- - - - - - - - - -

: : : : : : : : : :

: ) ( . ((Work Horse . . ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ...(. )( ) ( . . . . . . . . .

:

-- : . . . ,-, . . . . . . . ) ( . .

)-(:

. . ) (John Smeaton . . . (John (Wilkinson . . . . (Mt.Ce (Nis . / . . . . . )(Germain Sommeiller . . ) -(. . .

. . . . .

)-(:

. ) ( kw kw . . . . . . . . )(Rotary . ) (Lobe . Roots / . ) (Roots

Roots . ) (Sliding Vane ) (Dry . )(Lubricated . . . Rateau : / ) / ( . : . ) (Oil Free .

:

-: Pressure . F A P )-( .

=P

F A

)-( --:

) ( . ... ) , psia (, psia )-(.

--: )( Gauge Pressure )( . (a)bar. = )-( .

-: WORK F L W

W= F L

)-(

:

-: )( POWER . .=P W t

)-( :

: )(KINETIC ENERGY )( ((K.E : )(POTENTIAL ENERGY

-: ) ( TEMPERATURE ) ( o C ) ( o F

.o

+ F = , o Co

)-( )-( --:

=C

o ) - ( F

- ) - ( . ) (K ) ( O R . T .

K = + o CO

)-( )-( -:

R = + o F

. :

T V )P = ( )P )-( . : T V P T V . " () (Isobar. p . : )( )( . ) (Isothermal.( P V )T = ( )T P V

)-( :

.

(

P T )v = ( )v P T

)-( -:

)-( .

PV P V = T T

)-( -:

)-(

PV = MRT

)-(

:

P V M R T . R )-( .

- : : Specific Heat

Kcal . / mol. o C Kcal.

) ( C P ) ( C v. ) ( C P ) ( C v .

Cp Cv = R

KJ

Kg. mol. K

)-(

"

CP CV ) (K .

=K

CP CV

)-( K )-( .

-: ADIABATIC PROCESS = Q .

)-(:

)-(:

-: ISOTHERMAL PROCESS .

. = T .

-: Polytropic" . "

. ) ( ) - ( . " :

PV = C

)-( :

P V C . ) ( = =

= PV = PV = PV k

= P = T

= k

= P V = C = PV = C

= V

)(Isochor

) ( : K

P-V . ) ( . -- : : . ) ( . . )-( . ) ( P- V. :

)-(

W = mRTLn

P P

)-( P- V

m R T )( P P Ln . -: )( . . : J. )-( R SI )-(:

Kg.o K

W = ( + ) Ln = w = kw (

. PV k K . )-( )'-( )-( . : K ) PV PV mR (T T K P K =W = = mRT K K K P

)-(

)-( )( )( . )-( :

P T = T P

K K

)-(

)-(

: : K P K K Wad = P Q P K P Wiso = P Q Ln P

)-( )- (

P ) ( bar = Pa Q W .

-: )-( , = K . : . = W . ) ([ . . .

] = .kw

)- ( : :

, - , = , kw.

, .

Polytropic Compression

) ( " . )( )

( . " ) = ( Q. . . . . ) ( ) (....

... . ) ( . )-( K . P Wad = PQ P

)-(

)-( .P ) ( T = T P

)-( ) ( p :

= pk

k

)-(

)-( ((Jacket Cooling . -: ) ( )

( ) ( . ) (Multistage. . . . . )-( .

)-(

AEB AFH . E

. ) (F ) .(FG ) (EFGB. . )-( P- V .

)-( P- V

. ) (

) ( . .

. ) ( . W ) ( Pi . . Pi , P , P . :P W = PV ) [( i P

P ] + PVi ) ([ i Pi

]

)-(

. :PV = Pi Vi Pi P W = PV ) (+ ) ( P Pi . = a

)-( :

)-(

dW = dPi )-( :: :

Pi = PPPi = Pi P

)-( )-(

Pi . N

P )-( P : . ( r ) stg = N Z , C p . ) ( ) (Mollier . . -: : )-(

. : ( . ( . ( . ( . : - ) ( . - ) ( . - ) ( . ) ( ) (. ) ( ) ( ) ( / . . - - - - - , ,

:

-: : ) ( . bar )( ) ( . . . ... . . " . ) (Fans ) (Blowers" . " . -: : : ) (. : ) ( : . : ) (. : ) (. : ) ( -: . ) (Lubricated ) (Dry or Oil Free... .

