mama charitra

7/25/2019 Mama Charitra

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&& n.ny.gXJw lr_m_m_hmamO HoiH a M[a &&( )( )

lrXmgam JWmbm : nwn 44

n.ny.gXJw lrmmhmamO Ho iH a

mMo

M[a

AmdpV n{hbr gmJbr B.g. 2012

coIH

m.S>m.Ho .dm.AmnQ>o

lrXmgam JWmbm nwn 44

n.ny.gXJw lrmmhmamO HoiH a mMo M[a

H meH : lr.aKwZmW amM nmoVXmaw.nmo.{MHwS} , Vm.dmidm, {O.gmJcr.

W Amd{m : B.g. 2012

H meZ {XZ: ~wYdma {X. 1-2-2012 mK ewXY 9, eHo 1933 (n.ny.lrmmhmamO Ho iH a mMr 50 drnw{VWr)

lr. XrnH MeoIa Ho iH alr. XrnH MeoIa Ho iH alr. XrnH MeoIa Ho iH alr. XrnH MeoIa Ho iH alr. XrnH MeoIa Ho iH a

wH : lr. A{Zc cmoIS>olrXmgam Am goQ, gmJcr.XadZr-(0233) 2322729

gmX y : . 100/-

H meH

lr. aKwZmW amM nmoVXma

V {iUoMo {R>H mU :lr. XrnH MeoIa HoiH aK.Z. 827, lram {ZHoVZ, Jmd^mJ, gmJcr-416 416XadZr-(0233) 2332463, UdZr - 09822007528


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mgr JwdmMr Zmhr MmS> & mgr kmZJd Zmhr dmS> &

mgr bmH sH mMo Zmhr H moS> & gXJw T> Vmo EHy &&m CpVmUo AgUmaomPo nUOmo~m Vr.n.ny.lrmmhmamO Ho iH amZr gnyU AmwmV AV JwnUmZo namW Ho bm d namWmVrb namopWVr m H Z KoVbr. n.ny.lrmmZr mm nyUAmwmV OmVrV OmV40-50 VtZm AZwJh {Xbm. lrVmmgmho~ H moQ>Urg hmamO mm AmkoZogZ 1924 Vo1962 nV AIS> H sVZ Ho bo. bmH sH mH arVm H sVZ Z H aVmHodi lrVmmgmho~hmamOmMr godm hUyZ H sVZ Hobo. lrmmZm gZ 1906gmbr n.n y.gX Jw lrZmamUhmamO aJ >rH a mMm ZmmZwJ h {imbm.lrZmamUhmamOmZr gm{JVmmUo mZm gmYZ H Z gmYZ{gXYVm mH Z KoVbr. gmYZm~amo~a H sVZ d H sVZm~amo~a gmYZ gmYV namW Hobm.ZmgH sVZ gmYZ ngmono& OiZri nmo OmVao hr CVr mMo moVH Amho.

Aem m mmhmamOmMo mnydu m.S>m.am.{d.Hw bH Uu n .g.^mdomZr {b{hbobo J M[a d lr.Z.Xm.{XZoH a mZr {b{hbobon M[a {gXY

PmboAmho. lrmmm OrdZH miHmZwgma M[a {b{hbo Zmdo m CoemZo rVr.n.ny.lr.Ho .dm.AmnQ>o VWm AmMo Ho edH mH m mZm M[a {b{hUo~m~V{dZVr Hobr. m {dZVrg AZwg Z lrHo edH mH mZr H mbmZwHmZwgma M[a{b{hbo Amho. M[a AV agmi Pmbo Amho mV eH m Zmhr. m M[amVlrmmmda Ho bobr H mgnXm hr gm{d> Ho br Amho. VgoM AmUIr H mhrm{hVr dOm aoH mS>CnbY PmboZo n[a{e>o gm{d> Ho br AmhoV. ho gd H m

d m{hVr dmMbr AgVm lrmmMm A{YH ma AmnUmg H iyZ AmH m{edmamhUma Zmhr. hm gnyU JW nm{hbm AgVm n.ny.mmMm OrdZH moeM VmaPmbm Amho. AgohUmg dmdJo R>aUma Zmhr.

mdarb CVrmUon.ny.mm Xoh nmZoOar Zgbo Var Vo {ZJwU nmZoOJXmH ma hmoD Z mnyZ am{hbo AmhoV. d Hodi mm gmodaM ho gJioMmbboAmho. lrmm lram{ZHo VZ gmoSy>Z H moR>ohr JoboboZmhrV AmmmgwXYm Vo

AIS> dmV H Z AmhoV. AmnU Oar mmZm nm{hboboZgbo Var n.ny.lrXmXmZmnm{hbobo Amho. n.ny.lrXmXmZr mm XmgamJmWm A^J H.814Yo hQ>boAmho H s AmOdar hmoVm Amnw{bo Kar & AmVm m earar dmg Ho bm && AmmdnwZmm{g m CVrmUo n.ny.lrmmZr n.ny.lrXmXmm XmV dmg HobmhmoVm. mwion.ny.lrXmXmMo XeZ KoVboAgVm n.ny.mmMoXeZ KoVmgmaIoM


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boIH mMo _ZmoJVgmJbr jomV {Z` h[aH sVZ H a`mMr _whV_oT> gw{gXY gV h. nm.

D \ Vm`mgmho~ H moQ>Urg_hmamO `mZr amodbr. `mZr B. g. 1901 Vo1924 n V XaamoO amr 24 df}h[aH sVZ H Z _whV_oT> K> Hobr. Amnbr{Z` H sVZmMr nanam nwT>oMmbyahmdr Aer `mMr BN>m hmoVr. hUyZ `mZrAmnco{Z`mUmZVa gmjmVJQ> hmoD Z JmoqdX AZV D \ ~mnyamdOr HoiH a`m ^ mg {Z` H sVZ H a`mMr Amkm {Xbr. `m Amko_mUo~mnyamdOr

Ho iH a_hmamOmZr {ZdmUm`m KQ>Ho n V 38 df}AIS> H sVZ Ho bo. hm EHCmH M hmoVm.AmncogXJw ZmamÙ_hmamO àJ>rH a d JwVw` Ago Vm`mgmho~

H moQ>UrghmamO `m`m HnoZo Am{U dV:`m gmYZ{Z>oZo ~mnyamdOr D \_m_m_hmamO Ho iH a ho namWmVrc A{V H moQ>rcm nmoMcocognwf Pmbo ._m_m_hmamOm`m {Z`mUmZVa cJoM `mMo"JmoqdXM[aV_mZg' holr. Z. Xm.

{XdoH a `mZr d \yVuZo {b{hbobo M[a {gXY Pmbo . `mZVa H mhrH mimZo m. S>m. Xm. {d. HwbH Uu `mZr {b{hbobo _m_m_hmamOmMoM[anw`m`m gVHnm {V>mZZo H m{eV Ho bo . hr XmoZ M[aoCnbY AgVmZmhr,_m_m_hmamOmMonUVylr. XrnH amd `mZm {Vgao EH _m_m_hmamOmMo M[aAgmdo Aer \y {V Pmbr. Am{U `mZr _bm ho M[a {b{h`mMr {dZ{VHo br. Am{U Vr _r AmZXmZo_m` Ho br. Ammmn V {M_S> gXm`mVrbAZoH gVmMr M[ao_OH Sy>Z {b{hbr Jobr AmhoV. `mV m ZyVZ M[amMrâ nS>V Amho.

_m_m_hmamOm`m n{h`m XmoZ M[amV H mhr KQ>ZmMm AZwH _ ZrQ>gmYbm Jobm Zgmdm Ago XrnH amdmZm dmQ>bo Agmdo. hUyZ VwV`mM[amV e {VVH m H mbmZwH _ nmi`mMm `Z _r Ho bm Amho.

nydu`m M[amV _m_m_hmamOm`m boIZmMr \ maer AmoiI ZhVr. Vr

oWoVnerbdma Xo`mMm `Z Hobm Amho . lrmmhmamOmMoho M[a H m{eV

H aUmm H meH mMr Aer BN>m hmoVr H s mmhmamOmMog~ YmV OoOocoIZ CncY Amho, VoVo m M[aJ WmV mdo. Vohm Vo VocoIZ m M[amVAV yV H amm >rZom M[amcm AZoH n[a{e>oOmoS>cr AmhoV. AemH maoVwVMo M[a ho n{h`m XmoZ M[amnojm WmoS>odoJ`m YmQ>UrMo Pmbo Amho ,`mV eH m Zmhr.

VwV`m M[amd Z _m_m_hmamOmMr OmVrV OmV AmoiI dmMH mZm

hmoBb Aer Amem ` H Z _r oWoM Wm~Vmo.

- Ho . dm. AmnQ>o


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AZwH {UH m

M[a {d^mJ

1. HoiH a HwimMr H Wm Am{U _mVm{nVm 1

2. lr_m_mMoOZZ, ~mbnU Am{U {ejU

3. boJ_YyZ gwQ>H m Am{U kmZoa_hmamOmMoXeZ

4. lr_m_mMr ZmoH ar, Jww Mm AZwJh, lrXmXmMm O_

5. am_Zm_ nwaaU, am_grVmMo AmJ_Zd hZw_VgmjmH ma

6. lr_m_m`m H sV Zm{df`r

7. ZmoH arMm amOrZm_m Am{U CnXoe Xo`mg ma

8. lrXmXmMm {ddmh/am_oa `mm, am` _hmogd

9. qZ~aJr `mm, {Vn _hmogd10. lr_m_m`m OrdZmVrb H mhr KQ>Zm, gJ

11. mmm AJr wabobo JwU

12. lrmmMr JWgnXm

13. lrmmMo hm{ZdmU

14. lrmmm hm{ZdmUmZVa

15. lrmmm gX^mV ^ OZmMr ZmoJVo16. lrmmm gX^mV BVamMr dMZo

17. AgohmoVomm (H mhr AmR>dUr)

H mgnXm {d^mJ

1. lrmmmdarb H mgnXm


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&& n.ny.gXJw lr_m_m_hmamO HoiH a M[a &&( )( ) n[a{e> {d^mJ

1. lr_m_mMm O_ eH Am{U Bgdr gZ

2. lr_m_mZr Ho bobr nwaaUo, nmam`Uo Am{U H sVZo3. lr_m_m`m hVoPmbobo H m`H _

4. lr_m_m`mH S>o Ambobo_m`da r-nwf

5. _m_mZr H mT>bobokmZoa_hmamOmMo aoIm{M

6. lr_m_m`m O_eVmXrMm gmohim

7. n. ny . lr_m_mMoAZwJhrV {e`

8. lrVmaH am_Zm_ AmYma _S>i9. lr_V amOogmho~, gmJbr `mZm nmR>{dbobo n

10. n.ny .lr_m_m d lr.Z.Xm.{XdoH a `mMoVrb momao

11. lrmmMm 36 dm nw{VWr hmogd

12. lrmmm Zmdo {Xbr OmUmar embo nm[aVmo{fHo

13. J{UVr` {H oZo {gXY hmoUmao "am_'Zm_mMo _hd14. emim Z. 2 Am{U aVm mMo ZdrZ Zm_H aU

15. n.ny .lrnmSw>aJhmamO mZr lrmmZm Hococr mWZm165. lrhZwXJw M[a~moYgma m nwVH mg n.ny.

lrZmJmnmUmhmamO mZr {Xbobm AmerdmX17. lr_m_m`m EH m H sVZmMm gmame

18. n. ny . lr_m__hmamO HoiH a mMoH sVZmMm AVhmogd

19. lrJOmZZ_hmamO gWmZ eoJmd ({dX^) oWrc

^ YmYrc Imocrg lrmmMo ZmH aU

20. hZw XJwM[a~moYgma JWmMr {ZU n{H m

21. n.ny.lrmmMr dVZH n{H m

22. lrkmZoahmamOmMomU^yV {M


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H aU-1

Ho iH a HwimMr H Wm Am{U _mVm{nVm

nydO_r`m nwH i nw`mBZo lr_m_mMm O_ HoiH a AmS>Zmdm`mHw imV Pmbm. ho Hw i _ybV: H moH U XoemVrb hmoVo. HoiH a `m ZmdmMr wn{m H Xb (=Hoio ) + H a Aer XoVm oVo. `m Hw im`m nMdrg emImhmo`m. Am{U `mVrb bmoH Jmodm, _hmam>, _`Xoe Am{U JwOamV oWn VngaboboAmhoV. Ho iH a Kam`mMo _yi Jmd ""Zodao/dmS>m T>moH _io'' ho hmoVo. oWyZM H mhr Zm H mhr H maUmZr m Hw Qw>~mVrb bmoH ~mhoa nS>bo Am{U BVaJmdmoJmdr dgVrg Jobo.

HoiH a HwimMo Jmo em{S> , doX F doX, emIm emH b, gy Ambm`ZAgoAmho . m Kam`mbm em{S>b, A{gV Am{U Xodb AgoVrZ da AmhoV.gmo_oa Am{U ~{XOmB m _w` HwbXodVm m Hwim`m hmo`m. naVw Ho iH aHwQw>~mMr OgOer Jm_mVaoAm{U WbmVao hmoV Jobr, VgVer `m Jmd`m/

WmZm`m XodVm `m HoiH am`m HwbXodVm ~ZV Jo`m. Xod{Xdmir {XderHw bXodVmZm {d{e> Zdo XmI{dUo, ~moS>U ^aUo, Zdam nmiyZ XodrnwT>oZXmXrn gVV VodV R>odUo Am{U \w bm`m _mim ~mYUoBVHo Hw bmMma hmoVo.

WmZmVa H aVm H aVm HoiH a Hw imVrb EH HwQw>~ H moH UmVrbM AmMaoZmdm`m Jmdr dmV mg Ambo. oWoAm`mda m HwQw>~mV am_oa, adiZmW,nmdUmB, ~mUXod, JmJmo, ZdbmBAm{U gmVoar d ~mXoar mMm HwbXodVm_ o

g_mdoe Pmbm. Am{U AmMmamV nwT>rb ^a nS>br :-Xod{XdmirMo{Xder


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am_oa Am{U ~mXoar `m XodVmZm {d{e> Zdo XmI{d`mMr Wm nS>br.AmMao o Wrb HoiH amnH s JJmYa ZmdmMm nwf gmJbr Zmdm`m Jmdr

ahmd`mg Ambm. _J `m`m Hw Qw>~mV AZVdV, hZw_VdV AgoH mhr ZdrZAmMma {eabo.

`m JJmYamMonydO Am{U lr_m_m_hmamOmMo n VMo deO `mMr ZmdoAer :-

Ho iH am`m nmM`m {nT>rVrb AmMaoJmdMm JJmYa JmoqdX hm nwfgmJbr Zmdm`m Jmdr ahmd`mg Ambm. Xoemdarb gmJbr hoM Jmd JJmYamZoH m {ZdS>bo mMr H maUo kmV ZmhrV. VWm{n AZw_mZmZo hr H maUo nwT>rb_mUo

AgmdrV Agm VH H aVm oVmo. :- 1) {_aO gWmZ`m nmVrVyZ Wmoabo

qMVm_Uamd Amnmgmho~ nQ>dYZ ho doJioPmbo Am{U `mZr B. g. 1800VoB. g. 1805 `m gw_mamg gmJbr hoJmd Amn`m gWmZMr amOYmZr

hUyZ {ZpMV Hobo Am{U gmJbr`m {dH mgmbm gwadmV Ho br. `mZr~mhoaJmd`m bmoH mZm gmJbrV AmUbo. `m_wio ~mhoaJmd`m bmoH mMr dVrgmJbrV Ambr. `m ZdrZ bmoH mZm YZmOZ Am{U CnOr{dH m `mZm ^anyadmd hmoVm. hr Jmo> JJmYaZo bjmV KoVbr. 2) gmJbr hoJmd `mdoirYm{_H jo hUyZ {gXY hmoVo. HUm Am{U dmaUm `m XmoZ Zm`mgJ_mda dgboboh[anya Jmd; Vo Wrb gJ_oa hoeH amMo VrWjo; ho gdgmJbr`m hrV oV Ago. H Um ZXr`m nyd VQ>mda dgbo`m gmJbr`mJmd^mJmV {dUwKmQ> Amho. `m KmQ>m`m _mJo VnmodZ hmoVo (hr ho VnmodZZmhr). `m VnmodZmV _md gXm`mVrb Cmam[X _R>mModm_r g`dVVrW`mModXmdZ (=g_m[Y) Amho. gmh{OH M _md gXm`m`m AZw`m`m`m>rZo gmJbr ho nw`jo hmoVo. am_Xmg dm_t`m {gXY nMm`VZmVrb

gw{gXY AmZX_y{V hoH mhr H mi gmJbrV ahmV hmoVo. `mZm oQ>`mgAmbo`m g_Wam_Xmg dm_tZr VnmodZmg oQ> {Xbr, ho hUUo g w{ H MR>aVo. VgoM dUd Y_mMo gmaH am_mZX dm_r hohr gmJbrg oD Z JobohmoVo. Aem H mao gmJbr hoJmd Ym{_H Q>m {gXY hmoVo. Aem gmJbr`m VrWjor dgVrg Omdo, AgoJJmYa m Ym{_H JhWmg dmQ>bo Ag`mgZdb dmQ>`mMoH maU Zmhr.

