pmbm.

CÎma : 19 ì`m

2. àË`jmW©dmXr VÎdkmZmZo H$moUË`m VÎdkmZmMm {damoY Ho$bm.

CÎma : ñdÀN>§XVmdmX

3. àË`jmW©dmXr VÎdkmZmMr _m§S>Ur H$aUmè`m B{VhmgH$mam§_Ü o H$moUmMm àW_ H«$_m§H$ bmJVmo.

CÎma : Zr~wa Am{U a±Ho$

4. nyU©V: VÏ`m§da AmYm[aV ì`{º$JV njnmVmMm A^md AgUmao VÎdkmZ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmUmaoVÎdkmZ H$moUVo ?

CÎma : àË`jmW©dmXr VÎdkmZ

12

5. àË`jmW©dmXr VÎdkmZmMm CX²J_ H$moUË`m amï>mV Pmbm ?

CÎma : \«$mÝg

6. Am°JñV H$m°åV `m§Zr _mZdr g_mO OrdZmÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m {H$Vr AdñWm§Mo dU©Z Ho$bo.

CÎma : VrZ

7. amï>dmX d gmd©^m¡_Ëd `m g§H$ënZmMm {dH$mg _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m {H$Vì`m AdñWo_Üò AgVmo.

CÎma : Xwgè`m

8. àË`jmW©dmXr {dMmagaUr B{VhmgmÀ`m joÌmV àM{bV H$aÊ`mMo H$m © H$moUË`m O_©ZB{VhmgH$mamZo Ho$bo ?

CÎma : {bAmonmëS> a±Ho$

9. àË`jmW©dmXm_Üò H$moUË`m eº$sbm Wmam Zmhr ?

CÎma : X¡dreº$s

10. Positive philosophy of history Agm eãXà`moJ gd©àW_ H$moUr Ho$bm ?

CÎma : Am°½gV H$m°åV

[aH$må`m OmJm âm.

1. \«$mÝg_Üò ....... `m boIH$mZo àË`jmW©dmXr VÎdkmZmMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br ?

A) Q>m° Ý~r ~) H$mbm©BS> H$) Am°JñV H$m°åV S>) Oo. ~r. ~ar

2. \«$mÝg_Yrb ........ òWo H$m°åVMm OÝ_ Pmbm ?

A) n°arg ~) ~m°Z H$) _m|Q>no{bà S>) {gS>Zr

3. Course of Positive Philosophy hm J«§W H$m°åVZo ....... `m dfu {bhbm.

A) 1830 ~) 1832 H$) 1834 S>) 1836

13

4. ......... `m J«§WmÀ`m à^mdm_wio 1848 _Ü o \«$mÝg oWo Positive Society Mr ñWmnZmH$aÊ`mV Ambr.

A) The Positivist ~) Positive Policy

H$) The Revolution S>) Rights of men

5. AmYw{ZH$ g_mOemómMo OZH$ åhUyZ H$moUmbm ........ AmoiIbo OmVo.

A) ê$gmo ~) {hëQ>Z H$) Am°½gV H$m°åV S>) OmO© \«$Zmª{S>g

6. AmYw{ZH$ B{VhmgboIZ emómMm OZH$ Ago ......... `m§Zm åhQ>bo OmVo.

A) Am°JñV H$m°åV ~) {bAmonmoëS> a±Ho$ H$) Q>m`Ý~r S>) H$mbm©Bb

7. Universal History `m J«§WmMo boIH$ ....... hmoVo.

A) _mH©$ ãbmH$ ~) \«°$ZmX ~«m°S>ob H$) {bAmonmoëS> a±Ho$ S>) \o$~aod

XrKm}Îmar àíZ :

1. Am°JñV H$m°_À`m àma§{^H$ OrdZmda àH$me Q>mH$m ?

2. àË`jmW©dmXr {dMmam§À`m CJ_mMr nmíd© y_r {deX H$am ?

3. H$m°åVÀ`m àË`jmW©dmXr {dMmam§Mr MMm© H$am.

4. _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m {VÝhr AdñWm§Mo {díbofU H$am.

5. àË`jmW©dmXr {dMmam§Mm B{VhmgboIZmda nS>boë`m à^mdmMr MMm© H$am ?

6. {bAmonmoëS> a±Ho$À`m àË`jmW©dmXr B{Vhmg boIZmg§~§YrMr y{_H$m {deX H$am ?

7. àË`jkmZdmXr {gÕm§V ñnï> H$ê$Z Ë`mMm B{VhmgbboIZmda H$m` n[aUm_ Pmbm Ë`mMr _m§S>UrH$am ?

8. {bAmonmoëS> a±Ho$À`m B{VhmgboIZmVrb `moJXmZmMr MMm© H$am.

14

nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :

àË`jmW©dmXr : Eo{Vhm{gH$ kmZmbm d¡km{ZH$ AmYma XoÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrbm àË`jmW©dmX AgoåhUVmV. àË`jmW©dmX åhUOo {ZpíMV {Zg:g§{X½Y dmXmVrb ñdê$nmMo{Ma§VZ kmZ hmo`.

Am°JñV H$m°åV : ho _ybV: g_mOemók hmoVo Ë`m§Zr g_mOemór` g§H$ënZmÀ`m AmYmaoQ>rH$mË_H$ nÕVrZo B{VhmgmMm AÝd`mW© bmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`mMmAÝd`mW© àË`jkmZmda AmYm[aV Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`m {gÕm§Vmbm àË`jkmZdmX åhUVmV.

~) _mŠg©{eï>

C{ÔîQ>ço :

H$mb© _mŠg©À`m OrdZ MarÌmMm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm KoVm oB©b.

H$mb© _mŠg©À`m J«§W g§nXoMm _mJmodm KoVm oB©b.

_mŠg©À`m Am{W©H$, Ym{_©H$ {dMmam§Mr nmíd© y_r g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

H$mb© _mŠg© `mMm dJ©g§Kfm©Mm {dMma g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

_mŠg©àUrV _mZdr dmQ>MmbrÀ`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ AdñWm g_OyZ KoVm oVrb.

_mŠg©àUrV {damoY{dH$mg d Û§X{dH$mgr ^m¡{VH$dmXmMr _m§S>Ur H$aVm oB©b.

_mŠg©dmXr {dMmamMm ^maVr` B{Vhmgmdarb nS>boë`m à^mdmMo AdbmoH$Z H$aVm oB©b.

_mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§Mm / B{VhmgmMm Ame` ^maVr` n[ajoÌm_Ü o g_m{dï> H$aUmè`m ^maVr`g§emoYH$, {dMmad§VmÀ`m H¥$VtMr (J«§WmMr) gImob _m{hVr {_idVm oB©b.

àmñVm{dH$ :

H$mb©_mŠg© hm _wbV: B{VhmgdoÎmm hmoVm. gmå`dmX-_mŠg©dmXmMm à_oVm, AmYw{ZH$ amOH$s`

{dMmad§V AgÊ`m~amo~aM B{VhmgmÀ`m AÜ``ZmMm Zdàdmh _mŠg©dmXr àdmh {Z_m©U Ho$bm. AmYw{ZH$

15

B{VhmgboIZmV ñdV§Ì ApñVËd Xe©{dUmam B{VhmgH$ma åhUyZ _mŠg© AmoiIbm OmVmo. gm_m{OH$

nardV©ZmMo _yi {dMmam§_Üò AgVmV. EH$ Amho ao ? d Xwgam Zmhr ao ? CËnmXZmMr gmYZo Amnë`m hmVr

Agbobo Amho ao hm dJ© Zoh_rM "Zmhr ao' dJm©Mo emofU H$arV AgVmo `m g§Kfm©Mo ñdê$n Zoh_r Y_©, OmV,

dU©, g§ñH¥$Vr Aem AZoH$ ñdê$nmV {XgV Agbo Var Ë`mMo Iao ñdê$n Am{W©H$ bm^mdaM H|${ÐV AgVo.

g§nyU© _mZdr dmQ>Mmb hr g§Kfm©Mr H$hmZr Amho `m _mŠg©À`m {dMmamZo B{VhmgmMr {M{H$Ëgm H$aÊ`mMr

_mŠg©dmXm~amo~aM Zd_mŠg©dmXmMr na§nam {Z_m©U Pmbr. "JVH$mbrZ _mZdr dmQ>MmbrMo emór` nÕVrZo

{díbofU H$ê$Z "CËnmXZ nÕVr' hm gd© _mZdr ì`dhmamMm _wbmYma Amho Agm Zdm H«$m§VrH$mar {ZîH$f©

_mŠg©Zo H$mT>bm. n[aUm_V: B{VhmgmÀ`m Aä`mgmbm Zdr {Xem {_imbr. _mZdr OrdZmVrb Am{W©H$A§JmMo _hÎd AYmoao{IV H$ê$Z Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ B{Vhmg boIZmMr Zdr XmbZo ^mdr {nT>çm§gmR>rIwbr Pmbr.

OmO© {dë`_ \«o$S>[aH$ hoJob 1770-1831

H$mb© _mŠg© d \«o$S>[aH$ hoJob `m§Zr à{VnmXrV Ho$bobo _yi ñdê$nmVrb VÎdkmZ "A{^_V_mŠg©dmX' åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. OmO© {dë`_ hoJob hm ~{b©Z {dÚmnrR>m_Üò àmÜ`mnH$ hmoVm. hoJobZoñdV§Ì[aË`m Critique of positive Religion d Encylopedia of philosophical Science in

outline ho XmoZ J«§W {bhbo. hoJob _wbV: VÎdqMVH$ hmoVm. Ë`mZo ^m¡{VH$ OJmVrb A§{V_ gË`mMm emoYKoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.

hoJobMo VÎdkmZ ~w{Õ{Zï> nmVirdaMo AgyZ `m OJmV Oo Oo KS>Vo Vo gd© ~w{ÕJå` åhUOoM~w{Õbm H$iy eH$Umao Amho Am{U ~w{ÕJ_ Agbobr àË oH$ Jmoï> àË`j d dmñVd ñdê$nmMr AgVo.åhUyZM ho OJ dmñVd Amho. ^moJÊ`mgmaIo Amho. Agm ^moJdmXr {dMma hoJoboZo _m§S>bm Am{UB{Vhmgmg§~§Yr gwÕm hoJobMo {dMma dmM{Z` AmhoV.

19 ì`m eVH$mV H$mb© _mŠg© Zo _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m AZoH$ eVH$m§À`m àdmhm§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$ZOo _yb yV VÎdkmZ _m§S>bo Ë`m VÎdkmZmbmM _mŠg©dmXr VÎdkmZ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. _mŠg©Zo _mZdrOrdZmMo {díbofU H$aÊ`mMm EH$ Zdm Ñ{ï>H$moU OJmbm {Xbm Ë`mbmM _mŠg©dmX åhUVmV.

H$mb© _mŠg©Mm OÝ_ EH$m _Ü`_dJu` Á y Hw$Qw>§~mV 5 _o, 1818 amoOr O_©Zr òWrb Q>odog òVoPmbm. A{Ve` ~w{Õ_mZ AgUmè`m H$mb© _mŠg©bm ~mbnUmnmgyZM B{Vhmg, VÎdkmZ, H$m`Xm `m

16

{df`mMr AmdS> hmoVr. H$mb© _mŠg©À`m dS>rbm§Zr àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> n§W ñdrH$maë`m_wio _mŠg©À`m {dMmam§_ÜòY_m©~Ôb {VañH$ma {XgyZ òVmo. _mŠg©Mo {ejU ~m°Z d ~{b©Z {dÚmnrR>m§V Pmbo. VÎdkmZ, B{Vhmg,gm{hË` d H$m`Xm `mV àm{dÊ` {_idÊ`m~amo~aM E{nŠ`wagÀ`m VÎdkmZmda nrEM.S>r. nXdr {_idbr._mŠg©Mm _wimVM H«$m§VrH$mar {dMmam§Mm qnS> Agë`m_wio \«|$M g_mOdmXr _§S>iter d O_©ZrVrb Jwág§KQ>Zm§er g§~§Y Ambm. {edm` \$m° aÀ`m VÎdkmZmda Ho$bobr Q>rH$m, Hw$Qw>§~ì`dñWoda Ho$boë`m Q>rH$m,ñdßZmiy g_mOdmXmda Ho$bobr Q>rH$m `mMmM n[aUm_ åhUOo _mŠg©bm O_©ZrVyZ \«$mÝg, pñdËPab±S>,~oëOr`_, B§½b§S> Aem amï´>m_Üò ñWbm§Va H$amdo bmJbo. H$mhr H$mi _mŠg©Zo ìho{Zg Q>mB©_ `m d¥ÎmnÌmMmg§nmXH$ åhUyZ H$m © Ho$bo. 1844 _Üò Ë`mbm EH$ OrdbJ {_Ì oQ>bm. Vmo åhUOo \«o$S>[aH$ E§Jëg hmo`.E§OëgZo Ë`mbm ~arM Am{W©H$ _XV Ho$br. Vr n°[ag_Üò AgVmZm g_mOdmXr {dMmam§H$S>o AmH${f©V Pmbmd gmå`dmXr AW©emóm{df`rMo _mŠg©Mo qMVZ gwê$ Pmbo. H$mb© _mŠg© d \«o$S>[aH$ E§Oëg `m§Zr à{Vnm{XVHo$bobo _yi ñdê$nmVrb VÎdkmZ A{ÔmV _mŠg©dmX åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. `m ~amo~aM _mŠg©da bwB©ãb±H$, g|Q> gm`_Z, Mmëg© _oJ[aA_, A°S>_ pñ_W, ñQw>Ag© {_b `m§Mm à^md nS>bobm {XgyZ oVmo.{edm` \«|$M amÁ`H«$m§Vr, hoJobo `m§Mm àdmdhr _mŠg©da nS>bm hmoVm.

J«§Wg§nXm :

gZ 1867 _Üò "Xmg H°$nrQ>b' `m J«§WmMm n{hbm ^mJ _mŠg©Zo {b{hbm Omo \«o$S>[aH$ E§OëgÀ`m_XVrZo {bhrbm. hm J«§W gmå`dmXr {dMmam§Mm AmÚJ«§W _mZbm OmVmo. H$mhr dfm©Z§Va `m C^` boIH$m§Zr"gmå`dmXmMm OmhraUm_m' hm J«§W {bhrbm. `m XmoÝhr J«§Wm_Ü o _mŠg©À`m VÎdqMVZmMo d amOH$s`{dMmam§Mo gmao {dMmaYZ gm_mdbo Amho. gmå`dmXr VÎdqMVZmMo AmYma J«§W åhUyZ `m J«§WmMm C„oIhmoVmo. Ë`mZ§Va "nmdQ>u Am°\$ {\$bmgm°nr' hm J«§Whr _mŠg©Zo {bhrbm. `m_Ü o \«$mÝg_Yrb KQ>Zm§Mo{díbofU Ho$bobo Amho. Ë`m{edm` AW©emóm{df`r _yb yV qMVZ H$aUmao {bImU åhUyZ Ë`mZo {bhboë`mValue price and profit `m J«§WmMm {ZX}e H$amdm bmJob. Ë`mMà_mUo Contribution to the Critique

of Political Economy hm J«§W hr _mŠg©À`m amOH$s` AW©emómMo {ddoMZ H$aUmam J«§W Amho. {edm`Revolution of and Counter Revolution `m J«§WmVhr _mŠg©Zo H«$m§Vr Am{U à{VH«$m§VrÀ`m {dMmamMo{dñVmamZo {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho.

`m{edm` _mŠg©Zo doimodoir AZoH$ {Q>nUo {bhrbr d Ë`mVyZ g_H$mbrZ n[apñWVrda ^mî` Ho$bo.Ë`mM~amo~a g_H$mbrZ g§ñWoda CXm. Y_©g§ñWm, Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm BË`mXrda Q>rH$m {Q>nUr Ho$br. ^maVmÀ`m

17

ñdmV§Í` bT>çmg§~§Yr Ë`mMr {dYmZo hr _hÎdnyU© AmhoV. `m EH§$XarVM gd© J«§Wm_YyZ _mŠg©Zo A{Ve`_wbJm_r {dMma _m§S>bo. CXm. "A{V[aº$ _yë`mMm {gÕm§V', "Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmX' `m{edmèmgZ §ÌZoVrb Xm§{^H$nUm `mda naIS> _Vo ì`º$ H$ê$Z à{VH«$m§VrMm Zmam {Xbm. H$m_Jma d ^m§S>dbXma`m§À`mVrb g§Kfm©bm dmQ> _moH$ir H$ê$Z {Xbr. O_©Zr, \«$mÝg, B§½b§S> `m amï>m_Yrb amOH$s`, Am{W©H$,gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ ì`dñWobm d¡Mm[aH$ A{Yð>mZ àmá H$ê$Z {Xbo. {edm` (1) {damoY{dH$mg,(2) B{VhmgmMm ^m¡{VH$ AÝd`mW©, (3) gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ ~XbmMo J{Vemó, (4) ^m§S>dbemhrg_mOì`dñWoMo {díbofU, (5) l_ _yë` {gÕm§V, (6) dJ©g§Kfm©Mm {gÕm§V, (7) H$m_Jma H«$m§VrH$m_Jma gÎmm, (8) gmå`dmXr AdñWm `mdê$Z H$mb© _mŠg©À`m d¡Mm[aH$ A{Yð>mZmMr H$ënZm òVo.EH§$XarVM O_©Zr, \«$mÝg, B§½b§S> `m amï>mbm d `wamonÀ`m amOH$s`, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ OrdZmbm T>diyZH$mT>Umam {dMma _mŠg©Zo 19 ì`m eVH$mbm {Xbm. Ë`m {dMmamVyZ à{VH«$m§VrMo dmao dmhÿ bmJbo Oo \$º$`wamonnwaVoM _`m©{XV ZìhVo Va g§nyU© OJâ `m {dMmamZo _mZdmÀ`m OrdZmbm à^m{dV Ho$bo. AmOhr `m{dMmam§_Üò WmoS>m\$ma \o$a\$ma H$aV H$mimÀ`mZwgma hm _mŠg©Mm {dMma Ord§V R>odÊ`mgmR>r PQ>Umè`m{nT>çmhr Amnë`mbm nhmd`mg {_iVmV.

Á`m H$mbI§S>mV _mŠg©Zo Amnbo {dMma _m§S>bo Vmo H$mbI§S> OmJ{VH$ amOH$maUm_Üò A{Ve`YH$mYH$sÀ`m, YmdnirMm H$mbI§S> hmoVm. AmQ>mo_Z amo_Z gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m èhmgmZ§Va `wamonmV gwê$ Pmboë`mà~moYZmZo VH©${Zð> Aem ~wÕràm_mÊ`dmÚm§Mr EH$ na§namM {Z_m©U Ho$br. Á`mVyZ AmYw{ZH$ {dMma _m§S>boJobo. B{VhmgmÀ`m JVH$mbrZ dmQ>MmbrMmM Zìho Va EHy$UM ^m¡{VH$ OJmMm AÝd`mW© bmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ_mŠg©Zo Ho$bm. _mŠg©À`m `m VÎdkmZmbm "Û§X{dH$mgr ^m¡{VH$dmX' åhUVmV. _mŠg©À`m _Vo, Y_© åhUOoA§YlÕoVyZ _mZdr dV©UwH$sda dM©ñdJmOdUmar EH$ H$ënZm hmo . _mŠg©Vo {dYmZ Y_© hr A\y$Mr JmoirAmho. Y_m©da {Q>H$m H$aÊ`m_mJo _mŠg©Mr amOH$s` n[apñWVrda Q>rH$m H$aUo hr y{_H$m hmoVr. Criticism

to Religion is the precondition of all political Criticism. _mŠg©À`m _Vo, Y_© g_mOmVrbAmdaU Amho nm`m Zìho. Iam nm`m Am{W©H$ {hVg§~§Y hmM Amho. Y_© hr H$ënZmM _wir Am{W©H$Mm¡H$Q>rVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbr.

B{VhmgmÀ`m g§X^m©V _mŠg©Zo _m§S>bobo {dMma :

H$mb© _mŠg©Zo B{VhmgmMr _m§S>Ur Á`m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Ho$br. Ë`m _m§S>UrÀ`m àdmhmbm _mŠg©dmXrB{Vhmg boIZ åhQ>bo OmVo Am{U `m Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ Oa àËòH$ amï´>mZo Amnmnë`m B{VhmgmMo n[a{ebZ Ho$bo

18

Va B{VhmgmVrb AZoH$ _hÎdnyU© KQ>H$m§Mr _m{hVr Zì`mZo COoS>mV òB©b. _mŠg©À`m _VmZwgma, _mZdrB{VhmgmMm AmoK hm EImÚm g§WnUo dmhUmè`m ZXrgmaIm Zmhr Va Ë`m_Üò âVr-AmohmoQ>r, MT> CVmaMmby AmhoV. H$mhr H$mi EH$ à{H«$`m MmbVo Z§Va {VMr à{V{H«$`m hmoVo d Ë`m XmohmoVyZ EH$ g_Ýd` gmYbmOmVmo Am{U hrM Jmoï> _mZdr B{Vhmgm_Üò Ñ{ï>jonmg òVo `m d Aem AZoH$ nañna{damoYr KQ>Zm§_YyZB{VhmgmMm AmoK MmbV amhVmo. H$mbH«$_mZo EH$m_mJyZ EH$ dJ© gÎmoda oVmV d àËòH$ dJm©V Oo XmofAgVmV Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr gÎmodê$Z hH$mbnÅ>r hmoVo Am{U Ë`mZ§VaMm à^mdr dJ© gÎmoda oVmo. _Jga§Om_emhr Z§Va ^m§S>dbemhr, ^m§S>dbemhr Z§Va H$m_Jmam§Mo amÁ` Aem àH$mao Eo{Vhm{gH$ gÎmm§VamMrà{H«$`m _mŠg©Zo Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrÀ`m n[a^mfoV Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§Mm AW© bmdbm. CËnmXZm§Mr gmYZo Ë`m_mbH$m§À`m _mbH$sMr AgVmV. Ë`m§Mo BVam§da amOH$s` dM©ñd AgVo. ga§Om_emhr_Üò eoVr hoCËnmXZmMo gmYZ Agë`m_wio O_rZ_mbH$m§À`m hmVr amOH$s` gÎmm hmoVr. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZ§Va ^m§S>dbho CËnmXZmMo gmYZ Pmë`m_wio ^m§S>dXmam§H$S>o hr gÎmm Jobr ho gÎmm§VaU Zoh_r EH$mdJm©H$Sy>Z Xwgè`mdJm©H$S>o OmV AgVo. CËnmXZm_wio Mma àH$maMo g§~§Y {Z_m©U hmoVmV. AJXr Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`mVyZ hiyhiy"Amho ao, Zmhr ao' qH$dm emofH$-emofrV Agm dJ©g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoVmo. hm g§Kf© Zoh_r MmbVM AgVmo.B{VhmgmVrb qH$dm Eo{Vhm{gH$ J{V{ebVm _mŠg©Zo _m§Sy>Z Ë`mÀ`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ {dMmagaUr_mJrbgm_m{OH$ ~XbmVrb J{Vemó bjmV KodyZM B{VhmgH$mam§Zm Eo{Vhm{gH$ _m§S>Ur H$amdr bmJVo. _mZdràJVr hr gVV hmoV amhUma ho _mŠg©Zo _mÝ`M Ho$bo Am{U _mŠg©Zo Amnë`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ {dMmamMr nwU©V:{^ñV Z¡g{J©H$ àJVrÀ`m Anarhm`©Voda R>odbr. _mZdmZo g§J«hrV Ho$boë`m ~hþ_yë` Aem CËnmXZm§Mm nyU©Cn`moJ \$º$ g_mOdmXr ì`dñWoVM hmody eHo$b Ago _mŠg©Mo _V hmoVo.

H$mb© _mŠg©Zo Amnë`m VÎdkmZm_Ü o l_mbm Iyn _moR>o _hÎd {Xbo. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo, CËnmXZmVl_mMm dmQ>m Iyn _moR>m AgyZ l_m_wioM dñVybm qH$_V oVo, _yë` òVo Am{U dñVyMo _yë` åhUOoMg_mOmVrb l_mMo ApñVËd hmo`. `mM {gÕm§VmÀ`m AmYmao _mŠg©Zo A{V[aº$ _yë`mÀ`m {gÕm§VmMr _m§S>UrHo$br. H$m_Jmam§Zm OodT>o doVZ {Xbo nm{hOo VodT>o {Xbo OmV Zmhr. H$m_Jmam§Zm H$_r doVZ {Xbo OmVo.^m§S>dbXma hr a¸$_ Or _wimV H$m_Jmam§Mr Amho Vr Xwgè`m ì`dgm`mV Jw§V{dVmo. CÚmoJmgmR>r dmnaVmo dgVV H$m_JmamMr {nidUyH$ hmoV AgVo.

