macromolecules notes

20
MACROMOLECULES BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE

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Notes on macromolecules, the building blocks of life.

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Page 1: Macromolecules Notes

MACROMOLECULES

BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE

Page 2: Macromolecules Notes

BIOLOGICAL MOLECULESYOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY #3

Page 3: Macromolecules Notes

MACROMOLECULES

• Known as organic compounds

• Built around the element carbon

• Large molecules are called macromolecules

• “Macro” – meaning large

• Polymer

• Made by smaller molecules bonding together called monomers

Page 4: Macromolecules Notes

DRAW A PICTURE

MONOMER POLYMER

“ONE” “MANY”

Page 5: Macromolecules Notes

EXAMPLES OF POLYMERS

• A fiber is a long thread-like structure

• Natural polymers include hair, fur, wool

• Proteins

• Monomer is an amino acid

• Silk made by some insects and spiders

• Cotton is a vegetable fiber

• Cotton is composed of cellulose (polymer)

• Monomer is glucose (a sugar)

Page 6: Macromolecules Notes

MACROMOLECULES FORMED

• All macromolecules put their subunits together in the same way• Covalent bond of OH is removed from one subunit and a H is

removed from the others• Removal of a water molecule• Requires help of special protein enzyme to position the molecule to

make sure the correct bond is formed• Called dehydration synthesis

• Tearing down molecules is the same process in reverse• Water molecule is added

• Called hydrolysis

Page 7: Macromolecules Notes

BIOLOGICAL MOLECULESYOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY #3

Page 8: Macromolecules Notes

CARBOHYDRATES• Sugars or long chains of sugars

• Store energy

• Simple sugars

• Monosaccharides (monomer)

• Glucose

• Complex sugars

• Polysaccharides (polymer)

• Plant

• Starch

• Animals

• Glycogen

• Energy storage by linking chains together

• Not recognized by most enzymes

Page 9: Macromolecules Notes

BIOLOGICAL MOLECULESYOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY #3

Page 10: Macromolecules Notes

LIPIDS

• Uses:

• Long-term energy storage

• Insulation (keep warm)

• Cushions organs (heart, eyes, kidney, etc.)

• Lipids

• Fats

• Oils

• Waxes

Page 11: Macromolecules Notes

LIPIDS

• Organisms convert glucose into fats

• Another kind of storage molecule called glycogen

• Lipids are insoluble in water because they are non-polar

• In water, fat molecules cluster together because they cannot form Hydrogen bonds with water molecules

• Can’t mix oil and water!

Page 12: Macromolecules Notes

TYPES OF LIPIDS• Monomer – fatty acids

• Types of Lipids

• Triglyceride

• 3 fatty acids

• Saturated fat

• Maximum number of Hydrogen atoms bonded

• Solid at room temperature

• Animal fats

• Unsaturated fat

• Fewer than maximum number of Hydrogen atoms bonded

• Liquid at room temperature

• Plant fats

Page 13: Macromolecules Notes

TYPES OF LIPIDS• Phospholipid

• Polar group on one end

• 2 long tails that are strongly non-polar

• Cell membrane

• Phospholipid bilayer

• Steroid

• Yellow structure in cell membrane

• Cholesterol

• Excess saturated fat intake can cause plugs of cholesterol in blood vessels

• Cause blockages, high blood pressure, stroke or heart attack

• Androgens and Estrogen

• Chlorophyll

• Retinal (eyes use to detect light)

Page 14: Macromolecules Notes

BIOLOGICAL MOLECULESYOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY #3

Page 15: Macromolecules Notes

PROTEINS

• Enzymes

• Cartilage

• Bones

• Tendons

• Keratin

• Chemical messenger

Page 16: Macromolecules Notes

PROTEINS• Monomer – amino acid

• 20 common kinds

• Sequenced together in a particular order to form a protein

• Like the alphabet

• Amine group (NH2)

• When 2 amino acids bond a peptide bond is formed

• Long changes are polypeptides

• Connect like beads on a necklace

• Example: hemoglobin in red blood cells

Page 17: Macromolecules Notes

PROTEINS

• 100,000+ unique proteins to humans

• Shape

• Some are long, thin fibers

• Others are coiled, folded, or intertwined

• Small proteins have a few hundred amino acids

• Large proteins have 25,000+ amino acids

• Example: muscle fiber

Page 18: Macromolecules Notes

PROTEINS

• People must eat foods with proteins because we CANNOT make certain amino acids on our own

• Called essential amino acids

• Sources of protein:

• Plants

• Beans

• Nuts

• Animals

• Milk

• Meat

Page 19: Macromolecules Notes

PROTEINS

• Eat Body breaks down* (Digestion) Amino Acid Build new proteins Repair

You are what you eat!

* Denatures the protein by increasing temperature or decreasing pH.

Page 20: Macromolecules Notes

NUCLEIC ACIDS

• Monomer: Nucleotide

• Sugar, nitrogen-containing back and a phosphate group

• Polynucleotide chains

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

• Energy

• DNA and RNA are very similar but have 2 major chemical differences