JJmYa JmoqdX ho Ow`m H mimV`m_mUo Ym{_H d^mdmMo hmoVo ho_mZ`mV AS>MU Zmhr. VoXaamoO ZmZg`m, Jm`r_mMm On, VmomMonR>U Am{U A` H mhr OnOm` H arV AgmdoV, Ago g_O`mg haH VZmhr. na_mWmbm Cn`moJr nS>Umam Jw `mZr Ho bm hmoVm H m`, ho_m kmVZmhr. `mMoWmoS>o\ ma bm{H H {ejU Pmbo hmoVo. `mMm {ddmh Pmbm AgyZ

`m`m nZrMoZmd nmdVr AgohmoVo.

Hoed (_yi nwf)

_hmXod

Jmonmi

lrYa JmoqdX Am~m

am_M {d>b JJmYa

AZV

JmoqdX (_m_m_hmamO)

&& Ho iH a HwimMr H Wm Am{U mVm{nVm &&2 3


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gd ^ma hm AmnU{M `mdm & J^u a{jVm Vy{M Xodm &AZ` Xmgm nyU{dgmdm &&8&&

_mJm`m ho bmO dmQ>Vo& H moUm gmJy XJV __ Vo&nmVmnbmo{Odr`m Ordm &&9&&

OmJVr oD Zr gmoh^md & qbJnyOZmgr Zm_m Vd &mUmVmdar `mdr godm &&10&&

AVarMm yhoVy OmUwZr & kmZ>rZo d n ~mUwZr &_Z _m Zr _O CJ_r {_idm &&11&&

EH mXe nmMr hr _mbm & HR>r amhmo JwX`mim &Xmg AZV Amnbm hUmdm &&12&&

nwnm YZ gwI hr {XYbo & ajw{Z `mVogwI m d{hbo&gH Q>r _aVm Ymdm Ymdm &&13&&

H sVZmoma AZVamd {~N>m`mda nSy>Z am{hbo. `mdoir AZVamd hgH amZr

`mZm {dMmabo, ""ZmZm _aU Amho Zm?'' `mdoir AZVamdmZr "" Z_:{edm`'' hm _ Cmabm. AemM pWVrV EH mXerMm Xwgam {Xdg COmS>bm.`m {Xder dma gmo_dma- eH amMm-dma hmoVm. `m {Xder AZVamdmZm KmoabmJbm. Var `mMo hmVmV OnmMr _mi {\ aVM hmoVr. gH mir 6 dmOVm`mMohmVmVyZ _mi JiyZ nS>br. gH miMo8 dmObo. AZVamdmZr Amnbr{> Amn`m y_`mda bmdbr Am{U eH amMo_aU H arV Xoh R>odbm.`m`m mWZo_mUo JdmZ eH amZr `mMm AV ~adm Ho bm. `m`m A{V_AmOmanUmV `mMogwnw JmoqdX D \ ~mnyamd Am{U gyZ gm. B{Xam `mZrAZVamdmMr godmewlyfm _Zmo^mdo`dpWVnUo Ho br.

***

lr_m_mMo OZZ, ~mbnU Am{U {ejU

(B.g. 1890 Vo1906)

H aU-2

na_mWmMm nW hm AmH_`mg H {R>U Amho . nMmVrb {{dY VmnmZrnmoibobm EImXm nwfM na_mWmH S>o diVmo. W_ CgmhmZo Vmo na_mWmVrb{H m H bmJVmo. nwT>o Ago H mhr KS>Vo H s `mMo _Z na_mWmd Z T>iVo._J `mMr AdWm {~H Q> hmoVo. Aem pWVrV g_Om `mMoOrdZ gnbo. VarnU nydu Hobo`m nma_m{WH AmMmamMo gH ma `mbm gmoS>rV ZmhrV. nwT>rbO_r ho gH ma ~i hmoVmV Am{U Vo `mbm nwZ: na_mWmH S>o di{dVmV.AemH mao H _`moJ, kmZ`moJ AWdm ^pV`moJ nydu gmoS>Umam hm "`moJ '

Ago JdXJrVm gmJVo. m moJ >m`m ZdrZ O_m`m gX^mV ^JdXJrVmnwT>rb_mUogmJVo :-

ewMrZmlr_Vm Joho `moJ >mo@{^Om`Vo&&6.41AWdm `mo{JZm_od Hw bo ^d{V Yr_Vm_ &

EV{XY Xwb Va bmoHo O_ `Xre &&6.42V V ~w{XY-g moJ b^Vo nmdXo{hH _&

`VVo VVmo y: g{gXYm HwZXZ &&6.43nydm`mgoZ VoZd {`Vodemo @{n g: &&6.44`ZmX`V_mZVw`moJr gewXY-{H p~f: &

AZoH -O_-g{gXYVVmo`m{V nam J{V_&&6.45`m cmoH mMm ^mdmWAgm :- nyd O_r H mhr H maUmZo `mMm na_mW

AnyUam{hbm hmoVm, `mbm ew{M, lr_V AWdm `moJr OZm`m HwimV O_

8


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Vr.AZV JJmYa HoiH a mMoamRr hVmja Vr.AZV JJmYa Ho iH a mMo moSr hVmja

Vr.AZV JJmYa Ho iH a mMo moSr dmjar


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n.ny.lrmmMoamRr hVmjan.ny.lrmmMr BJOr dmjar

n.ny.lrmmMr moSr dmjar


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WS> {`Aa Q>|S> Pmbo hmoVo. Am{U Vo{Mo H mT>`mV drU Pmbo hmoVo. `mgw_mamg lr_m_mZr H mT>bobr JUn{V Am{U {dUw `mMr {Mo AmOhr

am_{ZHoVZ_ o nhmd`mg {_iVmV. `mM gw_mamg lr_m_mZr {dQ>oda AH am_m{V H moabo.

AZVamdmZm Jm|XdboH a_hmamOm{df`r AmXa hmoVm. EH Xm gmJbrV ~mV_rAmbr H s Jm|XdboH a_hmamO {_aOohZ Amn`m Jmdr OmUma AmhoV. dmQ>oVbmJUm`m ~wYJmd Q>oeZda OmD Z Jm|XdboH a_hmamOmMo XeZ Ko`mMo`mZr R>a{dbo. ~mnybmhr _hmamOmMoXeZ KS>dmdo m BN>oZo`mZr ~mnybmhr~amo~a KoVbo. AZVamd Am{U lr_m_m JmS>r`m doiobm ~wYJmd Q>oeZdanmoMbo. Q>oeZda _hmamOm`m XeZmgmR>r ~aoM bmoH O_bohmoVo. JXuVyZ dmQ>H mT>rV AZVamdmZr XeZ KoVbo d lr_m_mH S>o~moQ> XmIdyZ hUmbo, ""hm_mPm _wbJm Amn`m XeZmg Ambm Amho.'' _m_mZr Jm|XdboH a_hmamOm`mnm`mda S>moHo R>odbo._hmamOmZr `mZm CR>dbo Am{U `m`m nmR>rd Z hmV

{\ adyZ _hmamO hUmbo, ""~mi, AmB~m~mMoEoH mdo Am{U O_ob Vohmlram_ O`am_ O` O` am_ `m _mMm On H amdm.'' _m_mZr Vo _m` Hobo.lr_m_m naV Jo`mda Jm|XdboH a_hmamO Amn`m Odi AgUm`m nmR>H_mVamZm hUmbo, ""Ahmo_mVa, hm _wbJm nwT>o_moR>m gmYw hmoUma Amho.''ZVa hr Jmo> nmR>H _mVamZr lr_m_m`m am_ `m {MaOrdmbm gm{JVbr.Jm|XdboH a_hmamOmMoeX Iao R>abo Am{U H mhr H mimVM lr_m_m _hmZ

gmYwPmbo .***

boJ_YyZ gwQ>H m Am{U kmZoa_hmamOmMo XeZ

(B.g. 1907 Vo1915)

H aU-3

{dgm`m eVH m`m n{h`m XmoZ XeH mV _hmam>mV boJ `m amoJm`m

gmWrZoW_mZ KmVbo hmoVo. JmdmoJmdr boJMr bmJU ngaV hmoVr. Am{U

`mH mir boJda `mo Agm Cnm` kmV Zg`mZo, AZoH bmoH `m boJ`m

gmWrbm ~ir nS>V hmoVo. hiwhiwgmJbrVhr boJMr gmW gw Pmbr. Vohm

Jmd ~XbUo mJ nS>bo . AZVamd Hw Qw>~mbm KoD Z {_aO Jmdr ahm`mg Jobo.

nU boJZolr_m_mZm gmoS>bo Zmhr. {_aOoV AgVmZmhr boJZolr_m_mZm

JmR>boAm{U `m`m ImH oV boJ`m XmoZVrZ JmR>r CR>`m. `m boJ`m^mdmZo lr_m_m _aUmo_wI Pmbo.

VWm{n lr_m_m `m boJ`m XwI`mVyZ ~Mmdbo. VoH go m{df`r XmoZ

Am`m{`H m gm{JV`m OmVmV. _m_mMr gmd AmB _mBhr lr_m_m`m

_XVrbm YmdyZ Ambr. {VZoXodmZm nm`mV KmVbo Am{U Vr ~mobbr, ""Xodm,

_mPm EHwbVm EH nw ~mny m boJ_YyZ dmMyXo . `mgmR>r _m`m Am w`mVrbH mhr df}_r `mbm Xo`mg V`ma Amho.'' _mBMo JmhmUo XodmZo EoH bo Am{U

~mny boJ_YyZ ~am Pmbm. Xwgar Am`m{`H m Aer Amho. lr_m_mMr

kmZoa_hmamOmModa T> {Z>m hmoVr. mZr kmZoa_hmamOmMm \ moQ>mo Amn`m

Cemer R>odbm Am{U kmZoa_hmamOmZm gmH S>o KmVbo. kmZoa_hmamO g

PmboAm{U `mZr ~mnybm boJ`m VS>m`mVyZ dmM{dbo. H moUVrhr Am`m{ H m

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gmYH mZr Amn`m gmjmH mamModUZ H Z R>odboAmho . H mhtZr kmZoamMmgmjmH ma Pmbm odT>mM {ZX}e Ho bm Amho. Va H mhtZr Vo Amn`mbm H go

{Xgbohohr gm{JVboAmho.lrJwbm~amd_hmamO, dHw R>dmgr _m_m Ho iH a, d. dm. ~mimam_ YwaYa,

{ZaOZ aKwZmW, A wV_hmamO d d. dm. {dUw~wdm OmoJ `m gd kmZoa^ mZm kmZoam`m XeZmMm bm^ Pmbm hmoVm. `mnH s {ZaOZ aKwZmW,A wV_hmamO mZm PmboboXeZ hm dZ>mV hmoVm. ~mimam_ YwaYa mZm`mZr H sVZmV VrZnUo S>moio {_Q>bobo AgVmZm kmZoam`m gm{`mMo d

nemMohr gm m` bm^bo. hUOoM `mZm Pmbobo XeZ OmJonUr nU`mZmdWoV AgVmZm PmboboAmho. ""{_`m _yVu Xo{Ibr Ogr & AmUIr ZXo{Ibr Vgr`m'' Aer dmhr XoUmao Jwbm~amd_hmamO mZm _mD brZo _mS>rdaKoD Z HnmH Q>mjmZo `mhm{ibo Vo `mZmdWoVM Ago n> {XgVo. _m_mHoiH a mZm KS>bobo XeZ gmjmV KS>boAgo `mZr Z_yX H Z R>odboAmho .

kmZoam`m `m {V_m _mU _mZmd`mg `dm` dmQy> Z oAem Jwbm~_hmamOd lr_m_m HoiH aUrV {V_mMr JUZm hmoD eHo b.

***

H aU-4

(B. g. 1916-1921)

lr_m_mMr ZmoH ar, Jww Mm AZwJh, lrXmXmMm O_

gmJbrV nmoMVmM lr_m_m VS>H Amn`m Kar Jobo. ~mnygwI nnUo

Kar Ambobm nmhZ AZVamdmZm gVmof Pmbm. KamV oD Z ~mnyZohmVnm` Vm|S>YwVbo Am{U Vmo VmOmVdmZm Pmbm. Vohm CgwH VoZoAZVamdmZr lr_m_mZm Ho bm, ""~mny, AmiXrbm H m` Pmbo? kmZoa_hmamOmZr Vwbm H m` H mb{Xbm?'' lr_m_mZr gai Cma {Xbo ""ZmZm, Vw_`m BN>o_mUo_r {ddmhH amdm Am{U nMmV amhZ _r na_mW H amdm, Aer Amkm _bmkmZoa_hmamOmZr {Xbr Amho.'' ho lr_m_mMo eX EoH VmM AZVamdmZr

_Zmo_Zr kmZoa_hmamOmZm dXZ Ho boAm{U `mZm Y`dmX {Xbo . Amn`m_wbmbm kmZoa_hmamOmZr mo` Vo_mJXeZ Hobo m~b `mZr kmZoa_hmamOmMoCnH ma _mZbo. Am{U ~mnyMm bmH aM {ddmh CaHyZ `md`mMm Agm `mZr{ZM` Ho bm.

