mandziak a. s. the world encyclopedia of wrestling

563

Click here to load reader

Upload: alexey

Post on 26-Jun-2015

4.247 views

Category:

Documents


113 download

DESCRIPTION

The World Encyclopedia of Wrestling is an unparalleled reference book including more than 500 types of international, national and folk styles of wrestling. In addition to the technical description of various wrestling styles the encyclopedia covers a wide range of historical, ethnographical, anthropological, religious and other facts about the described nationalities. It would be of great interest not only to academic researchers, professional athletes and instructors, but also to all who are interested in the culture and traditions of world martial arts and sports. The bibliography covers about 3000 reference sources written in 26 languages.Книга является единственным в мире уникальным справочником, в котором впервые в отечественной и зарубежной литературе приведено описание более 500 видов традиционной борьбы народов мира. Помимо технического описания различных стилей борьбы материал энциклопедии охватывает широкий круг исторических, этнографи-ческих, антропологических, религиозных и др. данных о представленных народностях. Книга представляет интерес не только для преподавателей вузов, спортсменов и тренеров по борьбе, но и специалистов других отраслей знания, а также широкого круга читателей, интересующихся культурой и традициями воинских искусств и спорта. При работе над книгой было использовано около 3000 первоисточников, написанных на 26 языках.

TRANSCRIPT

.., .. , 2010.. . .., ../..,... , 2010. 562 ., 538 . , 500.,-, , . .,,,, . 3000 , 26 ... , 2010. .. , 2010.lexey Mandziak and Oleg ArtemenkoThe World Encyclopedia of WrestlingMINSK, 2010Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisionsofrelevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without thewritten permission of the authors.TheWorldEncyclopediaof Wrestling/AlexeyMandziak andOlegArtemenko.Minsk,2010. 562 p., 538 il.The World Encyclopedia of Wrestling is an unparalleled reference book including more than 500typesofinternational,nationalandfolkstylesofwrestling.Inadditiontothetechnicaldescriptionofvariouswrestlingstylestheencyclopediacoversawiderangeofhistorical,ethnographical,anthropological,religiousandotherfactsaboutthedescribednationalities.Itwould be of great interest not only to academic researchers, professional athletes and instructors,butalso to allwho are interested in the culture and traditions ofworld martialarts and sports.The bibliography covers about 3000 reference sources written in 26 languages.Copyright Alexey Mandziak, 2010.Copyright Oleg Artemenko, 2010. ,,-,.