madeira na construção civil
DESCRIPTION
Tipos de madeira e os mais variados usos na construção civil.TRANSCRIPT
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ALEXANDRE N06 TICED IFES
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MADEIRA
- Boa resistência à tração e à compressão;
- Material leve;
- Aproveitamento do interior – corte do
tronco para tábuas, ripas, barrotes.
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INSTRUMENTOS DE TRABALHO
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Escala, Metro Articulado, Fita Métrica, Compasso
INSTRUMENTOS PARA MEDIÇÃO E TRAÇAGEM
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Serrote de Espada ou Universal, de Ponta, de Rodear, de Cabelo ou Ourives
FERRAMENTAS DE CORTE
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Barbequim elétrico, Arco de Pua, Barbequim Manual, Brocas
FERRAMENTAS DE FURAR
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Limatão Triangular, Grosa, Limatão Redondo, Plaina
FERRAMENTAS DE DESBASTAR E ALISAR
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Martelo de Orelhas, Martelo de Pena, Maço de Madeira
FERRAMENTAS DE PERCUSSÃO
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Pedra de Afiar, Esmeril, Alicate Universal, Chave Inglesa
FERRAMENTAS AUXILIARES
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TÉCNICAS DE TRANSFORMAÇÃO
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MEDIÇÃO:
- Primeira tarefa;
- Uso dos equipamentos necessários.
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TRAÇAR:
- Marcar com rigor a madeira nas zonas a serem trabalhadas.
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RECORTAR:
- Efetuar um corte curvo com uma serra de recortes.
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CORTAR:
- Separar ou dividir a madeira pelas traçagens feitas com o uso do serrote.
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FURAR:
- Transpassar a madeira com um barbequim e uma broca.
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DESBASTAR E LIMAR:
- Retirar pedaços de madeira com uma plaina ou lima.
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PREGAR:
- Unir peças de madeira com prego e martelo.
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TÉCNICAS DE LIGAÇÃO
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JUNÇÕES EM ‘T’ PREGADAS:
- Inclinação do pregos.
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JUNÇÕES EM ‘T’ PARAFUSADAS:
- Dois esquadros evitam que um se dobre;
- Esquadros parafusados na face da junção.
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JUNÇÕES EM ‘T’ SOBREPOSTAS:
- Parafusos na diagonal para evitar que a madeira se rache.
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JUNÇÕES EM ‘T’ SOBREPOSTAS:
- Sambladura em ‘T’ com entalhe;
- Sambladura a meia-madeira (mesma espessura).
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JUNÇÕES COM ESVAZIADO
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SAMBLADURAS EM ‘T’ COM CAIXA E ESPIGA
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MODO DE PREGAR A MEIA-ESQUADRIA
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LIGAÇÕES:
- Oblíquas reforçadas com parafusos e braçadeiras;
- Bocas-de-lobo simples e reforçadas.
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LIGAÇÕES:
- A meia madeira, respiga e mecha, entalhe ou por simples contato fixadas
com prego ou estribo.
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VIGAS COMPOSTAS
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VIGAS COMPOSTAS
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VIGAS TRELIÇADAS
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PISOS
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VIGOTAS:
- Dispostas paralelamente em vãos de 3 a 4m, até 5m;
- Afastamento de 0,50m e dimensões de 8x12cm, 8x16cm ou 10x20cm.
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VIGAS MESTRAS:
- Principais ou Secundárias;
- Dimensões de 10x30cm, 15x30cm ou 20x30cm, 25x35cm, 20x40cm ou
mais .
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APOIOS
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TRANSPASSE
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ASSOALHO
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TELHADOS
COBERTURAS: Telhas
ARMAÇÃO: Estrutura que sustenta a cobertura
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MADEIRAMENTO
TRAMA: quadriculado formado por terças, caibros e ripas
APOIO DA TRAMA: tesouras ou pontaletes
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RIPAS
-Última parte da trama;
-Perpendiculares aos caibros;
-Dimensões de 1,2x5cm, 1,5x5cm ou 2x5cm;
-Comprimentos variando de 0,5m em 0,5m – de 2,5 a 5m;
-Espaçamento – depende do tipo de telha.
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RIPAS DE CUMEEIRA
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GALGA
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CAIBROS
-Apoiam-se nas terças e servem de apoio às ripas;
-Perpendiculares às terças e cumeeiras;
-Dimensões usuais – 5x6cm, 5x7cm, 6x6cm;
-Comprimentos de 0,5m em 0,5m – de 2,5m a 5m.
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TERÇAS
-Geralmente são os elementos mais longos da trama;
-Apoiam-se nas tesouras ou pontaletes;
-Paralelas à cumeeira e perpendicular ao banzo superior da tesoura;
-Dimensões usuais: bitolas de 6x12cm e 6x16cm;
-Comprimentos de 0,5m em 0,5m – de 2,5m a 5m;
-Telhas de fibrocimento ou metálicas – dispensam caibros e ripas
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APOIO DA TRAMA
TESOURA: Estruturas planas verticais que recebem cargas paralelas ao seu
plano e as transmite aos apoios.
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PONTALETES:
-Peças verticais que trabalham a compressão;
-Fixados em berço de madeira e simplesmente apoiados na laje;
-Estabilidade adquirida pelo peso do telhado;
-Lajes pré-moldadas – carga localizada sobre paredes;
-Lajes maciças – localizada em qualquer ponto da laje.
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