H$mb© _mŠg©Zo dJ©g§Kfm©g§~§YrMo {dMmahr AJXr AmJ«hr d AmH«$_H$ nÕVrZoM _m§S>bo AgyZË`m§À`m _Vo, Hw$R>ë`mhr g_mOì`dñWoV A§VJ©V g§Kf© AgVmoM Am{U g§Kf© JQ>mJQ>m§_Üò dJm©dJm©_ÜòAgVmo Am{U ho JQ> Am{W©H$ CËnmXZmÀ`m {df_ à{H«$ò_Üò {Z_m©U Pmbobo AgVmV. CXm. Am¡Úmo{JH$`wJm_Üò H$m_Jma hm Oar ñdV§Ì {XgV Agbm Var Vmo ñdV§Ì ZgVmo. Vmo H$maImZXma, ^m§S>dbXmamH$Sy>Z

19

gmVË`mZo âS>bm OmV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio OJmMm B{Vhmg hm Xwgao {Vgao H$mhr ZgyZ dJ©g§Kfm©Mm B{Vhmg

Amho Ago _mŠg©Mo _V Amho. Ë`m_wio gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Zmbm dJ©M O~m~Xma AgyZ g_mOm_Üò dJ©M

H«$m§Vr H$ê$ eH$VmV. Ë`m_wio g_mOm_Ü o g_mOdmXr ì`dñWm H«$m§VrÀ`m _mJm©ZoM òB©b `mda _mŠg©Mm

R>m_ {dídmg hmoVm. dJ©H$bhmMm AmboI åhUOo B{Vhmg AgyZ Am{W©H$ àíZM g_mOmMm nm`m AmhoV.

JVH$mbrZ _mZdr dmQ>MmbrÀ`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ AdñWm _mŠg©Zo gm§{JVë`m Ë`m Imbrbà_mUo -

1. n{hbr AdñWm : àmMrZ gmå`dmX

2. Xwgar AdñWm : Jwbm_{JarMm H$mbI§S>

3. {Vgar AdñWm : ga§Om_emhrMm H$mbI§S>

4. Mm¡Wr AdñWm : ^m§S>dbemhrMm H$mbI§S>

5. nmMdr AdñWm : g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZoMm H$mbI§S>

`m nmM AdñWm§Mo _mŠg©Zo AJXr g{dñVa {díbofU H$ê$Z doJdoJù`m H$mbI§S>m_Üò CËnmXZ

nÕVr, CËnmXZmMo V§Ì Ë`mdarb _mbH$s `mVyZM {Z_m©U Pmbobo XmoZ dJ© Am{U Ë`m§À`mVrb g§Kfm©Mr

_m§S>Ur _mŠg©Zo H$ê$Z A§{V_Vm g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZoÀ`m H$mbI§S>m_Üò gd© g_mO EH$OrZgr hmodyZ

dJ© Zï> hmoVrb. ^m§S>dbXma dJ©M amhUma Zmhr. g§nÎmrdarb d¡`{º$H$ h¸$M g§nob `m Eo{Vhm{gH$

VÎdkmZmVyZ _mŠg©Zo JVH$mbrZ g_mOmÀ`m dmQ>MmbrMo {MÌ aoImQy>Z _mZdr dmQ>Mmb åhUOo g§Kfm©Mr

H$hmUr Amho Aer y{_H$m KoVbr. dJ©H$bh à{V{Xbm `m dJ©H$bhmÀ`m ñdê$nmÀ`m dV©ZmMm emoY KodyZ

_mŠg©Zo B{VhmgmÀ`m VÎdkmZmMr [Z{_©Vr Ho$br.

ì`mKmVmMm {Z`_ (Law of Contradiction) :

_mŠg©À`m ^m¡{VH$dmXr {gÕm§VmMm _yi AmYma hm ì`mKmVmMm {gÕm§V {Z`_ hmo . `m ^m¡{VH$dmXr

OJmÀ`m dmQ>MmbrV nmdbmonmdbr {damoYm^mg OmUdVmo. {ZgJ©V: gJirH$S>o nmdbmonmdbr {damoYm^mg

âbobm AgyZ hm {damoY ì`mKmVr AgyZ {damoYr ^mgUmè`m JQ>m§_Ü o g§Kf© CX² dVmo d Ë`mVM {damoY

H$aUmam, gm_mdyZ OmVmo hrM Jmoï> {damoYm^mgmË_H$ ^mgVo. Aem {damoYm^mgmVyZM ^m¡{VH$ OJmVrb

dmQ>Mmb KS>V AgVo.

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ZmH$mamMm ZH$ma (Law of Nagation) :

n[adV©ZmÀ`m à{H«$ oV gVV H$moUVr Var AdñWm, Jmoï> ZmH$mabr OmVo d Zì`mbm AmH$ma òVmo hrZH$mamMr à{H«$`mXoIrb H$mhr {Z`_mZwgma KS>Vo. ZmH$mabr Jobobr Jmoï> nyU©nUo Zï> Z hmoVm Vr Zì`m ê$nmVn[adVuV hmoVo ho n[adV©Z åhUOo EH$ AdñWm g§nyZ Zdr AdñWm {Z_m©U hmoUo d nwÝhm hr Zdr AdñWmZmH$mabr OmUo hr n6{H«$`m gVV KS>V amhUo. hm ^m¡{VH$ OJmMm {Z`_ ZH$mamMm ZH$ma `m _mÜ`_mVyZ_mŠg©Zo OJmg_moa _m§S>bm.

{damoY {dH$mgdmX, Û§X {dH$mgr ^m¡{VH$dmX :

_mŠg©Zo hoJobMm Û§ÛmË_H$ {dH$mgmMm {gÕm§V Xwê$ñV H$ê$Z nm`mda C^m Ho$bm. _mŠg©Zo hoJobÀ`m{gÕm§Vm_Üò ApñVËdmV AgUmar AÜ`mpË_H$ g§H$ënZm ZmH$mê$Z ^m¡{VH$ VÎdmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Û§X{dH$mgr ^m¡{VH$dmX C^m Ho$bm. Ë`m_wioM hoJob nojm _mŠg© dmñVddmXr R>aVmo H$maU Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§Zm_ybmYma _mZyZ ^m¡{VH$ OJmVrb pñWË`|VamMo n[adV©ZmMo {ddoMZ Ho$bo. _mŠg©Zo A_w©V Aem g§H$ënZmVyZì`º$ hmoUmam {dMma ZmH$mê$Z B{Vhmgm{df`r nyU©V: ^m¡{VH$ {díbofU _m§S>bo. Y_©, AmXe©dmX, na_gV_yV©, A_wV© H$ënZm§Zm H$gbmM Wmam {Xbm Zmhr.

OJmVrb gmao g§Kf© ho ^m¡{VH$ dñVy§À`m gmYZmÀ`m àmárgmR>rM AgVmV. `m ^m¡{VH$ dñVy§dê$ZM_mZdr g_mOmMo g§~§Y {ZpíMV hmoV AgVmV. Ym{_©H$ g§~§Y hoM g_mOmMo g_mOaMZoMo _yi AmYma AmhoVAgo à{VnmXZ H$aV _mŠg©Zo B{VhmgmMo Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm {díbofU H$ê$Z Û§X{dH$mgr ^m¡{VH$dmXmÀ`m_mÜ`_mVyZ OmJ{VH$ B{VhmgmMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br.

_mŠg©dmXmMm ^maVr` B{Vhmgmda nS>bobm à^md :

_mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§Mm Iyn _moR>m à^md ^maVr` B{VhmgH$mam§da nS>bobm {XgyZ òVmo. _mŠg©Zo^maVr` amï>r` Am§XmobZmMo {ddoMZhr Ho$bobo Amho. Ë`m§Zr B§J«Or amÁ`H$Ë`mªda CKS> Amamon Ho$bo hmoVo.H$mb© _mŠg©À`m qMVZmVyZ yVH$mim_Üò nmhÊ`mMr EH$ ZdÑï>r AmYw{ZH$ B{VhgH$mam§Zm {_imbr Am{UB{Vhmg åhUOo Ho$di amOKamÊ`mMm CX` Am{U AñV ZgyZ gm_mÝ`mMr OrdZ g§Kfm©Mr JmWm Amho. `m{dMmamMr y{_H$m _Zmer ~miJyZ ^maVm_Üò AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI§S>m_Üò B{VhmgboIZmbm gwê$dmV Pmbr.JVH$mimVrb gm_mÝ` _mUgm§Mr {nidUyH$, XwamdñWm, Ë`m§À`mda hmoUmam AÝ`m` hm B{VhmgmÀ`m

21

Aä`mgmMm, g§emoYZmMm hmodyZ _mŠg©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$mo_mVyZ B{VhmgmMo {díbofU Ho$bo Omdy bmJbo. _mŠg©Zo

gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§Mr {__m§gm H$aVm§Zm ^m¡{VH$ Jmoï>rda â {Xbm hmM hoVy S>moù`mg_moa R>odyZ ^maVr`

B{Vhmg {bhÊ`mMm à`ËZ Imbrb B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Ho$bm. H$mb© _mŠg©À`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmXr

{dMmaàUmbrZo à^mdrV Pmbobo H$mhr ^maVr` B{VhgH$ma _mŠg©À`m {gÕm§VmÀ`m AmYmao ^maVr`

B{VhmgmMo AÜ``Z H$ê$ bmJbo. _mÌ ho gd© B{VhmgH$ma nmoWr{ZñQ> _mŠg©dmXr ZmhrV. ^maVm_Üò

_mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgboIZmbm MmbZm B.g. 1950 Z§Va {_imbr `m _mŠg©dmXr boIZàdmhmZo ^maVm_Üò

B{VhmgmMo g§emoYZ H$aÊ`m~amo~aM _mŠg©dmXmÀ`m AmYmao nwZ_w©ë`m§H$Z H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.

àma§ rÀ`m H$mimV lrnmX A_¥V S>m§Jo `m§Mm From Primitive Communisn to Slavery

VgoM aOZr nmg XÎm `m§Mm India Today ho J«§W _hÎdnyU© AmhoV. VX²Z§VaÀ`m _mŠg©dmXr B{Vhmg

boIH$m§À`m {nT>r_Üò S>m°. Zwê$b hgZ, S>m°. am_ eaU e_m©, S>m°. amo{_bm Wmna, S>m°. ha~Ýg _w{I`m, S>m°.

_hå_X h~r~, S>m°. Ba\$mZ h~r~, S>m°. {~nZ M§Ð hr Zmdo {deof C„oIZr` AgyZ `m _mŠg©dmXr

boIH$m§À`m, B{VhmgH$mam§À`m _wbJm_r g§emoYZm_wio ^maVr` B{Vhmgmbm J{V{ebVm àmá Pmbr.

àm. am_eaU e_m© `m§À`m gd©M J«§WmMm g_mMma KoUo eŠ` Zmhr _mÌ B§{S>`Z â`yS>°{bP_ `m

J«§Wm_Üò ^maVm_Yrb ga§Om_emhrMm CX²J_ d {dH$mgmda ^mî` Ho$bo. bmB©Q> Am°Z Abu B§{S> Z

gmogm`Q>r A°ÝS> BH$m°Z_r `m J«§WmV gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. B.g. 1776

_Üò "E H$moS> Am°\$ JoÝQy> bm°O' `m J«§WmV gm_m{OH$ B{VhmgmMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br.

S>m°. Xm_moYa Y_m©Z§X H$mogm§~r :

`m§Zr Amnbm J«§W "A°Z BÝQ>m°S>°ŠeZ Qy> {X ñQ>S>r Am°\$ {hñQ>r' `m J«§Wm_Ü o Û§XmË_H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m

{gÕm§VmMm dmna H$ê$Z àmMrZ ^maVmMo {díbofU Ho$bo.

S>m°. amo{_bm Wmna :

`m§ZrgwÕm _mŠg©dmXr à^mdmVyZ ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZ Ho$bo. ^maVm_Yrb O_mVdmX, Y_©dmX,

àm§VdmX ho B{VhmgboIZm_Ü o AS>Wio {Z_m©U H$aVmV `mMr OmUrd R>odyZ lr_Vr Wmna `m§Zr ^maVr`

B{Vhmg boIZmVrb g_ñ`m§Mm emoY KoUmam J«§W {bhbm d Amnë`m B{Vhmg boIZmbm Am{W©H$

gm_m{OH$, d¡Mm[aH$ ~¡R>H$ {Xbr. "{gÀ wEqQ>J B§{S>`Z {hñQ>r' `m J«§Wm_Ü o _mŠg©Mm Û§XmË_H$ {dH$mgmMm

{gÕm§V ^maVmÀ`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmQ>Mmbr_Üò H$gm ~gdVm òB©b `mMm {dMma Ho$bm.

22

S>m°. Ba\$mZ h~r~ :

"{X AJ«o[a`Z {gñQ>r_ Am°\$ AmoJb B§[S>`m' `m J«§WmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmÀ`mB{VhmgmMo nwZb}IZ _mŠg©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Ho$bo d _Ü` wJrZ ^maVmMr dmQ>Mmb dJ©g§Kfm©VM Pmbr. hmAm{W©H$ {dMma _mŠg©dmXr n[aàoú`mVyZ _m§S>bm.

S>m°. gw{_V gaH$ma :

`m§Zr Amnë`m "_m°S>Z© B§{S>`m' `m J«§WmV Ë`m~amo~aM "ñdXoer _wìh_|Q> BZ ~|Jmb' d BVaJ«§Wm_Üò _mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§Mo {~OmamonZ Ho$bo.

`m~amo~aM àm. _h_X h~r~, S>m°. {~nrZM§Ð, aOZr nm_XÎm, S>m°. E. Ama. XogmB©, A{Iboe{ÌnmR>r, lrnmX A_¥V S>m§Jo, _mZd|ÐZmW am° `m§Zr Amnmnë`m àËòH$ H¥$Vr_YyZ, {ddoMZm_YyZ _mŠg©dmXrB{VhmgmMm Ame` ^maVr` narjoÌm_Üò g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm {XgyZ oVmo.

gmam§e :

1. _mŠg©Zo B{VhmgmMr ì`m»`m Am{W©H$ ~m~rÀ`m g§X~m©V Ho$br d Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>bm H$s,dJ©H$bhm{edm` B{Vhmgmbm Xwgam {df` Zmhr. gd© g§Kfm©À`m _wimer Am{W©H$ ì`dhmaAgVmV hmM _mŠg©À`m {gÕm§VmMm _w»` AmYma Amho.

2. B{VhmgmMr CÞV AdñWm åhUOo g_mOm_Ü o H$m_Jma dJm©Mo ApñVËd à~i Ho$bo.

3. g_mOm_Üò ApñVËdmV AgUmam dJ©g§Kf© ho B{VhmgmMo VÎd Amho.

4. _mŠg©Zo Amnbm {gÕm§V Omo Û§X{dH$mg åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo `mMr C^maUr {Z{_©VrMo VÎd d{dVaUmMr nÕVr `m§À`m Am{W©H$ g§~§Ymda C^m Ho$bm.

5. _mZdr g_mOmÀ`m gd© ì`dhmam_mJo Am{W©H$ hoVy_ybH$VoMm {gÕm§V Amho Agm {dMma _mŠg©Zo_m§S>bm `mbmM Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmX åhQ>bo OmVo.

6. _mZdr {dH$mgmÀ`m à{H$6òV Jwbm_{Jar, ga§Om_gmhr d ^m§S>dbemhr Aem VrZ à_wI AdñWmAmhoV.

7. _mŠg©À`m Am{W©H$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ {díbofUm_wio B{VhmgboIZ amOH$s` d Ym{_©H$ gmÀ`mVyZ ~mhoanSy>Z B{VhmgmÀ`m H$jm ê§$Xmdë`m.

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_mŠg©Zo Am{W©H$ Ñï>rZo B{VhmgboIZ H$ê$Z B{Vhmgmbm EH$ ZdÑï>r, Zd_mÜ`_ àmá H$ê$Z {XboË`m§À`m B{Vhmg{df`H$ qMVZmVyZ ^m¡{VH$ OJmVrb dmQ>Mmbrg§~§Yr emídV {dMma _m§S>bo Jobo.


1. H$mb© _mŠg©À`m dS>rbm§Zr H$moUVm n§W ñdrH$mabm ?

CÎma : àmoQ>oñQ>§Q>

2. _mŠg© `m§Zr H$moUmÀ`m VÎdkmZmda nrEM.S>r. {_i{dbr `

CÎma : E{nŠ`wag

3. gmå`dmXr {dMmam§Mm AmÚJ«§W åhUyZ H$moUVm J«§W AmoiIbm OmVmo ?

CÎma : Xmg H°$nrQ>b

4. _mŠg© d \«o$S>[aH$ E§OëgÀ`m VÎdqMVZmMo amOH$s` {dMmam§Mo {dMmaYZ H$moUË`m J«§WmV gm_mdboAmho.

CÎma : gmå`dmXmMm OmhraZm_m

5. _mŠg©Mm amOH$s` AW©emómMo {ddoMZ H$aUmam J«§W H$moUVm ?

CÎma : Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy

6. ^maVm_Ü o _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgboIZmbm MmbZm H|$ìhm {_imbr ?

CÎma : 1950 Z§Va

7. S>m°. Xm_moYa Y_m©Z§X H$mog§~r `m§Zr H$moUË`m J«§Wm_Ü`o Û§XmË_H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m {gÕm§VmMm dmnaHo$bm Amho ?

CÎma : A°Z BÝQ´>m°S>°ŠeZ Qy> {X ñQ>S>r Am°\$ {hñQ´>r

8. ñdXoer _wh_|Q> BZ ~|Jmb `m nwñVH$mMo boIH$ H$moU AmhoV ?

CÎma : S>m°. gw{_V gaH$ma

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9. S>m°. gw{_V gaH$ma `m§Zr Amnë`m H$moUË`m J«§Wm_Ü`o _mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§Mo {~OmamonU Ho$bo ?

CÎma : _m°S>©Z B§{S> m

`mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z {dYmZo nyU© H$am.

1. 5 _o 1818 amoOr H$mb© _mŠg© `m§Mm OÝ_ ......... `m amï>mV Pmbm.

A) BQ>br ~) OnmZ H$) B§½b§S> S>) O_©Zr

2. .......... `m dV©_mZnÌmMo g§nmXH$ åhUyZ _mŠg©Zo H$m_ Ho$bo.

A) b§S>Z Q>mB©åg ~) ìho{Zg Q>mBågH$ H$) A_o[aH$Z Q>mB©åg S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr

3. "Xmg H°$nrQ>b' `m J«§WmMm n{hbm ^mJ _mŠg©Zo ...... `mdfu {bhrbm.

A) 1867 ~) 1868 H$) 1869 S>) 1880

4. Revolution to and Counter Revolution `m J«§WmMo boIZ ...... `m§Zr Ho$bo.

A) \o«$S>[aH$ E§Oëg ~) H$mb© _mŠg© H$) Ama.gr. XÎm S>) gw{_V gaH$ma

5. From primitive communism to slavery hm J«§W .......... `m§Zr {bhbm ?

A) aOZr XÎm ~) lrnmX S>m§Jo H$) Ama.Eg. e_m© S>) Ba\$mZ h~rn

6. India Today `m J«§WmMo boIZ ........... `m§Zr Ho$bo.

A) aOZr XÎm ~) {~nrZM§Ð H$) Ama.Eg. e_m© S>) Ba\$mZ h~r~

7. "B§{S>`Z ß`wS>°{bP_' `m J«§WmMo boIZ ....... `m§Zr Ho$bo ?

A) àm. am_eaU e_m© ~) àm. Am{e©dmXrbmb lrdmñVd

H$) Ba\$mZ h~r~ S>) S>m°. _wê$b hgZ

8. "E H$moS> Am°\$ JoÝQy> bm°O' hm J«§W ......... `m§Zr {bhbm ?

A) S>m°. gw{_V gaH$ma ~) àm. am_eaU e_m©

H$) S>r. S>r. H$mog§~r S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr

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9. "{gÀ wEqQ>J B§{S>`Z {hñQ>r' hm J«§W .......... `m§Zr {bhbm ?

A) S>m°. gw{_V gaH$ma ~) amo{_bm Wmna

H$) S>r. S>r. H$mog§~r S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr

10. {X AJ«ar`Z {gñQ>r_ Am°\$ _moJb B§{S>`m `m J«§Wm_YyZ S>m°. Ba\$mZ h~r~ `m§Zr ......... H$mbrZ^maVr` B{VhmgmMo nwZ©boIZ Ho$bo Amho.

A) àmMrZ ~) _Ü`H$mbrZ H$) AmYw{ZH$ S>) g_H$mbrZ

àíZ :

1. H$mb© _mŠg©À`m nyd©M[aÌmMr MMm© H$am ?

2. _mŠg©À`m J«§Wg§nXoMr MMm© H$am ?

3. H$mb© _mŠg©À`m Ym{_©H$ {dMmam§da àH$me Q>mH$m ?

4. _mŠg©À`m dJ©g§Kfm©À`m _m§S>UrMr {M{H$Ëgm H$am ?

5. _mZdr dmQ>MmbrÀ`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ AdñWm§Mr gImob _m§S>Ur H$am.

6. ^maVr` B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Ho$boë`m _ybJm_r _mŠg©dmXr B{Vhmg qMVZmMr {M{H$Ëgm H$am.

7. _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgmMm Ame` ^maVr` narjoÌm_Ü`o g_m{dð> H$aUmè`m g§emoYH$mÀ`m /B{VhmgH$mam§À`m H¥$VrMr MMm© H$am ?

nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :

Û§X{dH$mgr ^m¡{VH$dmX : H$mb© _mŠg© `mZo B{VhmgmÀ`m JVH$mbrZ dmQ>MmbrMmM Zìho VaEHy$U ^m¡{VH$ OJmMm bmdbobm AÝd`mW© åhUOoM Û§X{dH$mgr^m¡{VH$dmX hmo`.

_mŠg©dmXr VÎdkmZ : 19 ì`m eVH$mV H$mb© _mŠg©Zo _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m AZoH$ eVH$mÀ`màdmhmMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Oo _wb yV VÎdkmZ _m§S>bo Ë`m VÎdkmZmbmM_mŠg©dmXr VÎdkmZ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.

26

A{ÔmV _mŠg©dmX : H$mb© _mŠg© d \o$S>[aH$ E§Oëg `m§Zr à{Vnm{XV Ho$bobo _wi VÎdkmZA{ÔmV _mŠg©dmX åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.

A{V[aº$ _yë`mMm {gÕm§V : CËnmXZmV l_mMm dmQ>m Iyn _moR>m AgyZ l_m_wioM dñVybm qH$_VòVo. dñVyMo _yë` åhUOoM g_mOmVrb l_mMo ApñVËd hmo . `mM{gÕm§VmÀ`m AmYmao _mŠg©Zo A{V[aº$ _yë`mÀ`m {gÕm§VmMr _m§S>UrHo$br.

dJ©g§Kf© : dJ©g§Kfm©g§~§Yr _mŠg©Zo Amnbo {dMma AJXr AmH«$_H$ nÕVrZo_m§S>bo. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, Hw$R>ë`mhr g_mOì`dñWoV A§VJ©V g§Kf©AgVmoM hm g§Kf© JQ>mJQ>m§_Ü o dJm©dJm©_Ü o AgVmo Am{U ho JQ>Am{W©H$ CËnmXZmÀ`m {df_ à{H«$ o_wio {Z_m©U Pmbobo AgVmV. CXm.H$maImZXma, ^m§S>dbXmamH$Sy>Z H$m_Jma gmVË`mZo âS>bm OmVmo.Ë`m_wio OJmMm B{Vhmg Xwgao {Vgao H$mhr ZgyZ dJ©g§Kfm©Mm B{VhmgAmho.