-:

--: Vaccum Pumps . . mmHg , mmHg , mmHg , mmHg

.

--: Fans " ) , ( .

---: Blowers " " . )-, ( . . ) ( ) (Rotary ) ( .

--: Compressors " ) ( . bar. -: :

: Positive Displacement : Centrifugal .

) (Reciprocating ) (Rotary . " . )( ) (Voulte )( . )-( . : ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (

-: . ) (Dry or Oil Free ) (Lubricated . . . . . ) (Oil Seprator . .

... . ((Oil Free . ) ( ... . ) (ppm . . . ... ..

:

-: )(Reciprocating . ) (Bamboo )( . . . . J.Wilkinson . " . m hr ) ( . ,

. " . ) ( . . . " ... " ) (

) ( . . . . . . . . . ... . . . " . -- . . . ) -(.

)-(:

. )(Valve ) ( ) ( . . ) (Cup-Shaped ) -(.

)-(:

. ) -(.

)-(: ) -(.

)-(: )(

. . . : . . .

(Clearance (Volume . . . . . .

. ) ( . )-( . ) (Crank Shaft ) (Connecting Rod . . . ) ( . ) ( . .

)-(:

. . . )(

. . -: . ) ( . . ) ( ) P-V-( )-( . ) (Scale .

)-(: P-V

.

. . ) ( ) (Specific Power ) ( . ) ( . . -: . ) ...( ) Top Dead Center (TDC . ... . . . ) (Valve Seat . . P-V )-( .

)-(: P-V

c-a c-b . b-a . . - ) ( . . . -: . :

) (Trunk )(Cross head . ) (Singl Acting ) (Doble Acting .

) (Lubricated ) (Oil Free . W ,V , L . -- : )( ) -(.

)-(: )(

. ) ...( . . ) (Oil Free .

. . ) (Stepped . --- ) (Crosshead . . )-( .

)-(:

: : . : . : . ) ( .

. : )( . W , V , L ((Opposed Piston. . . -- : ) (Single Acting . ) -(.

)-(:

) ( :D Qt = SNn = Qt

)- :

=D =S =N =n

)( .

- -- . . . )-( . . ) ( ) (.

)-(:

. . + = VS = VS

+ (D d ) S

= D S

( D d ) S

)-(

= VS

=dQt = VS N n

)-(

- -- )( . . ) (Scraper Ring . . . ((Splash. . . . ) (Forced )(Injection . . ) (Oil Seprator . - ppm . ... . ) (Synthetic Oils ) (Micro Lube . . --- ) (Dry or oil Free .

. ... ) ( . ) (. . : . ) PTFE Du Pont ( ) (Fiber Glass... . . . .... . . . ) (Oil Wiper . . .

) ( . . ) (Distance Piece ) ( . ) -(.

)-(:

. --- . . . . )-( .

)-(:

. ) (Intercooler . )-( L . . .

)-(: L

. . )( .

)-(:

. . -: . n D S N := Qt

D

S N n

)-(

D = D S : D D = S N n S N n D = D S = S

)-(

.

. . . . ) (TDC ) (BDC . )-(. . :v max = r N

)-(

)-(:

)-( . . VM = S N

)- ( V M .

)-(:

((S . . ) ( . ,- . . . )-( S D . S D . . . . . .

) ( . )-( .

)-(:

. . ) ...( . . ) ( . . . . .

-: Valves ) ( ) ( . ) ( ) ( . . . ) ( rpm , . . . . . . )-( .

)-(

. " .

. " . . - . " . . ) (Valve Fluttering . ) ( ) (Lift . API . ) = (M )" = (M . " . . . . . .

. . ) ( . ) (Damping . . ) (Bounce . . . ) ( ) (Lift . . ) ( ) ( . )-( )-( P-V . . -- - P-V PV .