- , ., , :RokovorVihienuo(,),AndrewHeavens(-),CalMerege(-),MohammadRakibulHasan(),ThierryLabrouze(-),(),(), (), () .Thise-Bookisanon-commercialillustratedprojectfocusedonthepromotingandpopularizingtraditionalculture,nationalgamesandindigenoussportsofmanyethniccommunitiesaroundtheglobe.ThepresentEditioncouldbedisseminatedintheInternetonacompletely free basis provided the authors copyright to be preserved.The authors would like to express theirsincere acknowledgements toall researchers andphotographers who have generously provided their artworks from personal archives, in particularto: Rokovor Vihienuo (Nagaland, India),Andrew Heavens (UK- Ethiopia), Cal Merege (USA-Brazil),MohammadRakibulHasan(Bangladesh),ThierryLabrouze(France-Sudan),SergeiRomanenko(Russia),AndyuPetryan(Russia),TarasKalyandruk(Ukraine),GennadyAdamovich (Belarus) among many others. , :[email protected], send all your comments and suggestions to the following address:[email protected] : (, 1930- ).Front cover: The statuette of two paiwan wrestlers (Taiwan, 1930-th).6,.-,(,,.),HomoSapiens., , - , .,, XIX .,.-,.,,,.,-,- , 1. , , ..,,,, .2,,,-. , ( ) ; ( , ); (.,),(,,..);(,,,.), , , ..:(/1 /...,....:, 1981. . 162.2 :..-( ). ... . . . , 1965; ........ . . ., 1970; .. ( ). . . . . , 1992;..,1968;(,,). .:,1968; .. . .. 2 . , 1956; . .., .. 7),,..(),..,:1) ( ,, , .);2)( , , , tsxwatsxwataut - sope'up, .); 3)( ,,.);4)( ) (-); 5) (, , .);6) ,(,.);7),, ( ).,.:(),.,, . : .,,,,, , 3..,(. natio,) ,--, . , . , () . , ,().,,,,,, , , . , ,, ,,, .,.,, , , .,,. , 3 ./...,....:, 2001. . 40. .., .. 8 - , . ,, . , , , .,. , , , , , , , .,. ,(,,,.),(-, , )( , ---, ..)..., ( ), ,,.,: , , , , , , ., . -,.,17 ,,,,,,,,..,,, , , , . ,,- ., ,,,,(, -.).,., 1080 , .. ,135-200; , ; , .., .. 9;;,;-, . -., 4. ,,, . , , 16 2008 .4 , , , , : .. 8 , . ., 1916; . .:,1982;(,,)..:,1968;AltrockH.Ringen. Berlin, 1928;KentG.A ictorialistory of Wrestling. London, 1968;LehmustoH.Painin historia. Helsingiss: Kustannusosakeyhti Otava, 1939. , . Thierry Labrouze. .., .. 10 (abagrei)..,,.:() (). -(),().,,,,.-(),- ., , (.: )., . . , , 5.l() l, , (,)(,,).,,, ., l, -,;.,.,,6.,,,,. , , . , ,,,,5 H. Murat ahin, Nobel Yayn Datm. Aba grei. Ankara: Karton Kapak, 2003. 199 s.6 .. ( .). , 1986. . 79. . .., .. 11.,,.,, l , .,, . , (ll ). ,., , , ,,:. 7.:,,,.-:,. , , . , , , 8. l l ll. - :,,,, .,,,,-l(),lll(, ,), (). ,l(,),l(),l(,,),. , : l! (, , )9., -,., 10.,,l.,,..,,,,,,7 . . 80.8 .., .. .. . , 1990.9 .. ( .). , 1986. . 80.10 ..,..,... , 1989. . 34 35. .., .. 12(-,l-, -): ., , , ,, ,,, ., : - (,,,,,.),(,,).,,, , . , -,,, , .,, . , ,.(-) : , , 50-60-, ,,,, (1913 - 1961) - ,-. , .(1938 1954),(1940,1942)- . (,1946;,1947;,1949)-(,1947).(,1951)(1952) .1955. .- . .., .. 13 ( -) XV ., - -11.,,(l l),-(l),.,.,,7-8...:., . , , 12., (,) , ...,,: . .. , , , , (). , , ( ).(),13. , , ,, (, ), .,:, , .(ipenkuit),(,GavioKyikatj),., ( ). . - . , ., .,.11 ..//:, ( ). , 1993.12 ..//( ). . VIII. , 1991. . 138.13 .. . , 1958. .., .. 14-, . , , .(-), l (-),., l,(ll),,,,.: , ().,,,. : l . l().,.(,),, .( ako,) ( tantali,)14...'.:,15. . (mundje, lufta) ,,,.,-,(,,, , , ..)..14 - , , .15 . . ., 1974. .., .. 15(luftanrreth).-.,-,,. , .(mundje) krahashose belashmundjeelire.,,,:, terrokuritbelas-,,,(),, .,-(tvente kemds).,, ... , ..,,.--, , (, ), , ..(V.1912.),, guresh. guresh(. ),- - .,,. , , cilierrxomshaqin,,,,,. . te rrokurit belas. 1940- . cili errxom shaqin. 1940- . .., .. 16 (), .., ; ; , . 