ì`mKmVmMm {Z`_ : _mŠg©Mm ^m¡{VH$dmXr {gÕm§VmMm _wi AmYma hm ì`mKmVmMm {Z`_AgyZ `m ^m¡{VH$dmXr OJmÀ`m dmQ>MmbrV nmdbmonmdbr {damoYm^mgOmUdVmo. {ZgJ©V. gJirH$S>o {damoYm^mg âbobm AgyZ hm {damoYì`mKmVr AgyZ {damoYr ^mgUmè`m JQ>m_Üò g§Kf© CX²^dVmo Agm{damoYm^mgmVyZM OJmVrb dmQ>Mmb KS>V AgVo.

ZH$mamMm ZH$ma (Law of Negation) : n[adV©ZmÀ`m à{H«$òV gVV H$moUVrVar AdñWm, {dMma Jmoï>ZmH$mabr OmVo d Zì`mbm AmH$ma òVmo hr ZH$mamMr à{H«$`mXoIrbH$mhr {Z`_mZwgmaM hmoV AgVo. ZmH$mabr Jobobr Jmoï> hr nwU©V: Zï>Z hmoVm Zì`m ê$nmV n[adVuV hmoVo d nwÝhm hr AdñWm ZmH$mabr OmVoåhUOoM hr à{H«$`m gVV KS>V amhUo hm ^m¡{VH$ OJmMm {Z`_åhUOoM ZH$mamMm ZH$ma _mŠg©Zo _m§S>bm.

27

(H$) A°Zëg

C{ÔîQ>ço :

A°Zmbñ {dMma àdmhmÀ`m CX`mMm AmT>mdm KoVm oB©b.

A°Zmëg {dMma àdmhmMr {dMmagaUr g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

A°Zmëg {dMma àdmhmMm Am§Va{dÚmemór` Ñ{ï>H$moU g_Oob.

A°Zmëg {dMma na§naoMm hoVy d y{_H$m bjmV oB©b.

A°ZmëgMr B{Vhmg{df`H$ y{_H$m bjmV òB©b.

A°Zmëg na§naoVrb à_wI B{VhmgH$ma d Ë`m§À`m H¥$VrMr _m{hVr g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

àñVmdZm :

A°Zmëg B{VhmgboIZ na§nam hr B{VhmgboIZ, g§emoYZm_Yrb EH$ ZdrZ d _ybV:Am§Va{dÚmemór` na§nam Amho. Or {Zìdi VÏ`mË_H$, H$WZmË_H$, {ZdoXZe¡br qH$dm amOH$s` dM[aÌmË_H$ {df`m§Zm ~mOybm gmê$Z R>am{dH$ g_OyVrnbrH$S>rb _mZdr ApñVËdmÀ`m doJdoJù`mKQ>H$m§Zm gm_mdyZ KoVo. A°Zmëg VÎdkmZmbm {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© \«|$M {dMmad§Vm§Zr Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr 20ì`m eVH$m_Ü o A°Zmëg {bImZmbm {d{eï> VÎdkmZmË_H$ ~¡R>H$ {Xbr.

\«$mÝg_Yrb Agm EH$ JQ> Omo B{VhmgmMo {df` d C{Ôï> `m~m~V H$mhr g_mZ J¥{hVHo$_mUÊ`m~amo~aM g§b¾ d CnemIr` kmZjoÌmVrb H$m¡eë` d gmYZo AmË_gmV H$ê$Z g§emoYZmÀ`mZdZdrZ dmQ>m {Z_m©U H$aUmam JQ> qH$dm àdmh åhUOoM A°Zmëg hmo`. A°Zmëg {dMmaàdmh, g§emoYZàdmh hm g_J« qH$dm gd©g_mdoeH$ {dMma A§{JH¥$V H$aVmo. B{VhmgmÀ`m A°Zmëg na§naoZo B{Vhmgmbm"amOH$s` d amOZ¡{VH$' ~§YZmVyZ _wº$ Ho$bo. A°ZmëgMr B{VhmgmMr ZdrZ _m§S>Ur _mZdemó,hdm_mZemó, _mZgemó, yJmob d BVa g§b¾ emIm§À`m _XVrZo B{VhmgmMo loð>Ëd {gÕ H$aVo.

yV d dV©_mZ `m§Vrb ZmVr àdmhrV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio B{Vhmgmbm àmMrZ, _Ü``wJrZ Am{UAmYw{ZH$ g_mOmbm Am{X_ d gwg§ñH¥$V Aem H$Ê`m§_Üò ~§X H$aUo ho A°Zmëgbm _mÝ` Zmhr. Ë`m_wioA°ZmëgdmÚm§Zr JVH$mimbm VnmgV AgVmZm JVH$mimMo J{Vemó g_OyZ KoÊ`mda â {Xbm.JVH$mimÀ`m XñVEodOm§Zm Amnbo emó{Z`_ bmJy H$aUmè`m OwÝ`m nR>S>rVrb B{VhmgH$mam§EodOr

28

gÚH$mbrZ AW©ì`dñWm d g_mOì`dñWoMo {díbofU H$aÊ`mMo gmhg H$aUmè`m ZarZ {dMmad§VmMmA°Zmëg Zr nwañH$ma Ho$bm.

20 ì`m eVH$m_Ü o {Z_m©U Pmboë`m `m B{Vhmg boIZ na§naoZo A°Zmëg na§naoMm àgma a{e`m,`wamon, A_o[aH$m, ~«mPrb `m amï>m_Üò AJXr PnmQ>çmZo Pmbm. H$maU `m na§naoMo `m emIoMo B{VhmgH$maho _wbV: ~w{ÕdmXr JQ>mV _moS>Umao d emór` Ñ{ï>H$moU ~miJUmao Agë`m~amo~aM H$moUË`mhr EH$memór` d g¡Õm§{VH$ y{_Ho$bm ~m§Yrb Zgë`m_wio A°Zmëg d B{VhmgboIZmbm Zdm Ame` d ZdrnÕVrMr XoUJr {Xbr.

A°Zëg åhUOo H$m` ?

A°Zëg `m eãXmMm eãXe: AW© Amho "dm{f©H$ Zm|Xr' 1929 _Üò \«$mÝg_Üò "A°Zëg' ZmdmMo{Z`VH$mbrH$ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio `m {dMmagaUrbm The Annals School of Thoughts Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.1946 nmgyZ Annals : Economic, Societies, Civilizations ho {Z`VH$mbrH$ gwê$ Pmbo. Ë`m_Üò_w»`V: Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌmVrb g§emoYZna boIZmbm àmoËgm{hV H$aÊ`mV Ambo._mZdmÀ`m/g_mOmÀ`m O¡{dH$ ñdê$nm~Ôb AmXa ~miJV AgVmZmM A°Zëg B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Á`m§Mo_moO_mn H$aVm oB©b Aem KS>m_moS>rMmhr nmR>nwamdm Ho$bm. A°Zmëg nÕVrZo H$moUVmhr Eo{Vhm{gH$H$mbI§S> dm g_mO gdm©Wm©Zo g_OyZ KoÊ`m~amo~aM B{VhmgmÀ`m AmH$bZmgmR>r g_J«Voda â XoÊ`mMmà`ËZ Ho$bm Am{U AmH$bZmÀ`m H$jm {dñVmarV H$aÊ`mgmR>r A{Ve` H$mQ>oH$moanUo J{UV, AW©emór`d g§»`memór` {díbofUmMm àma§^ Ho$bm.

A°ZëgMm hoVy d ^y{_H$m :

nma§nm[aH$ B{VhmgmMr Mm¡H$Q> _moSy>Z B{VhmgmMo KQ>Zm{Yð>rV ñdê$n ~mOybm gmê$Z B{VhmgmVyZ_mZdr g_mOmMo g§nyU© {MÌU ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r _me© ãbmM d \o$~da `m§Zr A°Zëg {Z`VH$mbrH$mÀ`mñWmnUoÀ`m doir Imbrb hoVy ñnï> Ho$bo.

1. B{VhmgmVyZ JVH$mbrZ _mZdr g_mOOrdZmMo g§nyU© {MÌU H$aUo.

2. B{Vhmgmer {ZKS>rV AgUmè`m g_mO, AW© d yJmob BË`mXr kmZemIm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.

3. B{Vhmgmbm ñdm`ÎmVm {_idyZ XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo.

29

4. B{Vhmgmbm _mZdr g_mOmÀ`m gamªJ{U d gdªH$f AÜ``mZMo emó ~Z{dUo.

5. \«$mÝg_Üò OZg§nH$m©gmR>r {Z`VH$m{bH$ gwê$ H$aUo.

6. Eo{Vhm{gH$ _m{hVr d kmZmMm emóewÕ àMma H$aUo.

y{_H$m :

A°Zëg {dMmagaUrMr y{_H$m hr _ybV: Am°JñV H$m°åV `mÀ`m àË`jkmZdmXr {dMmam§À`mà^mdmVyZ ApñVËdmV Ambr. Ë`mM~amo~aM A°Zëg {dMmagaUr hr Am{W©H$ aMZoMm d g_mOmVrbXwb©{jV d d§{MV KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma Agë`m_wio A°ZëgMr {dMmagaUr hr _mŠg©dmXmer OwiUmar Amho._mÌ Wmoa g_mOemók Am°JñV H$m°åV d E{_b S>aImB©_ `m§À`m {dMmam_Ü o A°ZëgÀ`m {dMmam§Mr {~OoAmT>iVmV. Ë`m_wioM A°ZëgMm hm {dMma d y{_H$m hr A{^Zd AgyZ Vr Imbrb à_mUo {XgyZ òVo.

1. B{Vhmg hm _mZdr g_mOmMm Amagm Agë`m_wio _mZdr g_mOmMm g§nyU©, gdmª{JU d EH${ÌVAä`mg ho B{VhmgmMo C{Ôï> Agmdo.

2. EImXr KQ>Zm AWdm ì`º$s hmM Aä`mg{df` Z R>odVm Ë`m àXoemV à{XK© H$mimV KS>Umè`mnardV©Z, g_ñ`m AW© d g_mOaMZm `m§Mm B{VhmgH$mamZo Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg _mZdr g_mOmÀ`mg§nyU© B{VhmgmMm AmboI V`ma hmoB©b.

3. _mZdr OrdZmMo {MÌU H$aUmè`m B{VhmgmZo EH$mH$snUm Q>mHy$Z XodyZ BVa _mZìèmómer{ZH$Q>Mm g§~§Y àñWm{nV Ho$bm nm{hOo.

4. A°Zëg na§naoZo Eo{Vhm{gH$ _m{hVrÀ`m g§H$bZmgmR>r g§X © gmYZm§Mo gQ>rH$ narjU H$aÊ`mÀ`my{_Ho$da Iyn â {Xbm.

5. A°Zëg {dMmad§VmZr \$º$ amOH$s` KS>m_moS>tMoM dU©Z H$aÊ`mEodOr g_J« _mZdr OrdZ Am{UOrdZmVrb KQ>Zm§Mo AdbmoH$Z H$aÊ`mMr y{_H$m _m§S>br H$maU Ë`m gd© KQ>Zm Incident `mnañnamdb§~r AgVmV hr A°Zmëg na§naoMr R>m_ y{_H$m Amho.

g§nyU© B{Vhmg nañnamdb§~Z, gdmª{JU d EH${ÌV Aä`mg, nardV©Z, g§X © gmYZm§Mo gQ>rH$n[ajU Ë`mM~amo~aM BVa _mZdemómer {ZH$Q>Mm g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$ê$Z gdªH$f qH$dm gdmª{JUB{VhmgmMr _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mMr y{_H$m A°Zëg na§naoZo 20 ì`m eVH$m_Üò OJmbm {Xbr Á`m_wio

30

B{Vhmgmbm ñdm`ÎmVm àmá hmoVo d B{Vhmgmbm _mZdr g_mOmÀ`m gdmª{JU AÜ``ZmMo emó hmoÊ`mg _XV

hmoVo Aer R>m_ y{_H$m darb y{_Ho$À`m {dMmamA§Vr bjmV òVo.

A°Zëg boIZ na§naoVrb B{VhmgH$ma :

B{Vhmgmbm J{V{ebVm àXmZ H$aÊ`m_Üò A°Ýbg na§naoMm Iyn _moR>m dmQ>m Amho. B{VhmgmVrb

J{V{hZVm `m àdmhmbm _mÝ` ZìhVr. B{Vhmg d gm_m{OH$ emóm_Üò ApñVËdmV Agbobr ê$j d

na§namJV {^Vr Zï> H$aÊ`mMo _hÎdnyU© H$m © `m na§naoVrb g§emoYH$m§Zr, B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Ho$bo. B{VhmgmMo

ê$nm§VaU _mZìèmóm_Üò H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© `m boIZ na§naoVrb B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Ho$bo. A°ZëgÀ`m

g§emoYH$m§Zr emómVrb {dMma g§H$bßZm nÕVremó, hoVwnañna B{Vhmgm_Üò AmUë`m d Iè`m AWm©Zo

B{VhmgboIZ g_J« d ì`mnH$ H$aÊ`mMo lo `m A°ZëgdmÚm§Zm XoÊ`mV òVo.

`m A°Zëg na§naoda 19 ì`m eVH$mVrb E{_b S>aImB©Z `m§À`m {dMmam§Mm à^md hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m

g_mOemór` g§emoYZnÕVrMm dmna B{Vhmgm_Üò H$aÊ`m~amo~aM ì`º$s qH$dm KQ>ZoEodOr _mZdr

H¥$VrMm g_J« Aä`mg `m na§naoZo ñdrH$mabm. E{_b S>aImB©_Zo 1897 _Üò Ancee Sociologique Mr

ñWmnZm Ho$br. ì`º$s H$Yrhr ñdm`Îm ZgVmo g^modVmbÀ`m {d{dY KQ>H$ ì`º$sÀ`m H¥$Vr {Z §{ÌV H$aV

AgVmV. `m na§naoMo B{VhmgH$ma Imbrb à_mUo -

1) ë w{g`Z \o$~doa / ë w{gZ \«o$~d :

`m§À`m _Vo, A°ZëgMm _w»` hoVy åhUOo B{VhmgmMo _mZìèmómV ê$nm§VaU H$aUo d {dkmZmVrb

emómVrb nÕVremóm§Mr g§H$ënZm§Mr {dMmam§Mr ~m§YUr B{Vhmgm_Üò H$amdr.

2) _mH©$ ãbm°H$ : 1866 Vo 1944

`m {dMmad§VmZo The Royal Touch d King and Serts `m XmoZ J«§Wm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ A°Zmëg

na§naobm OmonmgÊ`mMo H$m © Ho$bo. ãbmM `mZo KQ>ZoEodOr gm_m{OH$ aMZoÀ`m Aä`mgmda bj {Xbo.

VËH$mbrZ g_mOm_Yrb Mm{barVr, ê$T>r, aMZm `m§Mo B{VhmgmVrb _hÎd _mH©$Zo AYmoao{IV H$ê$Z

A°Zëg na§naobm C^mar {Xbr. EH$m KQ>Zoda bj H|${ÐV Z H$aVm g_mOOrdZmÀ`m gd© d¡{eîQ>çm§Zm

AYmoaoIrV H$aÊ`mMo _hÎdnyU© H$m`© _mH©$ ãbm°MZo Ho$bo. B{VhmgmÀ`m H$jm ê§$XmdÊ`mg _XV Pmbr.

31

\«$ZmªX ~«mXob :

B{VhmgmÀ`m OS>UKS>UrV d boIUm_Üò gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ KQ>H$mÀ`m ApñVËdmH$S>oH$Q>mjmZo bj XoÊ`mMo H$m © \$ZmªX ~«mXob `m§Zr Ho$bo. `m§ZmM "dëS>© {gpñQ>_ \«$ZmªX' Mo CXJmVo åhUyZhrAmoiIbo OmVo. \$ZmªX ho A°Zmëg {dMmaàUmbrMo AmÚ àdŠVo åhUyZhr AmoiIbo OmVmV. B{VhmgmÀ`m{dñV¥V n[aKmA§VJ©V gd© kmZmMm g_mdoe d nwZñWm©nZm ìhmdr. n[aUm_r, _ybJm_r {damoYm^mg _mÝ`H$ê$Zhr AmnU A oÚ EoŠ`mMm gÝ_mZ H$ê$Z hm {dMma ~«m°Xob `m§Zr ê$O{dbm.

Aënn[aM` :

A°Zmëg àdºo$ \$ZmªX ~«m°Xob `m§Mm OÝ_ 27 Am°JñQ> 1902 _Ü o \«$mÝg_Üò Pmbm. Ë`m§Mo dS>rb{ejH$ hmoVo. 1923 _Ü o ~«m°Xob `m§Zr gmoa~m°Z {dÚmnrR>mVyZ B{Vhmg {df`mV nXdr {_idbr. Ë`mZ§VaXmoZ df} g¡Ý`mV ZmoH$ar Ho$br. 1932 n ªV Ë`m§Zr AëOo[a`m _Yrb H$mÝñQ>oÝQ>mB©Z `m emio_Üò B{Vhmg{df` {eH$dbm. ë`w{gZ ào~d `m§Zr {bhrboë`m {OAm°J«m\$sH$b B§Q>amoS>ŠeZ Qy> {hñQ>r `m nwñVH$mMm Iynà^md ~«m§{Xbda nS>bm. Ë`m§Zr 1939 À`m Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmV gh^mJ KoVbm d 1940 Vo 1945 `mH$mbI§S>m_Ü o Ë`m§Zm ~§XrdmgmV R>odbo Jobo. Vwê§$J hr CÎm_ emim AgyZ VoWo g§ _ Am{U ghZerbVm{eH$m`bm {_iVo ho {dYmZ ~m°Xob `m§Zr gwQ>Ho$Z§Va Ho$bo. `m ~§Xr OrdZmMm H$mbmdYr_Üò ~«{Xb `m§Zr"X _o{S>Q>oao{Z`Z A°ÝS> X _o{S>Q>oa{Z`Z dëS>© BZ X EO Am°\$ {\${bn X goH§$S>' ho nwñVH$ {bhbo.

_mH©$ ãbmH$ d ë`w{gZ \o$~d« `mZr gwê$ Ho$boë`m A°ZmëgMo Vo gXñ` hmoVo. 1949 _Üò "H$m°boOX \«$mÝg' _Üò Ë`m§Mr {Z wº$s Pmbr. 1956 Vo 1968 `m H$mbmdYr_Ü o A°ZmëgMo EH$_od g§nmXH$åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bo. 1962 _Üò Ë`m§Zr "_o Pm° Xo gm`Ýgo Xm_' `m g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. 1979 _Üò{b{hboë`m "{gìhrbm`PoeZ A°ÝS> H°${nQ>{bP_ {\$\${Q>ÝW Qy> E{Q>ÝW g|À`warO' nwñVH$mZo \$ZmªX bmbmoH$_mÝ`Vm {_imbr. ~«m°Xob `m§Zr B{VhmgboIZm_Üò {d^º$ Pmboë`m ^mfm, bmoH$g§»`memó Amhma,dof yfm, amh_r_mZ, V§ÌkmZ, AW©ì`dñWm ZmJar OrdZ, yJmob g§»`memó `m§Mr EH$Ì Jw§\$Z H$ê$Zg_J« qH$dm gdªH$f B{Vhmg boIZmMm _mJ© Adb§~bm.

~hÿOZ g_mOmbm H$doV KoUmè`m B{VhmgmMr _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`m~amo~aM ~«m°Xob `m§Zr 1980 gmbrAm°Z {hñQ>r, 1986 gmbr {X Am`S>oÊQ>rQ>r Am°\$ àmÝg hr nwñVHo$ {bhbr. {edm` 1984 _Üò VoAH$mX_r \«°$H$m`da {ZdS>bo Jobo. 1985 _Üò Ë`m§Mm _¥Ë`w Pmbm.

B{VhmgmMo boIZ EH$mH$snUo H$aVm òV Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r Á`m ^mJmMm B{Vhmg {bhmd`mMm AmhoË`mÀ`m AmgnmgÀ`m KQ>Zm§Mm g§X © bjmV KoVbm nm{hOo. Agm A°Zëg na§naoMm {dMma ~«m°S>ob `m§Zr

32

{Xbm. B{VhmgmÀ`m H$jm {dñVmaÊ`mMo H$m`© ~«m°S>ob `m§Zr Ho$bo. _mZdmÀ`m hmbMmbr yàXoemda hmoVAgVmV. åhUyZ yJmob d hdm_mZ `m§Mm {dMma B{Vhmgm_Üò Pmbm nm{hOo hm {dMma ~«m°S>ob `m§Zr {Xbm.Ë`m§Zr

1. yJmobmMo _hÎd AYmoao{IV Ho$bo.

2. B{Vhmgm_Üò gd© KQ>H$m§Mo AmH$bZ _hÎdmMo AgVo.

3. yJmob d hdm_mZmMm {dMma B{Vhmgm_Üò Pmbm nm{hOo.

4. B{VhmgH$mamZo "H$mi' hr g§H$ënZm Zoh_r Ü`mZmV R>odmdr.

5. B{VhmgboIZ gmMo~§X ZgyZ Ë`mbm BVa gm_m{OH$ emómMr OmoS> Úmdr.

`m~amo~aM ~«m°Xob`mZo H$mi, JVr, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ hdm_mZ, BVa emó `mM {ddoMZ H$ê$ZB{Vhmgmbm {dñV¥V H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.

`m{edm` AÝ` B{Vhmg g§emoYH$m§Zr A°Zëg na§naobm OJâ nga{dÊ`mMo H$m © Ho$bo. ^maVm_ÜòA°Zmëg B{Vhmg g§emoYZnÕVrMm gd©àW_ Adb§~ H$aUmè`m§_Üò h~©Ýg _w{I`m `m§Mo Zmd AJ« mJrAmho. _Ü``wJrZ d àmMrZ ^maVr` B{VhmgmMr nwam{^boIr`, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d n`m©daUr` _m§S>Ur Ho$br dVX²Z§Va `m {dMmam§Mr _m§S>Ur ^maVm_Üò Iyn _moR>çm à_mUmV hmody bmJbr d AZoH$ B{VgH$mam§Zr Amnbo`moJXmZ XodyZ ^maVm_Ü o {deofV: _Ü``wJ ho A°Zmëg nÕVrZo aoImQ>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`mV gw{V_ Jwhm,am_M§Ð Jwhm, Ba\$mZ h~r~, {earZ _wgdr d BVa B{VhmgH$mam§Mo `moJXmZ Iyn _hÎdmMo Amho.

B{VhmgmÀ`m AÜ``ZmgmR>r Am§Va{dÚmemIr` Ñ{ï>H$moU ê$O{dÊ`mMo Am{U nma§n[aH$B{VhmgmÀ`m _`m©Xm Amobm§Sy>Z B{VhmgmMr Zì`mZo _m§S>Ur H$aUmao \$ZmªX ~«m°Xob ho 20 ì`m eVH$mVrb EH$_hmZ B{VhmgH$ma _mZbo OmVmV. \$ZmªX ~«mXob ho B{VhmgmÀ`m OS>UKS>UVrb gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$KQ>H$m§Mo _hÎd AmoiIUmao _hmZ B{VhmgH$ma hmoVo.

A°ZëgMr d¡{eîQ>ço :

20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`mZ§Va gwê$ Pmboë`m `m àdmhmZo B{Vhmgm_Üò KQ>Zm d ì`º$s `mZm§M_hÎd Z XoVm KQ>Zm d ì`º$s KS>Ê`m_mJo g^modVmbMr n[apñWVr H$maUr yV AgVo Am{U `mg^modVmbÀ`m n[apñWVrMm {dMma Amnë`m A°Zëg {dMma àdmhm_Üò AYmoao{IV Ho$bm. `m {dMma dboIZ na§naoMr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo -

33

1. Ho$di amOH$s` B{VhmgmÀ`m _m§S>Urbm {damoY.

2. nma§n[aH$ d KQ>Zm{Yð>rV B{VhmgmMr Mm¡H$Q> _moSy>Z JVH$mbrZ _mZdr g_mOOrdZmMo g§nyU© {MÌUaoImQ>Ê`mMm à`ËZ.

3. JVH$mbrZ g_mOOrdZmÀ`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmVË`nyU©[aVrZo emór`nÕVrMm AmJ«h ho A°ZmëgMo _hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>ço hmo`.

4. emór` nÕVrZo kmZmMo g§J«hZ H$aV AgVmZm g§emoYZmgmR>r {ZdS>boë`m gmYZm§Mo n[a{ebZH$aÊ`mda A°ZmëgdmÚm§Zr â {Xbm.

