mac l 13
TRANSCRIPT
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Âàëþòûí çàõ çýýë
Ëåêö-16
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Àãóóëãà • Âàëþòûí çàõ çýýë ò¿¿íèéã
òîäîðõîéëîõ íü
• Âàëþòûí çàõ çýýëèéí ýðýò,
íèéë¿¿ëýëò
• Âàëþòûí õàíø
• Óëñ õîîðîíäûí êàïèòàëûí øèëæèëò áà
âàëþòûí õàíø
• Âàëþòûí íýðýëñýí õàòóó õàíø
• Âàëþòûí õàíøèíä íºëººëºõ õ¿ èí
ç¿éëñ
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Âàëþò
• Ìîíãîë óëñûí ¿íäýñíèé âàëþò, ãàäààä
âàëþò, óëñ õîîðîíäûí õóäàëäàà, ýäèéí
çàñãèéí õàðèëöààíû òºëáºðò
õýðýãëýãäýæ áóé òîîöîîíû íýãæ, ìºíãæñºí
àëò áîëîí âàëþòûí ¿íýò ç¿éëñèéã õýëíý.
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¯íäýñíèé âàëþò
• Ýðãýëòýíä äàõü òºëáºðèéí ÷àäâàð á¿õèé
ÌÓ-ûí ìºíãºí òýìäýãò òºãðºã, ò¿¿ãýýð
èëýðõèéëýãäñýí áºãººä îëîí óëñûí òºëáºð
òîîöîîíä ò¿ãýýìýë õýðýãëýãääýã, ¿íýò
öààñ, òºëáºðèéí õýðýãñëèéã õýëíý.
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Ãàäààä âàëþò
• Ýðãýëòýíä áàéãàà òºëáºðèéí ÷àäâàð
á¿õèé íýã áóþó õýä õýäýí ãàäààä óëñûí
ìºíãºí òýìäýãò, òýäãýýðýýð
èëýðõèéëýãäñýí áºãººä îëîí óëñûí òºëáºð
òîîöîîíä ò¿ãýýìýë õýðýãëýãääýã ¿íýò
öààñ, òºëáºðèéí õýðýãñëèéã õýëíý.
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Âàëþòûí çàõ çýýë
• Âàëþòûí àðèëæàà íàéìàà õóäàëäàà
ÿâàãäàæ áàéãàà çàõ çýýëèéã õýëíý.
• Ãàäààä âàëþòûí àðèëæàà íü àì
äîëëàðààñ ãàäíà áóñàä îðíû ÿíç á¿ðèéí
âàëþòààð õèéãäýæ áàéäàã.
• Äýëõèéí âàëþòûí àðèëæààí ãîë òºâ¿¿äýä:
“Ëîíäîí, Íüþ-Éîðê, Òîêèî” îðäîã.
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ÎÓ-í ñàíõ¿¿ãèéí õóäàëäààíä ãîëëîí
îðîëöäîã âàëþò:
• Àìåðêèéí àì äîëëàð
• Åâðî
• ßïîíû èåí
• Àíãëèéí ôóíò ñòåðëèíã
• Êàíàä äîëëàð
• Áóñàä âàëþòóóä òóñ òóñ îðíî.
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Âàëþòûí ñèñòåì íü õºðâºëòèéí
áàéäëààðàà
• ׺뺺òýé õºðâºäºã âàëþò
• Õýñýã÷ëýí õºðâºäºã âàëþò
• Õºðâºäºãã¿é áóþó õààëòòàé âàëþò
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ºëººòýé õºðâºäºã âàëþò
• ºíäºð õºãæèëòýé îðíóóäûí âàëþò áóþó
ÿìàð ÷ õÿçãààðëàëò òàâèãäàëã¿é á¿õ
ãàäààäûí âàëþòààð ñîëèãääîã âàëþòûã
õýëíý.