`m gw_mamg Ow`m gmJbrV EH _hdmMr KQ>Zm KS>br hmoVr. gmJbrVrbMlr. Vmoamo, gIXod B`m{X H mhr _S>itZr EH oD Z, Am{U {dMma H Z,gmJbrVM EH {ejU gWm WmnZ Hobr hmoVr. `mZr ""{gQ>r hm`Hyb''`m emioMm ma Hobm hmoVm. `m emioV S>mBJ hm {df`hr {eH dbm OmB.S>mBJ m {df`mgmR>r`m {ejH nXmgmR>r lr_m_mZr m emioH S>oAO Ho bm.`m OmJogmR>r lr_m_m nm Ag`mZo, `mMm AO _Oya hmoD Z, `mMrS>mBJMo {ejH hUyZ Zo_UyH Pmbr. nwT>o`mMoH S>o _amR>r, gm`g Am{U

Zr{Vem (_mab) ho{df`gwXYm gmond`mV Ambo. _wbm`m dVd H bobm

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&& n n gXJ lr_m_m_hmamO HoiH a M[a &&


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&& n.ny.gXJw lr_m_m_hmamO HiH a M[a &&( )( )

naV Am`m. am_ ~mi hiwhiw dmTy> bmJm. gm. B{Xam~mBamoO am_mMr >H mT>rV Am{U `mMo H moS>H mVwH H arV. lr_m_mhr `m`m H moS>H mVwH mV

gm_rb hmoV. AgoM H mhr {Xdg Jobo. _J EH Xm lr_m_m Amn`m nZrbmhUmbo, ""B{Xao, Amn`mbm nw Pmbm Amho. Y_emo gmJVmV H s nwmMmO_ Pmbm H s n{V hm nZr`m F UmVyZ _w hmoVmo. `m_mUo _r AmVm Vw`mF UmVyZ _w Pmbmo Amho. AmVm `mnwT>o _r gnyUnUo~M nmiUma Amho.`m`m AmS> Vy oD ZH mo.'' ho nVrMo eX EoH VmM VU B{Xaobm Y mM~gbm. Amnbm n{V H amar Amhoho {Vbm _mhrV hmoVo. AmnU H m` H

eH Uma Agm {dMma H Z Vr Jn ~gbr. Vohm lr_m_m {Vbm hUmbo,""~mBJ, Vwbm H moQ>Urg_hmamOmMm AZwJh Amho. `m_mUoVyhr gmYZ H arVahm.Vo Oa O_boZmhr Va VwH mam__hmamOmMo~mam A J amoO Voam doim hUVOm. AemH maoAmnU XmoKohr na_mWH . VwPohr na_mWmZoH `mUM hmoBb.''Amn`m nVrMo hoeX gm . B{Xam~mBZr MmJboM bjmV R>odboAm{U `m

Am_aU ho ~mam A J amoO Voam doim hUV am{h`m.

***

H aU-5

am_Zm_ nwaaU, am_grVmMo

AmJ_Z d hZw_VgmjmH ma

(B. g. 1923-1924)

lr_m_mMr {gQ>r hm`Hy b_Yrb ZmoH ar MmbyhmoVr. Am{U `mM H mimV

am_ `m nwmMm O_ hmo`mnydu lr_m_mZr am_Zm_mMoEH nwaaU Hobo hmoVo.g_Wam_Xmg dm_tZr Amn`m Xmg~mo Y m JWamOmV Voam H mo[Q> am_Zm_m`mnwaaUmMm CoI Hobm Amho. Amn`m XZ{XZ `dhmamV {OVHo O_ob{VVHo nwaaU H amdo, Agm {dMma H Z lrmmZr W_ gmS>oVrZ H mo[Q>am_Zm_mMo nwaaU gw Hobo hmoVo Am{U Vo `WmdH me VS>rg JobohmoVo. `m

nwaaUmZolr_m_mZm na_mWmVbm H moUVm AZw d Ambm `mMr Zm|X Zmhr.VWm{n lr_m_mZm am_mMm gJwU gmjmH ma Pmbm Agmdm Ago AZw_mZnwT>rb KQ>Zod Z H aVm oVo:-

AZVamd hgH a holr_m_mMo ~mbnUmnmgyZMo Zohr. Vo EH Xm H mhrH maUmVd O_qIS>r `m H ZmQ>H mVrb Jmdr Jobo hmoVo. VoWo AgVmZm `mZmEH m Cno{jV OmJr am_ Am{U grVm m`m gwXa _y{VgmnS>`m. Amnbo {_

~mnyamd Ho iH a holram_mMo ^ AmhoV, ho `mZm _mhrV hmoVo. `mZm m _y{Vm`mV Ago `m`m _ZmV Ambo. `m_mUo `mZr lr_m_mZm g{dVa nKmbyZ "`m _y{V AmnU drH mamb H m`?' Aer nN>m Hobr. lr_m_mZrZwH VoM 3&& H mo[Q> am_Zm_mMo nwaaU gn{dbo hmoVo. `mMo gJwU ` \ ihUOoam_grVo`m `m _yVvMr {_mZo XoD Hobobr XoUJr, Agolr_m_mZm

dmQ>bo. lr_m_mZr VH mi AZVamdmZm nmZo hmoH ma H i{dbm. BH S>o

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( )( )

Aer lr_m_mMr YmaUm hmoVr. hUyZ lr_m_m lrXmXmZm gmJV ""am_Or, VwPrH {V Ae Amho. Var _m`mZVa Vy hr {Z` H sVZmMr nanam MmbyM R>od.

Vwbm g_Om 2-2&& Vmg H sVZ H aUoO_bo Zmhr, Var Vy nmM {_{ZQ>o H mhmoBZm hm {Z` H sVZmMm Zo_ MmbyR>od.'' lr_m_m`m `m YmaUo gmaIrMlrXmXmMrhr YmaUm hmoVr. hUyZ VoAmn`m A JmVyZ gmJVmV :-

Xmgam_m Eogobm^bo dVZ & h[aH sVZ ho Am_wMr {_amgr &&h[aH sVZ hoAmhmgr gZX> & {Xbogo Vo dVZ ^moJdQ>m &&

hZw_V ^JdmZ Amkm{nVr AmnU & Voho h[aH sVZ Am_wModer &&

H sVZmMr nanam & Ambr _m{P`m Kam &&Aer YmaUm Ag`mZolr_m_mMo{ZdmUmZVa lrXmXmZr hr {Z` H sVZmMr

nanam Amn`m {ZdmUmnV MmbyR>odbr. Vo H sVZmV gmJV ""_m`mZVaMeoIa hm {Z` H sVZ H arV amhrb.'' `m_mUolrXmXm`m {ZdmUmZVa`mMo o> Am{U lo> {MaOrd lr. MeoIa AUm Jobr Xhm df} {Z`

H sVZ H arV AmhoV. ***

H aU-6

lr_m_m`m H sVZm{df`r

(B. g. 1924-1925)

_mK d VVr obm (B. g. 1924) lr_m_mZm {Z` H sVZ H a`mMr

H moQ>Urg_hmamOmMr Amkm Pmbr hmoVr. Vnydu _mK d {VnXobm lr_m_mZrH sVZ Hobo hmoVo. m H sVZmnydu lr_m_mZr Amn`m Jmonmi amZS>o m {dm`mbmhQ>bo, ""Jmonmim, _r AmO H sVZ H aUma Amho. Vy oerb H m EoH m`bm?''""AmZXmZo oBZ'' Ago Jmonmi hUmbm. lr_m_m`m Kam`m AJUmV hoH sVZ Pmbo. lr_m_m`m J`mV drUm Am{U hmVmV {Mn`m hmo`m. {ZnUmMm

A J hmoVm ""am_H Wmag nr nr nm`m &&'' H sVZ MmJboM aJbo. nwT>olr_m_mamoO H sVZ H arV AmhoV hoH i`mda AZoH lmoVo O_ybmJbo.nwT>olr_m_m`m bjmV Ambo. am__{XamV am_grVo`m _y{VAmnU WmnZ

Ho `m AmhoV. AJUmV AmnUmnwT>oXod Zmhr. Vohm AmVm AmnU am__{XamVam_grVo`m Xohm`mnwT>oM H sVZ H amdo. Vgo`mZr gw Ho bo. Xohm`m`m~mOybm H mMo`m Pw~amV amHo bMo{Xdo bmd`mMr `dWm Ho br. gmo`mda

COoS> hdm hUyZ Xohm`m eoOma m CmaoH S>rb Im~mda amHobMm H mMoMm{Xdm bmdyZ KoVbm. Am{U doigJr Cn`moJr nS>mdr hUyZ Xohm`m`m nwT>oEH A{JZhr ~gdyZ KoVbr. amHobMo {Xdo dmna`mMo H maU `mdoir lr_m_m`mKamV drO ZhVr. {deof {Xder aW Am{U nmbIr H mT>Vm `mdr hUyZlr_m_mZr EH nmbIr H adyZ KoVbr Am{U _hmXod Q>OrH Sy>Z VrZ Q>`mMmaW ~ZdyZ KoVbm. gmh{OH M aW d nmbIr mModoir Amd`H hUyZ XmoZ

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&& lrmmm H sVZm{dfr &&60 61


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Aem H maMo H sVZ XaamoO H a`mMo A{gYmamdV lr_m_mZr KoVbohmoVo. amoOMo H sVZ H moU`mhr n[apWVrV MwH dmd`mMoZmhr Agm lr_m_mMm

R>m_ {ZYma hmoVm. `mMr CXmhaUo oWo Z_wZm hUyZ gmJVm oVrb. EH Xmlr_V _mBgmho~ XmS>oH am`m \ ma AmJhmd Z lr_m_m nmbKa Jmdr Om`mg{ZKmbo hmoVo. aodoZodmg MmbyhmoVm. g`mH miMo nmM dmObo. ~amo~a`mEH XmoKmZm gmJyZ lr_m_mZr aodo`m S>`mVM H sVZ Ho bo. AgoM EH Xm{_aOo`m {_eZ hmpnQ>b_ olr_m_m`m gmd _mderMo AmnaoeZ hmoVo.lr_m_m VoWo Wm~bo hmoVo. g`mH miMo nmM dmObo . hmpnQ>b`m EH m

~mOyg OmD Z lr_m_mZr H sVZ gw Ho bo.H Yr H Yr lr_m_m H sVZmV gmJV :- g_Om H sVZm`m doioAJmoXa

~Xod _mPoH S>oAmbm Am{U hUmbm, ""~mny, Mb Vwbm _r Ammm ~bmoH sZoVmo.'' `mdoir _r `mbm gmJoZ, ""_hmamO, Oam Wm~m. _m`m H sVZmMrdoi Pmbr Amho. W_ _r H sVZ nyUH aVmo Am{U _J _r Vw_`m ~amo~a oVmo.''

***

H aU 6

nwadUr

H sVZmMm T>mMm, H sVZmVrb Z_Z(1)

aKwZmW{` Jwdam& H ar __ dgVr X _{Xam&&Y.&&

^dmpY_m nmhZr _mVo & CXYar Amnw`m H am &&1&&

n{VVmoXYmaH OmUyZr VyVo& eaU _r VwO Jwdam &&2&&

XrZ Xmg hm {Z` H [aVmo & VmaH Vy{M Iam &&3&&(2)

ewXY ~_ na_& dXo grVmam__&&Yw.&&

h_dVr ha- {Mm- {dam__& {XZH a- de- b>bm__ &&1&&

nX-aO-CXYV- JmV_- dm__ & gOb-nmoYa-`m__ &&2&&

{dJh-{d^d-[dS>{~V H m__ & {d bHwVwH mam__ &&3&&

(3)

kmZoa _mD br kmZamO _mD br VwH mam_ &&1&&

Z_Z {V oMonmD br & kmZamO _mD br VwH mam_ &&2&&

^ OZmVd Ymdbr & kmZamO _mD br VwH mam_ &&3&&

JmoqdXmgr nmdbr & kmZamO _mD br VwH mam_ &&4&&

Z_ZmZVa H sVZm`m {Z nUmMm A J.

CXm.:-

XodmMoXeZ hm`m Wmoa nw` & Pm{b`m XeZ _w{ bmho &&1&&

B`m{X mZVa :-

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( )( )

ÔZ

nmdZm am_m n{VVnmdZm am_m & nmdZm am_m X`mim nmdZm am_m &&`mZVa am_oa, gmo_oa Jwnanam B`mXtZm Z_H ma AgUmaonX :-Z_moam_o am ZmoOr gmo_oem & aodU{gXYoem _ i{gXY &&1&&Z_mo H mS>{gXYm Jw qbJOJ_m & aKwZmW{`m am_am`m &&2&&

Z_mohZw_Vm Jw ZmamÙm & _{V m H sVZm JmoqdXm `m &&3&&OÒ`H ma

amOm{YamO gXJw ZmW_hmamO H s O`& O` O` aKwdra g_W&&H sVZmVrb {Z nU gn`mda hogd Zm_mZo hmoVo, Vo Zm_ Ago :-

lram_ Oàm_ O` O` am_, AgohUyZ hm _ Voam doim Onbm OmB.`mZVa

lram_ Oàm_ O` O` am_ & Eogm H mhr Yamo{Z`m Zo_ &Omo{Z` dXo go_ & Vmod oMr lram_ hmoVgo&&

hr Amodr hQ>br OmB. oWo _ VamV ~w m bmdbm OmB. `mdoir nwT>rb nX hQ>bo OmB:-

gXJamO nhm m`m & _J Vy_w hmogr ehm`m &&Yw.&&{Hy Q>{eIamdaVr nmho dgVr `mMr Amho&BS>m qnJbm gwfwZo`m gJ_r dgVmho &&1&&

nhmVm _Z ho VrZ Pmbo {XgVo _m{ H _mim &&JJZmhmo{Z H mogiVmVr Zjm`m _mim &&2&&aKwZmW{` Jwdadm_r `mMm gmX `mdm &Am_mam_ gdm R>m`r ZomVar nhmdm &&3&&_J "amOm{YamO gXJw ZmW_hmamO H s O`'

B`m[X OÒ`H ma.

`mZVa lmo`mnH s Hw Umbm Var nX/A J hU`mg gm{JVbo OmB.`mZVa g{jnUo EH mm gVmMr Jmo> gm{JVbr OmB. Jmo> gn`mda

Jmo>rVrb gVmZm eaUmJ{V XmI{d`mg - ""gXJw ZmW _mPo AmB, _bmR>md mdm nm`r' ho ÔZ hmoB. ZVa `m gVmZr Zm_ Ko`mg gm{JVboAgogmJyZ

"aKwn{V amKd amOmam_ & n{VVnmdZ grVmam_ &&'"O` O` {d>b O` O` {d>b,'"O` O` JUoe O` O` JUoe,'

B`m[XnH s EH mXo OZ hQ>bo OmB .ZVa "gVHnm Pmbr AmOr gVH nm Pmbr &

{dmdY hmoD Zr {Mm {ZKmbo kmZ H im H ibr'hm Cma hmoD Z

_Zm am_am`m H Xm Vy Z gmoS>r & _Zm am_Zm_r Yar {Z` JmoS>r &_Zm gXJw am_ o_o Ômdm & _Zm am_ VmoAVar gmR>dmdm &&

`m cmoH mMo nR>UmZVa OÒ`H ma hmoB. ZVa""~mo{bbr boHw ao & doS>r dmHwS>r Cmao &

j_m H am AnamY & _hmamO Vwhr {gXY &Zmhr {dMmarbm & A{YH ma `m Amnwbm &

VwH m hUo kmZoam & amIm nm`mMoqH H am && ''

hm A J Pm`mda"gXJw ZmW gXJw ZmW & _r AnamYr `m nXamV &&1&&

~hV nmnr CXY[abo & Eogo~rX a{j`bo&&2&&EdT>m nmnr Yam hmVr& Xmg oVmoH mHw iVr &&3&&

ho _mJUo Pm`mda "" _J Ago OogXJwamd `mMoMaUr {OVH Z_ZH amd {VVH WmoS>M Amho'' hoJ dm` Pm`mda

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""gm>mJ ^mdo{UnmV Ho bm & {dg H gm _r JwnmXwH mbm &&`m Jw nmXwH mZm dXZ Agmo. `m Jw nXmMo{d_aU hmoUo H Xm{n e`

Zmhr, `m Jw nXmZm AZV Z_H ma AgmoV.'' Agm Cma H Z""_Zm_mOr hmoVm _ZmVrb hoVw & nwT>oXo{Ibm am_Mwg_Ww &gVr AmXao_w{ n Wmgr Zobr & H Wm am{hbr nm{hOo Mmb{dbr &''

`m cmoH mZoam_mMo _aU Pm`mda :-""ho{M XmZ XoJm Xodm & VwPm {dga Z hmdm &&1&& JwU JmBZ AmdS>r && ho{M_mPr gd OmoS>r &&2&& Z bJo_w{ YZgnXm & gVgJ XoBgXm &&3&& VwH m

hUoJ dmgr & gwIoKmbmdo Amhmgr &&4&&'' hm A J hUyZ PmmdaAma`m hmoV :-

Ama`m

(1)

gmUo C>mUo hH ma dXZr & H ar S>i_i y_S>i qgYwOi JJZr&H Sm{Sbo~mS YmoH m { wdZr & gwada Za {ZemMa `m Pmbr niUr &&1&&

