Automobiles

Automobiles

Automobiles - DefinitionAn Automobile is a self propelled vehicle that travels on land - Willium H. Crouse

An Automobile is a wheeled vehicle carrying its own motive power unit - Kirpal Singh

Motorized vehicle consisting of four wheels and powered by an internalengine. Automobiles are used totransportpeople anditemsfrom onelocationto another location. Automobiles generally usegasolinetofuelthe internal engine, but technological advanceshave led to the design of cars that run onelectricityand even water.

Present ScenarioToday, the automobile industry is one of the biggest in the world.In recent years tremendous changes have taken place in the automobile industry.Two powerful forces have been at work- * Challenge of foreign automotive manufacturers * Federal laws made by the government, covering- # Automotive air pollution # Automotive Safety # Automotive Fuel EconomyPresent ScenarioThese two forces have caused the manufacturers to develop new generations of * Light Weight vehicles * Fuel Efficient vehiclesThis is an ongoing revolutionary process.Each year, automotive manufacturers bring out new models that improve upon fuel efficiency and performance with less air pollution.The competition among manufacturers has resulted in many innovations that are being widely adopted.New InnovationsA few of these innovations include > Antilock Braking System (ABS) > Traction-control System (TCS) > Four-wheel Steering > Four-wheel Drive > Electrically controlled and active suspension system > Supplemental restrain system (air bags ) > Sequential port fuel injection > Super-charging and Turbo-charging > Variable engine-valve timing and liftComponents of a 4-wheeler AutomobileAbout 1500 separate parts are put together to make an automobile.These parts are grouped into several systems.Each system is made up of two and more parts that work together to perform a specific job.The Automotive vehicles are produced in a large variety of sizes and shapes.All have the same basic parts and systems.

Major Systems of AutomobilesThere are 5 major Systems of automobiles which consists of various parts (1) Chassis (2) Steering system (3) Suspension system (4) Braking system (5) Transmission systemChassis1.Automotive.theframe,wheels,andmachinery ofamotor vehicle,onwhichthebodyissupported.

2.Ordnance.theframeorrailwayonwhichaguncarriage movesbackwardandforward.

3.Aircraft : themainlandinggearofanaircraft;thatportionofthe landinggearthatsupportsanaircraft.

4.RadioandTelevision.aframeformountingthecircuit componentsofaradioortelevisionset.

Chasis

ChassisThe skeleton of a motor vehicle consisting of a steel frame supported on springs that holds the body and motor.The under part of an automobile, consisting of the frame (on which the body is mounted) with the wheels and machinery.Steering SystemThe system of an automobile that allows a user to guide the vehicle in desired set of path by means of various steering components such as rudder, paddle, or wheel; rack & pinion arrangement; tie-rods; steering arm; steering shaft; double universal joint; steering knuckle , etc.

Steering System

Hydraulic Steering system

Power steering system

Suspension SystemSuspensionis the term given to the system ofsprings,shock absorbersandlinkagesthat connects avehicleto itswheelsand allows relative motion between the two.The springs and related parts intermediate between the wheels and the frame, subframe, or side rails of a unitized body.Components of Suspension

Functions of Suspension systemSuspension systems serve a dual purpose (1) contributing to the vehicle's road holding/handlingandbrakingfor good active safety and driving pleasure. (2) keeping vehicle occupants comfortable and reasonably well isolated from road noise, bumps, and vibrations,etc.Brakes/Braking systemAn energy conversion device used to slow a vehicle, stop it, or hold it in position.The two systems are the service brake and the parking brake, both of friction type. * The service brake includes a hydraulically operated brake mechanism at each wheel. These wheel brakes are controlled by movement of the brake pedal, providing braking proportional to the applied pedal force. * The parking brake is a mechanical brake operated through a separate hand lever or pedal; it applies parking-brake mechanisms usually at the two rear wheels.

Shoe-Brakes

Disc-Brakes

Band Brakes

Braking System

Transmission SystemAn automotive assembly of gears and associated parts by which power is transmitted from the engine to a driving axle. Also called gearbox.a system of shafts, gears, torque converters, etc., that transmits power, esp the arrangement of such parts that transmits the power of the engine to the driving wheels of a motor vehicle.Types of TransmissionManual Transmission

AutomaticTransmission (also calledautomatic gearbox, orauto transmission) is one type ofmotor vehicletransmissionthat can automatically changegear ratiosas the vehicle moves, freeing the driver from having to shift gearsmanually. Most automatic transmissions have a defined set of gear ranges, often with aparking pawlfeature that locks the output shaft of the transmission.Transmission

Other TypesContinuously variable transmission(CVT) CVT uses a belt or other torque transmission scheme to allow an "infinite" number of gear ratios instead of a fixed number of gear ratios.Semi-automatic transmissions A semi-automatic retains a clutch like a manual transmission, but controls the clutch throughelectro- hydraulic means.Components of TransmissionPropeller ShaftClutchDifferential Rear axelGearboxUniversal joint

Components of Transmission

Propeller shaft

ClutchCone Clutch

ClutchSingle Plate Clutch

ClutchCentrifugal Clutch

Differential

Differential