( Clearance Volume

. )-( . . ) (Valve Seat . . . ) C ( . C - . )-( P- V . ( . P V )-( . P- V )-( . : ) ( . .

. PS PS . Pd Pd .

)-(: P- V

. . . . : . . ) ( . ) (.

B . PS . ) ( . P-V . ABCD BBC BB CB . ADD AD DD . . P . PS

PS . : - - - - . ) (Lift . . .

. .

- )(PTFEPoly Ether Ether ) PEEK (Keytone . ) ( . : - )(Wetted Perimeter - - - - - - - : - - ) ( - - ) ( - --: . .... :

- Poppet Type Valve - Reed or Feather Type Valve - Channel Type Valve - Plate Type Valve - Disc or ring type valve: )(Poppet Type Valve ((Poppet . . : )(Reed or Feather Valve . ) ( . . ) (Hermetic ) (Semi-Hermetic . )-( . .

)-(:

: )(Channel Type Valve

)(Channel . . . . ) (Damping ) -(.

)-(:

: )(Plate Type Valve ) (Plate Valve. . . ) (Valve Seat . )-( . ) (Plate Spring ) (Conical. ) (Damping Plate . . ) (Lift washer

. )-( . :

- Valve seat .

- Valve plate . .

- )( Springs .

)-(:

)-(:

- Damping plate .

- Lift washer ) ( . )(Valve flutering .

- Valve Guard

.

- Pin .

- Screw & Nut . ) (Locking Nut .

Disc (ring) type valve

- ) (

) (Disc Valve. ) (Conical ) (Valve Seat. . )-( . .

)-(:

--: . .

. : - - - - ) ( . ) ( . : - ) ( - - ) ( - - - ) ( - : " ) ( . : ( ( ( ( ... ( .

. . -- : . )- -( D d

Qt = S N

(

)

. : )-(

)-( . = v Z P C Z P i

) -(

:

= Z , Z = P = P =C=

" ,-,= .

: ) (i )-( . . )-( )-( . )= (C " , .

) (Wire Drawing . L ) ( . L :

, - , = L , - , = L

)-( : Z P C L . = v Z P

)-(

Z Z . : Z Z . )-( . P C L . = v P

)-( " : :

Q = v . Pd

)-(

)-(: = = / m

= , m = = = , = , m

% = C = co = = / = Co

psia

=

= psia

/ = = : )-(

= Pd

. . ).( )( .

[

. = ]

/

Z , Z , , . )-( : . . . = v . . = . .

:

. = . . = Q = Pd v

/ : :

: ) (Z : . : : ... . : ) ( : : )-( . )-( ) ( . -: - . - ) ( .

- . . ) (Labyrinth . - ) (Surging . - . - . - ) (Pulse ) (Resonance. )(Damping Element . - . - . . - ) ( . - . - . - . - .

- . . - ) ( . . - .

: )(Rotary Compressors

-: : . . " ) (Shaking Forces . " . . . . . . . " " . )" ( ) (Dry . " : - ) ( ))(Single Or Twin Screw(s

- )(Lobe Type- )(Sliding Vane

- )(Liquid Ring - )(Rotary Tooth

-: Screw(s) Or Helical Lobe--: Lysholm (SRM) Sevenska Rotor Maskiner . " ) (Surging . ) (Oil Free ) (Timming Gear . + ) ( ) (Steep (Built - in Compression .

)Ratio

- psig. ((Trapped Pocket " . )-(

)-(: )+(

Hans Nilson SRM . ) (Male Rotor ) (Female Rotor ) + ( . . )-( Howden ) (Oil Flooded .

)-(: )+(

) (Slid Valve SRM . . . . ) ( . . .

((Asymmetric Sullair . . . --: " . ) (Torr . . ) ( . . / . . - . . ) ( . . ) (Sticky .

) (Soft Deposit )(Clearance .

. )(Silencer . --: ) (Single )-( ) (Twin )-( .

)-(:

)-(:

" . .