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• Õýñýã èëýí õºðâºäºã âàëþò
– Òîäîðõîé íýã òºðëèéí òºëáºð òîîöîîã õèéõýä
õýðýãëýãääýã, õèë çàëãàà áîëîí çàðèì óëñ
îðíû ìºíãºí òýìäýãòòýé ñîëèãäîõ àäâàðòàé
âàëþòóóä
• Ǻâõºí äîòîîäûí òºëáºð òîîöîîíä
õýðýãëýãääýã óëñûí ìºíãºí òýìäýãò¿¿ëèéã
õºðâºõ àäâàðã¿é âàëþò ãýíý.
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Âàëþòûí çàõ çýýëä ãîëëîí
îðîëöîã èä
• Áàíêóóä
• Âàëþòûí áðîêåð, äèëåð¿¿ä
• Âàëþòûí ýðýëò á¿õèé ÀÀÍ-ä, õóâü õ¿ì¿¿ñ
ãýõ ìýò
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Âàëþòûí çàõ çýýë äýõ ýðýëò,
íèéë¿¿ëýëò
• Èìïîðòëîã÷èä áàðààíû òºëáºðèéã óã îðíû
âàëþòààð áóþó ýñâýë ÷ºëººòýé õºðâºõ
âàëþòààð õèéäýã òóë èìïîðò íü âàëþòûí
çàõ çýýë äýõ ýðýëòèéã òîäîðõîéëîõ áà
ýêñïîðò íü âàëþòûã ãàäíààñ àâ÷ðàõ òóë
íèéë¿¿ëýëòèéã èëýðõèéëíý.
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Âàëþòûí õàíø
• Íýã îðíû ìºíãºí íýãæèéí ¿íèéã ººð îðíóóäûí ìºíãºíèéíýãæýýð èëýðõèéëýõèéã õýëíý.
• Âàëþòûí õàíøèéã òîäîðõîéëîõ õýä õýäýí õ¿÷èíç¿éë áàéäàã. ¯¿íä:
– Ãàäààä õóäàëäàà ýðõëýõ
– Ãàäíààñ çýýë àâàõ
– Ãàäíààñ õºðºíãèéí õºäºë㺺í õèéõ ¿åä âàëþòûíñîëèëöîî çàéëøã¿é õýðýãöýýòýé áîëäîã.
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• Òºãðºãººð èëýðõèéëñýí äîëëàðûí õàíø íü
äîëëàð õóäàëäàí àâàã èéí õàíø áîëîõ áà
äîëëàðààð èëýðõèéëñýí òºðãºðíèé õàíø íü
төгрөг õóäàëäàí àâàã èéí õàíø þì.
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Âàëþòûí õàíø 2 ÿíçààð òîãòîíî
1. Âàëþòûí çàõ çýýë äýõ ýðýëò,
íèéë¿¿ëýëòýýð çîõèöóóëàãääàã. ¯¿íèéã
âàëþòûí ÷ºëººò õàíø ãýíý.
2. Òºðººñ øóóä òîãòîîæ ºãäºã.
1. ¯¿íèéã âàëþòûí õàòóó õàíø ãýíý. (òºðèéí
çîõèöóóëàëòòàé çàõ çýýëèéí ýäèéí çàñàãò
âàëþòûí õàíø õîëèìîã áàéäëààð
çîõèöóóëàãääàã)
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Âàëþòûí ºëººò õàíø
• ׺뺺ò õàíøíû ¿åä âàëþòûí äîòîîäûí çàõ
çýýë äýõ ýðýëò íü èìïîðòûí çàðäëààð
• Íèéë¿¿ëýëò íü ýêñïîðòûí îðëîãîîð
òîäîðõîéëîãäîíî.
• Âàëþòûí õàíø õýäèéí ÷èíýý ºíäºð áàéíà
íýãæ âàëþòàä òºëºõ òºãðºãèéí õýìæýý
òºäèé ÷èíýý èõ áàéíà.
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Âàëþò ($)
Âàëþòûí çàõ çýýë çóðàã(16.1) Âàëþòûí
õàíø
P
D èìïîðò S ýêñïîðò
E
Òºã
ðºã
ººð
èë
ýð
õè
éë
ñý
í ä
îëë
àð
ûí õ
àíø
Ýêñïîðòûí îðëîãî, èìïîðòûí çàðäàë
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• Ýêñïîðòûí òîãòìîë ò¿âøèíд âàëþòûí õàíøíûáóñ õ¿ èí ç¿éëñèéí íºëººë뺺ð èìïîðòºñºõºä, çàõ çýýëä âàëþòûí õîìñäîë ¿¿ñóëìààð âàëþòûí õàíø ºñíº.