5. A°ZëgdmÚm§Zr B{VhmgboIZm_Üò BVa emóm§Mm gh^mJ KoÊ`mMr na§nam gwê$ Ho$br.

6. A°Zëg na§naoZo B{Vhmgmbm gdªH$f, g¡Õm§{VH$ d emór` Mm¡H$Q>r_Üò ~gdyZ ñdV:Mo EH$nÕVremó {Z_m©U Ho$bo.

7. A°Zëg {dMmaYmoaUo Amnë`m VÎdkmZmbm na§namJV pñWVrerb, OmVr`, Ym{_©H$ d dJu`{dMmaYmaoVyZ ~mOybm H$mTy>Z Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamda Zo_Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.

8. A°Zëg na§naoZo ñdV:Mo nÕVremó {dH${gV Ho$bo. Ë`mM~amo~aM BVa emómMr _XV KodyZB{VhmgboIZmbm J{VerbVm àmá H$ê$Z {Xbr. CXm. g§»`memó, yJmob, g_mOemó B.

9. A°Zëg {dMmaYmaoZo B{VhmgmÀ`m gmYZm§Zm {dnwbVm àmá H$ê$Z {Xbr.

10. g_mOOrdZmMo `mo½` AdbmoH$Z hmoÊ`mgmR>r g_mOOrdZmMo gmVË`nyU© AdbmoH$Z H$aUo Am{UEH$H$mbrZ KQ>ZoEodOr {XK©H$mbrZ qH$dm g_J« AdbmoH$Z Ho$ë`mZo g_mOOrdZmMo `mo½` Xe©ZhmoVo Aer A°ZëgMr YmaUm Amho.

A°Zmëg B{VhmgH$ma ñdV:bm ~m¡{ÕH$ H«$m§VrH$maH$ Zìho Va ~m¡{ÕH$ g§emoYZmÀ`m joÌmVrbH«$m§VrH$maH$ g_OVmV.

gmam§e :

20 ì`m eVH$m_Ü o CX`mbm Ambobm hm A°Zëg B{VhmgboIZ {dMmaàdmh B{VhmgmÀ`mnma§n[aH$ {bImUmbm {damoY H$ê$Z doJù`m gdªH$f d gd©ì`mnr nÕVrZo B{VhmgmMo nwZ©boIZ H$aÊ`mMrZdrZ na§nam {Z_m©U Ho$br. A°Zëg na§nam hr nyU©V: ZdrZM Ago H$mhr gm§JVo Ago Zmhr Va `m na§naoZo

34

g_J«VoMm, g§nyU© B{VhmgmMm {deofV: g§X ©gmYZmÀ`m n[ajUmMm Ë`mM ~amo~aM B{VhmgmMm

H$mbg§JVnUo àdmhrV H$aÊ`mMm _mJ© {Xbm.

A°Zëgnyd© H$mbI§S>m_Úo \«$mÝg d OJm_Üò B{VhmgmÀ`m boIZ àdmhmbm Ambobr pñWVr{ebVm

B{Vhmg boIZmH$S>o Pmbobo Xwb©j amOH$s` B{VhmgmMoM YS>o {Ja{dÊ`mè`m B{VhmgH$ma d g§emoYZm_Üò

Pmbobr d¥Õr `m gd© Am§V{d©amoYmVyZ A°Zëg na§naoZo Amnbo ñdV§Ì nÕVremó {dH${gV H$ê$Z EH$m

doJù`m A§JmZo B{VhmgboIZ H$aÊ`mMr Ñï>r B{VhmgH$mam§Zm {Xbr. ho dmXmVrb gË` AgyZ A°Zëg na§naoZo

B{VhmgmMo EH$mJrnU ZmH$mê$Z B{Vhmg d AÝ` _mZìèmómV {Z_m©U Pmboë`m q^Vr Zï> Ho$ë`m.

B{VhmgmMr nma§n[aH$ Mm¡H$Q> Zï> H$ê$Z B{VhmgmMo ê$nm§VaU _mZìèmóm_Ü o Ho$bo.

na§namdmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr A°Zëgda H$mbH«$_ hm B{VhmgmMm AmË_m AgyZ A°Zëg §o

H$mbH«$_mbm {Xbobo Xwæ`_ ñWmZ Ë`mM~amo~aM g^modVmbMr n[apñWVr _mZdr H¥$Vr {Z`§{ÌV H$aVo. `m

VÎdmbm A°ZëgZo {Xbobo àmYmÝ` `mdê$Z A°Zëg na§nam hr {Z`VrdmXmH$S>o PwH$ë`mMo OmUdVo. _mÌ

A°Zëg nÕVremómMo AdbmoH$Z H$aVm§Zm Ago {XgVo H$s, B{VhmgmVrb gmMo~§X nÕVrbm \$mQ>m XodyZ `m

na§naoZo B{Vhmgm_Üò {dMma, nÕVremó, g§H$ënZm Ë`mM~amo~a B{VhmgboIZ ho g_J« Agmdo hm

Zd{dMma ê$O{dë`m Am{U `m Zdemór` {dMmam§Mr gdªH$f na§nam H$m`m©pÝdV Ho$br. B{VhmgmÀ`m

EH$m§JrnUmbm A°Zmëg na§naoZo ZmH$mabo.

A°Zmëg na§namdmÚm§Zr gmYamUV: Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Z ñn{e©boë`m Am{U gm_m{OH$ d

gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Xwb©{jboë`m AZoH$ {df`mÀ`m {díbofUmVyZ Vo EH$ ñdV§Ì Am{W©H$ Ñ{ï>H$moU

V`ma H$aVmV. A°Zmëg {dMmaàUmbrMo B{VhmgmÀ`m EH$_mJu {dMmagaUrÀ`m OmJr g_J«VmdmXr

Ñï>rH$moZmMo {~OmamonZ Ho$bo. `m {dMmaàUmbrÀ`m AÝdofUmË_H$ Ñï>rH$moUm_wio Iè`m AWm©Zo A°ZmëgÀ`m

dVw©im~mhoarb B{VhmgH$mam§Zr _moR>çm à_mUmda g§emoYZ Ho$bo. `mVyZM Iè`m AWm©Zo A°Zmëg àUmbrMo

_hÎd AYmoao{IV hmoVo.


1. A°Zmëg {dMma nÕVr_Üò "dëS>© {gpñQ>_ WoAar' Mo OZH$ H$moU hmoVo ?

CÎma : \$ZmªX ~«mXob

35

2. 19 ì`m eVH$m_Ü o A°Zmëg {dMma nÕVrda H$moUË`m g_mOemómMm à^md hmoVm ?

CÎma : E{_b S>aImB©_

3. na§namJV pñWVrVrb amOH$s` {bImUmEodOr A°Zmëg {dMma àdmhmZo H$moUË`m nÕVrÀ`m{bImUmbm gwê$dmV Ho$br.

CÎma : Am§Va{dÚmemIr` d gdªH$f B{Vhmg boIZ

4. A°Zmëg B{Vhmg boIZmda H$moUVm à_wI Amamon H$aÊ`mV oVmo.

CÎma : {Z`VrdmXr B{Vhmg boIZ d H$mbH«$_mbm {Xbobo Xwæ`_ ñWmZ.

5. ë w{g`Z \o$~doa `m§À`m _Vo, A°ZmëgMm _w»` hoVy H$moUVm ?

CÎma : B{VhmgmMo _mZìèmómV ê$nm§VaU H$aUo.

6. àW_V: emómVrb emór` nÕVrMm Adb§~ B{Vhmgm_Ü o H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$moUË`m{dMmaàUmbrZo Ho$bm ?

CÎma : A°Zëg {dMma àUmbr.

7. EH$m KQ>Zoda bj H|${ÐV Z H$aVm g_mOmVrb gdªH$f KQ>Zmda bj H|${ÐV H$aÊ`mMm {dMmaH$moUË`m g§emoYH$mZo {Xbm ?

CÎma : _mH©$ ãbm°H$

8. ë w{gZ \«o$~d `m§Zr H$moUVMo nwñVH$ {bhbo ?

CÎma : A°Z {OAm°J«m\$sH$b B§Q>amoS>ŠeZ Qy> {hñQ´>r

9. Vwê§$J hr CÎm_ emim AgyZ VoWo g§ _ Am{U ehZerbVm {eH$m`bm {_iVo ho CX²Jma H$moUmMoAmhoV ?


10. 1949 _Üò H$m°boO X \$mÝg _Üò H$moUmMr {Z`wº$s H$aÊ`mV Ambr ?


36

[aH$må`m OmJm ^am.1. A°Zmëg `m {dMmaàdmhmMo _wi ñWmZ ................ ho Amho.

A) A_o[aH$m ~) B§½b§S> H$) a{e`m S>) \«$mÝg

2. A°Zmëg `m eãXmMm AW© ........... Amho.

A) JVH$mbrZ Zm|Xr ~) dm{f©H$ Zm|Xr

H$) AemñÌr` Zm|Xr S>) AàdmhrV Zm|Xr

3. \«$mÝg_Ü o ............... `m dfu A°Zmëg ZmdmMo {Z`VH$mbrH$ hmoVo ?

A) 1927 ~) 1929 H$) 1923 S>) 1933

4. A°Zmëg B{VhmgboIZ na§naoMm {dH$mg ......... `m eVH$mV Pmbm ?

A) 17 ì`m ~) 18 ì`m H$) 19 ì`m S>) 20 ì`m

5. g§nyU© B{Vhmg åhUyZ .......... hm B{Vhmg àdmh AmoiIbm OmVmo ?

A) _mŠg©dmXr ~) A°Zmëg H$) amï´>dmXr S>) gm_«mÁ`dmXr

6. E{_b S>aImB©_Zo 1897 _Ü`o ......... Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br ?

A) Ancee Sociologique ~) Social Antroplogy

H$) Social Contract S>) Social Structure

7. The Royal Touch `m J«§WmMo boIH$ .......... AmhoV ?

A) ~m°S>ob ~) ãbmM H$) _mŠg© S>) hoJob

8. \$ZmªX ~«mXob `m B{VhmgH$mamZo A°Zëg na§nam ........ `m XoemV ê$Odbr ?

A) {~«Q>Z ~) O_©Zr H$) \«$mÝg S>) A_o[aH$m

9. H$mi hr g§H$ënZm B{VhmgH$mamZo Zoh_r bjmV R>odmdr Ago ....... `m§Zr gm§{JVbo ?

A) H$m°åV ~) S>aImB©_ H$) ~«m°Xob S>) ãbmM

10. ^maVm_Ü o A°Zëg B{Vhmg g§emoYZ nÕVrMm Adb§~ gd©àW_ ......... `m§Zr Ho$bm ?

A) S>r.EZ.Pm. ~) Ama.Eg.e_m© H$) ha~Ýg _w{I`m S>) nm`br ìhr.E_.

37

XrKm}Îmar àíZ :

1. A°Zëg {dMma àdmhmÀ`m CX` d {dH$mgmMr MMm© H$am.

2. A°Zmëg {dMmagaUrMr B{Vhmgm{df`r Agboë`m y{_Ho$Mr MMm© H$am.

3. A°ZmëgMr Am§Va{dÚmemIr` y{_H$m ñnï> H$am.

4. \$ZmªX ~«mXob `m§À`m J«§WmMr _m{hVr {bhm.

5. A°ZmëgMr d¡{eîQ>ço {deX H$am.

6. A°Zmëg {dMma àdmhmdarb Amamonm§Mr MMm© H$am.

nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :

1. A°Zmëg : `m eãXmMm eãXe AW© Amho dm{f©H$ Zm|Xr. \«$mÝg_Üò 1929_Üò A°Zmëg ZmdMo {Z`VH$mbrH$ hmoVo `m {Z`VH$mbrH$m§_YyZàemarV hmoV Agboë`m {dMmagaUrbm The Annals

School of Thoughts Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.

2. Am§Va{dÚmemIr` na§nam : EImÚm {df`mMo gdªH$f kmZ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r BVa g§b¾{df`mMr _XV KoÊ`mÀ`m `m nÕVrbm Am§Va{dÚmemIr`nÕV Ago åhUVmV. CXm. B{VhmgmMo AÜ``Z H$aV AgVm§ZmA°Zmëg g§emoYH$mZr, dZ, yJmob, AW©emó, g§»`memó`m~amo~a BVa AZoH$ {df` d KQ>H$m§Mr _XV KoVbr. `mnÕVrbmM Am§Va{dÚmemIr` nÕV Ago åhUVmV.

3. E{_b S>aImB©Z : 19 ì`m eVH$mVrb Wmoa g_mOemór` {dMmad§V S>aImB©_`m§À`m {dMmam§Mm à^md A°Zmëg {dMmad§Vmda Agë`m_wiog_mOemór` g§emoYZ nÕVrMm dmna g§emoYZm_ÜòH$aÊ`mMm nm §S>m A°ZmëgdmÚm§Zr nmS>bm.

1

3.0 C{Ôï²>`o

3.1 àmñVm{dH$

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ

3.2.1 dmgmh{VH$ (Colonial) B{VhmgboIZ na§nam

3.2.1.1 nm¡dm©Ë`dmXr(Orientalist) na§nam

3.2.1.2 gm_«mÁ`dmXr (Imperialist) na§nam

3.2.1.3 H|${~«O (Cambridge) na§nam

3.2.2 amï>dmXr (Nationalist) B{VhmgboIZ na§nam

3.2.2.1 àm{MZ ^maV

3.2.2.2 _Ü``wJrZ ^maV

3.2.2.3 AmYw{ZH$ ^maV

3.2.3 _mŠg©dmXr (Marxist) B{Vhmg boIZ na§nam

3.2.3.1 S>m°. Xm_moXa Y_m©Z§X H$mogm§~r

3.2.3.2 S>m°. am_ eaU e_m©

3.2.3.3 S>m°. amo{_bm Wmna

3.2.3.4 S>m°. Ba\$mZ h~r~

3.2.3.5 S>m°. {~nrZ M§Ð

3.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©

3.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àým§Mr CÎmao

3.5 gmam§e



KQ>H$ 3

AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` na§nam

2

3.0 C{Ôï²> o

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm -

^maVmVrbAmYw{ZH$ B{VhmgboIZ na§nam§Mr_m{hVr {_iob.

^maVmg§~§YrÀ`mdmgmh{VH$ B{VhmgboIZ na§naoMr AmoiI hmoB©b.

^maVmVrbamï´>dmXr B{VhmgboIZ na§naoMo kmZ hmoB©b.

^maVmVrb_mŠg©dmXrB{VhmgboIZ na§naoMr _m{hVr {_iob.

3.1 àmñVm{dH$

_mJrb KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU `wamon_Yrb AmYw{ZH$ B{VhmgboIZ na§naoMr _m{hVr KoVbr. àñVwVKQ>H$mV AmnU ^maVmVrb AmYw{ZH$ B{VhmgboIZ na§nam§Mr _m{hVr KoUma AmhmoV. {~«Q>re gÎmoÀ`mAmJ_Zmnydu ^maVmV B{VhmgboIZmMr na§nam ZìhVr Ago _mZbo OmV hmoVo. `m CbQ>, B{Vhmg-nwamU,\$magr B{VhmgboIZ na§nam, AI~mamV VgoM ~Ia boIZna§nam BË`mXt gma»`m B{VhmggÑe AWdm

yVH$mimg§~§YrMo boIZ H$aUmè`m na§nam ^maVmV ApñVËdmV Agë`mMo AmnU `mnyduÀ`m KQ>H$m§_Ü`onm{hbo Amho. _mÌ, à~moYZ H$mimV `wamonmV CX`mbm Amboë`m B{VhmgboIZmà_mUo emóewÕnÕVrMoAmYw{ZH$ B{VhmgboIZ ho ^maVmV dmgmh{VH$ H$mimVM gwé Pmbo ho ñnï> Amho.

^maVmÀ`mg§X^m©V B{VhmgboIZmMm Ama§^ Am{U {dH$mg hm {d{dY B{VhmgH$mam§À`m {d{dYd¡Mm[aH$ Ñï>rH$moZm§À`m AZwf§JmZo Pmbm.B{VhmgH$amMm Ñï>rH$moZ hm Ë`mÀ`m B{Vhmg{df`H$ AmH$bZmdaà^md Q>mH$V AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§Mr H$maU_r_m§gm H$aVmZm B{VhmgH$maMm B{Vhmg{df`H$Ñï>rH$moZ hm AË`§V à^mdr R>aVmo. AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZ XoIrb `mbm AndmX Zmhr. Ë`m_wio{d{dY B{VhmgH$mam§À`m ^maVmÀ`m B{Vhmg{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZm§_wio ^maVmVrb AmYw{ZH$ B{VhmgboIZna§nam `mñWyb_mZmZo VrZ àdmhmV {d^mJë`m OmVmV. dmgmh{VH$ B{VhmgboIZ na§nam, amï´>dmXrB{VhmgboIZ na§nam Am{U _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgboIZ na§nam Aer ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZ na§naoMr{d^mJUr Ho$br OmVo. AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZmVrb `m VrZ _w»` na§nam§Mm AmT>mdm AmnU àñVwVKQ>H$mV KoUma AmhmoV.

3

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ

3.2.1 dmgmh{VH$ (Colonial)B{VhmgboIZ na§nam

{~«Q>re àemgH$ Am{U B{VhmgH$ma `m§Zr ^maVmg§~§YrÀ`m AmH$f©Um_wio, dgmhm{VH$ gÎmoÀ`mJaOonmoQ>r VgoM {VÀ`m g_W©ZmH$[aVm B{VhmgboIZ Ho$bo. `m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Ho$boë`m B{VhmgboIZmbmdmgmh{VH$ B{VhmgboIZ na§nam åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. dgmh{VH$ B{VhmgboIZna§naoMo nm¡dm©Ë`dmXrna§nam, gm_«mÁ`dmXr na§nam Am{U H|${~«O na§nam Ago VrZ àdmh _mZbo OmVmV.

3.2.1.1 nm¡dm©Ë`dmXr (Orientalist) na§nam

3.2.1.1.1 nm¡dm©Ë`dmX, B§S>mobm°OrAm{UàmÀ`{dÚm :

àm{MZ H$mimnmgyZ nm¡dm©Ë` OJm{df`r åhUOoM nyd}H$S>rb àXoem~Ôb nmümË` OJVmVH$_mbrMo Hw$Vyhb {_{lV AmH$f©U hmoVo. Am{e`mV àdmgH$ê$Z oUmè`m _mH$m} nmobmo gma»`m nmümË`àdmem§À`m àdmgdU©Zm_wio Am{U p¼üZ {_eZatÀ`m_wio `wamonmV nyd}H$S>rb OJVmMr WmoS>r\$ma _m{hVrnmohMV Ago. nwT>o `m àXoemV ì`mnmamgmR>r Amboë`m nmümË` ì`mnmè`m§Zm `m àXoemMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$,amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ BË`mXr ~m~tMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm dmQy> bmJbr.`mVyZM nm¡dm©Ë`dmXmMm Am{U nm¡dm©Ë` {dÚmä`mgmMm CJ_ Pmbm. b°Q>rZ^mfoV nyd}bm Oriens AgoåhUVmV, `m eãXmdê$Z B§J«Or ^mfoV nyd}H$S>rbOJVmbm Orient åhUV AgV. `mdê$ZM nyd}H$S>rbOJVmÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>rOrientalismåhUOoM nm¡dm©Ë`dmX hm eãX ê$T> Pmbm.

AR>amì`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`mda ^maVmV B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrÀ`m gÎmm ñWmnZ Pmë`mZ§Vanm¡dm©Ë`dmXr Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ ^maVmÀ`m AÜ``Zmg gwédmV Pmbr. ^maVmg§~§YrÀ`m nm¡dm©Ë`dmXr AÜ``ZmgIndology qH$dm ^maV{dÚm Ago åhUVmV.^maVmÀ`m `m nm¡dm©Ë`dmXr Aä`mgmV àm{MZ ^maVr` {dÚm§MmAä`mgmda A{Ve` ^a XoÊ`mV Ambm Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm àmÀ`{dÚm Ago XoIrb åhQ>bo OmVo.

3.2.1.1.2 nm¡dm©Ë`dmXr (Orientalist) na§naoMmAma§ :

gwadmVrÀ`m H$mimV Y_©àgmamgmR>r Ambobo p¼üZ {_eZar Am{U ì`mnmamgmR>r Ambobo ì`mnmar`m§Zm ^maVmÀ`m g§~§Yr kmZmMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgm`Mr. ^maVmg§~§Yr kmZ {_idÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mVOogwB©Q> {_eZar Am{U lram_nya oWrb {_eZar AmKmS>rda hmoVo. H$moUË`m hr àXoemVrb bmoH$m§{df`rOmUyZ¿`m`Mo Agob Va Ë`m§À`m ^mfoMo kmZ AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.^maVmV doX, Cn{ZfXo, VgoMam_m`U Am{U _hm^maV gma»`m _hmH$mì`m§Mr aMZm Pmbr hmoVr. ho àmMrZ gm{hË` _w»`V: g§ñH¥$V

4

^mfoV aMbo Jobo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio `m J«§Wm§Mm Aä`mg VWm ^mfm§Va H$aÊ`mgmR>r nm¡dm©Ë`dmXr {dÛmZm§Zrg§ñH¥$VMm Aä`mg Ho$bm. Y_©àgmamgmR>r ñWm{ZH$ ^mfoMo kmZ Amdí`H$ hmoVo,Ë`m_wioMlram_nyaòWrb{_eZatZr^maVmVrb ñWm{ZH$ ^mfm§Mm XoIrbAä`mgHo$bm.lram_nya òWrb{_eZar {dë`_ H°$ar `m§Zr am_mÙ gma»`màmMrZ g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`mMo B§J«OrV ^mfm§Va Ho$bo VgoM~m`~bMo ~§Jmbr, _amR>r, Amo[a`m, g§ñH¥$V BË`mXr ñWm{ZH$ ^mfoV ^mfm§Va Ho$bo. _amR>r ^mfoÀ`mì`mH$aUmMo n{hbo nwñVH$ àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mÀ`m _mZ {dë`_ H°ar `m§Zm OmVmo.

3.2.1.1.3 nm¡dm©Ë`dmXrB{VhmgboIZ :

Y_©àgmamgmR>r Á`m à_mUo {d{eð> àXoemVrb bmoH$m§À`m g§ñH¥$Vr, Ym{_©H$ g_OwVr, g_mO aMZm`m§Mr _m{hVr Amdí`H$ hmoVr, Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m àXoemÀ`m àemgZmgmR>r XoIrb Aem_m{hVrMrAmdí`H$Vm hmoVr. ^maVmV B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrÀ`m gÎmoMr ñWmnZm Pmë`mZ§Va Aem àH$maÀ`m kmZmMrJaO dmT>br. H§$nZrMr ^maVmVrb gÎmm gwÑT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmMo kmZ Amdí`H$ hmoVo.B©ñQ>B§{S> m H§$nZrMo ^maVmVrb àemgH$ Am{U A{YH$m`mªZr ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmMo AÜ``Z H$aÊ`mg gwadmVHo$br. `mVyZM ^maVmg§~§Yr AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr`B{Vhmg boIZmMm Ama§ AR>amì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©VPmbm. ^maVmÀ`m àmMrZ B{Vhmg Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr~Ôb {Okmgm Am{U AmH$f©U Agbobm nm¡dm©Ë`dmXrB{VhmgboIZ hm AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZmMm Ama§{^H$ àdmh hmoVm.

nm¡dm©Ë`dmXr B{VhmgboIZ ho gmYmaUV: B.g. 1770 nmgyZ g{H«$` Pmë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. `mH$mimV B§J«O A{YH$mè`m§Zr g§ñH¥$V Am{U \$magr ^mfm§Mm Aä`mg gwé Ho$bm. ~§JmbÀ`m VËH$mbrZJìhZ©a OZab dm°aoZ hopñQ>§½O `mZo \$magr ^mfoMm Aä`mg Ho$bm. øm ^mfoÀ`m AÜ``Zmbm àmoËgmhZXoÊ`mgmR>r hopñQ>§½OZo B.g. 1781 _Üò H$bH$Ë`mV _Xagm ñWmnZ Ho$bm. ~Zmag òWo B©ñQ> B§{S> mH§$nZrMm ao{gS§>Q> åhUyZ H$m_ H$aUmè`m OmoZmWZ S§>H$Z `mZo àmMrZ ^maVr` {dÚoÀ`m nwZé‚mrdZmgàmoËgmhZ {Xbo Am{U B.g. 1791 _Üò g§ñH¥$V nmR>emim ñWmnZ Ho$br. Mmëg© {dpëH$Ýg `mZo g§ñH¥$VMoAÜ``Z H$ê$Z JrVoMm B§J«Or AZwdmX Ho$bm.