" Howden . ) (Dry ) (Oil Flooded . . . . --: ) (Helical ) (Inter Meshing . " ) (Male ) (Female . ) (Lobe . )-(. . . . . . ) (Timming Gear . . . . .

. . )-( .

)-(:

) (A )(B . ) (C ) (D .

. ) (D . . ) ( Vi ) ( rp . ) ( Vi . . Vi rp )-( .

rp = Vi

k

)-( :

= rp= k= Vi

--: Displacement . ) (Profile )-( .) d (L d = Qc c

)-( :

= Qr

, .Qd = Q r N Qi = Qd E v

= d = L = c

+ , )-( )-(

: = Q d

= N = E v = Q i " . = Q d

= N = E v = Qi " . --: . :u = R = R.N = dN

)-(

,M ) M (. ) -( .

)-( :

. )-( . )-( )-( . . )(.

)-( :

) -( :

)= ( M = M . . . .WA = P Q K k ) (rP K ) a (K

)-( :

=Wa = P = Q= a

)-( :

:

+ T = t

T (rP

K K

)

T t ) ( a t . )-( )-( : .)d = in (.m . = L . d . = M . W . ) Q = acfm( m s ) t = oF (. oC P = . Psia = bar (a ) = Pa . P = Psia = bar (a ) = Pa = rP . = K . )W = .bs / min ( Kg / s

a

t

)-(

:

WS = Wat + Wmach

.

. :d = Qr . )( . ) ( L / d = = . M rev . C

)- ( = E v

. Qd = . = m s . Q . = N= d = RPS = RPM . Qr

:=a =u KMgT = . .( + .) = m / s . .

d RPM

=

. . . = m / s

) -( ) (u . = u a : u = . = . m / s

. = . = . u u. . : ) ( . . ) -( .

)-( :

) ( .

) .(Microfiltter . ) (Oil Free )-( .

)-( :

. ) (DX . . ) (Drop Point . ) (Kettle Type . ) (Skimmer . . .

. . ) ( . ) (. -- : . API ) psig ( , bar ) ( . . . . . -- : . . . . ) (Forging ) (BarStock . . Exotic . . ) (PTFE . .

. ,-,mm . -, . . . --: . ) (Sleeve ) (Tilting Pad . . API . Tilt Pad . .

: Centrifugal Compressors

-: . . ) ( . . . ) ( . . ) (Blast Furnace . . . . . ) (Reliability . . .

) ( - m hr .

. .

Classification

-:

) (Stage " . . . ) (Diffuser . . " . . . . ) (Horizental ) (Vertical . ) (Overhung )(Vertical Split )-( . " . . . ) (Barrel type .

. . . " ) (Bull Gear ) (Pinion )-(.

)-(:

)-(:

) (Casing . . " .

-: Arrangement " " )-( .

) ( . . ) ( " . " . " ) (Beam Type. )-(

)-(: Beam - type

. ) (Booster . . )-( . )-( .

)-(:

" . )-( .

)-(:

" " . ) ( ) ( . )-(

. . . . ) (Nozzel . )-( " )(Double Flow . ) (Eye . . -(. . "

)-(:

)-(:

. . . ) ( .

)-( " ) (Back To Back ) (Trust .

)-(: .

" . . . ) (Side Stream )-( .

)-(:

. " .

. (Flashed To a

(vapor . . . . . . ) (Throttling . Reboiler. . .

-: Drive Methods . . . . . DC . ) (Synchrous ) (Induction . . . . .

. ((Gas Expander ((Cryogenic. . " . . . ) (Alignment .

-: Performance )-( . . . ((Vane . ) (Straightener Vanes . ) (Guide Vane. ) (Pre Rotation . ) (Side Stream Nozzle . )-( . ) (Blank . .

)-(:

.

)-(:

. " .

" ((Vanes .

-: Impellers . )( ) (Hub ) (Blades . . ) (Open ) (Shroud . ) (Semiopend ) (Closed. )-( .

)-(:

((Blades ) (Forward ((Radial ( (Backward . )-( . . )-( .