O`Xod O`Xod O` hZw_Vm & Vw_Mo{Z gmXoZ ^r H VmVm &&Yw.&&

Xw>_Xw>_bonmVmi CR>bm {VeX & WaWabm KZZri _m{Zbm IoX &

H S>m{S>bondV CS>wJU CN>oX & am_r am_Xmgm e sMm emoY &&2&&

(2)ZmZmXohr Xod EH {damOo& ZmZm ZmQ>H crbm gwXa n gmOo&

ZmZm VrWjor A{^Zd J{V JmOo& AJmY _{h_m qnS ~_mSr JmOo&&1&&

O`Xod O`Xod Am_`m am_m & {ZJ_mJ_ emo{YVm Z H ioJwUgr_m &&Yw.&&

~h nr ~hJwUr ~hVm H mimMm & h[aha ~m{XH Xod gH imMm &

wJmZw wJr AdVma Am_mam_mMm & Xmg hUo_{h_m Z dUdodmMm &&2&&

(3)

gXJw sMm S>H m JmOdwZr & H sVZr S>mob{dbm Jw am_ `mZr &

ggmar Xm{dbm gXmMma H Zr & Jw nr V_` PmboH m`m gh Zr &&1&&O`Xod O`Xod O` Jw hZw_Vm & Vmar OS> Ordm `m lrb_rH mVm &&Yw.&&

am_ brZ Pmbm Y` VwPoMaUr & Amodmir AmaVr VZ _Z dmhZr &

_m ~mn Vwhr AgVm HMr XrZdmUr & Caob _mPonmer gmJm Xod YUr &&1&&

(4)

gwIg{hVm Xw:Ia{hVm {Z_b EH mVm & H {b_b XhZm JhZm dm_r g_Wm&Z H io ~m{XH m AV AZVm & Vmo Amhm gwb^ Vy O` HnmdVm &&1&&O`Xod O`Xod O` H UmH am & AmaVr AmodmiygXJw _mhoam &&2&&

_m odrU _mhoa {dlm[V R>md & eXr AWu bm^ ~mobUodmd &gXJw gmX gwb^ Cnmd & am_r am_Xmgm \ ibm gX md &&3&&(gJ {deofr "AmaVr kmZamOm', "AmaVr VwH mam_m', "qZ~aJrH a_hmamOmMr

AmaVr' m Ama`m hQ>`m OmV.) AmaVr gn`mda "{MS> jor gXJwmB&OJXXYmam {V>V amhr &' honX hUyZ Pmmda H sVZ gm hmoB. ZVaH sVZm`m gmXmModmQ>n hmoB .

***


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Pmbo`m qZ~aJrHa_hmamOmZr lrXmXmMon T ogmjmV JQ hmo D Z `mZm H mZSr

78


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Pmb`m qZ~aJrH a_hmamOmZr lrXmXmMnwT>gmjmVJQ> hmD Z `mZm H mZS>rnXmXdmao ~moY Hobm. `m XmoZ gJmVrb gm` lr_m_m`m bjmV AmboAm{U `mZr lrXmXmMo{df`r Y`moXJma H mTy>Z `mMoH mVwH Ho bo.

oWoM EH A V _hdmMr Jmo> gmJm`mg hdr. lr_m_m d lrXmXm mMonanamH S>o nhm`mMo{>H moZ ho Hodi {nVm d nw Ago ZhVo . lr_m_mlrXmXmZm am_ hm Bda g_OV Am{U lrXmXm lr_m_mZm JmoqdX/HU/am_g_OV. hUyZ lr_m_m hUV AgV, "{dmV am_ hm Ba Amho. Va _m`mKar Ba am_ dmdaV Amho.' Am{U lrXmXm hohr lr_m_mZm `j am_M

_mZV. hUyZ am_ `m d nmVrb lr_m_m`m {df`r lrXmXmZr AZoHA J, cmoH Am{U AmaVr aMbr Amho.

`mM 1939 gmbr lr_m_m, lrXmXm d lr. JJmYa qgJ ho {VKoH mohmnwaOdi m {gXY{Jardarb H mS>{gXYmMoWmZr JobohmoVo. H mS>{gXYm`mA_VqnS>rg_moa C o ahmVM lrXmXm d lr_m_m `m XmoKmZmhr A_VqnS>rVyZgmjmV JQ> Pmbobr H mS>{gXYmMr _y{V{Xgbr. XmoKmZr `mZm Z_H maHobm d _J H mS>{gXY A` Pmbo.

`mM 1939 gmbr AgoPmbo :- lrXmXmMm _Zmoha _JidoT>oH a ZmdmMm{_ hmoVm. Vmo na_mWmV JV hmoVm. EH Xm Vmolr_m_mMoH sVZmbm ~gbmAgVmZm "d n XeZ gdar/Pmbo `m', Agm lr_m_m`m H sVZmMm^md hmoVm.

***

B. g. 1938 Mo gw_mamg lr_m_mZm a Xm~mMm {dH ma OS>bm. Koar oD

bmJ`m_wio`mZm C o amhZ H sVZ H aUo Ae`M hmoD bmJbo. Vohm `mZrIwMuda ~gyZ H sVZ H a`mMo R>a{dbo. `mZr EH bmH S>r IwMu V`ma H adyZKoVbr Am{U `mZVa IwMuda ~gyZM H sVZ H a`mg `mZr ma Hobm.

lr_m_mMo {MaOrd lrXmXm ho B. g. 1939 _ o_{Q>H ModJmV hmoVo.`mMobj A`mgmno jm na_mWmH S>oA{YH Ag`mZo , _{Q>H narjog Vo Oar

XmoZ-VrZXm ~gboVar Vo Vr narjm CmrU hmoD eH bo ZmhrV. gmh{OH M B.g. 1942 `m dfu gwm Vo _{Q>H `mM dJmV am{hbo hmoVo. Vo _{Q>H narjmCmrUhmoD eH Uma ZhrV Am{U Vo AmVm {ddmhmg mo` Pmbo AmhoV, Agm{dMma H Z lr_m_mZr lrXmXmMm {ddmh CaHy Z Ko`mMo R>a{dbo. AempWVrV BMbH aOr`m ~idVamd _amR>o m`m _ WrZoEH _wbJr lrXmXmZmgmJyZ Ambr.

BMbH aOr Jmdr lr. ~idVamd _amR>oho CmoOH hmoVo. `mZr BMbH aOrJmdmV "_amR>o{_b' WmnZ Ho br hmoVr. `mMo _m\ V BMbH aOr JmdmVrbMJmodS>o AmS>Zmdm`m HwQw>~mVrb _mbVr ZmdmMr H `m lrXmXmMo gmR>r gmJyZAmbr. lr Xmmo JmodS>oAm{U `mMr nZr gm. {J[aOm `m n{V-nZrbmgmV gVmZohmoVr. `m_ oeodQ>Mo H `maZ hUOo _mbVr. KaMr n[apW[V

~oVmV hmoVr. JmodS>oHwQw>~ _moR>oAg`mZo _mbVrbm bhmZnUmnmgyZM KamVrb

lrXmXmMm {ddmh/am_oa mm, am` _hmogd

(B.g. 1938-1956)

H aU-8


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Xohr dm {dXohr nyU g_mYmZr & AmZX {ZYmZr bj gXm &&3&&o o o

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na_mWmMr Ho br C^r nmR>emim & AmZX Jmonmim ^ _oir &&4&&H amo{Z`m gmJo gmJmo{Z H adr & ^ m _moj nXdr {Z`mMr &&5&&

(JwVVr`m, n. 20).AemH maolr_m_m`m H sVZmMm {Vn _hmogd _moR>m AmZXmZoAm{U

CgmhmZonma nS>bm. B. g. 1960 _ o nma nS>bo`m `m _hmogdmZValr_m_m \ XmoZM df}`m yVbmda am{hbo. `m`m _hm{ZdmUmMm gJhr_Zmbm W H aUmam Amho. Vmo dUZ H a`mnydu _m_mMo _hd XmIdyZ

XoUm`m `m`m OrdZmVrb H mhr KQ>Zm g{jnUonhmUo Amd`H Amho .VgoM lr_m_m`m AJr H moUVoJwU ~mUbobo hmoVo ho nhmUohr {VVHo M _hdmMoAmho. IoarO lr_m_mMr Or JWgnXm AmO CnbY Amho{VMm n[aM` H ZKoUo hohr {VVHoM _hdmMo Amho. hUyZ `m VrZ {df`mMm {ZX}e AmVm HobmAmho. Am{U `mZVa lr_m_mMm {ZdmUgJ d{Ubobm Amho.

***

lr_m_m`m OrdZmVrb H mhr KQ>Zm, gJ

H aU-10

lr_m_m`m XrK OrdZmV H mhr g_aUr` KQ>Zm/gJ AmhoV. `mVrbH mhr `m`m bm{H H OrdZmer g~{YV AmhoV Va BVa H mhr `m`mnma_m{WH OrdZmer g~{YV AmhoV. `mVrb nydm} KQ>Zm (A) `merfH mImbr mnwT>o{X`m AmhoV. Va Cmamo gJ ho(Am) m erfH mImbr{ZX}{eboAmhoV.

A) bm{H H OrdZmer {ZJ{S>V KQ>Zm

1) lr. ~idVamd JmoS>~mobo `m ZmdmMo {ejH emioV lr_m_mMo

ghH mar hmoVo. EH Xm VoAm{U lr_m_m {\ amd`mg {ZKmbo . MmbVm MmbVm~idVamdmZr {dMma Hobm, ""naV {\ `m'' Ago ~mnyamdmZr hUon VAmnU naVm`Mo Zmhr. BH S>o lr_m_m`m _ZmVhr {dMma Ambm H s ~idVamdho ""naV {\ `m'' AgohUVrb Vohm AmnU naVy. XmoKohr MmbVM am{hbo.""AmVm naV {\ `m'' Ago H moUrM hUoZm. VgoM MmbM MmbV Vo XmoKohrZagmo~m`m dmS>rbm nmoMbo. Vohm _m ~idVamdmZm ahmdoZm. VohUmbo ,

""~mnyamd, AmV AmnU naV {\ `m.'' Vohm lr_m_m hUmbo, ""~idVamdAmVm Vwhr hUVmV Va AmnU naV {\ .'' _J XmoKohr gmJbrg naV Ambo.

2) lr. AZVamd hgH a ho _m_mMo ~mbnUmnmgyZMo Zohr. VoEH Xmlr_m_mZm hUmbo, ""~mny, AmnU Zoh_r hUVmo H s Xod hm _mUgmbmAXmVm Amho. AmnU `m hU`mMr AmO narjm nmh `m.'' ""Rr>H Amho''


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_r Ae Ago y Mm `m y_mVogr H m Z _agr&&8&&_mVm ~minUmMr n[a y_mVm Ago{M O_mMr &

nmofH gd OJmMr XoB PSVr {Vbm d H _m Mr &&9 &&

hmoVoAm{U Vo _m_mZm hmH m _marV hmoVo. naVw _m_mZm `mMm nmm ZhVm. VoVgoM nwT>o MmbbohmoVo. _J ^a^a MmbyZ \ S>Ho Zr `mZm JmR>bo d hQ>bo,""Ahmo ~mnamd _r Vhmbm {H Vr hmH m _ma`m V_Mo bj H moR o hmoVo?''

&& mmm AJr wabobo JwU &&130 131


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nmfH gdOJmMr XB PS>Vr {Vbm d H _mMr &&9&&

BV`mV dZ gabo Pmbmo OmJm dimo{Z Omonmho &Vmo _mVm odmo{Z o_^aohmbdmo{Z `m ~mho &&10&&''

Agmo. m H {dVod Z `mMoAV:H aUmVrb _mVo_ n> hmoV Amho.18) am>^{ -_m_mZm _. JmYtMo ~b \ ma AmXa hmoVm. _. JmYtZr

dXoer`m Midirda a XoD Z naH s`mda, Mhm-H m\ sda ~{hH ma KmVbm

hmoVm. mdoir _m_mZr Mhm H m\ s gmoSy>Z {Xbr. Am{U nwH i H mi H mJogMod godH hUyZ H m_ Hobo . ~oiJmd, ZmJnya, H mZnya, Ah_Xm~mX oWoPmbo`m H mJog`m A{YdoeZmV Vo d godH hUyZ hOa hmoVo.

Ah_Xm~mX H mJog`m A{YdoeZmV, "^mBhmo ' Ago_. Jm YrZr hUVmM,O_bobo bmoH H go EH X_ emV Pmbo, ho _m_m H sVZmVhr gmJV.

nwT>o AaqdX ~m~y B`mXr_mUo `mMm Cgmh _mdibm Am{U ""gXm Zm_

_wIr'' hm MaIm ZVa _m_mZr KoVbm (AH s, n.79-80). VWm{n aW dnmbIr gmohm`mV X{jUo`m {Vg`m Q>`mV _m_m "dXo_maV_' honXhUV AgV (dhr 90).

19) XodmMo AZwgYmZ :-_m_m H mhrhr H arV Agbo Var `mMoZm_mH S>oAZwg YmZ Ago.

Hd`Ym_mV H moQ>Urg_hmamOm`m nwV`mMoAZmdaU hmoVo. m g_ma mVqXS>r {ZKmbr hmoVr. ""gXJwZmW _mPo AmB & _bm R>md mdm nm`r'' ho OZgw hmoVo. _m_m Amn`mM am_Zm_m`m AZwgYmZmV hmoVo. `mV a_`mZoVoqXS>r gmoSy>Z ~aoM nwT>oJobo. _J `mZm HwUrVar hQ>H bo . Vohm AZwgYmZm_wioAmnU ~aoM nwT>oAmbmo AmhmoV, ho `m`m bjmV Ambo.

EH Xm _S>BV OmD Z _m_m Kar naVV hmoVo. `m`m _mJoqMVyZmZm \ S>Ho

Ahm ~mnyamd, _r Vwhmbm {H Vr hmH m _ma`m. Vw_M bj H mR> hmV?

""AgohmoVo H Yr H Yr'' BVHo M Cma _m_mZr {Xbo (Jmo, n.14).***


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hUOoggmamVyZ Vm Z ZoUmar ZmH m Amho (1172.51). AgoJw Mo _hdgm{JVboAmho. gVmMm XrnmdbrMm AZw d 1093 _ o AgyZ 1159 _ o`mMo dUZ Amho.

) { ( ) r o

A_VdmUrVrb H mhr eXmMm dmna H Z m. S>m. Ho . dm. AmnQ>o mZrA_VdmUrMm Omo {ZH f gm{JVbm AmhoVmo nwT>rb_mUo Amho:-

`m Agma ggmamV Xwb ZaXoh m Pm`mda, oWoH emV H m` A{YH

o o o p o

&& lrmmMr JWgnXm &&160 161


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21) A{YH (1993-1247) :- `m ^mJmVrb ~hVoH A JmV"A{YH ' AWdm "gdm{YH ' m eXmMm dmna Amho. H moUVr EH Jmo> A{YH(=MmJbr, lo>, B`m{X) hUOoXmoZ Jmo>rV A{YH MmJbr H moUVr AWdmAZoH Jmo>rV gdlo> Jmo> H moUVr, ho m A JmVyZ gm{JVboAmho . CXm. _mZho gdm{YH Amho (1222.2). Xodmnojm Zm_ A{YH Amho (1201.1).kmZm_ oAZw d. kmZ ho A{YH Amho (1217.1).

22) {Z`nmR> (1248-1267) :-`m A JmV M Am{U lmdUho XmoZ _{hZogmoSy>Z dfm`m BVa _{h`m_ o H sVZmgmR>r lr_m_m OoA JKoV, `mMm gJh Amho. M _{h`mV H sVZmgmR>r lr_m_m lram_nmR>mMoA J dmnarV Va lmdU _{h`mbm lr_m_m "gmYZmMm _mg' hUV Am{U`m _{h`mV kmZoa_hmamOm`m h[anmR>mda H sVZo H arV.