B.g. 1769 gmbr B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo am°~Q>© Am°_© `mMr A{YH¥$V B{Vhmg boIH$ åhUyZ {Z`wº$sPmbr. Ë`mZo 'A History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Hindostan’

Am{U Historical Fragments of Mughal Empire, of the Marathas and of the English

concerns in Hindostan’ ho J«§W {bhÿZ nyU© Ho$bo. am°~Q>© Am°_© à_mUoM {dë`_ am°~Q>©gZ Am{U \«$mpÝgg½bmS>{dZ `m§Zr ^maVmMm B{Vhmg {bhÿZ àH$m{eV Ho$bm.

5

3.2.1.1.4 ga {dë`_ OmoÝg Am{U E{e`m{Q>H$ gmogm`Q>r :

nm¡dm©Ë`dmXr AWdm àmÀ`dmXr B{VhmgmMm _hËdnyU© Q>ßnm ga {dë`_ OmoÝg `m§À`m H$m`©{H$XuV

JmR>bm Jobm. H$bH$Ë`mÀ`m Ý`m`mb`mMo n{hbo Ý`m`mYre åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr B.g. 1783 _Ü o {Z`wº$sPmbr. Ë`m§Zr H$m{bXmgMo emHw§$Vb, O`Xod H$drMo JrVJmoqdX Am{U _Zwñ_¥Vr `m J«§Wm§Mm B§J«Or AZwdmXHo$bm. {dë`_ OmoÝg `m§Mr gdm©V _hÎdmMr H$m_{Jar åhUOo B.g. 1784 gmbr JìhZ©a OZabÀ`mnmR>tã`mZo Ë`m§Zr H$bH$Ë`mbm "E{e`m{Q>H$ gmogm`Q>r Am°\$ ~§Jmb' Mr Ho$bobr ñWmnZm hmo`. àmMrZ

^maVr`{dÚoÀ`m, dmS²_`mÀ`m Am{U B{VhmgmÀ`m g§emoYZmbm àmoËgmhZ XoUo hr `m g§ñWoMr _w»` C{Ôï²> ohmoVr. g§emoYZmbm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mH$[aVm Am{U Ë`m§À`m àgmam H$[aVm `m g§ñWo_m\©$V MMm© gÌm§MoAm`mo{OV Ho$bo OmV VgoM ho g§emoYZna boI àH$m{eV XoIrb Ho$bo OmV. `m boIm§À`m àH$meZmgmR>rg§ñWo_m\©$V X OZ©b Am°\$ X E{e`m{Q>H$ gmogm`Q>r Am°\$ ~§Jmb `m ZmdmMo EH$ {Z`VH$m{bH$ XoIrb gwé

Pmbo. hr g§ñWm àmÀ`{dÚoÀ`m g§emoYZmMo _w»` H|$Ð åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmD$ bmJbr Am{U `mg§ñWogma»`m g§ñWm BVa àm§VmV gwé Pmë`m. _w§~B© `oWo E{e`m{Q>H$ gmogm`Q>r gmaIrM {bQ>aar gmogm`Q>rAm°\$ ~m°å~o hr g§ñWm ga Ooåg _°H$qH$Q>moe `m _w§~B©À`m _w»` Ý`m`mYrem§Zr B.g. 1804 _Ü`o ñWmnZHo$br. hr g§ñWm nwT>o E{e`m{Q>H$ gmogm`Q>r Am°\$ ~m°å~o `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbr OmD$ bmJbr.

{dë`_ OmoÝg `m§Zr `m g§ñWoÀ`m ~¡R>H$sV g§ñH¥$V, \$magr Am{U àmMrZ wamonr` ^mfm `m§MmVm¡b{ZH$ AÜ``Z H$ê$Z Ë`mVrb gmaIonUm XmIdyZ `m ^mfm§Mo àmMrZ CJ_ñWmZ hr EH$M A{VàmMrZ

^mfm Agmdr Agm {gÕm§V _m§S>bm. hr _yi ^mfm ~mobUmao bmoH$ ho EH$mM d§emMo åhUOo Am`© d§emMoAgmdoV Am{U H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV Vo {^Þ àXoemV {d^mJbo Jobo Am{U Ë`m§Mo H$mhr JQ> ^maVmV VgoM`wamonmV Ambo AgmdoV Agm {gÕm§V Ë`m§Zr _m§S>bm. {dë`_ OmoÝg `m§Zr J«rH$ B{Vhmg Am{U àmMrZ^maVr` dmL_` `m§À`m Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mgmVyZ M§ÐJwá _m¡ © `mMm H$mi B.g. nyd© 325 Agm {Z{üV Ho$bm.

Ë`m_wio ^maVr` B{VhmgmVrb H$mb {Z{üVr H$aUo gmon oPmbo.

3.2.1.1.5 hoZ«r H$mob~«yH$ :

AJXr VéU AgVmZm H§$nZrÀ`m godoV éOy Pmboë`m hoZ«r H$mob~«yH$Zo ~Zmag oWo g§ñH¥$V ^mfoMoAÜ``Z Ho$bo. Ë`mZo {dkmZoœamMo {_Vmja Am{U Or _yV dhZÀ`m "Xm`^mJ' `m qhXÿ H$m`Xo {df`H$

J«§Wm§Mo B§J«OrV ^mfm§Va Ho$bo. doXm§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`m ZoË`m§À`mda XrK© boI {b{hbm. `m boImVdoXH$mbrZ g_mOmMo Jm¡adembr àñVwVrH$aU Ho$bo. Ë`mZo O¡Z, ~m¡Õ Y_mªda ñdV§Ì boI {b{hbo. hoZ«r

6

H$mob~«yH$ `m§À`m g§ñH¥$V ^mfoÀ`m JmT>çm Aä`mgm_wio Ë`m§Zm "g§ñH¥$VMm `wamonmVrb n{hbm _hmZ {dÛmZåhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.

3.2.1.1.6 hmoaog {dëgZ :

B.g. 1808 _Üò ^maVmV Ambobm hmoaog {dëgZ hm ì`dgm`mZo S>m°ŠQ>a hmoVm. Ë`mZog§ñH¥$VdmS²_`mMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z H$m{bXmgÀ`m _oKXÿVMm B§J«Or AZwdmX Ho$bm. H$ëhUÀ`m aOVa§{JZrda ^mî`H$aV H$mí_raÀ`m B{VhmgmMm H$mbmZwH«$_ {ZYm©[aV Ho$bm. {dîUwnwamU `m gwà{gÕ nwamUmda g§emoYH$s`boI {b{hbo.Q>m§H$gmirda H$m_ Ho$ë`mMm AZw d Agboë`m {dëgZZo ^maVr` ZmUH$emómda XoIrbg§emoYH$s` boI {b{hbo.

3.2.1.1.7 Ooåg {àÝgon :

Ooåg {àÝgon hm B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrÀ`m Q>m§H$gmirV A{YH$mar åhUyZ {Z wº$ hmoVm. Ooåg{àÝgonbm nwamVÎdemómV Am{U CËIZZmV ag hmoVm. {àÝgon `m§Zr E{e`m{Q>H$ gmogm`Q>r Am°\$ ~§JmbÀ`mg§emoYH$s` {Z`VH$m{bHo$Mo g§nmXH$ åhUyZ XoIrb H$m_ n{hbo hmoVo. `m Xaå`mZ ^maVmÀ`m {d{dY^mJmVyZ ZmUr Am{U {ebmboI Ooåg {àÝgon H$So> dmMZ, ^mfm§Va Am{U àH$meZmgmR>r òV AgV. `mV~hþVm§e _OHy$a hm ~«måhr Am{U Iamoï>r {bnrVrb Ago, Á`m§Mm Vmon`ªV CbJS>m Pmbm ZìhVm. Zm°d}Mog§emoYH$ p¼üZ bogZ `m§Zr B§S>mo-J«rH$ amOm§À`m ZmÊ`m§À`m AmYmao H$mhr ~«måhr Ajao AmoiIbr hmoVr.Ë`mZ§Va {e„H$ am{hboë`m gd© Ajam§Mm CbJS>m Ooåg {àÝgonZo _oOa H$qZJh°_À`m _XVrZo nyU© Ho$bm.B.g. 1836-38 Xaå`mZ ^maVmÀ`m {d{dY ^mJmVrb {ebmboIm§Mo dmMZ H$ê$Z Ooåg {àÝgonZo {d{dYg§emoYH$s` boIm§À`m ñdê$nmV àH$m{eV Ho$bo. ^maVmVrb {d{dY {ebmboI Am{U ZmÊ`m§darb boIm§daXodmZm_{à`{n`Xgr Agm EH$m emgH$mMm C„oI {_iV Ago. Ooåg {àÝgonbm hm H$moUrVar lrb§H$mòWrb amOm Agmdm Ago dmQ>V hmoVo. _mÌ nwT>o {\$brn Q>Z©Am°aZo lrb§Ho$hÿZ nmR>boë`m nmbr J«§Wmdê$Z hrnXdr _m¡`© g_«mQ> AemoH$Mr Agë`mMm Ooåg {àÝgonbm CbJS>m Pmbm. `m emoYm_wio Xoeâ {dIwabobo ho{ebmboI g_«mQ> AemoH$Mo Agë`mMo {gÕ Pmbo.

3.2.1.1.8 gaAboŠPm§S>aH$qZJh°_ :

B©ñQ >B§{S>`m H§$nZrÀ`m g¡Ý`mV B§{O{ZàtJ {d^mJmV A{YH$mar AgUmè`m AboŠPm§S>a H$qZJh°_`m§Zm Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am{U nwamVÎdr` g§emoYZmMr àM§S >AmdS >hmoVr. g¡Ý`mVrb ZmoH$ar_wio ^maVmVrb{d{dY {R>H$mUr Ë`m§À`m ~Xë`m hmoV AgV. `m ~Xë`m§À`m Xaå`mZ Ë`m§Zr ^maVmVrb AZoH$ àmMrZñWim§Mm Xm¡am Ho$bm. Ë`m§Zr gmaZmW, g§H$mgm Am{U gm§Mr òWo nwamVÎdr` CËIZZ Ho$bo. nwamVÎdr`

7

Adeofm§À`m AmYmamda ~m¡ÜX Y_m©Mm B{Vhmg Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m 'The Bhilsa Topes (1854) `mJ«§WmVyZ _m§S>bm. Ë`mMm ~amo~a àmMrZ ^maVmVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWim§Mr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ _m{hVr XoUmam J«§W'Ancient Geography of India (1871) hm J«§W XoIrb Ë`m§Zr àH$m{eV Ho$bm. Vjerbm, lmdñVr,H$m¡gm§~r, d¡embr Am{U Zmb§Xm BË`mXr àmMrZ ñWim§Mr ñWmZ {Z{üVr H$aÊ`mMo lo H$qZJ h°_ `m§ZmOmVo. ga AboŠPm§S>a H$qZJ h°_ `m§À`m nwamVÎdr` g§emoYZmVrb kmZm_wio Archaeological Survey

of India `m g§ñWoMo n{hbo g§MmbH$ åhUyZ B.g. 1871 gmbr Ë`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

3.2.1.1.9 _°Šg_w„a :

B§J«O Aä`mgH$m§à_mUo AZ¹o$Q>rb S>çynam±, `wOrZ ~aZm°\$, èhrg So>pìhg gmaIoBVa `wamonr`amï>mVrb Aä`mgH$ XoIrb àmÀ`{dÚoH$So> dibo. `m wamonr` {dÛmZm§_Ü`o O_©ZrÀ`m _°Šg_w„a `m§Mo ñWmZAË`§V _hÎdmMo Amho. _°Šg_w„a ho Am°Šg\$moS©> {dÚmnrR>mV Vm¡b{ZH$ VÎdkmZmMo AÜ`mnH$ hmoVo.g§ñH¥$VMo Mm§Jbo kmZ Agboë`m _w„a `m§Zr nm¡dm©Ë` OJVmVrb Y_mªMm Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mg Ho$bm hmoVm.nyd}H$S>rb gw_mao nÞmg Ym{_©H$ J«§Wm§Mm Ë`m§Zr B§J«OrV AZwdmX Ho$bm Omo ‘The Sacred Books of the

East’ `m ZmdmZo à{gÕr nmdbm. Am`© ho ~mhoê$Z ^maVmV Ambo hm {gÕm§V _°Šg_w„a `m§Zr CMbyZ Yabm.

3.2.1.1.10 nm¡dm©Ë`dmXr na§naoMo _yë`_mnZ :

nm¡dm©Ë` OJm{df`rÀ`m AmH$f©UmZo Am{U Hw$Vyhbm_wio ào[aV {dÛmZmÀ`m g§emoYZm_wio ~è`mMà_mUmV AkmV Agboë`m ^maVr` B{VhmgmMm Am{U g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Aä`mgmg JVr {_imbr. Ë`mVyZàm{MZ ^maVm{df`rMo kmZ Zì`m {nT>rbm CnbãY Pmbo. àm{MZ ^maVr` gm{hË`mMo Am{U VËdkmZmMoB§J«OrV ^mfm§Va Pmë`m_wio `wamonr` OJmbm ^maVmMm Zì`mZo n[aM` Pmbm. `wamonmVrb gd©gm_mÝ`g_OwVr à_mUo ^maVmVrb bmoH$ _mJmgbobo d amZQ>r ZgyZ àm{MZ ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr A{Ve` àJV hmoVr`mMr wamonr` bmoH$m§Zm OmUrd Pmbr.

nm¡dm©Ë`dmXr na§naoÀ`m g§emoYZm_wio ~«måhr, Iamoï>r gma»`m {bntMm CbJS>m hmoD$Z àm{MZ^maVmÀ`m B{Vhmg g§emoYZmMr Zdr H$dmSo> Iwbr Pmbr. `m g§emoYH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m H$mb{Z{üVr _wioKQ>Zm§Mr g§JVdma _m§S>Ur H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo.nwamVÎdr` emoYm§_wio àm{MZ B_maVr, ñVyn, Jwhm{eën,{MÌH$bm `m§Vrb àm{MZ ^maVr`m§Mr àJVr g_moa oD$Z ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrMr g§nÞVm OJmg_moa Ambr.

nm¡dm©Ë`dmXr B{VhmgboIZ na§naoZo ^maVr` B{Vhmg Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr `m§Mm Jm¡adembr yVH$mig_moa AmUë`m_wio ^maVr` Aä`mgH$m§Zm XoIrb àm{MZ ^maVr` B{Vhmg Am{U g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Aä`mgmMràoaUm {_imbr. ^maVr` Apñ_Vm OmJê$H$ hmoÊ`mV nm¡dm©Ë`dmXr B{VhmgboIZmVrb ^maVmMo Jm¡adrH$aU

8

Va WmoSo> \$ma H$maUr yV R>aboM nU Ë`mM ~amo~a ^maVr` Apñ_Vm OmJ¥V Pmë`mZo AZoH$ ^maVr`àmÀ`{dÚm Aä`mgmH$So> dibo.

nm¡dm©Ë`dmXr B{VhmgboIZ na§naoZo Ogo H$mhr bm^H$ma Jmoï>r KS>ë`m Ví`mM H$mhr ZH$mamË_H$Jmoï>r XoIrb KS>ë`m. nm¡dm©Ë`dmXr B{VhmgboIZ na§naoVyZ _m§S>bo Jobobo KmQ>rVo, {dMma Am{U {gÕm§VBVH$s ê$T> Am{U àM{bV Pmbr H$s ^maVr`m§Zm XoIrb Ë`m§À`mM ZOaoVyZ B{VhmgmH$So> nmhmdo bmJbo.d¡{XH$ g§ñH¥$Vr hr Am`mªMr g§ñH¥$Vr hmoVr, Am`© ~mhoê$Z Ambo hmoVo Am{U Am`© loð> hmoVo Aem{gÕm§H$Zm_wioAm`© loð>ËdmMm Xþam{^_mZ Va dmT>bmM Ë`mM ~amo~a Ð{dS> g§ñH¥$Vrbm _mJmg g_OÊ`mMràd¥Îmr XoIrb dmT>br. `m _wio Am`© {déÕ Ð{dS> Aem g§Kfm©Mr XoIrb _m§S>Ur Ho$br OmD$ bmJbr.nm¡dm©Ë`dmXr na§naoZo àmMrZ ^maVr` kmZmÀ`m Ho$boë`m Jm¡adrH$aUm_wio àmMrZ ^maVr` B{VhmgmÀ`mA{^_mZmbm Xþam{^_mZmMo ñdê$n Ambo.

3.2.1.2 gm_«mÁ`dmXr (Imperialist) na§nam :

3.2.1.2.1 gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgboIZmMm Ama§ :

^maVmÀ`m àm{MZ B{Vhmg Am{U g§ñH¥$VrMo Jm¡adrH$aU H$aUmam nm¡dm©Ë`dmXr B{VhmgboIZàdmh AR>amì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg jrU hmoD$ bmJbm.AR>amì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg^maVmÀ`m ~hþVm§e^mJmV B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMr gÎmm àñWm{nV Pmbr hmoVr. g§nyU© ^maVmda Amnbo dM©ñd àñWm{nV H$ê$ZVo ÑT>_yb H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo B§J«Om§À`m gm_«mÁ`dmXr AmH$m§jm dmT>rg bmJë`m. Amnbr gÎmm XrK©H$miamhmdr `mgmR>r ^maVr` bmoH$ B§J«Om§Mr gÎmm {~Z{damoY _mÝ` H$aVrb Aer Cnm``moOZm H$aUo B§J«Om§ZmAmdí`H$ hmoVo. eómÀ`m ~imda Aem àH$maMo dM©ñd XrK©H$m{bH$ amhÿ eH$V ZmhrV, Ë`m_wio^maVr`m§darb B§J«Om§À`m gÎmobm Vm{H©$H$ AmYma XoUo JaOoMo hmoVo. hm VmpËdH$ AmYma B§J«Om§Zm^maVr`m§À`m VwbZoV loð> R>adV ZoË`m§Zm ^maVr`m§da gÎmm JmOdÊ`mMm Z¡{VH$ A{YH$ma Agë`mMo R>mgyZgm§JUmam Agm`bm hdm hmoVm. Ooamo_r ~oÝWo_Mm Cn wº$VmdmX, Bìh|Oo{bH$ëg (Evangelicals) AWm©Vew^dV©_mZdmXr p¼ñVr Y_©g§àXm`mMm à^md, Mmëg© S>m{d©ZÀ`m CËH«$m§{VÀ`m {gÕm§Vmda AmYm[aVgm_m{OH$ S>m{d©ZdmX Am{U Jm¡adUm©À`m loð>ËdmÀ`m d§edmXr {gÕm§V Aem {d{^Þ d¡Mm[aH$ Ñï>rH$moZmZrB§J«Om§À`m ^maVmdarb gÎmoÀ`m VmpËdH$ AmYmambm AmH$ma {Xbm. gm_«mÁ`dmXmÀ`m hm VmpËdH$ AmYma_w»`V: nmM J¥hrVH$m§da AmYmabobm hmoVm.

(1) ^maVr` g_mO hm _mJgbobm, AàJV, J{VhrZ Am{U amZQ>r g_mO hmoVm.VgoM `oWrb g§ñWmAm{U ì`dñWm øm H$mb~mø Pmë`m_wio Cn`wº$Vm Am{U ~w{Õàm_mÊ` `m§À`m AmYmamda^maVmV Am_ybmJ« ~Xb H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho.

9

(2) ~m¡{ÕH$, emór` Am{U ^m¡{VH$ àJVr_wio B§½b§S> ho loð> d àJV amï´> ~Zbo Amho. ^maVmgma»`m_mJmgboë`m XoemV Cn`wº$mdmXmÀ`m {ZH$fmda ^maVmMr ì`dñWm bmdUo Amdí`H$ Amho.^maVmMo gÎmmYre ~Zboë`m B§J«Om§ZrH$m`ÚmÀ`m, àemgZmÀ`m Am{U nmümË` {ejUmÀ`mAmYmao Aer ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$amd`mg hdr.

(3) B§½b§S> ho àJV Am{U gwg§ñH¥$V amï´> Agë`m_wio ^maVmgma»`m _mJmgboë`m g_mOm§Zm gwg§ñH¥$VH$aÊ`mMo Am{U Ë`m§À`m CËWmZmMo H$m`© B©œamZo B§J«Om§da gmondbr Amho.

(4) ^maVr` g_mO Xþ~im Am{U _mJmg Agë`m_wioàJV Am{U ~bembr B§½b§S> gmo~VÀ`m g§Kfm©VB§½b§S>Mm {dO` hmoUo ho ~ir Vmo H$mZ {nir `m {ZgJ© {Z`_mZwgma `mo½`M Amho.

(5) Jm¡adUu` bmoH$ ho àJV Am{U H$mio bmoH$ AàJV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio H$mù`m bmoH$m§da amÁ`H$aÊ`mMm Jm¡adUu`m§Zm \$º$ A{YH$ma ZgyZ Ë`m§À`mda B©œamZo bmXbobr Z¡{VH$ O~m~Xmar Amho.

Aem àH$maÀ`m J¥hrVH$m§À`m AmYmao ^maVr`m§Zm B§J«Om§À`m VwbZoV H${Zð> R>adbo, B§J«Om§À`mloð>ËdmÀ`m AmYmamda Ë`m§À`m ^maVmdarb gÎmobm Z¡{VH$ A{Yð>mZ XoÊ`mMo H$m`© gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgboIZmZo Ho$bo.

gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgboIZmÀ`m gwadmVrÀ`m H$mimV åhUOo EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m nydm©Ym©Vnm¡dm©Ë`dmX Am{U gm_«mÁ`dmX `m§Mm g§{_l à^md Agbobo H$mhr gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgH$ma hmoVo. `mV_mD$§Q> ñQ>çwAQ>© Eb{\$ÝñQ>Z, J«m§Q> S>\$ Am{U Ooåg Q>m°S> gma»`m àemgH$s` B{VhmgH$mam§Mm g_mdoehmoVmo. `m CbQ>, Ooåg {_b gmaIo B{VhmgH$ma AJXr gwadmVrnmgyZM gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgboIZ H$aVhmoVo Am{U 1857 À`m CR>mdmZ§Va B{VhmgH$mam§ _Yrb gm_«mÁ`dmXr ^mdZm A{YH$ Vrd« hmoV Joë`mMo{XgyZ `oVo.

3.2.1.2.2 Ooåg {_b :

b§S>Z _Ü o B©ñQ> B§{S> m H§$nZr_Ü`o nÌì`dhma VnmgZrg åhUyZ H$m_ H$aUmè`m Ooåg {_b `mZo^maVmbm àË`j H$Yrhr oQ> Z XoVm ^maVmMm B{Vhmg {b{hbm.H§$nZrÀ`m ^maVmg§~§YrÀ`mnÌì`dhmamdê$Z Ooåg {_bMm ^maVm g§~Yr Ñï>rH$moZ ~Zbm hmoVm. nyduMo B{VhmgH$ma, p¼üZ {_eZar`m§Zr {b{hbobr _m{hVr BË`mXtÀ`m AmYmao Ooåg {_bZo gZ 1906 gmbr ^maVmMm B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgAma§ Ho$bm. Ë`mZo 1826 n`ªV EHy$U ghm I§S>mV History of British India erf©H$mMm J«§W àH$m{eVHo$bm. Ooåg {_bÀ`m `m J«§Wmbm B§½b§S> _Ü o _moR>çm à_mUmV à{gÕr {_imbr. ^maVmdarb {~«Q>regÎmoÀ`m àñWmnZoMo VmpËdH$ g_W©Z Agë`m_wio Am{U ^maVmg§~§Yr {dœgZr` J«§W Agë`m_wio

10

H§$nZrÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§gmR>r `m J«§WmMo dmMZ Amdí`H$ _mZbo Jobo. Ooåg {_b `mbm gm_«mÁ`dmXrB{Vhmg boIZmMm OZH$ Am{U Ë`mÀ`m J«§Wmbm {~«Q>re gm_«mÁ`dmXmMo ~m`~b _mZbo OmVo.

gm_«mÁ`dmXr {dMmamZo à^m{dV Ooåg {_bZo da C„oIë`m J¥hrVH$m§À`m AmYmada ^maVr`m§À`m_mJmgbonUmMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ _m§S>Ur H$aV ^maVmdarb {~«Q>re gÎmoMo g_W©Z Ho$bo. Ooåg {_bZo ^maVmÀ`mB{VhmgmMo H$mb{d^mOZ qhXÿ H$mi, _wpñb_ H$mi Am{U {~«Q>re H$mi Aer Ym{_©H$ AmYmamda Ho$br.`m_wio ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmMr Ym{_©H$ AmYmao H$mb{d^mOZmMr àWm nS>br Am{U `mVM ^maVmÀ`mO_mVdmXr B{Vhmg boIZmMr _wio gmnS>VmV. Ooåg {_bZo Amnë`m J«§WmV àmMrZ ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr Am{UqhXÿ§Mr qZXmZmbñVr Ho$br. qhXþZm _mJmg R>adyZ _wgb_mZm§Zm Ë`m§À`m nojm loð> R>a{dbo.Am{U ghm{OH$M{~«Q>rem§Zm qhXÿ Am{U _wpñb_m§nojm loð> R>adbo. {~«Q>re A{YH$mè`m§À`m AZoH$ {nT>çm {_bÀ`mgm_«mÁ`dmXr {dMmagaUrda, d§eloð>ËdmÀ`m X§^mda nmogë`m Joë`m.