- : Compressor Sizing . . )-( .H p = ZMT

(rp

)

)-(

)-(

) ( . )-( .Ln P P

=

P T Ln Ln P T

)-(

)-(:

) (T,P . K . % )-( )-( p . = pk

k

)-(

. T )-( .

T = Trp

n n

)-(

. ) ( . . . . . . . , . . . . . o C .

. .

p u = Hp g = Hp , = p = u =g

)-(

: :

u . )-( . . )-(

=N

u d

)-( :

=N= d

= u

)-(:

. . . Q in := Qd (r Qin z z p

)-(

)

rp Z . = Q Nd

)-(

) ( : :

=Q =N = d

, , . . )-( . ((Guide Line . )-( .

)-(:

, . . . )-( .

wH p + Mech. Losses )-( p % . = Wp )-( . . P . % . % (, bar) psi. - oC . : .

= Q = Wm = M= P = t

)( = )( : % = p. :

, , ,

= K = P

k . = = = . p k . .= rp . P = . = P

)-(:

: = Zavg. :. ( ) . ( . = H p ) (.) . = m .

: ) ( ft. lb lb. :=Z . =

:

m

= Hp

=

: . = . ( = u Hp g ( = . ) . . ) = m s .

Q )-( ) ,in , ( .=N = RPM . . =

:

= Q

.(

)

.

m / min

)-(

) .( =

. = = . p ) . ( . = = . p ). .( = ) . (

. = p . : . = . = = . . .

.T = (.) . = K = o C

, := Wp . . . . = . KW

: " . , .

-: Surging--: Surge )-( . = Q . Surge Limit

. .

)-(

. " ) (Thrust Bearing. - . . " " . ) (Surge . :

= Hp = Pd= Ps

Pd Ps

)-( :

= = Hp

. . . . Surge . ) ( . " ) (Voulte )( " . . . . ) ( .

Vv = E c . " )( . " . " .

. . : : ) ( : . : ) - - ( : .

--: Stonewall ) H - Q - ( . . . . ) (Design Point . . ) ( ) (Steep " ) (Stonewall. . . )-(

(Diffuser (Vane . .

)-(:

) (Mach Choke . " . " K .

. " Choke " . ) (Surge Line . . . .

. : . : . : . : .

: Compressore Lubrication

-: . . : * . * . * . * . * . * . * . * ) (Reliability . : : . : . : . : . . . . .

. -: : :(a :(b :(c :(d :(e )(Chemical and Thermal Degradation Products of Oils :(f ((Sealing :(g :(h -: : : ( ) (Viscosity ... . ( ) (Viscosity Index . ( ) ( . ( ) (Rust ) (Corrosion ) (Wear . ( ) (Detergent . ( . ( . ( .

( . - : . . : - . " . - . - . ) (Oil Cooler . . ) (Fins . ) ( ) (Splash Type . ) (Reservoir . . " ) (Shell and Tube . . ) (Tube ) (Shell . .

- . . . ) (Sticky Mass . - ) ( . . . - . . . . " . . - . . , .

- ) (Sight Glass . - . ) (Strainer ) (Filter .

(Full Flow (Filter ) ( )" ( . ) (Down Stream . ) (Relief Valve ) (Automatic By-Pas. . .

(Internal Circulating (Flow . , . ) (Plugging . - .

. (Low ( Oil Pressure Switch ) (Relief Valve . ) ( . ) (Diffrential . - ) (Auxiliary ) (Main Pump

. . -: . " : ( )(Splash Type ( )(Gravity Type ( )(Force Feed Type ( )(Injection Or Flooded Type . --: ) ( .

" (Single (Acting . . . . --: . ) ( . .

. . ) )-(. . ) -(.

)-(:

. . " .)-( . - : . ... . )-( .

) (Gear Type Pump (Plunger Type (Pump. ) ...(

. " :

)-(:

)-(:

)-(:

( . ( ) (Srainer . ( ) ( . ) (VS . . (VP

)Minimum Pressure Valve

. -: ) (Clearance . . . " : . ) (Timing Gear ) (Male Rotor )(Female Rotor . . ) (Bores . . " )" (.