23) lram_nmR> (1268-1299) :- mVrb {df`mMo {ddoMZ _mJo oD Z JoboAmho.

24) A{V_ (1300) :- `m A JmV gdgma Ambo Amho . `mVrb""AhH mam`m A^mdmZo Xod hmoUo'' hr gH nZm gnyU na_mWmbm gma yVAmho; VrM gH nZm A{V_ Amho.

A_VdmUrVrb da gm{JVbo`m {df`m`m AmYmao`m A_VdmUrMr

nwT>rb d{eQ>o bjmV oVmV.1) m gmgm[aH Eo{hH OrdZmV "A{YH ' AWdm "g_{YH ' H m` Amho

`mMm CbJS>m hmoVmo. 2) na_mWu gmYH mZo OJmV H go dmJmdoho n> hmoVo .3) Amnm gU-ndH mimMo Am`mp_H __ bjmV oVo. 4) Zm_mMo_hd_Zmda q~~Vo.

Amho ho OmUyZ KoD Z, gU-ndH mimMm Am`mp_H AWbjmV KoD Z, gV-gXJwZr gmYH mgmR>r Hobobm CnXoe `mZmV R>odyZ, _Zm_ o{ddoH , dam`d ^{ ~mUdyZ, Xodm{XH mZm Z_Z H Z, `mMo OZ JmD Z, _mUgmZo Zm_gmYZ Ho bo Va `mbm XodmMm AZw d oBb Am{U `mMoA{V_ o Oo_mojgwI Vo `mbm mg{JH nUo Zho Va {ZpMVnUo m hmoBb, Agmlr_m_m`m A_VdmUrMm {ZH fAmho .

***


H aU 12

nwadUr

( r o r r o o r [

JQ>M Amho.13) Zm_mV ~ gmR>{dbo Amho, hUyZ Zm_ ~mnojm _moR>o.14) {JwUmV gdJwU Zm__aU KS>{dVmonU `mMo gm_ WmoS>o Amho .

r o [ o {

&& lrmmMr JWgnXm &&98 163


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(m nwadUrolrmmm A H mhr coIZ d mm coIZmer g~[YVAgUmaonwT>rc ^mJ wm {Xcoco AmhoV. ho^mJ Ago :-(1) lrJmoqdXdMZmV (2)-(3)"HdmJ ' m JWmm XmoZ AmdmZmlrmmZr {c{hcom XmoZ VmdZm (4)"gmWH ' Zmdmm JWmcm lrmmZr{c{hcocr VmdZm (5)"Anamoj kmZ d gmjmH ma' m JWmMm JwUJmad(A{^m) (6) lrmmm "AVdmUr' JWmMom.. A. HwcH Uu mZr

Hococo agJhU (7) lrmmm ~moYmMo gma)(1)

lrJmoqdX dMZm_V1) Zm_YZmZoAmnU lr_V Pm`m{edm lr_V Xod Amnbr JmR> H gm KoUma?2) Zm_ hm ghO na_mWAmho.

3) Jw _mJgy_ Amho. AmnU _rnU{da{hV gy_ PmbmoH r Vmo _mJ gmnS>Vmo .4) OJmV MmJbodmBQ> {_giyZ am{hbo Amho. AmnU gVZm_mer Vyn Pmbmo

H s dmBQ> Vo gJio JiyZ nS>ob.5) `m OnmV Xoh^md b`mbm OmVmo VmoM On.6) {d{dYVoVyZ EH mH ma dmr_Yo oUo hr mUdmr Amho.7) mUdmrVbo Oo gmX AmhoV `mVM Zm_ Amho.8) Zm__aUmMo ldU Ho`mZo _rnUm Zmhrgm hmoVmo .9) Zm_mMr J[V d _ZmMr J[V EH hmdr.10) Zm__aU {Mmmbm Kmgm`bm bmJboH r {Mm ewXY hmd`mg bmJVo.11) _ZmodoVmi dmYrZ hmo`mg MT>Vm CVaVm Zm_ KoUohr Jw{H r.12) Zm__aUmMm YS>m gVmZr Jw R>odbobm Zmhr. {dMma H aUm`mbm Vmo

`m`m nbrH S>o h[aJwU Amho. `mV Am`m{edm` AIS> Zm__aUhmoUma Zmhr. `m JwUmV JwHnoZo oVm oVo.

15) Xod gddmMoXmZ _mJVmo . VoXo`mMo ~i Zm_mZo {_iVo.16) {Z{df` hmoD Z Zm__aUmV aJUo hr Wmoa ^[ .17) {JwUmVrV hmo`mV Xodm[ Amho. gdJwUmV ahmUo hohr "X`m _|

IgIg' EdT>oM Amho.

18) KmoQ>UrZo_mm JwUmbm MT>Vo; VgoM Zm_mMoAmho .19) JmodYZmbm Iam AmYma XodmMm. ~mH s H mR>m. VgmM Amn`mbmhr

Iam AmYma XodmMm.20) naonmer Zm_mMo\waU Amho . `mV a__mU hmoUoho H moQ>r kmMo\ imno jm

A{YH Amho.21) EH mJ Zm__aU hmo`mg Omo`dm` Vmo {dH n.

22) OmJ[V, dZ, gwfw[ hm _m oMm mV.23) Vwar` d C_Zr hm XodmMm mV. oWo AIS> Zm__aU KS>Vo.24) Zm_mMo{dYmZ ~mobyZ XmI{dVm oUma Zmhr. VoAmV g_OyZ md mg nm{hOo.25) Zm[^H _bmMo{R>H mUr eX C_Q>Vmo . VoWo Zm_mMm gH n R>odyZ ahmUo

ho gmYZ.26) Zo_ ZrQ> hmoVmoH s Zmhr BH S>o bj nm{hOo .

27) Xoh^mZ Z> hmoBn V hUOoM XohmVmn V Zm__aU H amdobmJVo .28) Zm_mZoM OrdZ gwIr Am{U g_XY hmoVo.29) Zm_mZoM JwH nm hmoVo d Jw HnoZoAIS> Zm__aU hmoV ahmVo.30)Zm_mZoM gmjmH ma hmoVmo d gmjmH mar OrdZmV Zm_m{edm` XwgaoH mhr

ahmVM Zmhr.***


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KQ>H m ndZ gmYbm H s Ord "~aY' m WmZmVyZ nwT>ogaH Vmo. Mma KQ>H mndZ gmY`mda, ~XodmMoVmaH -dn Am{U ^JdmZ eH amMoq~Xw nXeZ hmoVo. EH ha ndZ gmYbm H s XohY_ AmQy>Z OmVmV. XmoZ ha ndZ

gmY`mZo {dUyMo XeZ hmoVo. {dUyMoXeZ EH Xm Pmbo H s _J gmYH mMogmYZ Ahmoam MmbM amhVo hr pW{V gm` Pmbr H s Amnbo o ` lrmmMo hm{ZdmU

H aU-13

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gmYZ Ahmam MmbyM amhV. hr pW{V gm` Pmbr H s Amnb ``gmYboM. na_m_m Amn`m hmVmVM Ambm. na_m_XeZmZo`m OrdZmVM_w{ m Pmbr, AIS> gwI Jdgbo, OrdZmMo gmWH Pmbo.

***

(B. g. 1960-62)

lr_m_m`m {Z` H sVZmMm {Vn-_hmogd B.g. 1960 gmbr`WmgmJnUonma nS>bm. AmVm lr_m_mMod` Pmbo hmoVo. VUnUr lr_m_mZr`m`m_ H Z eara H[V MmJbr amIbr hmoVr. nU earamda Anj` B`m{X{dH mamMm n[aUm_ Pmbobm hmoVmM. B. g. 1940 nydu `mZm a Xm~ OS>bmhmoVm. Koar oB hUyZ `mZr IwMuV ~gyZ H sVZ H aUogw Hobo hmoVo. `mZVaX{ZH gmYZ, H sVZ, dMZ B`mXrgmR>r ~g`mMr {H m dmT>V Jobr Am{U`m`m_mMm A^md ZS>bm. m H maUmZr lr_m_mZm _Yw_ohmMm {dH ma Pmbm.

`mgmR>r n` gw Pmbo. `m_wio`mMr H [V H _Omoa hmoD bmJbr. AempWVrV lr_m_mZm AmUIr EH amoJ Pmbm. Vmo hUOo nmR>r`m _U`mVrbj`. hohr H _r PmbohUyZM H s H m` lr_m_m`m _yqnS>mV H gaMrbjUohr {XgyZ oD bmJbr. S>m. amZS>o, S>m. AmnQ>o`mZm Va lr_m_m`mnmoQ>mV An|{S>g Agmdm Aerhr eH m hmoVr. BVHoPmbo Var lr_m_m S>mQ>aH S>oOm`mg Am{U AmfY Ko`mg ZmIyf hmoVo. _J Hw Ur H Vr~b {dMmaboVa

`mMoCma R>aboboAgo H s, _bm H mhr hmoV Zmhr. _mPr H {V R>rH Amho,ho`mMo Ho di ~mobUoZhVo . H maU eara hUOo Am_m Zho ho lr_m_mZmnyUnUonQ>bo Ag`mZo , `m`m Moh`mda amoJm_wiohmoUm m doXZmMm bdboehr{XgV Zgo. VoAmn`m Zoh_r`m am_Zm_m`m YyZ_ o AgV. hogd IaoAgboVar `mMoearamda d` Am{U amoJ `mMm n[aUm_ Pmbobm hmoVmM.


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g`mH mi gnbr. am gw Pmbr. amrMoAH am dmObo , gmS>oAH amdmObo, Am{U nmdUo ~mamMm g_` Pmbm. lr_m_mMo`j {ZdmU OdiAmbohmoVo. lrXmXmZr lr_m_mMo_VH Amn`m _mS>rda KoVbo(Xm.{d.n .99).

na_oa lr_m_mZm hiwhiwAmn`m Odi KoV hmoVm. {VV`mV HwUrVarlr_m_m`m N>mVrbm hmV bmdyZ nm{hbm. lr_m_m`m X`mMr YS>YS> Wm~br

{MVm YJYJy bmJ`mda H mhr bmoH mZr lr_m_mMoJwU Am[U _{h_mdUZ H aUmar ^mfUoHo br. XmmonV ~mnQ> d{H b hUmbo, ""lr_m_m hogmJbr {ejU gWoMoAmOrd gX` hmoVoAm{U Vo Cm_ {ejH hmoVo. Vo

gXJhW, Jw^ Am{U H sVZ{Z> hmoVo'' (JmoM_m, n.138). _moamonV HwbH Uu`mZr gm{JVbo ""lr_m_mZr AmVm {ZaOZr Ka Hobo Amho . Vo AmVm AmnUm_ o

&& lrmmMo hm{ZdmU &&192 193


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hmoVr. KS>mimV 11-50 dmObohmoVo. Pmbo! gnbo! lr_m_mMobm{H HOrdZ eodQ>mg Jobo! lr_m_mMr Am_`moV na_m_`moVrV {_giyZ Jobr.

lr_m_m`m H bodam ^modVr ""lram_ O` am_ O` O` am_'' hm Kmofam^a MmbyhmoVm. gH mi Pmbr. gd dmVmdaU emoH mHwb hmoVo. nU nwT>rb

Jmo>r Q>miVm oV ZmhrV. lr_m_m`m A` `moMr V`mar gw Pmbr. AUmXodYa `mZr lr_m_mMr nMmaVr Ho br. _J lr_m_mMr nmbIr MmKm`mImmd Z AJXr gmYonUmZo{ZKmbr. ZXrH mR>`m hZw_mZg_m{Y _{XamOdinmbIr Ambr. VoWoJJmYaamd qgJ, gmoZmonV bmJy B`mXtZr lr_m_mMrAmaVr Hobr (JmoM_m, n.135). AmaVr Pm`mda A` `mm A_aYm_`m

_emZ y_rV {eabr. VoWo aMbo`m {MVoda lr_m_mMo {ZmU eara R>od`mVAmbo. ^Q>Or AmdXo{hH _ CmarV hmoVo. ^Q>Or gmJVrb Vgo lrXmXmH arV hmoVo. lr_m_m`m mUa{hV Xohmbm _m{ Xo`mV Ambm.

{MVm YS>YS>V AgVmZm bjmV ahm`mgmaIm EH gJ KS>bm. gmJbrV`mdoir nmSw>aJ_hmamO VmhZH a hoAdYyVn Wr gV ahmV hmoVo. lr_m_m{ZOYm_mbm Jobo `mdoir Vo AmOmar hmoVo. lr_m_m`m AmOmanUmVhr Vo

lr_m_mZm nhm`mg oD eH boZhVo. Vo lr_m_mMo MhmVo hmoVo. Volr_m_mZm_mZUmaohmoVo. Volr_m_mZm EH ZmWmMm AdVma hUV. lr_m_m m {ZdmUmMrdmVm `m`m H mZmda Jobr. `mZm Kar amhdbo Zmhr. VoVgoM YS>nS>V CR>boAm{U AS>IiV AS>IiV HUmZXr`m Vramdarb A_aYm_mV Ambo . `mZrnoQ>bo`m {MVobm EH X{jUm KmVbr Am{U {MVonwT>o gm>mJ Z_H ma Ho bm.

ZmhrV. Var `mZr AmnUmgmR>r {Z_b Mm[a`mMm AmXe R>odbm Amho''(JmoM_m, n. 138). n{S>Vamd XmS>oH a CXJmabo, ""gV hogm_m` OZmZmAmYma AgVmV, Am{U Vo_mJXeH AgVmV. VonmR>rer Agbo H s em{hmoVo. `m`m `moJo am>mMr C{V hmoVo. Aem EH m gVmMm-lr_m_mMm-AmYma

AmO gwQ>bm (JmoM_m, n. 138). lr. Om_Xma hUmbo, ""Xod `m`mdagVw> hmoVm Agm lr_m_m hm gmJbrMm gV AmO Jobm'' (JmoM_m,n.138).

***


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bmJbm, _r ~mOybm \o H bmo JobmoAm{U ~oewX>Y nS>bmo. H mhr doimZo _rewXYrda Ambmo. _m`m modVr nmobrg d _mUgoO_br hmoVr. _mPm CO`mhmVmbm XwImnV hmoD Z a md gw Pmbm hmoVm. nmo{bgmZr _bm gm`Z

hmpnQ>bmV Zobo. VoWo~S>oO dJao ~mY`mV Ambo. _mPoZmd nmm {bhZ KoD Znmo{bgmZr _bm gmoSy>Z {Xbo. `mdoir _mPo _ohUom. Ho . dm. AmnQ>o ho o { o o r o

lrmmm gX^mV ^ OZmMr ZmoJVo

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_w~Bbm nai`m nmoQ> Am{\ gOdi ahmV hmoVo. amr XmoZMm gw_ma PmbmhmoVm. Vohm {JaJmdbm Z OmVm _oh`mMoH S>o OmdoAgo _r R>a{dbo Am{U`m_mUo _r nmo{bgmZm gm{JVbo. nmo{bgmZr _bm AmnQ>o mMo Kar nmoM{dbo._r amr AMmZH Ambobm nmhZ AmnQ>o d `mMr nZr M{H V Pmbo. _r `mZm

gdh{H H V gm{JVbr. VoWo _mPr A{YH H miOr Ko`mV Ambr. Am{U_bm Mhm Xo`mV Ambm. ""H mi Ambm hmoVm nU gXJwMo gm_`mZo doiAmbr ZhVr'' hoIao R>abo . `m`m nwT>Mm H mahr _hdmMm Amho. _mPmCOdm hmV Xwgao{Xder S>mQ>abm XmI{dbm. hmVmbm \ Ma Amho Ago VohUmbo. nU \ magoS>mQ>ar Cnm` Z H aVm \ Ma ~ao Pmco. hmVmV H moUVmhrXmof ZhVm. hmV 15 {XdgmV nyddV Pmbm.''