• Èéíõ¿¿ âàëþòûí õàíø íü ýêñïîðò, èìïîðòûííºëººãººð ººð ëºãäºæ áàéäàã.
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Âàëþòûí
õàíø
P
D èìïîðò S ýêñïîðò
E1
Òºã
ðºã
ººð
èëý
ðõ
èéëñ
ýí
äîë
ëàð
ûí
õà
íø
Ýêñïîðòûí îðëîãî, èìïîðòûí çàðäàë
E2
D1 èìïîðò
Âàëþò ($)
Èìïîðòûí çàðäëûí ºñºëò
çóðàã(16.2)
P1
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Âàëþòûí ºëººò õàíøèíä íºëººëºõ
õ¿ èí ç¿éëñ:
• Äîòîîä ãàäààäûí ¿íèéí ò¿âøíèé ººð ëºëò
• Õóäàëäààíû áàëàíñûí ººð ëºëò
• Óëñ îðíû äîòîîä äàõü çýýëèéí õ¿¿ãèéí
ò¿âøèí
• Ñàíõ¿¿, ìºí㺠çýýëèéí áîäëîãî
• Âàëþòûí çàõ çýýë äýõ òºðèéí çîõèöóóëàëò
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Âàëþòûí õàòóó õàíø
• Òºðººñ âàëþòûí õàíøèéã çîõèöóóëæ áóéíýëýýä ò¿ãýýìýë õýëáýðèéí íýã áîë àëòàíñòàíäàðò þì.
• Àëòàí ñòàíäàðòûí ¿åä çàéëøã¿éáàðèìòëàõ 3 çàð èì áàéäàã. ¯¿íä:
– Һ𠺺ðèéí ìºíãºíèé íýãæèéã àëòààð ¿íýëäýã.
– Һ𠺺ðèéí ìºíãºí òýìäýãòèéã àëòààðõóäàëäàí àâàõûã á¿ðýí õ¿ëýýí çºâøººðäºã.
– Òºð òºâ áàíêèíäàà ã¿éëãýýíä ãàðãàñàíìºíãºíèé õýìæýýòýé òýíö¿¿ õýìæýýíèé àëòíûíººöòýé áàéõ ó èðòàé.
![Page 22: Mac l 13](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020101/559937861a28ab01178b4730/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• Æèøýýëáýë:
• 20$=1óíö àëò áóþó 1$=0.05 óíö àëò
• 4000 òºã=1 óíö àëò áóþó 1 òºã=0.00025óíö àëò
• 20$=4000 òºã áóþó (4000òºã:20$)= 200òºã
• 1$=200òºãðºã
• Èéìä ìºíãºíèé íýãæèéí àëòàí ¿íýëãýýººð ëºã人ã¿é íºõöºëä âàëþòûí õàíøººð ëºãäºõã¿é
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• 2 îðíû ìºíãºíèé íýãæýýð èëýðõèéëñýí íýãæ
àëòíû ¿íèéã õîîðîíä íü õàðüöóóëàõ ¿íäñýí
äýýð òîãòîîñîí âàëþòûí õàíøèéã õàòóó
õàíø áóþó àëòàí æèøìýë õàíø ãýíý.
![Page 24: Mac l 13](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020101/559937861a28ab01178b4730/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Âàëþòûí
õàíø
P
D 2
E1
Òºã
ðºã
ººð
èëý
ðõ
èéëñ
ýí
äîë
ëàð
ûí
õà
íø
Ýêñïîðòûí îðëîãî, èìïîðòûí çàðäàë
D3
U
P1
D 1
S 1
S 2
U1 U2 U3
![Page 25: Mac l 13](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020101/559937861a28ab01178b4730/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Ýêñïîðò, èìïîðòûí òýíöâýð õàíãàãäñàí ¿åäõàíøíû áóñ õ¿ èí ç¿éëñèéí óëìààñ èìïîðò ºñâàëþòûí ýðýëòèéí ìóðóé á¿õýëäýý ºñºõºäâàëþòûí õàíø Ð1 ò¿âøèíä èìïîðò íü ýêñïîðòîîñäàâæ òºëáºðèéí áàëàíñ àëäàãäàëòàé áîëíî.