" " ) (Pumping Losses . . . " )( " " . ) ( ) (After Cooler. . . ) (Flashing . " . ) (Shaft Power . % . WS = , q L *L * C PL * T := WS

)-(

= qL = L = C PL

= T

-: . ... . . . . . " . . . . " . : - .

. " " ) (c.st . .

)-( ) (International Standard Viscosity Grading =) (ISO VG ISO ." ) (SAE (ISO . )-( (ISO .

" )VG

) (C.St ) (SAE )VG )(.

)-(:

Viscosity lndex

-

. . . .

Pour Point

-

. .

- Floc Point ) (R % )(Wax . . ) (Synthetic .

- Vapour Pressure t t . . .

- Flash Point - .

- Fire Point . .

- Auto Ignition Temprature

. " . . . . . . . ) (Henry's Law . . ) .(Carry Over ) (Relief Valve ) (Strainer . ) ...( . . ) ...( . .

. ... .

: Gas Drying

-- ) ( .

. ) Natural (Gases CO H S . . . -: ) (Saturated. . )(W et . ) (Relative Humidity . ) (R. H. )-( )-( .

)-(

.

)-(:

t t

t-: ) (Dry- Bulb temprature ) (D. B. . .

) Wet- Bulb tem (prature ) (W. B. D. B W. B . )-( D. B D. B W. B . ) (Psychometric chart )-( . ) (Dew Point

. ) (Dew Point. . .

)-( D. B W. B

) (Free Dew Point ) (Pressure Dew Point . . )-( . )-( / . / . / )-( )-( - )-( . -: . .

)-( ) ( ) (Condensate Trap .

) (. -: . : - )(Over- Compression

- Cooling - Refrigeration Drying - Adsorption - Absorption- --: . . . . --: . )-( .

. --: + C . . )-( . )( )( )( - . )( . )( ) ( . Economizer .

)-(

)( )( )( )( . - R - R

R -a . ) ( ... . ) ( . --: . ) (-c ) (SIO ) (AlO

) AlO ( ) (Molecular Sieves ) Na , Alo (, Sio A . ) (- m gr . . )-( .

)-(

. . . / / . )-( .

)-(

. ) (Duplex . :

( . )( . - ) ( . )-( . ) (Heat Less . .

)-(

)(Batch . . )( . .

. . - )( . ( . . )-( . . ) ( . ) ( . .

)-(:

- . . - . ) ( . - . . . .

)-(

- - . - . . - . . - - .

--: .

: R.N . Brown , Compressors : Selection & Sizing , Gulf Pub . Co. , :Compressor Handbook for the Hydrocarbon Processing Industries , Gulf Pub. Co . , : P. Pichot , Compressor Application Engineering Vol . , Gulf Pub. , Co. , :P. A . O , Neel , Industrial Compressors , Theory and Equipment , Butterworth Henemann , : J . P . Rollins , Compressed Air and Gas Handbook th ed . , Prentice Hall Co . , : L . F . Scheel , Gas Machinary , Gulf Pub . Co . : Atlas Copco Manual , Atlas Copco . , : J . J Mc Ketta , Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design , Vol . : ASHRAE Handbook , Equipment Volume , : R . E . Ludwing Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants , Vol , Gulf Pub . Co . , : R . H . Perry , Chemical Engineering Handbook , th Ed . , Mc Graw Hill Co . , :Reciprocating Compressor ,Gas Engines and Engine Compressors , Nuovo Pignone Co . : P . Steinruck , F . Ottitsch , A . Oberhuber , M . Linskeseder , Better Reciprocating Compressor Capaciaty Control , Hyd . Proc. , Feb . , : R . F . Neerken , Key To Compressor Selection , Chem . Eng . Jan . , : P . C . Bevis , Air Compressors , Control and Installation , nd Ed . , Pitman Pub . , : Air Compressor Evaluation , Worthington Compressors , Inc . , :H.V.Ormer, Optimize Your Plant s Compressed Air System , Chem. Eng .Prog.Feb :Compressor Installation Manual , Atlas Copco Co