***

(1)

nw`dV hmdoKoVm gmZmMr Zmdo- b_U ~wdm {ZPm_nyaH a, nwUo

gmZm`m Hodi _aUmZo AZV O_mMr nmno _ hmoVmV. (VwH m hUo

nmnoOmVr gVm{M`m Ono). ^JdV gmJVmV, ""AOwZm, `m H _mZo _mPrmr hmoVoVo nw` (_mV| nm{dOo Vo ewXY nw`). Bambm m H Z XoUmaogwH V EH m gVm`mM gJVrV, CnXoemV Amho. gVm`mH S>o \ XodM{_iob. "EH m OZmXZr gV & nyU H aVr _ZmoaW&&' AgoAZoH mMona_mWmMo_ZmoaW h. . n. Jdd n _m_m mZr nyU Hobo. _r Va AZoH doim `mMo

XeZmZo g_mYmZmbm nmdbmo. gnyU Am w` `mZr JdgodogmR>r H sVZgodmH Z doMbo, `mModUZ d CnH ma m dmUrZo H m` nyUhmoUma? "H m` mdo

mgr hmdo CVamB & R>o{dVm hm nm`t Ord WmoS>m&&'

Xodmbm Am{U mZm EH m doir AmZX hmoVmo, AgogmYZ EH H sVZMhmo`. ^JdVm`m AmdS>rMm {df` Am w`^a `mZr go{dbm, `m AmZXmV

lrmmm nmam{WH H mm~b AmXa AgUmaolrmmMoAZoH ^hmoVo. mZm lrmm{dfr H m dmQ>oho mZr Amnm ZmoJVmV Ho bo

Amho. mMr hr ZmoJVo mnwT>o{Xbobr AmhoV.


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&& n.ny.gXJw lr_m_m_hmamO HoiH a M[a && ( )( )

KoD Z Ambo`m gmYH mbm `m gmo`m nU _m{_H d {dZ_^mdmZog_mYmZXoUmao_m_m_hmamO. `mMr O_eVmXr AmO gmOar H arV AmhmoV. m _Jbgmoh`mV Amhm gmYH mZm Amhr Ho bo`m H m_mMm {hemo~ `mZm d_wImZomd`mMm Amho. H maU _m_m_hmamO H gohmoVo, Va Vo gmjmVna~M hmoVo.

`mZr AmnboAdKo OrdZ Ba n Ho bobohmoVo.dZmV KS>bm >mV & Vmo{M AmMm[abm gmjmV & AdKoOrdZ Jw

AmkoV & doMyZ _m_m PmboH VmW & Aem `m ^JdVdn _m_m_hmamOmZm`m`m O_eVmXr g_ma mV H mo{Q> H mo{Q> Um_ & VV gV &

***

Am{edmX KoUoMo gX m` bm^boAmho. naVw`m gdmnojm ny. _m_mZr _mPonmR>rd Z {\ a{dbobm VmoAm{edmXmMm neEH _odm{Vr`M!

***

(29)H m`nwn

- gm. H _{bZr JmoIbo

gy_ Xohm hm YmaU H Zr Amnw`m gXZr dmg H aro o o " ' r &&1 &&

&& lrmmm gX^mV ^ OZmMr ZmoJVo &&292 293


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(28)

A_V ne

- em_ {b_ò, \ moQ>moJm\ a, gmJbr.

n. ny. _m_m_hmamO HoiH a `mZm OdiyZ nmhUoMm `moJ _bm _r _mPod[S>bmMo `dgm`mV hmVmImbr C_oXdmar gw Ho br `mdoirM `j W_Ambm. `m AH mV N>mnbobm _m_mMm \ moQ>mo KoUogmR>r "am_{ZHo VZ'_ o_rd{S>bm~amo~a JobmohmoVmo. \ moQ>mo Pmboda _m_mMm Am{edmX KoUogmR>r d{S>bmZr_bm Zobo. _r _m_mZm Z_H ma H [aVmM _bm `mZr Odi ~gdyZ KoVbo d_bm EH M {dMmabm. "VwPo`m `dgm`mda _ZmnmgyZ o_ Amho H m?'VmH mi _r "hmoAmho' Ago hUVmM _m_m hUmbo, "nw`mB AmhoM. VarnU

`m `dgm`mV emV {Mm AmMaU R>odbog, Va YmV Vy{ZpMVM èdrhmoerb' AgohUyZ _moR>m o_mZo_m_mZr _mPonmR>rda Am{edmXmMm hmV{\ adbm. AmO `m KQ>Zog OdiOdi gmmdrg df} Pmbr. naVw `m jUrny` _m_mMm _bm OmUdbobm VmoA_VneAmOn V _r {dgabmo Zmhr._mPo`dgm`m_wio _bm AmOn V AZoH gmYw-gV, gnwfmMo XeZ d

nw _wImZodXVo Pmbo "am_ am_' hm _ Kar &&1&&

`mM Jw `m nw`{VWrbm O_Vr ^m{dH {H Vr ^{ agmMr g[aVm nmhZ Hw{R>V Pmbr _{V &&2&&g_mYrMo_J KoVm XeZ OmoSy>Z XmohVH Am{edmX Vo_mJyZ Ko`m Pmbo ZV_VH &&3&&H sVZmV _J aJyZ OmVm Zm_ _wIr \w abolram_mMm JOa EoH Vm _X _ga {dabo&&4&&gmX KoD Z Kar naVbm ^ mMm _oim gwImdbobo Z`Z ~mobVr AJ` hm gmohim &&5&&gVoO amhmo H m`nwn hoJw Mo MaUmda {dZ_^mdo H _bm {dZdr OmoSy>Z Xmohr H a &&6&&

***

(30)

H sVZ^ sMm ZXmXrngV y[_ gmJbrVrb h[a^ namÙ lr. JmoqdXamd AZV Ho iH a VWm


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_bm H mhr H mimZVa nyUhm`Mo Amho.' Ago _mZUo _yInUmMoAmho . `mV_mUgmMr D Om\ ma _moR>m _mUmV dm`m OmVo. "_r nyU AmYrM Amho. VmoM(h.nyUVm) hm _mPm d^md Amho. emVr, gdkVm, gd`mnH Vm, gdg_WVmhm _mPm d^md Amho. _r {MV - gVAmZX Amho' Agm amoI AZw d

hUOoM gmo@h md. "Vmo (na_m_m) hUOoM _r.' Ho di Ago ~mobUoZho ,Va Aer lXYm, EdT>oM Zho Va Aer Mr[V Jw{e`m`m EH mVmV ~moYhmoVmoVmo hmM ""VV d A{g'' ("Vo ' Vy Amhog). ^. a_U_h{f hUV -"Vwhr gmjmH mar AmYrM AmhmV, \ H goVo AmoiIm. OmUm.' hUyZ_m_m H iH irZo gmJVmV- "JmoqdX hUo gmo@hhg & VoWo OS>dr _mZg' (n.170, A J 3). ""na_hgmMo bjU & gmo@h hgr `mMo_Z && ghO d_

Agm VwPm AmXoe {`V_m & AIS> Kw_VmoAUmMbm &AIS> KoVm emoY dV:Mm & gmnS>er _O AUmMbm &_m`mnmer _m`mR>m`r & Am`mVd VyAUmMbm &

VV gV

***

(34)

&& AIS gH sVZ Zm_`moJr &&

&& lrJmoqdX gH sVZ &&

&& lrmmm gX^mV ^ OZmMr ZmoJVo &&322 323


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AmoiImoZr & _Zm gm{Ybr C_Zr & JmoqdX hUo`m{VHw i Y_ Omhbo{Z_yi&'' (n. 171, A J 846).

doX-Cn{ZfXo, JrVm, gdA`m_em, gd Y_, gd VdkmZ `mMohoM ah`. gV VwH mo~mam` hUyZM hUVmV- ""doXmMm Vmo AW AmhmgrMR>mdm & oamZr dhmdm ^ma _mWm && {ZO{Z>oZm_ `mdo & {d>bmer eaU

Omd|&& doX AZV ~mo[bbm & AW BVwH m{M gm{Ybm && B. mVbo {ZO{ZR>mZm_ hUOoM "gmo@h_', "Ah_-Ah_' _m_m`m eXmV - "_yi d^mdJwZm_ & lram_ Oàm_ OÒàm_',~mH sMm gmam A^md Amho. Ordm ! VmogmoSy>Z Xo. d-W (dW) ahm. Amnbm d^md nhm.' (A_VdmUr n. 275A. 1300)

^. a_U_hfuZr hoM ah` Aja_{U_mbm `m CH> ^[ H m`mV

AUmMbmbm ([edmbm) CoeyZ ` Hobo Amho . Vo hUVmV-dV:hZr ZM g` doJio& AgoM H {Wer AUmMbm &hmM VwPm gXoe ZgoH m & {ZO _mZmVwZ AUmMbm ?dV:g emoYr AmVaZoo & gmnS>ob _J AUmMbm &

- _m. S>m. Xm. {d. HwbH UuZm_mW H sVZ gwImW Zm_ & H VmWJmoqdX AZV Zm_ &&aJmV a_bolraJ aJr & AIS> gH sVZ Zm_`moJr &&1&&kmZoe XeZ n{d {M & `m ao{Ibo _Jb hr gw{M &&JmoqdXamOm _hm amO`moJr & AIS> gH sVZ Zm_`moJr &&2&&hZw_nXr brZ JmoqdX Xmg & _ | Jmoaj AV Img &&

aoUm{Jar aodU{gXY _mJu & AIS> gH sVZ Zm_`moJr &&3&&A`m_kmZr nMr {damJr & {gXYd nr AmH me_mJu &&JwmW{M_m MV` ^moJr & AIS> gH sVZ Zm_`moJr &&4&&JmoqdXZm_o Vabo Anma & VaVr VgoH s OZ nbnma &&emVr _hmgmJa drVamJr & AIS> gH sVZ Zm_`moJr &&5&&

JmoqdX gH sVZ Zm_`moJr & `m Zm_ mgt dgoAVaJr &&hm ~moY AmXoe Ago _Zmg & XmgmZwXmg Z{_Vmo nXmg &&6&&***


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33) am. X. amZS>o(JwXod) - (EH Xm lr_m_m JwXodm`m XeZmg Jobod `mZm Z_H ma H bmJbo Vohm JwXod hUmbo) ""~mnyamd, Vwhr nw`nwf AmhmV. Vwhr _bm Z_H ma H ZH m. _rM Vwhmbm Z_H ma H aVmo''.XodmgmR>r H sVZ H aUmao\ ~mnyamd Ho iH a AmhoV.

34) amdgmho~ gh~wXYo- (g. {d. D \ZmZm OmoJioH a amdgmho~mMoH S>oJoboAgVmZm amdgmho~ gh~wXYo`mZm hUmbo ) gmJbrV `m Wmoa_hm`mH S>oVwhr OmVm, `m`m MaUmMr gJV gmoSy> ZH m.

35) b_~wdm {ZOm_nwaH a (H sVZH ma) - (EH m H sVZ g_obZmMoA`j AgUmaob_U~wdm A`jr mfUmV hUmbo) (1) ""EH ZmWm`mZVa {Z`Zo_mZoH sVZ H aUmaogmJbrMolr_m_m Ho iH a`mMoZmd KoV`m{emm`

o r '' ( s ) ( )

(Xrnb_r).41) embw_m_m (A~wamd_hmamOmMo{e`)- {M_S> gXm`mV C

`mo`VoMm H moU AmhohUyZ {dMmamb Va _r _m_mMoZmd KoBZ (dhr H.90).

42) lrnmX Xm_moXa gmVdioH a- (_m_m hUOo) AIS> Zm_ gH sVZ`moJr.43) dm_r A_bmZX - {ZH m_, {Zbm} , {ZX [ o_mZo JdVmbm

AmdS>ob AgoAIS> H sVZ H Z, { gwIm`m m`mMoVo YZr PmbobohmoVo(A_VdmUr). h. . n. _m_mgmho~ HoiH a ho {M_S> gXm`m_Yrb EH WmoaA{YH mar gnwfM hmoVoVo {Z>mdV am_^ hmoVo(A_VdmUr).

) r ( r )

&& lrmmm gX^mV BVamMr dMZo &&330 331


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_bm `m`mZmbm gwadmV H aVm oUma Zmhr.'' (AH s n. 133) (2)AZoH mMona_mWmMo_ZmoaW h. . n. Jddn _m_m mZr nyUHo bo. `mZrAmnbm ggma na_mW n Ho bm, gXJwHnoZo Anamoj AZw y{V `mZm Ambr,Vo ho_hmnwf Am_Mo _m_m hmoV (Xrnb_r).

36) bmoQ>brH a (kmZoar nmam`UH ma) - ""~mnyamd, Vm`mgmho~m`m

{Z` H sVZmMr nanam IamoIaM VwhrM MmbdV AmhmV'' (AH s n 104).37) d. am. Hw bH Uu - nMm`m ZmR>mi KmoS>mda ~gyZ `mZrna_mW_mJmda \ ma _mR>r KmoS>XmS> Hobr. hoM `mMod{eQ> hmo` (Xrnb_r).

38) dmgwXodamd Omoer (H sVZH ma) - H sVZmgmR>r O_ hr _m_mMr{Z>m hmoVr (Xrnb_r).

39) {d. Vw. H mohmnwao- (_m_mZr) ggma d na_mWhr {damoYr Q>moHo

dbV {Z>oZoVS>rnma Ho br d ggmar gmYwnwf `m Ae` H moQ>rVrb _hmZgkoMoVo dm_r ~Zbo . (Xrnb_r)

40) {d. X. XodYa (Ama. Q>r. Amo.)- AmYw{ZH H mimVrb gVmVnw`Ym_ gmJbrMon. ny. _m_m Ho iH a mMm CoI m_w`mZoH amdm bmJob

44) dm_r dnmZX - (dm_r d nmZX _. Xm. Q> mZm gmJV.)am_mMr ^[ H er H amdr ho gmJbr`m ~mnyamd HoiH a_hmamOm`mH Sy>Z{eH mdo. am_^{ hUOo~mnyamd Am{U ~mnyamd hUOoam_^{ (AH s, n.104)

***


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&& n.ny.gXJw lr_m_m_hmamO HoiH a M[a && ( )( )A{n gwb{bV ^mdnyUM H sVZ H amo{V & Ap_ZHo bH aHw bo Efm na_mnmdZr, _mojXm{`Zr H sVZJJm AjwUV`m dm{hVm Wm`{V B` ZmpVge`boemo@{n & AVw & EVme: _hm_m Z nwZ {d`{V & `Wm JJZJJZmH magmJa : gmJamon_: VWd lr_m_m_hmamO: g__m_m_hmamOm Ed &

Am_aU AIS>doZ H sVZH dm Ed AIS> Zm_gH sVZ`moJr B{V gmWZm_m{^YmZ lr_hmamOm: mdV: &^mo __ {`m: ~Yw {J` :`Wm {ed_{hZ:Vmo_VWd Jmo{dX_{hZ:Vmo_ EVXA{V{demb ,

AVrd Anma_ & EVX dU{`Vw Z g_Wm}@h_ & `X`X _`m C VmXna_lXYo`: __ gXJw: lrXmgam__hmamO: Ed __ _wIoZ C dmZ &

{Z{_m_mmo@h Hodb_ &

h. ^. n. d. ~mnyamdOr Ho iH a hoEH h[aJwHnmm Ago A{YH marnwf hmoVo. Amnbo gXJw gV lrVm`mgmho~ H moQ>Urg_hmamO m`m AmkoZo

`mZr AmO Ag` H sVZo Hobr Vr Ho di go dm `m ^mdZoZ|M Ho br s { { { o { o

AgohmoVomm (H mhr AmR>dUr)

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{Z{_m_mm@h Hdb_ &gXJwlr_m_mhmamOmZm O_eVmpX_hmogd w>gd} `M AmerdMZ

XmVw lrgXJw{Z~aJrH a_hmamO lraKwZmW{`gmYw_hmamO lr{M_S>_hmamOlrVm`mgmho~H moQ>Urg_hmamOmX` gd} gnwfm: A CnpWVm: gpV &e{ {nUr lrgrVmd{hZr A{n EV g_mamoh n`{V & gd}fm V^dVm

ny`nmXofw { mdoZ U` VWm Ed lrgXJwXmgam_` MaUH _bogd^mdoZ{Un` gd}`: lmoV`: M Y`dmXmZg_ Ah {da_m{_ &AVogXJwMaU mo: EH m mWZm gd}@ gw{IZ: gVwgd} gVw{Zam_`m:&gd} m{U n`Vw _m H pMV Xw:I_mZw`mV &&

empV: empV: empV:

***

`mZr AmO Ag` H sVZ Hbr Vr H di gdm `m ^mdZZM H br.`m`m H sVZmV ^{ , Zm_, ggJ{V, A`m_ mM {df`mMo{ddaU hmoVAgo. Amhmg `mMoH sVZ EoH `mMm gw`moJ Ambm hmoVm. ewXY AmMaU,gXJw{Z>m, Ba^md hoJwU CH Q>VoZo `m`m {R>H mUr ~gV hmoVo. AmXaUr`d AZwH aUr` Ago OrdZ `mZr `VrV Hobo .