3.2.1.2.3 hoZ«r B{b`Q> :

Ooåg {_b `mZo Amnë`m J«§WmV àmMrZ ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U qhXÿ§Mr qZXmZmbñVr Ho$br Am{UË`mÀ`m B{Vhmgmbm {dH¥$V ñdê$n XoV _wpñb_m§Zm Ë`m§À`m nojm loð> R>a{dbo. Ooåg {_bÀ`m AJXr CbQ>{MÌ hoZ«r B{b`Q> Am{U Ë`mMm ghboIH$ Om°Z S>mD$gZ `m§Zr a§Jdbo. B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrV ZmoH$argAgboë`m B{b`Q>Zo \$magr ^mfoMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z _wpñb_ emgZH$mimVrb B{VhmgmÀ`m J«§Wm§MrhñV{bpIVo EH$Ì Ho$br Am{U Ë`m§Mo ^mfm§Va Ho$bo. B{b`Q>Zo hr ^mfm§Vao History of India as Told by

its Own Historians `m erf©H$mImbr AmR> I§S>mV àH$m{eV Ho$bo. `m H$m_V b§S>Z `oWrb àmÜ`mnH$Om°Z S>mD$gZ `mZo Ë`mbm ghmæ` Ho$bo. `m J«§WmÀ`m àñVmdZoV Ë`mZo ^maVmVrb _wpñb_ emgH$m§ZmOwb_r, AË`mMmar R>adbo. _wpñb_ emgH$m§Zm Aj_ Am{U Zmbm`H$ R>adV Ë`m§Zm H$m`ÚmÀ`m amÁ`mMrg§H$ënZm _m{hV Zgë`mMo à{VnmXZ B{b`Q>Zo Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio ^maVmbm n{hë`m§XmM Ý`m`{à` {Z:njnmVremgH$ B§J«Om§À`m énmV bm^bo AgyZ ^maVmV H$m`ÚmMo amÁ` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$m © {~«Q>reàemgZ H$aV Amho Agm {ZîH$f© B{b`Q>Zo H$mT>bm. B{b`Q>À`m AemàH$maÀ`m _m§S>Ur_wio {~«Q>reZmoH$aemhrV AmË_loð>ËdmMr ^mdZm dmT>rg bmJbr.

3.2.1.2.4 _mD$§Q> ñQ>çwAQ>© Eb{\$ÝñQ>Z :

_w§~B© àm§VmMm JìhZ©a åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$boë`m Eb{\$ÝñQ>ZMm Ñï>rH$moZ Ooåg {_b nojm WmoS>m {^ÞhmoVm.àË`j ^maVmV H$m_ H$ê$Z {_imbobmAZw d Am{U nm¡dm©Ë`dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§À`m J«§Wm§Mm Aä`mgHo$ë`m_wio Ooåg {_bÀ`m _m§S>Urer Eb{\$ÝñQ>ZMo _V oX hmoVo. Ooåg {_bMo {bImU dñVw{Zð> ZgyZ Ë`mZo

11

àmMrZ ^maVr`m§Mo `mo½` _yë`_mnZ Ho$bo Zgë`mMr Q>rH$m Eb{\$ÝñQ>ZZo Ho$br. B§½b§S>bm naVë`m Z§Va1841 gmbr Eb{\$ÝñQ>ZZo History of Hindu and Muhammadan India `m erf©H$mMm J«§W {bhÿZàH$m{eV Ho$bm. ^maVmÀ`m amOH$s` B{VhmgmÀ`m nojm gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{Vhmgmda â XoD$Z ^maVmVrb emgZì`dñWm, g_mOì`dñWm , MmbrarVr, Y_©,gm{hË`, VÎdkmZ, H$bm, ì`mnma, naXoer gmJar ì`mnma,CÚmoJ BË`mXtÀ`m {df`m§da Eb{\$ÝñQ>ZZo boIZ Ho$bo. ^maVmg§~§Yr à{VHy$b Ñï>rH$moZ Z ~miJVmghmZ yVrnyd©H$ Am{U CXmadmXr Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg {b{hbm Agbm Var ^maVmdarb {~«Q>reemgZmMr Amdí`H$Vm Agë`mMo Ë`mZo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo.

Eb{\$ÝñQ>ZÀ`m hmVmImbr H$m_ Ho$boë`m J«m§Q> S>\$ Am{U Ooåg Q>m°S> `m§À`m gma»`mA{YH$mè`m§À`m B{VhmgboIZmda Eb{\$ÝñQ>ZÀ`m {dMmam§Mm à^md {XgyZ òVmo. gmVmè`m_Üò ao{gS|>Q>åhUyZ H$m_ H$aUmè`m J«m§Q> S>\$Zo ~Ia, H¡${\$`Vr gmaIr _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmMr {bpIV gmYZo JmoimH$ê$Z Ë`m AmYmao History of the Marathas hm J«§W XmoZ I§S>mV {bhÿZ àH$m{eV Ho$bm. Ooåg Q>m°S>ZoAnnals and Antiquities of Rajastan `m J«§WmV amOnwVmÝ`mMm B{Vhmg _wi gmYZmÀ`m AmYmao_m§S>bm. `m Xmohm|À`m {bImUmV ^maVr`m§À`m{df`rMm VwÀN>VmXe©H$ Ñï>rH$moZ {XgV Zmhr.

EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V {dë`_ h§Q>a, hoZ«r _oZ, Ooåg ñQ>r\$Ýg, Oo.Q>r. ìhrba,Amë\«o$S> bm`b `m§À`m gma»`m gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr 1857À`m CR>mdmZ§Va ^maVmÀ`mB{Vhmgmg§~§Yr {d{^Þ {df`m§da boIZ H$aV {~«Q>re emgH$m§Mr y{_H$m A{YH$ H$Å>a gm_«mÁ`dmXr~Zdbr.

3.2.1.2.5 gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgboIZmMo _yë`_mnZ :

^maVmdarb {~«Q>re gÎmm XrK©H$mimgmR>r ÑT>_yb H$aÊ`mgmR>r {~«Q>re gm_«mÁ`dmXmMo VmpËdH$g_W©Z H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ oVyZ gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgboIZ na§nam {dH${gV Pmbr. ^maVr`m§À`m ~m~VrVVwÀN>VmnyU© Am{U nyd©J«hXþ{fV Ñï>rH$moZ R>oD$Z ^maVr` B{VhmgmMo hZZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ^maVr`m§ZmñdemgZ H$aÊ`mg Zmbm`H$ R>adyZ {~«Q>rem§À`m gÎmoMo g_W©Z H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZmMm dmna H$aV AmYw{ZH$ nÕVrZo B{VhmgboIZHo$bo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr _m§S>bobr _Vo _moR>çm à_mUmV {dœgZr` _mZbr Jobr. ^maVr`m§À`m _mJmgbonUmMr_m§S>UrMm à^md Zd{e{jV ^maVr`m§À`m gwadmVrÀ`m {nT>rda nSy>Z ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr{df`r Ý wZJ§S>mMr^mdZm Ë`m§Mm _ZmV {Z_m©U Pmbr. gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgH$am§Zr ^maVr`m§À`m _Üò EoŠ`mMm A^md Am{UgVVMm Ym{_©H$ g§Kf© Agë`mMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br. AemàH$maÀ`m _m§S>Ur _wio qhXÿ-_wpñb_ XþhrMr ~rOo

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noabr Jobr Á`mMr n[aUrVr A§{V_V: ^maVmÀ`m \$miUrV Pmbr. gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§À`m^maVmg§~§YrÀ`m nyd©J«hXþ{fV _m§S>UrMm ^maVr`m§Ûmao à{VdmX H$aÊ`mMm Ama§^ {dgmì`m eVH$mVrbamï>dmXr àoaUoVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbm.

3.2.1.3 H|${~«O (Cambridge) na§nam

3.2.1.3.1 H|${~«O na§naoMm Ama§ :

dmgmh{VH$ emgZmÛmao ^maVr`m§Mo gdmªJrU emofU Pmë`m_wio ^maVr`m§À`mV amï>dmXr ^mdZm{Z_m©U hmoD$Z Ë`mVyZ ^maVr` amï>dmX {déÕ {~«Q>rem§Mm gm_«mÁ`dmX Agm g§Kf© C^m am{hbm Aer_m§S>UrAmYw{ZH$ ^maVmÀ`m amï>dmXr B{Vhmg boIZmV Ho$br Jobr hmoVr. _mÌ, ^maVmVrb {~«Q>re emgZ ho^maVr`m§Zm CnH$ma R>abo, {~«Q>rem§À`m EH$ N>Ìr A§_bm_wio ^maVmV H|$ÐrH¥$V emgZ ñWm{nV Pmbo,ñWm{ZH$ àemgZmV {~«{Q>em§Zr ^maVr`m§Zm g§Yr {Xbr. `m {~«{Q>em§Zr Ho$boë`m `m XmoZ ~m~tÀ`m _wio^maVr`m§V amï>dmXmMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U Pmbr. ^maVr`m§Mm ñdmV§Í` bT>m hm {~«Q>rem§À`m {damoYmVbm g§Kf©ZgyZ ^maVr` A{ÔZm§Zr ñdV:À`m {hV g§~§Ym§Mo ajU Am{U gÎmoV dmQ>m {_idÊ`mgmR>r MmbdbobrMidi hmoVr. Aem àH$mao ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` bT>çmMr, ^maVr` amï´>dmXmMr Am{U ^maVr` amOH$maUmMrnwZ©ì`m»`m H$aUmè`m B{Vhmg boIZ àdmhmbm H|${~«O B{Vhmg boIZ na§nam åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.AemàH$maMr _m§S>Ur H$aUmè`m B{VhmgH$mam§Mo boI Am{U J«§W H|${~«O {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m àH$meZmÛmao Am{U _m°S>Z©E{e`Z ñQ>S>rO `mg g§emoYZ n{ÌHo$V àH$m{eV hmoV AgV, Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm H|${~«Ona§nam åhUyZ AmoiIboOmD$ bmJbo. Zd-gm_«mÁ`dmXmMm à^md Agbobr hr na§nam 1960 À`m XeH$m nmgyZ 1990 À`mXeH$mn`ªV à^mdr hmoVr.

3.2.1.3.2 A{Zb grb :

H|${~«O {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m {Q´>ZrQ>r H$m°boO_Üò àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bobo A{Zb grb ho H|${~«Ona§naoMo AË`§V _hËdmMo B{VhmgH$ma _mZbo OmVmV. 'The Emergence of Indian Nationalism:

Competition and Collaboration in Nineteenth Century' `m Amnë`m gwà{gÕ J«§WmV Am{UImperialism and Nationalism in India `mV grb `m§Zr ^maVràmï>dmX hr ~hþg§»` ^maVr`m§À`m{hVg§~§Ym§gmR>r Mmbdbr Jobobr Midi hmoVr `m _m§S>Urda àý {MÝh C o H$aVmV. A{Zb grb `m§À`m_Vo, AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMr OS>UKS>U hr {~«Q>re gm_«mÁ`dmXmÀ`m à^mdm_wio Pmbr. {~«Q>rem§À`mdgmhVrH$ gÎmoZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m àemgH$s`-amOH$s` Mm¡H$Q>rV ^maVr` amï>dmXr MidirMr dmT> Pmbr.^maVr`m§Mo EHy$U amOH$maU ho N>moQ>çm N>moQ>çm JQ>m§_Yrb MT>mAmoT>r nwaVo _`m©{XV hmoVoAm{U Ë`m_wio

13

^maVr` ho {d^m{OV am{hbo. EH$m _`m©Xon`ªV {~«{Q>em§Zr \$moS>m d PmoS>m Zr{VMm Adb§~ Ho$bm Agob._mÌ, {~«Q>re ho Xþ\$ir _mOdUmao amÁ` H$aVo hmoVo Ago åhUVm òUma Zmhr.Aem àH$maMr namonH$margm_«mÁ`dmX Xe©dUmar _m§S>UrA{Zb grb `m§Zr Ho$br Amho.

3.2.1.3.3 p¼ñVmo\$a ~obr :

H|${~«O {dÚmnrR>mVrb OmJ{VH$ Am{U ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmMo »`mVZm_ àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZp¼ñVmo\$a ~obr ho AmoiIbo OmVmV. Abmh~mX ehamMm, Ë`mÀ`m n[agamMm, {VWë`m nma§nm[aH$A{ÔZ dJm©Mm, _yë`ì`dñWm Am{U MmbrarVtMm ~obr`m§Zr Aä`mg Ho$bm. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, {~«Q>regÎmo_Üò CX`mbm òUmar amOH$s` ì`dñWm hr {d{^Þ ñWm{ZH$ AamOH$s` KS>m_moS>tZm gm_mdyZ KoÊ`mggj_ hmoVr. amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ d Ym{_©H$ {hV g§~§YmVrb ga{_gi ho VËH$mbrZ CÎma ^maVmMo d¡{eï²>Àgë`mMr _m§S>Ur ~obr `m§Zr Ho$br. p¼ñVmo\$a ~obr `m§Mm Patrons and Politics in Northern India

hm boI Am{U Ë`mZ§Va àH$m{eV Pmbobm The Local Roots of Indian Politics hm J«§W ~obtMr_m§S>Ur g_OyZ KoÊ`mg Cn wº$ R>aVmo.

3.2.1.3.4 Jm°S©>Z Om°ÝgZ :

H|${~«O {dÚmnrR>mV àmÜ`mnH$ Agboë`m Jm°S©>Z Om°ÝgZ `m§Zr ^maVr` amï>dmXr MidirVrbàmXo{eH$ d amï´>r` ñVam§Vrb MT>mAmoT> hr Ho$di d¡ {º$H$ hodoXmì`m§VyZ {Z_m©U Pmë`mMr _m§S>Ur Amnë`mg§emoYZmVyZ Ho$br. ^maVr` ZoV¥Ëd ho _wbV: ñWm{ZH$ _wX²Úm§ ^modVrM KwQ>_iV AgV Am{U {~«Q>rem§À`mgm¡OÝ`m_wioM Vo amï>r` ñVamda {H«$`merb Pmbo, Aer nwñVr XoIrb Om°ÝgZ OmoS>VmV. Jm°S©>Z Om°ÝgZ`m§Mm Provincial Politics and Indian Nationalism hm J«§W gwà{gÕ Amho.

Om°Z J°bmKa, [aMS©>Jm°S©>Z, So>pìhS> dme~«yH$, p¼ñVmo\$a ~oH$a, ~r. Ama. Q>m°{_ëgZ Am{U Á w{S>W~«mD$Z `m§Zr XoIrb WmoS>çm \$ma\$aH$mZo A{Zb grb, gr.E.~obr, Jm°S©>Z Om°ÝgZ `m§À`m à_mUoM ^maVràmï>mdmXmg§~§Yr _m§S>Ur Ho$br.

3.2.1.3.5 H|${~«O na§naoMo_yë`_mnZ :

{~«Q>re gm_«mÁ`dmXmMr ^bmdU H$aUmè`m H|${~«O B{Vhmg boIZ na§naoÀ`m B{VhmgH$mam§da BVaB{VhmgH$mam§Zr ~arM Q>rH$m Ho$br Amho. Var XoIrb H|${~«O na§naoÀ`m B{VhmgH$mam§Mo ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgboIZmg gH$mamË_H$ `moJXmZ {_imë`mMo _mÝ` H$amdo bmJVo. H|${~«O na§naoÀ`m B{VhmgH$mam§Zr AmYw{ZH$^maVmÀ`m B{Vhmgmg_moa H$mhr ZdrZ àý C o Ho$bo. ^maVmVrb ~hþ{OZgr amOH$maUmMm CJ_ H$gmPmbm ? ñWm{ZH$, àmXo{eH$ Am{U amï>r` amOH$s` g§KQ>Zm§_Üò g§nH©$ H$gm {dH${gV Pmbm ? nma§nm[aH$

14

ñWm{ZH$ A{ÔmZm§H$So> gÎmm H$er hñVm§V[aV Pmbr ? `m àým§À`m gmo~VM H|${~«O na§naoZo g§»`mË_H$ dn[apñWVrH$ {dûcofU, amOH$s` g_mOemó Am{U amOH$s` M[aÌboIZmgmaIr AZoH$ V§Ìo CnbãY H$ê$Z{Xbr.

H|${~«O na§naoÀ`m B{VhmgboIZmÀ`m H$mhr _`m©Xm XoIrb {XgyZ oVmV. H|${~«O na§naoÀ`m g§emoYZnÕVrVrb g_mOd¡km{ZH$ YaUm§Zm ì`mnH$ ~¡R>H$ ZìhVr. ^maVmÀ`m {demb ~hþ{d{dYVobm EH$mMidirV OmoSy>Z KoÊ`mVrb H$m±J«ogÀ`m èmnèmMr MMm© Vo H$aV ZmhrV. H|${~«O na§naoVrb AndmXdJiVm ~hþVm§e boIH$m§Zr ^maVr` gmYZo g§emoYZmgmR>r dmnabrM Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ^maVr`m§Mr ~mOy Ë`m§ZmZrQ>nmZo g_OyZM KoVm Ambr Zmhr. Ë`m _wio R>am{dH$ KQ>Zm§Zm bmoH$m§Zr H$m` d H$m à{VgmX {Xbm ho Ë`m§ZmC_Jbo Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr Am{W©H$ ñdmW© hr amï´>r` Midir _mJrb _w»` àoaUm Agë`mMm g§Hw${MV AW©bmdbm. ^maVr` amï´>dmXr Midirbm ñdmWm©Zo ào[aV R>adyZ Q>mH$ë`m_wio H|${~«O B{VhmgH$mam§À`m{bImUmV Z¡{VH$ Ah§J§S >OmUdVmo.

ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àý - 1

(A) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) ~m`~b Mo ñWmZr` ^mfoV ^mfm§Va H$moUr Ho$bo?

2) JrVoMm B§J«Or AZwdmX H$moUr Ho$bm?

3) gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgboIZmMm OZH$ H$moUmg _mZbo OmVo?

4) J«m§Q> S>\$ Am{U Ooåg Q>m°S> `m§Zr H$moUmÀ`m hmVmImbr H$m_ Ho$bo?

5) p¼ñVmo\$a ~obr `m§Zr H$moUË`m ehamMo Aä`mg Ho$bm?

(~) [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX âm.

1) H§$nZrÀ`m godoV éOy Pmboë`m.................. Zo ~Zmag oWo g§ñH¥$V ^mfoMo AÜ``Z Ho$bo.

2) B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrÀ`m g¡Ý`mV B§{O{ZàtJ {d^mJmV A{YH$mar AgUmè`m ............... `m§ZmEo{Vhm{gH$ Am{U nwamVÎdr` g§emoYZmMr àM§S >AmdS> hmoVr.

3) Am`© ho ~mhoê$Z ^maVmV Ambo hm {gÕm§V .................. `m§Zr CMbyZ Yabm.

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4) B§½b§S>bm naVë`m Z§Va 1841 gmbr .................. Zo History of Hindu and

Muhammadan India `m erf©H$mMm J«§W {bhÿZ àH$m{eV Ho$bm.

5) Provincial Politics and Indian Nationalism hm J«§W .................. `m§Zr {b{hbm.

3.2.2 amï´>dmXr (Nationalist) B{VhmgboIZ na§nam

19 ì`m eVH$mV dmgmh{VH$ gÎmoImbrb ^maVmV AmYw{ZH$ {ejU Am{U ZmoH$è`m§À`m g§Yt_wio_Ü`_dJm©Mm CX` Pmbm. `m _Ü`_dJm©darb nmümË` d¡Mm[aH$ à^mdmVyZ amï>dmXmMr ^mdZm dmT>rgbmJbr. dmgmh{VH$ B{VhmgboIZmV ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmÀ`m _m§S>Urbm à{V{H«$`m åhUyZ amï´>dmXrÑï>rH$moZmVyZ ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZmMr na§nam {Z_m©U Pmbr. àm{MZ ^maV, _Ü``wJrZ ^maV Am{UAmYw{ZH$ ^maV `m§À`m B{VhmgmMo amï´>dmXr Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ {dûcofU H$ê$Z Ë`mbm Jm¡adembr yVH$mimÀ`ménmV Ë`mMr _m§S>Ur amï>dmXmZo ào[aV ^maVr` B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Ho$br. `m B{VhmgboIZ na§naobm^maVmVrbamï>dmXr B{VhmgboIZ na§nam åhQ>bo OmVo.

amï>dmXr B{VhmgboIZ na§nam hr AË`§V ì`mnH$ hmoVr. EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mV {VMm CJ_ hmoD$Z{d{dY Q>ßß`mV Am{U {d{dY Càdmhm§À`m ñdê$nmV {dgmì`m eVH$mV à^mdr ~Zbr. `m na§naoMo àmMrZ^maV, _Ü``wJrZ ^maV Am{U AmYw{ZH$ ^maV `m VrZ H$mim§g§X^m©Vrb B{VhmgboIZmMo VrZ {d^mJH$aVm `oVmV.

3.2.2.1 àm{MZ ^maV :

gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr àmMrZ ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrMr qZXmZmbñVr Ho$br hmoVr. àmMrZ^maVmV H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m g§ñWm ApñVËdmV ZìhË`m Aem àH$maMr {dYmZo Ë`m§Zr Ho$br hmoVr.^maVmMm àmMrZ H$mi hm AàJV Am{U amZQ>r Agë`mMo `m B{VhmgH$mam§Mo _V hmoVo. gm_«mÁ`dmXrB{VhmgH$mam§À`m `m {dYmZm§Mo I§S>Z àmMrZ ^maVmg§~§Yr B{VhmgboIZ H$aUmè`m amï´>dmXr B{VhmgH$mamZrHo$bo.

3.2.2.1.1 H$meràgmX O`ñdmb :

ì`dgm`mZo dH$sb Agboë`m H$meràgmX O`ñdmb ho àmMrZ ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m dmaemMonwZé‚mrdZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r B{Vhmg g§emoYZ Am{U B{VhmgboIZmH$mSo> dibo. g§ñH¥$V ^mfoda à wËd{_idyZ Y_©emór` J«§Wm§Mm, H$moard boIm§Mm, àmMrZ ZmÊ`m§Mm Ë`m§Zr Aä`mg Ho$bm. O`ñdmb `m§Zr

16

Hindu Polity Am{U History of India (150-350AD) ho XmoZ _m¡{bH$ J«§W {b{hbo. gm_«mÁ`dmXrB{VhmgH$am§Zr ^maVmV àmMrZH$mir \$º$ {Za§Hw$e amÁ`gÎmm hmoVr, H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m àm{V{Z{YH$g§ñWm ZìhË`m Aer _m§S>Ur Ho$br hmoVr. `m _m§S>Urbm H$mer àgmX O`ñdmb `m§Zr g~i nwamì`m{Zer N>oX{Xbm. Ë`m§Zr d¡{XH$ H$mimVrb g^m d g{_Vr, ~m¡Õ g§KmVrb bmoH$emhrMo VÎd, gmoim _hmOZnX _YrbJUamÁ`o BË`mXt g§ñWm§Mo àmMrZ ^maVmVrb ApñVËd {gÕ H$ê$Z gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Mr _m§S>UrImoSy>Z Q>mH$br. Ë`m§À`m {bImUmVyZ Ë`m§Mm àIa amï´>dmX Am{U àmMrZ ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrMm A{^_mZÑï>rg nS>Vmo.