• Ýíý ¿åä âàëþòûí æèøìýë õàíø òîãòñîí ó ðààñòýð íü Ð1-ñ äýýø ºñºõã¿é.
• Ýêñïîðòûí îðëîãîîñ äàâñàí èìïîðòûí çàðëàãàáóþó áàëàíñûí àëäàãäàë áîëíî. (U3-U1)
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Óëñ õîîðîíäûí êàïèòàëûí øèëæèëò áà
âàëþòûí õàíø • Óëñ õîîðîíäûí ¿íýò öààñíû àðèëæààã
êàïèòàëûí øèëæèõ õºäºë㺺í ãýíý.
• Ýíý íü âàëþòûí çàõ çýýëä õ¿ òýéíºëººëäºã.
• Ìîíãîëûí õºðºí㺠îðóóëàã èä ãàäíû ¿íýòöààñûã õóäàëäàí àâáàë êàïèòàëûíäîòîãøëîõ õºäºë㺺í áîëîõ áºãººä ìàíàéâàëþòûí çàõ çýýë äýõ ýðýëòèéãíýìýãä¿¿ëýíý.
• Ýñýðãýýðýý ãàäíû âàëþòûííèéë¿¿ëýëòèéã íýìýãä¿¿ëíý.
![Page 27: Mac l 13](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020101/559937861a28ab01178b4730/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Ìàíàé õºðºí㺠îðóóëàã èä ãàäààä äàõüõºðºí㺠îðóóëàëòààñ îëîõ àøãèéí íîðì ìîíãîëîîñäîîãóóð áàéâàë áàéâàë óã îðíû ¿íýò öààñûãõóäàëäàí àâàõûã ñîнèðõîíî.
• Èéìýýñ êàïèòàëûí óðñãàë íü àøãèéí íîðìáàãàòàé îðíîîñ, àøãèéí íîðì ºíäºðòýé îðîí ðóóèãýëñýí áàéäàã.
• Àøãèéí íîðì ºíäºð áîë çýýëèéí õ¿¿ ºíäºðáàéäàã.
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Âàëþòûí íýðýëñýí áà áîäèò õàíø
• Íýðýëñýí õàíø ãýäýã íü: òóõàéí îðíóóä
äàõü õàíø óíàëòûã òîîöîõã¿éãýýð
ñîëèëöîãäîæ áàéãàà âàëþòóóäûí òýð
¿åèéí ¿íýýð èëýðõèéëñýí õàíø
• Áîäèò õàíø ãýäýã íü: òóõàéí îðíóóä äàõü
áàðàà ¿éë èëãýýíèé ¿íèéí ò¿âøíèé
ººð ëºëò áóþó õàíø óíàëò òóñãàãäàæ
òîãòîîãäñîí õàíø þì.
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Áîäèò áà íýðýëñýí õàíøíû
õàìààðëûã
* ;d
f
P
P
• ρ- áîäèò õàíø
• Є- íýðýëñýí õàíø
• Pd- äîòîîäûí ¿íèéí ò¿âøèí
• Pf- ãàäààä îðíû ¿íèéí ò¿âøèí
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• Õýðýâ áîäèò õàíø ºíäºð áîë ãàäààäûí
áàðàà õàðüöàíãóé õÿìä, äîòîîäîä
¿éëäâýðëýæ áóé áàðàà õàðüöàíãóé ºíäºð
¿íýòýé
• Õàðèí áîäèò õàíø áàãà áîë ãàäààäûí
áàðààíû ¿íý ºíäºð, äîòîîäûí áàðààíû ¿íý
õÿìä áîëîõûã òóñ òóñ èëýðõèéëíý.
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ËÅÊÖ ÄÓÓÑÀÂ