- h. ^. n. YwS>m_hmamO XoJbyaH a,nT>anya

gy`mH S>o nmhZ mQ>H H a`mg _bm _m_mZr gm{JVbo. `m_mUo _rH arV am{hbo.

- VmBXoenmS>o

gmo_dmar amr 12 `m gw_mambm _m_mZr Xoh R>odbm. `mM {Xder amrdZmV _bm `mMr JmXr [aH m_r {Xgbr.

- AZwVmB{eVuH a_m_m`m HnoZo Amhmbm H mer`mm KS>br. `mMo_aU H Z Am_Mo

OrdZ gwairV MmbboAmho.- gm. gmoZwVmB _mZo


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&& AgohmoVo mm (H mhr AmR>dUr) &&358 359

H mhr, H mhr`m H sVZmV Jm`Z ho d `mg ImD Z Q>mH Vo; Va H mhr`mH sVZmV {Z dVZmV gwgJ{V ZgVo, VogdmMo H VZ {Z bmo mMoZVZ AgVo!_m_m`m boIr H sVZ YXm ZgyZ Y_ hmoVm. m {Z>o_wio, ^JdVr AVam`KS>md`mg ZH mohUyZ `mZr MmH arda bmW _mabr hmoVr. gmWrMoAdS>~aZm H moR>o{dkmnZ Zmhr, lmoVo{h _moOHo, Aem emV dmVmdaUmV `mZr H sVZmMmH mb{Z`V R>oH m MmbyM R>odbm. ""_m_m ho o_i ZmVo Amho. ggmamVMa_Um`mZm ho OUy hUV "_m, _m' (ZH mo ZH mo !). _hmam>mV 3 _m_m{gXY. H _dra {em`m eXmV, lrXmS>oH a, XoenmS>o ho "_oKd{>' nXYVrZoH m_ H aUmao, Va Jw. HoiH a "gwdUH ma-nXYVrZo'. dmd`m Jmo>r ZmhrV.

H sVZm`m eodQ>r VoMwa_wao gmX hUyZ XoV. `mMm Ame` `mZrMEH Xm gm{JVbm hmoVm- "^ sV Mya hm? _wa!' hm A_V gXoe _r Wme{OnV-OJV AmbmoAmho . Jwd`mZm {dZ_Um_!

gX^-gyMr1) AIS> H sVZmZX, H me ^mdo, gmJbr, 19882) A_VdmUr, . am. Jmo. Ho iH a, gmJbr, 19813) HoiH a Hwb dmmV - g. gr. {d. HoiH a d _. Z. Ho iH a, nwUo,1952

4) JUnVamd H m{ZQ>H a, coIZ dhr5) JwVVrm H Wm, m.Ho .dm.AmnQ>o6) JrVmXeZ m{gH7) JmoqdXM[aV_mZg, Z. Xm. {XdoH a, gmJbr, {Vr Amd{m, 20058) JmoqdXXeZ, am. Jmo. Ho iH a, gmJbr, 19889) lr. JmoqdX _{V, gH bH -{H gZ `. {^S>o, gmJbr 197210) OrdZ{dH mg, Am Q>mo~a 1981

r r o o


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^m. b. amZS>o, gmJbr.

***

11) Xrnb_r _m_m_hmamO HoiH a {deofmH , _w~B, 197212) Zmam U_hmamO aJrH a mMoM[a, m.Sm. Ho. dm. AmnQo ,gmJbr,201013) n{hbm Xrn, g. ^m. {b_ o, {_aO, gdV 201614) _mBgmho~ aJrH a mMoM[a, m. Sm. Ho. dm. AmnQ>o , gmJbr, 2011

14) _m_mMo M[a hV{b{IV, JUnVamd H m{ZQ>H a, 193816) _m_m_hmamO Ho iH a, m. S>m. Xm. {d. Hw bH Uu, nwUo, 198317) am_nmR>, . am. Jm o. Ho iH a, gmJbr 193718) dmL> emo m, lmdUmg {deofmH , lrkmZoa mD cr {deofmH ,

198419) lrXmgam__hmamO M[aVm_V, Ho. dm. AmnQ>o, gmJbr 2003

20) gVH nm, OyZ 197821) hU_VamdOr H moQ>Urg `mMo M[a, gmYwXmg, gmJbr, 193722) hZw_X JwM[a~moYgma, Jmo. A. Ho iH a, gmJbr, 1937

***


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AH s AIS> H sVZmZXJmo JmoqdX {VJmoMm JmoqdXM[aVmZgJmoX JmoqdX XeZ

Xm.{d. Xm.{d.HwcH Uu,mmhmamO Ho iH a

dhr XmXmMr dhr,90,129

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&& lrmmmdarb H mgnXm &&

(1)

JmoqdX XeZ

amH U har JmoqdX & Vo{M y{VV JmoqdX &hm{M Zr mm AmZX & OmnmgyZr &&1&&mPm moJ{M Anyd & hUmo{Z Vwhr {nVXod &oVm Kodmo{Z Ambmo R>od & Amm{M &&2&&hZwV^wm Xmamgr & am~mi AmZXoer &

mpVH mMm Mwam hmVmer & OmVm{M Ambm &&3&&mVm B{Xam ^mdV & n{VdVm {Z>mdV &{VObm AZwJh m & hZw^yMm &&4&&

{ear Ambm gXJwhV & ~mb am AgoJ^mV &Vmo {ZOJ^ AZmhV & H mZr nSbm &&5&&

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Vm{ZOJ^ AZmhV & H mZr nS>bm &&5&& mVoMomm & AgVr Hw XdmS> Jmm &VoW namWm{M nm {Um & COibr &&6&&

mPo OmMonydu & ~hrU Jobr nw ndu &{OMonmr AmKdr & gn{m hmoVr &&7&&

mVm H ar XZ & {Vbm XI Pmbo XmU &gmMmao gmYmZ & hmoBZm {VMo&&8&&

hmXod mmdar & iUJmdH a Hnm H ar &JmR>r ~mYmo{Z {eXmoar & AmadmS>mgr nmVbo &&9&&

dOra~m~m hmZw^md & VoWoamhVr gXd &Yamo{Zm gX md & MaUm Z{bo&&10&&

gmJVr Amnwbr Wm & B{Xam mVo{M H Wm &gZVm {Mmm & ~m~mm Ambr &&11&&VoYdm ~m~mZr ImarH & mmm hmVr {Xbr ~marH &

hUVr hm gmX EH & mVogr mdm &&12&&



^jU H aVm oBb i & gmJVmo homOi &nmoQ>r nw b{S>dmi & AgomD brm &&13&&

Vmo{dUw V hmoBb & hf emoH OmBb &H Yr Z nVmdob & Amwdar &&14&&

mPomm gXJX & Pmbm ~hAmmoX &

nmdo{Zm dmZX & ImarH {Xbr &&15&&nwT>oObm Xmgam & hZwVgXJwHnm na &

lrJwqbJOJ & dmoibodo &&16&&AVmOrnV AmOmo~m & mZr Ami{dbo{edgm~m &

Hw XdmS>r nmVboVo emo ^m & XUmdbr &&17&&lrV AUmgmho~ HwXdmS>H a & JUoemogd H [aVr gwXa &

hZwV gXJw nmVbogda & h[aH sVZm &&18&&hmoVr eHo1842 JUoe MVwWu & AmZXboJbyVu &{ { r

oo~mbH m Hw admiyZ & hUVr hm ~mbnUmnmgyZ &H bmJob harH sVZ & doXmV gmJob &&27&&

Oo AgomPo AVar & hr ^wammMr H nm Iar &CQ>br ~mimMo AVar & H m gmJmo &&28&&

hUmo{Z m ~mbH mMoZm & AVmOrnV R>odm am &

Eogo~mobyZ go & gm{JVbo&&29&&Pmbm Ago ^{ gmohim & JwnyOoMm WmQ> Hobm &

AX wV hr brbm & ZmamU ^y{M &&30&&VoWmo{ZM [ abo gy & hZwV gXJw PmbodV &

J VoWonaV & am{hbo H moR>o &&31&&^abobr nmMr namV & am^y hZwVmV &

Xodmo{Z dZr hUVr IamV & H ar namWm {M &&32&&am Volram gW & hZwV gmjmV hZwV &o{ r r

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gdm{Mm {Mmr & gmYmZ &&19&&hZwgXJw H sVZ & VoWo JQ>boJOmZZ &Zr BpN>bo Vo nyU & PmboAgo &&20&&

lrVmZr Y[aboZr & Vo{M Xm{dbo H amo{Z &lrV bmJboMaUr & hZwVmm &&21&&

VmoAVmOrnV Ambo & Y[abr hZwV nmCbo&Am{U gXJX {dMm[abo & {dZ^mdo &&22&&

Amnbr Hnm n[anyU & ZmVybm^bm AmhmbmJyZ &Vm mdoAmerdMZ & H {Z Hnm &&23&&

hZw^wAmbo Kar & H me COibm ^rVar &Vm ^mmMr gar & dUdoZm &&24&&

VmMo hgao S>moio & mZr mZr nm{hbo &mMoAVar R>gmdbo & ~VoO &&25&&

hmodmo{Zm gpV dXZ & ~mbH m mS>rdar KoD Z &VH s hV R>odyZ & >rgr >r {XYbrgo&&26&&

hUmo{Z dmT>bm namW & gmJbrgr &&33&&eHo AR>ameo MdoMmirg & mK d VVrog &nmhmoZr ew^ a{ddmamg & ndUr KS>br &&34&&

JmoqdX {nVmMo ZrMoOmUmoZ & hZwVOr Ambo YmdyZ &ZmZ~m nwS>brH emamd Kody{Z & ~amo~ar &&35&&

namZX Cgibm & ^moOZmMm WmQ> Hobm &OmoKS>bm gmohim & AZwn &&36&&

hmV OmoS>mo{Z AVmOrnV & J{hdamoZ AH mV&hUVr gZ{Mm & bmoH EoH m &&37&&

OZr amgodm Zr amgodm &Vm amZmr Ombm {dgmdm &

hZwV hoZm gmOo Omcm &ZH ma gm>mJ mPm Vmbm &&

mJwVr OmoS>mo{Zm H a & hmodmo{Zm {dZ &JmoqdXOr hUVr gmXa & gwbmoH hm &&38&&



gXm gdXm moJ VwPm KS>mdm &VwPoH maUr Xoh mPm nS>mdm &CnojyZH mo JwUdVm AZVm &

aKwZmH m mJUoho{M AmVm &&hZwgJw OJZmH & Vo{M {ZHo gXJwZmH &

ooEo{H br ^mH & oim{M &&39&&gZ hmodmo{Z gXJwda & bmoHo{M {Xbo wma &VmobmoH XmVa & m{nbmgoJmoqdXr &&40&&

~wS>mohr Yam H s bm {dd Omdmo &nS>mo H mi hVo {ear dOKmdmo&{dg~y ZH mo gdWm Zmmim &

wIr amM am doimodoim &&^moOZ WmQ Pm{bmdar & gXJw{M nmD bo {ear &{ r r o r & }{ && 1&&

Kar OmD Zr H mVwH Hobo & hZwV^yZr ^bo&VmogH imgr dmQ>bo & H mhr Var ~mobVr &&49&&

Xhr {daOmoZr AmUUog & hZwV gm JVr AVmOrnVmg &KodmoZr OmVm {deof & KS>bo Ago&&50&&bmoH Mo>m H arV & AVmOrnV {ZdmV &

gmJVmVr hZwV & mMonJVr &&51&&Kmbm Xhr ^mVmdar & EoH mo{Z gdar &Xhr dmT>bo^mVmdar & AVmOrZr &&52&&

bmoH PmboM{H V & Ambo Ho iH amm KamV &B{Xam mVogr nwgV & Xhr H go {daObo&&53&&omnmoQ>r AgVr ~mobbo & B{XammVoZogm{JVbo &

Xhr oo{daObo & XgaoH m &&54&&odT>ogoXhr ImXbo & Am{U AXdVgmm {XYbo&o o o o o & r &&55&&

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d{Xbr gdmZr namonar & ghf}{M &&41&&amOr ~mOygr C^m amhZ & oonmhVgo mhmiyZ &

AmZX mdoZm nyU& ~mobVm Zo&&42&&XJm H ZH mo H mhr & EogogmJVo Vm AmB&

hogmMbo Xr & Xmgammm &&43&&AmBZo{daObo Xhr & H m gmJmdr ZdbmB &

gVmofbr gXJmB& hZwV &&44&&Xmgamo ZH m[aVm & H a R>o{dbm mMo mWm &

Eogr hr AX wV gmm & hZwVmMr &&45&&hZwV gXJw Kar Mmbbo& OmVm OmVm ghOo nw{gbo &

emim gwQ>VoH moUo doio & VodT>ogmJm &&46&&

JmoqdX hUVr nmMmg & gXJw gmJVr gmohmg &nmMmMr doi Vwhmg & MmJbr ~h &&47&&

gXJw gVOZ {ZKmbo& gdmMo S>moio nmUmdbo &Z naVVr nmD bo& H moUmMrhr &&48&&

EogoH moR>o KS>bo & AmOdar &&55&&gwXmmMr AmR>dU & hmoV oWoObmJyZ &

yR>^ar nmoho ImD Z & HUZmW Vmofbm &&56&&Vm gwXmmbmJyZ & lrHUo AmZXZ &{XboamOd d OmU & gwXmZJar &&57&&

VoWo {Xbr ammMr gZX & oWo {Xbr H sVZmMr gZX &nmSw>aJhmamO gXJX & d{UVmVr &&58&&

eHo AR>ameonMoMmirg & nmf d f>rg &gmH mir nmMmg & dmZX{Zdmgr hZwV &&59&&

dmZXgwI{Zdmgr & PmbohZwV nyUdogr &Xrn d{ibm Xrnogr & XrnmH ma &&60&&

eHo AR>ameo nMoMmirg & mK d VVrm ndmg &ewHdmar amrg & hZwgXJw JQ>bo &&61&&

JmoqdXOr Xmg~moY & dmMrV hmoVogmZX &Vmo KS>bo AJmY & JwH no&&62&&


{ZH sVZmMr Amkm {XYbr & HnmhV R>odmoZr ^mir &VoVVmoVV nm[ibr & JmoqdXOrZr &&63&&

d nmH ma hmoBnV & H sVZ Mmbbo A{daV &{H mi gmYZmg{hV & {ZZoo &&64&&H sVZmgmR>r H sVZ & XodmgmR>r {Z &