3.2.2.1.2 amYm Hw$_wX _wIOu :

^maVr`m§Zr H$moUVrhr ^m¡{VH$ d emór` àJVr Ho$br Zgë`mMo gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Mo _VamYm Hw$_wX _wIOu `m§Zr Amnë`m {d{dY J«§WmVyZ ImoSy>Z H$mT>bo. The History of Indian Shipping

Maritime Activity from the earliest Times, Local Self Government in Ancient India,

Ancient Indian Education, The Fundamental Unity of India Am{U The Gupta Empire’

BË`mXr AË`§V _hÎdnyU© Am{U {d{dYm§Jr Eo{Vhm{gH$ J«§W _wIOu `m§Zr {b{hbo. àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ _wKbH$mimn`ªV ^maVr`m§À`m Zm{dH$ Am{U ì`mnm[aH$ hmbMmbr, ^maVmVrb {ejU ì`dñWm, {d{^Þ^mfm§_Yrb gm{hË`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr, ^m¡Jmo{bH$-amOH$s`-gm§ñH¥${VH$ EoŠ`mMr {MÝho `m§Mr _m{hVr XoV _wIOu`m§Zr ^maVr` B{VhmgmMr amï>dmXr B{VhmgboIZ na§naoV ~gUmar _m§S>Ur Ho$br.

3.2.2.1.3 S>m°. am_H¥$îU ^m§S>maH$a :

g§ñH¥$V, àmH¥$V Am{U B§J«Or ^mfoda à wËd, VÎdkmZ Am{U Y_©emómMm Ë`m§Mm gImob Aä`mghmoVm. The Early History of the Deccan Am{U A Peep into the Early History of India ho^m§S>maH$a `m§Mo gwà{gÕ J«§W AmhoV. emór` B{VhmgboIZ nÕVrMo nwañH$V} Agboë`m ^m§S>maH$am§ZrAmnë`m J«§Wm§V X»IZÀ`m Am{U ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmVrb amOH$s` KS>m_moS>tgmo~VM Am{W©H$, Ym{_©H$Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñWVrMo XoIrb {M{H$ËgH$ {ddoMZ Ho$bo. àmÀ`{dÚoVrb g§emoYZmgmR>r gwà{gÕ^m§S>maH$a Amo[aEÝQ>b [agM© BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> hr g§ñWm Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mo à{VH$ Amho.

3.2.2.1.4 S>m°. AZ§V gXm{ed AmiVoH$a :

~Zmag qhXÿ{dÚmnrR>mV Am{U nQ>Zm {dÚmnrR>mV B{VhmgmMo àmÜ`mnH$ Agboë`m AmiVoH$am§Zr{ebmboI, Vm_«nQ>, nwamdeof, ZmUr `m§Mm JmT>m Aä`mg Ho$bm hmoVm. àmMrZ ^maV hm e¡j{UH$Ñï²> m_mJmgbobm hmoVm hm g_O AmiVoH$am§Zr Education in Ancient India `m J«§WmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ImoSy>Z

17

H$mT>bm. àmMrZ H$miÀ`m {ó`m§À`m pñWVrMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z àmMrZ H$mir {ó`m§Zm g_mOmV daMm XOm©hmoVm, _mÌ _Ü` wJmV Ym{_©H$ ê$T>r Am{U H$_©H$m§S> dmT>ë`m_wio {ó`m§Mm g_mOmVrb XOm© KgaV JobmAgo Ë`m§Zr à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. àmMrZ dmS²_`mMm gdmªJrU Aä`mg H$ê$Z àmMrZ ^maVmV {d{dY amOH$s`g§ñWm§gmo~VM amOgÎmoMo {d{dY {gÕm§V XoIrb àM{bV hmoVo nwamì`m{Zer {gÕ Ho$bo.

3.2.2.2 _Ü` wJrZ ^maV :

gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgboIZmVyZ àM{bV Pmbobo _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmVrb _wpñb_ emgZm~m~VMoJ¡ag_O ImoSy>Z H$mT>Ê`mMm à`ËZ VgoM ^maVr`m§À`m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg{b{hÊ`mMm à`ËZ _Ü` wJrZ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg {b{hUmè`m amï>dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Ho$bm.

3.2.2.2.1 S>m°. _h§_X h~r~ :

gwà{V{ð>V Am°Šg\$moS©> {dÚmnrR>mVyZ {ejU KoVboë`m _h§_X h~r~ `m§Zr A{bJT> {dÚmnrR>mVàmÜ`mnH$mMr ZmoH$ar Ho$br. _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmVrb _wñbr_ emgZmMo gImob, dñVw{Zð> Am{U {ZY_u_m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mMo lo _h§_X h~r~ `m§Zm OmVo. _h§_X JPZrÀ`m B{VhmgmMo g§emoYZ H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`mñdmè`m `m_wbV: bwQ>_ma Am{U gÎmoH$[aVm Pmë`m hmoË`m Am{U Ë`m_mJoY_m©Mm AmYma ZìhVm, Ago _Vh~r~ `m§Zr _m§S>bo. h~r~ `m§Zr {X„rÀ`m gwbVmZemhr H$mimVrb g_mOm~Ôb g§emoYZ H$ê$Z H$m_JmaAm{U eoVH$ar OmMmVyZ _wº$ Pmë`mZo Ë`mH$mir ehar Am{U J«m_rU g_mOmV H«$m§{V KSy>Z Ambr Am{UË`m_wioM _§Jmob AmH«$_Uo naVdyZ bmdUo {X„rÀ`m gwbVmZm§Zm eŠ` Pmbo, Agm {gÕm§V XoIrb h~r~`m§Zr _m§S>bm. _h§_X h~r~ `m§Zr _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmH$So> nmhÊ`mMr Zdr Ñï>r {Xbr Am{U amï>dmXmMmnwañH$ma Ho$bm ho Ë`m§Mo _mobmMo `moJXmZ hmo`.

3.2.2.2.2 Ho$. E_. Aea\$ :

Ho$. E_. Aea\$ ho _Ü` wJrZ ^maVmÀ`m {deofV: gwbVmZemhrÀ`m B{VhmgmMo Aä`mgH$ hmoVo.Life and Conditions of the People of Hindustan (1200-1500 AD) hm Ë`m§Mm J«§W gwà{gÕAmho. gwbVmZ emhrVrb ^maVr` g_mOOrdZmMm {ZY_u d¥ÎmrZo Aä`mg H$aUmao B{VhmgH$ma åhUyZAea\$ »`mVr nmdbo. _wñbr_ amÁ`H$V} Amë`m_wio ^maVr`m§À`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV H$moUVmhr _wb yV~XbKSy>Z Ambm Zmhr. qhXÿ Am{U _wgb_mZm§V g§Kf© Pmbm ZgyZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_Ýd` gmYbm Jobm,AemàH$maMo {ddoMZ Aea\$`m§Zr Ho$bo Amho._wñbr_ emgH$m§À`m H$mimV qhXÿ-_wñbr_g§Kf© Pmbm._wñbr_ amÁ`H$V} Owb_r/AË`mMmar hmoVo, Ë`m§Zr Bñbm_ Y_© àOoda bmXÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm, Aem B§J«O

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boIH$m§À`m AmamonmV VÏ` ZmhrV d ho Amamon {Xem yb H$aUmao AmhoV, Aer amï>dmXr y{_H$m Aea\$`m§Zr KoVbr.

3.2.2.2.3 ga OXþZmW gaH$ma :

_Ü``wJrZ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmMo dñVw{Zð> Am{U _ybJm_r g§emoYZmMo lo ga OXþZmW gaH$ma`m§Zm {Xbo OmVo. B§J«Or ^mfogmo~VM g§ñH¥$V, \$magr, nmoVw©JrO, \«|$M Am{U _amR>r ^mfoda gaH$ma `m§Moà wËd hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmMr {d{^Þ ^mfoVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZm§Mo AÜ``ZË`m§Zm H$aVm Ambo. Amnë`m {df`mer g§~§{YV àXoemMm àË`j Xm¡am H$ê$Z VoWrb ^m¡Jmo{bH$ pñWVrMmAä`mg OXþZmWgaH$ma H$aV AgV. àXrK© g§emoYZ Am{U _ZZ Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë`m AmoKdË`m e¡brV J«§Wê$nmZo _m§S>V. OXþZmW gaH$ma `m§Zr History of Aurangzeb hm J«§W nmM I§S>mV Am{U Fall of the

Mughal Empire hm Mma I§S>mV {b{hbm. ho XmoÝhr J«§W _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmÀ`m B{Vhmg g§emoYZmV AË §V_hËdmMo _mZbo OmVmV. OXþZmW gaH$ma `m§Zr Shivaji and His Times Am{U House of Shivaji

gmaIo _amR>m B{Vhmgmg§~§Yr J«§W XoIrb {b{hbo. OXþZmW gaH$mam§Zr Amnbr _Vo naIS>nUo _m§S>ë`m_wioH$mhr _§S>ir ZmamO Pmbr. _mÌ, ^maVr` Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmMo dñVw{Zð> {MÌU H$aÊ`mMmà`ËZ åhUyZ OXþZmW gaH$ma `m§Mo H$m`© _mobmMo R>aVo.

3.2.2.3 AmYw{ZH$ ^maV :

AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmg§~§Yr B{VhmgboIZ H$aUmè`m amï>dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr {~«Q>re emgZmZo^maVmMo Ho$bobo dgmhVdmXr emofU, ^maVmVrb CÚmoJm§Mm èhmg, J«m_rU ^mJmV dmT>Umar X¡Ý`mdñWm ,amï>r` ^mdZoMm CX` Am{U {dH$mg, ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` bT>m Am{U Ë`mVrb {d{dY àdmh BË`mXr {d{dY{df`m§Mo {M{H$ËgH$ {ddoMZ Ho$bo.

3.2.2.3.1 S>m°. a_oeM§Ð XÎm :

àemgH$s` godoV A{YH$mar Agboë`m a_oeM§Ð XÎm `m§Zr H$mhr H$mi b§S>Z {dÚmnrR>mVàmÜ`mnH$s XoIrb Ho$br. amï>dmXr {dMmam§À`m a_oeM§Ð XÎm `m§Zr ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ pñWVrÀ`mAä`mgmH$So> bj XoV Economic History of India hm J«§W {b{hbm. ^maVmMo {~«Q>re emgH$ {d{^Þ_mJmªZr ^maVmMo Am{W©H$ emofU H$aV AmhoV Am{U Ë`m_wio ^maVmMo Am{W©H$ Xm[aÐ² dmT>V Amho Aer_m§S>Ur Ë`m§Zr {~«Q>re nmb©_|Q>Mr H$mJXnÌo, emgH$s` H$mJXnÌo Am{U Ahdmb `m§À`m AmYmao Ho$br.{~«Q>rem§Zr ^maVmbm B§½b§S>_Yrb H$maImÝ`m§gmR>rMm H$ƒm _mb CËnmXZ H$aUmar dgmhV ~Zdbo.Ë`mMà_mUo B§½b§S>_Ü`o V`ma hmoUmè`mn ²$`m _mbmMr {dH«$s H$aÊ`mgmR>rMr h¸$mMr ~mOmanoR> åhUyZ

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^maVmH$So> nm{hbo. {~«Q>rem§À`m dgmhVrH$ YmoaUmMo `m XmoZ _yi CÔoem§_wio ^maVmVrb H¥$frì`dñWodaAm{U nma§nm[aH$ CÚmoJmda AË §V A{Zð> n[aUm_ Pmbo. {~«Q>rem§À`m dgmhVdmXr YmoaUm_wio ^maVr`m§MohmoUmao emofU Ë`m§Zr COmJa Ho$bo. a_oeM§Ð XÎm `m§À`m g§emoYZmZo XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr `m§À`m Am{W©H${ZñgmaUÀ`m {gÕm§VmMr nwï>r Ho$br. XÎm `m§Zr _m§S>bobm AZm¡ÚmoJrH$sH$maUMm {gÕm§V AmO hr ^maVmÀ`mAm{W©H$ B{VhmgmV EH$ geº$ {gÕm§V åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ emofUmMrH$maU_r_m§gm Am{U OmUrd H$ê$Z XoUmè`m a_oeM§Ð XÎm `m§À`m g§emoYZmZo ^maVmÀ`m amï>dmXmbmAm{W©H$ AmYma {Xbm.

3.2.2.3.2 S>m°. VmamM§X (1888-1973) :

^maVmÀ`m ñdmV§Í` Midirda g§emoYZ H$aUmè`m {X½JO B{VhmgH$mam§V S>m°. VmamM§X `m§MrJUZm Ho$br OmVo. S>m°. VmamM§X `m§Mm History of Indian Freedom Movement hm Mma I§S>mVrb J«§WAË`§V JmObm. `m J«§WmV {~«Q>re gÎmm ñWmnZ hmoÊ`mnyduMr ^maVmMr Am{W©H$ pñWVr, ñd §nyU©J«m_ì`dñWm, nma§nm[aH$ CÚmoJ d ì`mnma `m§Mr _m{hVr XoD$Z {~«Q>rem§À`m gÎmm ñWmnZoZ§Va ^maVr`m§MrXþX©em VmamM§X `m§Zr _m§S>br. ^maVmVrb amï>r` à~moYZ, na§nam§Mo Am{U Apñ_VoMo nwZOudZ, amï>r`ZoË`m§Mo H$m`©, {d{dY OZ-Am§XmobZo `m§À`mda XoIrb VmamM§X `m§Zr àH$me Q>mH$bm. {~«Q>rem§Mr Hw$Q>Zr{VAm{U \$moS>m Am{U PmoS>m Mo YmoaU ho ^maVmÀ`m \$miUrg O~m~Xma R>abo Aer Ë`m§Zr _m§S>Ur Ho$br.ñdmV§Í` Midirdarb VmamM§X `m§Mr _m§S>Ur hr amï´>dmXmZo ào[aV Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. S>m°. VmamM§X `m§ZrThe influence of Islam on Indian Culture `m Ë`m§À`m JmOboë`m J«§WmV ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr hr Ho$diqhXÿ g§ñH¥$Vr ZgyZ, qhXÿ Am{U Bñbm_r g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g_Ýd`mVyZ CËH«$m§V Pmbobr EH$ g§nÞ g§ñH¥$Vr Amho,Aer _m§S>Ur nwamì`m§À`m Am{U VH©$ewÕVoÀ`m AmYmamda Ho$br. _yi Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZmMm {M{H$ËgH$nUoAä`mg H$ê$Z VH©$ewÕ _m§S>Ur H$aUmam ì`mg§Jr amï´>dmXr B{VhmgH$ma åhUyZ S>m°. VmamM§X AmoiIboOmVmV.

3.2.2.3.3 S>m°. a_oeM§Ð _wOw_Xma (1884-1980) :

emóewÕ Am{U {M{H$ËgH$ B{VhmgboIZ nÕVrMm dmna H$ê$Z boIZ H$aUmao B{VhmgH$maåhUyZ S>m°. a_oeM§Ð _wOw_Xma gwà{gÕ AmhoV. AË`§V gImob Am{U ~hþAm`m_r g§emoYZ H$ê$Z _wOw_Xma`m§Zr àmMrZ ^maVr` g_mO g§ñH¥$Vr, ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrMm ^maVm~mhoarb {dñVma, {~«Q>re gÎmoMr ñWmnZmAm{U {dñVma, ^maVr`m§Mr ñdV§ÌVm Midi Aem {d{dY {df`m§da boIZ Ho$bo. S>m°. _wOw_Xma `m§ZrCorporate Life in Ancient India, Outline of Ancient Indian History and Civilization,

Ancient India Colonies in the Far East, The Sepoy Mutiny and the Revolt of 1857

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Am{U History of the Freedom Movement BË`mXr erf©H$m§Mo {d{dY Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mi Am{U{df`m§À`m g§X^m©V g§emoYZnyU© J«§W {b{hbo. ^maVr` {dÚm ^dZ `m g§ñWoÛmao àH$m{eV The History

and Culture of the Indian People `m AH$am I§S>r` g§emoYZ àH$ënmMo g§nmXZmMo H$m_ _wOw_Xma`m§Zr Ho$bo. S>m°. VmamM§X `m§À`m à_mUoM _wOw_Xma `m§Zr {~«Q>rem§À`m \$moS>m Am{U PmoS>m À`m Hw$Q>ZrVrMr

y{_H$m Agë`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo _mÌ Ë`mM doir qhXÿ Am{U _wgb_mZ `m§À`mV gm§ñH¥${VH$ oX AgyZ Ë`m§À`mg_Ýd` Pmbm Zmhr Aer _m§S>Ur Ho$br. _wOw_Xma `m§Zr ^maVmÀ`m ñdV§ÌVm MidirV _hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`mH$m`m©Mr XIb KoD$Z Ë`m§Mo H$m¡VwH$ Ho$bo. _mÌ, Y_© Am{U amOH$maU `m§Mr JmbmV Ho$ë`m~Ôb Jm§YtZmXmof XoIrb {Xbm. Eo{Vhm{gH$ dñVw{Zð>m OnV {M{H$ËgH$nUo Ho$ë`m B{VhmgboIZmVyZ XoIrb a_oeM§Ð_wOw_Xma `m§Mr amï>dmXr y{_H$m ñnï> {XgyZ `oVo.

3.2.2.4 amï´>dmXr B{Vhmg boIZmMo _yë`_mnZ :

{~«Q>re gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmMo {dH¥$V {MÌU H$ê$Z ^maVmÀ`mApñ_Voda Kmbm KmVbm. gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgboIZm_wio ^maVr`m§À`m _ZmV ^maVmÀ`m yVH$mim~m~VÝ wZJ§S> {Z_m©U Pmbm. amï>dmXr B{VhmgboIZ na§naoÀ`m B{VhmgH$mam§Zr ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmMr nwZ_mªS>UrH$aV ^maVr`m§Zm `m Ý`wZJ§S>mVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>Ê`mMr _hËdnyU© y{_H$m {Z^mdbr. amï>dmXr B{VhmgboIZmZo^maVr`m§À`m _ZmV Amnë`m g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m A{^_mZmMr Am{U AmË_gÝ_mZmMr ^mdZm OmJdbr.

{~«Q>rem§Zr ^maVmMo Ho$bobo Am{W©H$ emofU, Ë`m§Mo \$moS>m Am{U PmoS>m’Mo amOH$maU BË`mXr~m~tMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ _m§S>Ur H$ê$Z amï>dmXr B{VhmgboIZ na§naoZo ^maVr`m§À`m amï>dmXr ^mdZobm d¡Mm[aH$AmYma {Xbm. \$º$ amOH$s` B{VhmgmMm Aä`mg Z H$aVm {d{dY A§Jm§Zr ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U g_mO`m§À`m {d{^Þ n¡by§da amï´>dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr g§emoYZ Ho$bo. {d. H$m. amOdmSo> `m§À`m gma»`m H$mhrB{VhmgH$mam§Zr Eo{Vhm{gH$ dñVy, Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mJXnÌo Jmoim H$aÊ`mV Am{U g§nm{XV H$aÊ`mV AmnboOrdZ IM© Ho$bo. `m à`ËZm§VyZ ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmÀ`m AÜ``ZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZm§MmR>odm V`ma Pmbm.

gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgboIH$m§À`m _m§S>UrMo I§S>Z H$aV AgVmZm H$mhr doim amï´>dmXrB{VhmgH$mam§Mo dñVw{Zð>VoMo ^mZ gwQ>ë`mMo AmT>iVo. H$mhr doim A{Va§{OV, A{Ve`moº$snyU© Am{UAVm{H©$H$ {dYmZo Ë`m§Zr Ho$br. AmË §{VH$ amï>dmXmÀ`m à^mdm_wio `mVrb H$mhr B{VhmgboIZmbmàMmaH$s ñdê$n Ambo. _wgbr_ emgH$m§À`m {déÕ bT>Umè`m H$mhr Eo{Vhm{gH$ ì`º$s¨À`m H$m`m©Mm Jm¡adH$aVmZm ZH$iV Ë`m§À`m {bImUm_Ü o O_mVdmX S>moH$mdy bmJbm. Ago Agbo Var amï>dmXr B{VhmgboIZna§naoZo ^maVr` B{VhmgmÀ`m kmZmV AË`§V _hÎdmMo `moJXmZ {Xë`mMo _mÝ` H$amdo bmJVo.

21

ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àý -2


1) The Early History of Deccanhm J«§W H$moUr {b{hbm ?

2) àmMrZ ^maV hm e¡j{UH$Ñï²> m _mJmgbobm hmoVm hm g_O H$moUr ImoSy>Z H$mT>bm ?

3) _h§_XJPZrÀ`m B{Vhmgmda H$moUr g§emoYZ Ho$bo ?

4) Shivaji and His Times Am{U House of Shivaji ho J«§W H$moUr {b{hbo ?

5) ^maVr` {dÚm ^dZ `m g§ñWoÛmao àH$m{eV The History and Culture of the Indian

People `m AH$am I§S>r` g§emoYZ àH$ënmMo g§nmXZ H$moUr Ho$bo ?


1) _Ü`_dJm©darb nmümË` d¡Mm[aH$ à^mdmVyZ ................. Mr ^mdZm dmT>rg bmJbr.

2) ................. Vrb^maVr` g_mOOrdZmMm {ZY_u d¥ÎmrZo Aä`mg H$aUmao B{VhmgH$ma åhUyZAea\$ »`mVr nmdbo.

3) amï>dmXr {dMmam§À`m ................. `m§Zr ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ pñWVrÀ`m Aä`mgmH$So> bj XoVEconomic History of India hm J«§W {b{hbm

4) a_oeM§Ð XÎm `m§À`m g§emoYZmZo ........... `m§À`m Am{W©H$ {ZñgmaUÀ`m {gÕm§VmMr nwï>r Ho$br.

5) gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{Vhmg boIH$m§À`m _m§S>UrMo I§S>Z H$aV AgVmZm H$mhr doim amï´>dmXrB{VhmgH$mam§Mo ................. Mo ^mZ gwQ>ë`mMo AmT>iVo.

3.2.3 _mŠg©dmXr (Marxist) B{Vhmg boIZ na§nam

20ì`m eVH$mV _mŠg©dmXmZo {d{^Þ kmZemIm§Zm à^m{dV Ho$bo Am{U _mŠg©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm{dH$mg Pmbm. _mZdr B{VhmgmVrb ~Xbm§À`m _wimer Am{W©H$ H$maUo AgyZ ^m¡{VH$ A§V{d©amoYmVyZ_mZdr OrdZmMm {dH$mg hmoV AgVmo, Aer _mŠg©Zo Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmXr _m§S>Ur hmoVr. ^maVmV_mŠg©dmXr Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ B{VhmgmMr _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mg gwédmV hmoD$Z _mŠg©À`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmXmÀ`mAmYmamZo ^maVr` B{VhmgmMo AmH$bZ H$aÊ`mMr H$aÊ`mMr na§nam gwé Pmbr. `m na§naobmM ^maVmVrb_mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgboIZ na§nam åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. _mŠg©dmXr B{Vhmg boIZmMm Ama§ ñdmV§Í`nyd©H$mimV Pmbm Agbm Var Ë`mdoir hm àdmh {VVH$mgm à^mdr ZìhVm. lrnmX A_¥V S>m§Jo `m§Mo From

22

Primitive communism to Slavery Am{U aOZr nm_ XÎm `m§Mm India Today ho gwadmVrÀ`mH$mimVrb _mŠg©dmXr B{Vhmg J«§W åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV. _mÌ, 1950 Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV S>r. S>r.H$mogm§~r, S>m°. am_ eaU e_m©, S>m°. amo{_bm Wmna, S>m°. Ba\$mZ h~r~, S>m°. {~nrZ M§Ð `m§Zr âVrb_mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgboIZ na§naoV _mobmMr â KmbyZ Amnë`m {dÛÎmoMm R>gm OmJ{VH$ nmVirdaC_Q>dbm.