Eogo~mobVr AmnU & JwXod amZS>o &&65&&XmXmgmho~ MXaH a & gmJVr O dmadma &

JwXodo gm{JVbogmMma & hOma doim &&66&&mMo dmQ>Vo hd & ho VmoZgo H {dd &

hUmo{Z hoOmUrd & gdH mi AVar &&67&&am^mD gh~wXYomZr & n{agbr MXaH amMr dmUr &

VmoVmbmJwZr & dmQ>bo Anyd&&68&&{nVmOr {g[XYnamL>wI & mZo{M AgVr gH &Zm Cma XoVr MmoI & Wm oSmV &&69&&

AmnU XmoKo OmdyZ & {dMm ~m~yamdOrbmJyZ &VoJwnw hmZ & hUmoZr &&77&&

~m~yamdOtZm {dMm[abo& ~gmo{Zm XmI{dbo &Vd VohUmbo & Eogo{M MmbyXo &&78&&

hUmo{Z Vmm XmXm mm & VmMm Xmgamm om &

ZmamUo{hm & Xm{dbm Ago &&79&&mmMo{ZH sVZ & ~mbnUmnmgyZ &gmW H arVgoYUr & Xmgam &&80&&

{nVmOr mm ~ n & {Z {XgVr {Z{dH n &mZm Oo nmhVr g{dH n & {Z{dH n hmoVmVr &&81&&

mPm O Pm{bmda & mmMr {Vkm ^H a &

^r{Vkm CJ & VmMr dmQ>o &&82&&mZr drH mabodmZW & Am{U Zmhr dmT>{dbo W &AmnU am{hbo dW & H m ~mobmo &&83&&


366 367


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Zm Cma XVr MmI & WmS>mV &&69&&do H mhr Z ~mobVr & H moUr {dMmam gm JVr &

gmYZ gmYVr & am{Xdg &&70&&nS>drgmoa XJS>mda & d Z KoVm nmR>rda &

gmYZm ~gVr amam & ho gH imZr nm{hbo&&71&&VJmao {dUwH m{eZmW & mZm lrhZwV gmJV &

JmoqdXOr gXmo{XV & gmYZ H [aVr &&72&&mMr Imr hmom gmMma & VJmaooVr dmadma &M{H V hmodmo{Z gda & JmoqdXOtZm d{XVr &&73&&

Xrnbr {deofmH mV & Eogm hm dmmV &S>mQ>a VJmaoXoV & AmZXogr &&74&&

hZwHnoH Z & mPo ~mbnUmnmgyZ &Mm{bbo Oo gmYZ & VoyZ H s Iao&&75&&

hUmo{Zm EH doi & {nVmOrZm AmXaonw{gbo &Vd Vo hUmbo & o^ao&&76&&

AmnU am{hb dW & H m ~mbm &&83&&mPr ZmoH ar Pmbr WmoS>r & nar Z JobmoXoemoYS>r &

mPr gXm{M CS>r & mm m H sVZr &&84&&AVmOrnVmZr gmW {Xbr & moXe df} ^br &Am{U {edd n Pmbr & mMr H mm &&85&&lrbU {XjrV & AVmOrnVmZm nm{Wd XoV &

Vr nm{WdnyOm eodQ>nV & Mmb{dbr VmZr &&86&&am H ar H sVZ & Am{U gmWhr H ar oo^ Z &JwqbJOJo ~moYdMZ & JQ>mo{Z {XYbogo &&87&&B{Xam JmoqdX XmoKo^bo & mVm{nVm O bm^bo &AZoH gVmMo XeZ KS>bo& hUmo{Zm &&88&&

^mo Ambmo VwMonmoQ>m & Pmbmo ~mS>mh{Z moR>m &EogodMZ gVmMogw Q>m & AmR>{dbo &&89&&

oUmOmUmamMoAJ & mm H [aVr gXmo{XV &{dZ^mdo VH ZV & gdmnwT>o &&90&&


Vm {dZnUmMoZmQ>H & H aVm Z o {Z[MV XoI &Vo doJionU Abm{H H & O dmQ>o &&91&&

Zm of Zm ga & H Yr Z H moUmMm {VaH ma &dZrhr H moUmda & Z amJmdVr &&92&&

hoH Sy> ho Am~Q> & JmoS> ho {VIQ> &

^moOZmV {H Vr rR> & Eogo Z dXVr &&93&&AmO dnmH MH a Pmbm & AmO Cera H m Ho bm &

H Yr Z ~mobVr ~mobm & MwH mo{Zm &&94&&d nmH ma Pm{bmdar & {XgVr mZm gmjmH mar &

h[aH sVZ JOar & aJbobo&&95&&~Xod Ambm oW & hUo OmD gbmoH mV &

mZm mm gmJV & hmoD XoH sVZ &&96&&Eogr hr H sVZ{Z>m & Zmhr mUmMr {V>m &A mJ Mm o IQm & Xm{dbm OJm &&97&&


368 369lrmmMr AVdmUr & OoAmbr mPo ldUr &

Xoh^mZ hanmo{Z & JoboVoW &&104&&r VmoHo hm{M Jobmo Ago & mmMoH sVZ MmbboAgo &

mPo ApVd{M Zgo & Eogo JyO &&105&&AVdmUr JW & Pmbm {gXY OJmV &

VmMr Wi V & lrYa H ar &&106&&VmVo A^J gmJVm & mm AmhoV ho {Mmm &m gJVrMr AnydVm & eXr Z o &&107&&JmoqdX JmoqdX JmoqdX & gXm JOVmodmZX &Am{U d{XVmo nXmaqdX & lrmmMo &&108&&

- lrXmgamhmamO HoiH a

***


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A mJMmIQ>m & Xm{dbm OJm &&97&&JmoqdX Jm oqdX & Zm bmJmo hmMr N>X &AmdS>ogwIX & VwH mo~mMm A^J &&98&&

qZ~aJr JwqbJOJ & hZwV mm na &VmMonXr Xmgam & Agmo Xo gXm &&99&&Bo earamMr mVr & oidrZ {Vo{jVr &

OoWoMaU JVr lrJw Mo & Eogr lrkmZoa mCbr &kmZoaro ~mo{bbr & Vr Amodr WmWHo br &

lrmmZr &&100&&hZwgm{Y {Xa & H UmH mR>r gwXa &VmmJoAmX~a & dj Ago&&101&&

VoW lrmmm ApW & AVar Yamo{Z ^Vr &JJmYaamd {V{>Vr & AmX~amnmar &&102&&Vmo dj XoIVm Zmoha & {Mm MmH mQ>o MVwa &

mm {XgVr {ZaVa & O VoWo&&103&&


(2)

JmoqdX-H sVZ-JwU-JmZ(1)

Y` JmoqdX Jw^ & Y` gXJw hZw_V &&1&&

Jw AmkoZoH sVZ & {Z` H [aVr o_ ^ Z &&2&&gXJwMo A{Y>mZ & Ago nmhmVr ^ OZ &&3&&

gXm _aVr _wIr Zm_ & S>mob{dVr amOm am_ &&4&&Xmg nmodma H ar Z_Z & Wmoa Jw ^ m bmJyZ &&4&&

(2)gXJwMo nar dmQ>Vr JmoqdX & bm{d obm N>X am_-Zm_ &&1&&

H sVZ EoH Vm ge` {\ Q>Vr & Wmoa {ZdmaVr JyT> &&2&&Amnbm {dmg R o{dVm nm`mgr & _J Vo ^m`mgr nma Zmhr &&3 &&

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Amnwbm {dmg >{dVm nm`mgr & _J V^m `mgr nma Zmhr &&3&&Amnwbm AZw d gmJVmo _r EoH m & oWoH moUr eH m Y Z o &&4&&nmodma gmJVmo Eogm gV {daim & Omo H m H {iH mim hQ>drb &&5&&

(3)

~mnwamd Y` _O _aUmgr bm{dbo& AZw dm {Xbo gd H mhr &&1&&hUVm amOmam_ hmoBb Amam_ & JQ>oamOmam_ g_moaMr &&2&&am_Zm_o_m`m OmBb niyZ & S>moio ^JdmZ amOmam_ &&3&&

gmJVmonmodma ^m{dH bmoH mgr & eaU gVmgr OmVm ~ao&&4&&(4)

~mnwamd Ho iH a Y` Y` gV &

~hVm nw o H mimdar Ho br `mZr _mV &&1&&kmZoa _mD brMr H nm gnm{Xbr &

AmerdmX `moJoam_ grVm hr nmdbr &&2&&

&& n.ny.gXJw lr_m_m_hmamO HoiH a M[a &&

( )( )hZw_V gXJw ~h nw o, bm^bo & Xoh H >dwZr gmYZ Hobo &&3&&

hZw_V gXJwamO S>mob{dbo& `mMo Amko H sVZ {Z` Mmb{dbo &&4&&_m{Vam` YmdyZr Ambo ^ H mOmgmR>r &

Eoem gV JmoqdXMaUr Km{bVr {_R>r &&5&&Anm Ambm eaU JmoqdX ammgr &

Y` Y` Y` Pmbo {Z ogr &&6&&(5)

gmYw{eamo_Ur VwH mam_mnar & h[aH sVZ hm Oar aJboOo &&1&&Voho Y` _m`~mn ~mnyamd & H sVZmV Xod JQ> Ho bm &&2&&

gdm_mJmo{Z`m OmUm ~w m ^mir & bm{dVr H moir h[aZm_m`m &&3&&

J`m_ ohma Z KoVr KmbwZr & gdm yVr _Zr Z_^md &&4&&H sVZ H amoZr nH m Zmhr KoV & _m[a obr bmW ZmoH argr &&5&&

o r r o o r { q { o r


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ZmoH ar `mJwZr nyU godm Ho br & _y{VqO{H obr am_am` &&6&&{da{ hoAJr JwAmkm _mU & Mmb{dboH sVZ gXJwMo &&7&&

kmZoa dMZ {_imbo`WmW & hZw_V g_W Omo{S> obo&&8&&kmZoa Xodo~mnwam`m XeZ & ^moim ^md nmhZ {Xbo Ago &&9&&

^ H mOmgmR>r _m[Vam`mZr & JQ> hmodmoZr dgVr Hobr &&10&&Anm nmodma hUo {H Vr H Jmadm & _Obm AZw d XmI{dbm &&11&&

(6)EoH VmoH sVZ JmoqdXam`mMo& Ambo _mPo dmMo Zm_ VoUo &&1&

H m` gmJy Eoem H sVZmMr Wmoar & S>moim {Xgohar Zm_JOar &&2&&

gXJwgmXo JmoqdXm bmYbo& am_ n Ambo AZw^dmgr &&3&&gV JmoqdXmgr Anm hm eaU & Y[aVmo MaU o_^mdo &&4&&(7)

Zm_Xodm KS>bo{Z` ho H sVZ & VoUo ZmamÙ ZmM{dbm &&1&&


( )( )EH ZmWm KS>bo {Z` ho H sVZ & Pmbm ZmamÙ Q>miH ar &&2&&VwH mam_m KS>bo {Z` ho H sVZ & ~mobo ZmamÙ `mMo_wIo &&3&&{Zimo~mam`m KS>bo {Z` hoH sVZ & {Xbo AmqbJZ ZmamÙo &&4&&

kmZoa_hmamOm {Z` KS>boH sVZ & d o ^JdmZ {dUwPmbo &&5&&Vm`m_hmamOm {Z` KS>bo H sVZ & aodU{gXY ^JdmZ JQ>bo&&6&&

JwAmko ~mnyamdm {Z` H sVZ & bm^Vm {Z_ hmoVr ~r &&7&&Anm nmodma gmJoAZw dmMr _mV & gmYyMo gJVr VaUmonm` &&8&&

(8)~mnyamd Ho iH a ^ amO & bwQ>Vr kmZmMoOhmO &&1&&

dUdoZm `mMoJwU & X`r Y[aVmoMaU &&2&&

`mMoM[a JmBZ & AJo n{d hmoBZ &&3&&am_Zm_ JmVmo_wIr & H sVZ EoHyZ hmoVmo gwIr &&4&&

o r o r r

hZw_V gXJwamO & H sVZr S>mobVr o_o ghO &&8&&am_grVm YmdwZr Ambr & _m{V _y{V JQ>br &&8&&

_mO bwQ>m _m`~mn & KS>o o WoOn Vn &&9&&gh~wXYo dm_r & {Z` H sVZmgr oVr &&10&&

am_ ~w m bmdr ^mir & o_mZXmMo H moir &&11&&A J ~mobVr Anma & hmo H sVZ JOa &&12&&

am_am` H [aVr AmaVr & ^ dmQ>Vr {IamnVr &&13&&JmoqdXam`mMm Xmg ^m{dH & Anm nmodma {Z:eH &&14&&

(10)nmXwH m JQ>`m d o{M H sVZr & AK{Q>V H aUr hZw_VmMr &&1&&

Hgo ho H sVZ KS>bo ~mnyamdm & EoH {dVoXodm {Z` _O &&2&&EoH Vm H sVZ nmhrZ _r VwO & gmjmH ma ghO nmhrZ S>moim &&3&&

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Vm`mgmho~_hmamO & `mZr Ho br gmar _mO &&5&&_ w_wImMo nmgwZr & gmoS>{dbo_O ~ YZr &&6&&

H goAmbo gmoS>dm`m & _mPr naV{dbr H m`m &&7&&Vo hoY` ~mnyamd & ^mdm nar hmo` Xod &&8&&

Amnwbo gm_ Pm{H Vr & AV:H aUr Jw s &&9&&h[a^ ~mnyamdm & AnmZ{_Vmo Y Zr ^mdm &&10&&

(9)JmoqdXamO H sVZ H [aVr & H m` gmJy `mMr _hVr &&1&PmO dmOdr XmUoH ar & gmW H [aVr ZmZm ^mar &&2&&

Xm_wAUm V~`mdar & Kmanwao_mVa noQ>rdar &&3&&H sVZmMm ^abm aJ & A J ~mobonmSw>aJ &&4&&JmoqdXam`mMr Vw[V & IQ>mdH a_hmamO H [aVr &&5&&m{ ~V_`Vm & JmoqdXam`m H [aVm H Wm &&6&&

~mnyamd OmVr HwXdmS>mgr & Z amho `m Xogr mU AmVm &&4&&Y` hZw_V Y` ~mnyamd & Xmg Anm^mdo brZ Pmbm &&5&&

- Anmamd A_V nmodma

(3)A_VHw (1) (JmoqdXam`mMm O_)

H UmH mR>r gmJbr VQ>r `k _m{S>bm N>mZ &`m `kmgr `O_mZmMm JmoqdXmbm _mZ &&

Zm_`k Vmo lram_mMm & H _`moJ Vmo JmoqdXmMm &am_OnmMr CYiyZ aZoam_mMm g_mZ &&1&&

~hV gwHVo oVo AmoR>r & am_OnmMm _{h_m JmR>r &XohHw S>rMr hmoS>r VaVo, AgVm {H Vrhr gmZ &&2&&


( )( )am_ Onm`m gh Zmdm & VmaVrb aoX{bV ~mYdm &&

JmoqdXmModMZ _am ao , Xw[aVmbm daXmZ &&3&&OnmVnmMo am_M d d & `m aZmZr ZQ>dm eed &&eedmnar A`KS>rMm, am_ Agmo ~bdmZ &&4&&

(2) (kmZoa_hmamOmMm gmjmH ma)

gmo{Z`mMo qnnimMm Am|Oir gmX &kmZ_mD brMr o_oJmoqdXm aogmX &&am_oa Zdbm~mBHw boa N>mZ &

_m` am{YHo`m nmoQ>r JmoqdXmMo XmZ &&{nVm AVyOtMm _{h_m dUmdm AJmY &&1&&

b H ~mim AmVm, ~mobVm hgwZ &AmiXrg OmD {Z

mama charitra

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