3.2.3.1 S>m°. Xm_moXa Y_m©Z§X H$mogm§~r :

J{UV, g§»`memó, nwamVÎdemó, _mZdd§eemó, ZmUH$emó BË`mXr {d{dY emóm§Mm Am{Ug§ñH¥$V Am{U nmbr ^mfoMm Aä`mg Agbobo S>r. S>r. H$mogm§~r ho {d»`mV _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$ma åhUyZAmoiIbo OmVmV. Q>mQ>m BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°\$ \§$S>m_|Q>b [agM© `m gwà{gÕ g§ñWoMo g§MmbH$ åhUyZ nX

yfdboë`m H$mogm§~r `m§Zr Odinmg e§âhÿZ A{YH$ g§emoYH$s` boI àH$m{eV Ho$bo. Ë`m§MoIntroduction to the study of Indian History Am{U The Culture and Civilization of

Ancient Indian Culture ho XmoZ J«§W ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZmVrb AË`§V _hÎdnyU© J«§W åhUyZ AmoiIboOmVmV.

S>r. S>r. H$mogm§~r `m§Zr B{Vhmgmbm KQ>Zm§Mr H$mb~Õ _m§S>Ur qH$dm Wmoam§Mo M[aÌ BVŠ`mñdê$nmÀ`m nbrH$So> KoD$Z OmÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bmS>r. S>r. H$mogm§~r `m§À`m _Vo, B{Vhmg åhUOo CËnmXZgmYZo Am{U CËnmXZ à{H«$òVrb {^Þ KQ>H$m§À`m nañna g§~§YmV Pmboë`m n[adV©Zm§Mm Aä`mg hmo`.H$mb© _mŠg©À`m B{Vhmg{df`H$ à_o`mbm OgoÀ`m Vgo Z ñdrH$maVm ^maVr` B{VhmgmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo Ë`mV~Xb H$ê$Z H$mogm§~r `m§Zr B{VhmgmMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br. _mŠg©À`m Am{e`m`r CËnmXZ nÕVrZwgma ^maVr`g_mO _w»`V: J«m_ì`dñWm hr ñd`§nyU© Agë`m_wio pñWVrerb Agë`mMr _m§S>Ur hmoVr. S>r. S>r.H$mogm§~r `m§Zr `mMo I§S>Z H$aV ^maVmVrb J«m_ì`dñWm ñd`§nyU© Agbr Var Vr J{VhrZ, pñWVrerb,An[adV©Zr` ZìhVr Aer _m§S>Ur Ho$br. H$mogm§~r `m§Zr _mZdd§eemó Am{U nwamVËdemó `m§Mr gm§JS>KmbyZ Amnë`m g§emoYZmMo {gÕm§H$Z Ho$bo. àmMrZ {bpIV gmYZo Am{U nwamVmpËdH$ gmYZmMm Vm¡{bH$Aä`mg H$ê$Z, ZmÊ`m§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z VËH$mbrZ g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U Am{W©H$ pñWVrda ^mî` Ho$bo.~m¡Õ Y_m©Mm èhmg Am{U JrVoMo VÎdkmZ `m§Mr ^m¡{VH$dmXr _r_m§gm H$mogm§~r `m§Zr Ho$br. {_WH$m§MmAä`mg H$ê$Z àmMrZ H$mimÀ`m B{VhmgmgmR>r H$ê$Z {_WH$m§Mm CbJS>m H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo. S>r.S>r. H$mog§~r `m§Zr Aem {d{^Þ nÕVtMm dmna H$ê$Z Ho$bobo _ybJm_r g§emoYZ ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZmVnWXe©H$ R>abo.

23

3.2.3.2 S>m°. am_ eaU e_m© :

B§½b§S>_Üò Cƒ{ejU àmá H$aUmao Ama. Eg. e_m© ho nwT>o B§{S>`Z H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ {hñQ>m°[aH$b[agM© `m g§ñWoMo n{hbo AÜ`j Pmbo. _mŠg©À`m ^m¡{VH$dmXr {gÕm§VmÀ`m AmYmao àmMrZ ^maVr`gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ B{VhmgmMo {M{H$ËgH$nUo g§emoYZ H$aUmao B{VhmgH$ma åhUyZ e_m© à{gÕAmhoV. Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ J«§W Am{U g§emoYZ boI àH$m{eV Ho$bo. Ama. Eg. e_m© `m§Zr Amnë`m Shudras

in Ancient India øm J«§WmV dU©ì`dñWm Am{U OmVrì`dñWoÀ`m CJ_mMr Am{U Y_©emóm§Zr Ë`m§Zm{Xboë`m A{^_mÝ`mVoMr ^m¡{VH$dmXr H$maU_r_m§gm Ho$br. dU©ì`dñWoÀ`m CJ_mnmgyZ JwáH$mimn ªVdU©ì`dñWoV Am{U eyÐm§À`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ ñWmZmV Pmboë`m ~Xbm§Mr _m§S>Ur e_m© `m§ZrHo$br. S>m°. am_ eaU e_m© `m§Zr Indian Feudalism `m J«§WmV ^maVmVrb gm_§Vemhr ì`dñWoÀ`mCX`mMo Ë`m§Zr {gÕm§H$Z Ho$bo. yXmZmMo dmT>Vo à_mU ho ga§Om_emhr ì`dñWoÀ`m dmT>rMo Eo{Vhm{gH$ à_mU_mZyZ JwáH$mimVrb ZJam§À`m èhmgmbm Ë`m§Zr `m ì`dñWoÀ`m CX`mMo H$maU R>a{dbo. Amnë`m Material

Culture and Social Formation in Ancient India `m J«§WmV àmMrZ ^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ Am{Ugm§ñH¥${VH$ pñWVr_Üò hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§Mr ^m¡{VH$dmXr Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ _r_m§gm Ho$br. am_ eaU e_m© `m§À`mUrban Decay in India àmMrZ ^maVmVrb ZJam§À`m èhmgmMr Am{U ñd`§nyU© J«m_ì`dñWoÀ`m dmT>rMo_mŠg©dmXr Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ H$maU_r_m§gm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.àmMrZ ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmÀ`m {d{dY gmYZm§Mo^m¡{VH$dmXr Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ AW© bmdyZ Ë`mVyZ ^maVmÀ`m gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ B{VhmgmMrCH$b H$aÊ`mMo _hÎdnyU© H$m © Ama. Eg. e_m© `m§Zr Ho$bo.

3.2.3.3 S>m°. amo{_bm Wmna :

{X„r òWrb à»`mV Odmhabmb Zohé {dÚmnrR>mVrb B{VhmgmÀ`m àmÜ`m{nH$m åhUyZ H$m_Ho$boë`m amo{_bm Wmna OJâ »`mVr àmá B{VhmgH$ma AmhoV.Ë`m§Mo {H$Ë oH$ J«§W Am{U g§emoYH$s` boIHo$ Am§Vaamï>r` »`mVrÀ`m àH$meH$m§H$Sy>Z à{gÕ hmoV AgVmV. Ashoka and the Decline of the

Mauryas` `m Ë`m§À`m bmoH${à` J«§WmVWmna `m§Zr _m¡ © g_«mQ> AemoH$ `mÀ`m emgZmMr Am{U Y_©{df`H$YmoaUmMr ^m¡{VH$dmXr Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ {M{H$Ëgm Ho$br. `mM J«§WmV _m¡ © gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m èhmgmMr ^m¡{VH$dmXrH$maU_r_m§gm Ë`m H$aVmV. amo{_bm Wmna `m§Zr History of India, Ancient Indian Social History,

From Lineage to State Am{U Ideology and Interpretation of Early Indian History BË`mXrJ«§WmVyZ àmMrZ ^maVmÀ`m amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, V§ÌkmZ BË`mXr {d{dY n¡by§da ^m¡{VH$dmXrÑï>rH$moZmVyZ _m§S>Ur Ho$br. ^maVmg§~§YrMo B{VhmgboIZmMr {M{H$Ëgm H$aV OZ_mZgmV éOboboAm`mªÀ`m AmH«$_UmMo AWdm Am © d§emMo {gÕm§V nwamì`m§À`m {ZH$fmda ImoSy>Z H$mT>VmV. S>m°. amo{_bm

24

Wmna `m§Mo boIZ ho _mŠg©dmXr {dMmagaUr gmo~VM Ë`m§À`m ñdV§Ì Am{U gImob g§emoYZmMo, {M{H$ËgH${ddoMZmMo Xe©Z KS>dVo.

3.2.3.4 S>m°. Ba\$mZh~r~ :

A{bJT> {dÚmnrR>mV àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bobo Ba\$mZ h~r~ ho _Ü` wJrZ ^maVmMo à»`mVB{VhmgH$ma AmhoV._Ü` wJrZ ^maVmMm Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg hm Ë`m§Mm _w»` g§emoYZmMm {df` Amho. h~r~`m§Mo AZoH$ J«§W Am{U g§emoYH$s` boI àH$m{eV Pmbo AgyZ _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmÀ`mg§emoYZmV Vo _wb yV _mZbo OmVmV. _wKb H$mimVrb eoVrì`dñWoMm Aä`mg H$aUmam Ba\$mZ h~r~`m§Mm Agrarian System in Mughal India hm J«§W _hËdnyU© Amho. eoVH$è`m§À`m H$Sy>Z OmñVrVOmñVH$am§Mr dgwbr H$aÊ`mÀ`m _wKb gÎmoÀ`m YmoaUm_wio eoVH$è`m§Mo Xm[aÐ²` dmT>bo. eoVH$è`m§À`mV Ag§Vmof{Z_m©U hmoD$Z _moR>çm à_mUm§V ~§S>mir hmoD$ bmJë`m. _wKbH$mimVrb H¥$fr ì`dñWoVrb g§H$Q> ho _wKbgÎmoÀ`m èhmgmMo _hÎdnyU© H$maU R>abo. Am¡a§JOo~À`m H$mimV Pmboë`m CR>mdm§À`m _mJo Ym{_©H$ AË`mMmaho H$maU ZgyZ Am{W©H$ emofUm_wio {Z_m©U Pmbobm Ag§Vmof ho à_wI H$maU hmoVo , Aer _m§S>Ur h~r~`m§Zr Ho$br. Interpreting Indian History `m J«§WmV h~r~ `m§Zr _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmÀ`m gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ B{VhmgmMo {ddoMZ Ho$bo. _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmVrb AW©ì`dñWm Am{U g_mOOrdZ ho ga§Om_rì`dñWohÿZ {^Þ Agë`mMm {ZîH$f© Ë`m§Zr _m§S>bm. Caste and Money in Indian History `m J«§WmVOmVr ì`dñWoÀ`m CX`m_mJrb Am{W©H$ H$maUmMm Chmnmoh Ba\$mZ h~r~ `m§Zr Ho$bm. Cambridge

Economic History of India (1200-1750) `m S>m°. VnZ am`Mm¡Yar `m§À`m gmo~V {b{hboë`m J«§WmVBa\$mZ h~r~ `m§Zr _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {d{^Þ KQ>H$m§Mo {dñV¥V {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho.The Atlas of Mughal Empire Am{U Economic Map of India `m J«§Wm§VyZ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ _m{hVrgmo~VM Am{W©H$ _m{hVr XoUmè`m _Ü` wJrZ ^maVmMo EHy$U ~Îmrg ZH$meo Ba\$mZ h~r~ `m§Zr àH$m{eVHo$bo. _mŠg©dmXmZo {Xbobr à_o o OerÀ`m Ver Z ñdrH$maVm ^m¡{VH$dmXr Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Am{U Û§ÛmË_H$^m¡{VH$ {dH$mgmMm {gÕm§VmMm ñdV§Ì ~wÕrZo dmna H$ê$Z _mZdr g_mOmMm B{Vhmg g_moa AmUmdm Aer_m§S>Ur Ba\$mZ h~r~ `m§Zr Problems of Marxist Historiography `m J«§WmV Ho$br Amho. _Ü``wJrZ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmMo Ooð> B{VhmgH$ma åhUyZ Ba\$mZ h~r~ OJ^a à{gÕ AmhoV.

3.2.3.5 S>m°. {~nrZ M§Ð :

^maVr` amï>r` MidirMo _mŠg©dmXr {dûcofU H$aUmao _hËdnyU© Am{U nWXeu B{VhmgH$maåhUyZ S>m°. {~{nZ M§Ð AmoiIbo OmVmV. H|${~«OB{VhmgboIZ na§naoZo à{Vnm{XV Ho$bobr ^maVr`ñdmV§Í`VmMidirer g§~§{YV à_o`m§Mo {~{nZ M§Ð `m§Zr I§S>Z Ho$bo. ^maVr` ñdV§ÌVm Midi hr

25

OZg_mÝ`m§Mr Midi hmoVr, Ë`mbm d¡Mm[aH$ ZoV¥Ëd gw{e{jV _Ü`_dJm©Vrb ZoË`m§Zr {Xbo Agbo Var_wb yV àý Am{U g§Kf© hm OZgm_mÝ`m§MmM hmoVm, Ago à{VnmXZ {~{nZ M§Ð `m§Zr India’s Struggle

for Independence `m gwà{gÕ J«§WmV Ho$br. The Rise and Growth of Economic

Nationalism Am{U Nationalism and Colonialism in India `m J«§Wm§_Ü o ^maVr` amï>dmXmÀ`mCX` Am{U {dH$mgmMo Am{W©H$ n¡by, dgmh{VH$ emgZmMo Am{W©H$ YmoaU Am{U ^maVr` ^m§S>dbXmam§MrñdV§Í`Vm MidirVrb y{_H$m `m§Mo {dûcofU {~{nZ M§Ð `m§Zr Ho$bo. Amnë`m gwà{gÕCommunalism in India `m J«§WmV O_mVdmXmÀ`m CX`m_mJrb H$maUm§Mm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg H$ê$ZO_mVdmX hm {~«Q>re dgmhVdmXmMo AnË` Agë`mMr _m§S>Ur Ë`m§Zr Ho$br. _mŠg©dmXr Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ^maVmÀ`m amï>r` MidirMo OZAm§XmobZ åhUyZ A{YH$ ì`mnH$ ñdê$n COmJa H$aUmao B{VhmgH$maåhUyZ {~{nZ M§Ð AmoiIbo OmVmV.

3.2.3.6 _mŠg©dmXrB{Vhmg boIZ na§naoMo _yë`_mnZ :

^maVmVrb _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgboIZ na§naoZo ^maVr` B{VhmgboIZmbm Zdr {Xem {Xbr.B{VhmgmMm AmdmH$m, _m§S>UrMo V§Ì, {dûcofU nÕVr, Vm{H©$H$ {ZîH$f© Aem AZoH$ ~m~VrV _mŠg©dmXrB{VhmgboIZ _hËdnyU© R>abm. _mŠg©Mr B{Vhmg{df`H$ à_oò OerÀ`m Ver Z ñdrH$maVm ñdV§Ì ~wÕrZoAm{U ^maVr` n[apñWVrMo gImob AmH$bZ H$ê$Z _yi à_o m§V ~Xb H$ê$Z AWdm Vr nyU©V: ZmH$mê$Z^maVr` _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br. nyduÀ`m B{VhmgH$mam§_ÜòamOH$s` B{VhmgmMm à^md OmñV hmoVm. _mÌ, _mŠg©dmXr B{Vhmg H$am§Zr Am{W©H$ B{Vhmgmda â XoVgm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{VhmgmV XoIrb _mobmMr â Q>mH$br. àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ AmYw{ZH$H$mimÀ`m B{VhmgmMo Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmXr nÕVrZo Zì`màH$mao {dûcofU H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© _mŠg©dmXrB{VhmgH$mam§Zr nma nmS>bo. _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§emoYZmV ^mfmemó, g_mOemó,nwamVÎdemó, AW©emó BË`mXr kmZemIm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z Amnë`m g§emoYZmg Am§Va{dÚmemIr` ñdê$n{Xbo.



1) H$moUË`m na§naobm ^maVmVrb _mŠg©dmXrB{VhmgboIZ na§nam åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo ?

2) Indian Feudalism `m J«§WmV ^maVmVrb gm_§Vemhr ì`dñWoÀ`m CX`mMo Ë`m§Zr {gÕm§H$ZH$moUr Ho$bo ?

26

3) _m¡ © g_«mQ> AemoH$ `mÀ`m emgZmMr Am{U Y_©{df`H$ YmoaUmMr ^m¡{VH$dmXr Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ{M{H$Ëgm H$moUr Ho$br ?

4) _wKb H$mimVrb eoVrì`dñWoMm Aä`mg H$aUmam Agrarian System in Mughal India hm_hËdnyU© J«§W H$moUr {b{hbm ?

5) Communalism in India `m J«§WmV O_mVdmXmÀ`mCX`m_mJrb H$maUm§Mm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mgH$moUr Ho$bm ?


1) ............... `m§À`m _Vo, B{Vhmg åhUOo CËnmXZ gmYZo Am{U CËnmXZ à{H«$`oVrb {^ÞKQ>H$m§À`m nañna g§~§YmV Pmboë`m n[adV©Zm§Mm Aä`mg hmo`.

2) am_ eaU e_m© `m§À`m ......................... àmMrZ ^maVmVrb ZJam§À`m èhmgmMr Am{Uñd`§nyU© J«m_ì`dñWoÀ`m dmT>rMo _mŠg©dmXr Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ H$maU_r_m§gm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

3) .................. {dÚmnrR>mV àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bobo Ba\$mZh~r~ ho _Ü``wJrZ^maVmMo à»`mV B{VhmgH$ma AmhoV.

4) H|${~« B{Vhmg boIZ na§naoZo à{Vnm{XV Ho$bobr .................. g§~§{YV à_o`m§Mo {~{nZ M§Ð`m§Zr I§S>Z Ho$bo.

5) àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ AmYw{ZH$ H$mimÀ`m B{VhmgmMo ........................ nÕVrZo Zì`màH$mao{dûcofU H$aÊ`mMo H$m © _mŠg©dmXrB{VhmgH$mam§Zr nma nmS>bo.

3.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©

^maV{dÚm : àmMrZ ^maVmMm Aä`mg

_mŠg©dmX : H$mb© _mŠg© `m O_©Z {dMmad§VmMoVËdkmZ

AZm¡ÚmoJrH$sH$aU : CÚmoJm§Mm èhmg hmoUo

27

3.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àým§Mr CÎmao

ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>r àý - 1


1) {dë`_ H°$ar 2) Mmëg© {dpëH$Ýg

3) Ooåg {_b 4) _mD$§Q> ñQ>çwAQ>© Eb{\$ÝñQ>Z

5) Abmh~mX


1) hoZ«r H$mob~«yH$ 2) AboŠPm§S>a H$qZJh°_

3) _°Šg _w„a 4) Eb{\$ÝñQ>Z

5) Jm°S©>Z Om°ÝgZ



1) S>m°. am_H¥$îU ^m§S>maH$a 2) S>m°. AZ§V gXm{ed AmiVoH$a

3) S>m°. _h§_Xh~r~ 4) ga OXþZmW gaH$ma

5) S>m°. a_oeM§Ð _wOw_Xma


1) amï>dmXm 2) gwbVmZemhr

3) a_oeM§Ð XÎm 4) XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr

5) dñVw{Zð>Vo

28

ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àý - 3


1) _mŠg©À`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmXmÀ`m AmYmamZo ^maVr` B{VhmgmMo AmH$bZH$aÊ`mMr H$aÊ`mMr na§nam

2) S>m°. am_ eaU e_m©

3) S>m°. amo{_bmWmna

4) S>m°. Ba\$mZh~r~

5) S>m°. {~nrZ M§Ð


1) S>r. S>r. H$mogm§~r

2) Urban Decay in India’

3) A{bJT>

4) ^maVr` ñdmV§Í`Vm Midirer

5) Û§ÛmË_H$^m¡{VH$dmXr

3.5 gmam§e

^maVmV AmYw{ZH$nÕVrZo B{VhmgboIZmMrMr gwadmV nmümË` Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$br. ^maVmV{~«Q>rem§Mr gÎmm ñWmnZ Pmë`mZ§Va nm¡dm©Ë`dmXr,gm_«mÁ`dmXr BË`mXr B{VhmgboIZ na§nam CX`mbmAmë`m. nm¡dm©Ë` B{VhmgboIZ na§nam hr ^maVm~m~VÀ`m Hw$Vyhb{_{lV AmH$f©Um_wio {Z_m©U Pmbr.{~«Q>re gÎmm pñWa Pmë`mZ§Va gm_«mÁ`dmXr na§naobm gwadmV Pmbr. gm_«mÁ`dmXr na§naoZo ^maVr`m§À`mg§X^m©V nyd©J«hXÿ{fV Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ boIZ H$ê$Z ^maVr`m§Zm _mJmg R>adbo. ^maVr`m§Zm H${Zð> R>adyZ{~«Q>rem§Zm loð> R>adV ^maVmdarb {~«Q>re gÎmoMo Z¡{VH$ g_W©Z Ho$bo. {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`mda H|${~«Og§àXm`mZo ^maVmdarb {~«Q>re gÎmoMo g_W©Z H$aV ^maVr` ñdV§ÌVm MidirVrb A§V{d©amoY nwT>oAmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.

29

^maVmVrb amï>dmXmÀ`m CX`m gmo~V amï>dmXr B{Vhmg boIZ na§naoMm CX` Pmbm. gm_«mÁ`dmXrB{Vhmg boIZm_wio ^maVr`m§À`m _ZmV ñdV:À`m B{Vhmgmg§~§Yr {Z_m©U Pmbobm Ý`wZJ§S> H$mTy>ZQ>mH$Ê`mMo H$m_ amï>dmXr B{VhmgboIZ na§naoZo Ho$bo. `m à{H«$òV Ë`m§À`m H$Sy>Z A{Ve`moº$s AWdmA{Va§{OV nUm Pmbm Agbm Var gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Mo ~è`mn¡H$s _m§S>UrMo Ë`m§Zr gà_mU I§S>ZHo$bo.

^maVmVrb _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgboIZ na§naoZo ^maVr` B{VhmgmMo ^m¡{VH$dmXr Ñï>rH$moZmVyZAmH$bZ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. amOH$s` B{VhmgmEodOr Am{W©H$ B{Vhmgmda â XoD$Z ^maVr`B{VhmgmMo {gÕm§H$Z H$aÊ`mda _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$am§Mm â hmoVm.

AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmVrb B{VhmgboIZ na§nao_Üò B{VhmgH$am§À`m d¡Mm[aH$ y{_H$m§À`m AZwf§JmZo{d{dY B{VhmgboIZ na§nam§Mm CX` Pmë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.

3.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`(A) Imbrb àým§Mr CÎmao {bhm. (XrKm}Îmar àý)

1) nm¡dm©Ë`dmXr B{Vhmg boIZm_Yrb B{VhmgH$mam§Mo ^maVr` B{VhmgmVrb `moJXmZ ñnï> H$am.

2) gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{Vhmg boIZ na§naoÀ`m ^maVmÀ`m B{Vhmgm {df`rÀ`m Ñï>rH$moZmMr {M{H$ËgmH$am.

3) H|${~«O B{Vhmg boIZ na§naoMo _m{hVr XoD$Z _yë`_mnZ H$am.

4) amï>dmXr B{Vhmg boIZ na§naoMo `moJXmZ ñnï> H$am.

5) _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgboIZ na§naoÀ`m B{VhmgmÀ`m _m§S>UrMr MMm© H$am.

(~) {Q>nm {bhm.(bKwÎmar àý)

1) {dë`_ OmoÝg

2) Ooåg {_b

3) S>r.S>r. H$mog§~r

4) S>m°. Ba\$mZh~r~

5) S>m°. amo{_bmWmna

30


1. E. Sreedharan, A Textbook of Historiography, 500 B.C. to A.D. 2000, Orient

Blackswan, 2004

2. B. Sheikh Ali, History : Its Theory and Method, Macmillan, 1978

3. à^mH$a Xod, B{Vhmgemó : g§emoYZ, AÜ`mnZ Am{U boIZ na§nam, ~«oZQ>m°{ZH$ àH$meZ.Zm{eH$, 2007

4. em§VmH$moR>oH$a, B{Vhmg : V§Ì Am{U VÎdkmZ, lr gmB©ZmW àH$meZ, ZmJnya, 2005

5. ~r. EZ. gaXogmB©,B{VhmgboIZemó, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya 2002

6. Omñd§Xr dm§~yaH$a, B{VhmgmVrb Zdo àdmh, S>m`_§S> npãbHo$eZ, nwUo 2014

7. B{Vhmg boIZ _r_m§gm, {ZdS>H$ g_mO à~moYZ n{ÌH$m, I§S>-1, bmoH$dmL²>` J¥h, 2010

m. a. ii history sem. iii p. 302 title 2019/m. a. ii... · 4 7. kq>zmm du©z h$avmzm vËh$mbrz...

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