1970- . , (-,)16 . , 1972 . -(-),,1986.,...,,,17., . (1980 .). , , . ,.:,,,,,,,,16 . . . -, 1980.17 . // . ., 1983. 9. . 4. . . , , . .., .. 17,, ..18.,.-.. , .,: . 19. , . , , .,-.. , :,,,,, , . . ..,. , , . .- . , : 20.(Aluche,), (aluche cantabro )(luchacntabra), (engarruche) .-- .,,,.- ,,. . ,-., .18 . . . -, 1980.19 . , . -, 1990. . 240.20 . . 240. . ,, . .., .. 18,, . ...(AsociacinCampurrianadeAluche). .(,) , ,..,-, (amabwi) (libwi).,,: (kmbw), (chmbwi), (luubwi). ., , .,- .,, , , , , ., ,,.(),(,-). , .,,,. .,. , ,,-,21.21 Caseres P.G. Historia de la Educacion Fisica en el Peru. Lima. 1957. . 58. .., .. 19 , 16 , . 22. , , .. :-,., , , -.,,, , , , 23.,, , , (, ). ,, , .,.:,,, 24.22 .. . .: . 1985. . 69.23 .. . .: . 1970. . 206.24 . . ., 1974. , . Jean-Francois. .., .. 20(,),, .,,(),-(). : ,...,,,,,-,(,,),,().., .,. , - ().,..,,..1910..,, ,,25.,,:(..),, , , 26.,,,.,.. ( ). (apiapa , ) -,--., - , . , (): - ,.25 ....1.:. . 1. . , 1923. . 15.26 . . 14. .., .. 21 (zawlbuk), , , , .,, , , 27.,. , : , . 28. .,. --(Masia-a-cha), . . -,...,. , , , . , , .(ariama,)(akiama)(,),, ( .) . .... , .,,. . .27 Parry N.E.The Lakhers. London: Macmillan And Company Limited, 1932. P. 190.28 Parry N.E.The Lakhers. London: Macmillan And Company Limited, 1932. P. 190.. XX . .., .. 22.-,-. .,, . ( ,; )().,10-15. , , , . .,.., .-,.,, 29.29 ,// . . 1. .: , 1961. .342. . .., .. 23,, ,.,,, . ,:,..,-1930-.,:,,(15-20 ), , , ()30.-,, . ,- . , .,, .30 . . -, 1938. . 8 9. 1930- . .., .. 24 ,,,,,,,..XIX.: , , 31. , , .,, . : , ,32., , XVIII . :,,,,. , , , ., ,, ., , 33. , , , , , , . , .,,,:,34., . XVIII.:,35.:, 36.,,. , - - .,-(,.) , , . , , -.,31 . . 2-. ., 1866. . 313.32 . . 312.33 . : . . .: , 1986. . 78.34 .35 . . 78 79.36 . . 78. .., .. 25 , - : , , ,., , . 35 1,2 . . ,.: . .,,, , . , , .,, , . , 37.,.,,,,,,., .-.,,. , : , , . , - . -,,. , , , . , ,, 38.(atentam)..,,.. . .37 ..//..:, , 2000. . 346.38 . .191 192. .., .. 26 ( ) , - - ( ) .. .,.,, : , (ajeru,zr), (boli), (zmbra,), (p), (br) . . , -,-.., .- . ..,('jr'kr,njr'gnd,jr'kl,krndbr, p ..), - . .(.,,);, (-1945., 39) ()., ,(18411906.)-(;), .39 ...-:, 1945. . 153. , . , -. XX . .., .. 27,,.., .,,,:) ();) (););)()40.,. . ,, . , . .,.,,, .:40 ..(.). -: , 1978. . 42-43.. 1930- . . . (-, 1938.) .., .. 28 , 500 .,,. .,, 41. , , ., . .,,. , -.,,. , : , ! ?.41 . . -, 1938. . 20. . . . (-, 1938.) .., .. 29 . . ,. , , , . ..,, .(,,) . , ,. , ,42.,, , . , , , ; , , ., ,(,),, .(,).,,,,,. . .,: , 43., : , , , , , ,,, 44.42 .. // . , 1980. . 149.43 . . 1. . : . -, 1987. . 516.44 .. // . ., 1971. 5. . 50. .., .. 30 (Auf die Knie zwingen ) -,., .. , , , .,,. ..(affulo,), (fulo) . ( ). .. .. .,,.,1521.,...,- , 45.,,. . ,.( ).., (taotaomona, taotao mona) .XX.,-(gaitaotao),. . . --(humadsinsua-sua),,...--. .45 Lawrence J. Cunningham. Ancient Chamorro society. Honolulu: Bess Press, 1992. P. 72. . Gustav Ritschard. .., .. 31.,. - .,.. , .. . -. , 1910 . , , , , . ,,.,,..15191521 .., .,.,()( ). . .., .. 32:,,,,, , 46.,, ()-:().,,,.,, . ..:,,,,,-,,-,.,,,,(.cuexpalchicacpal)..,, (.telpochtliyaguitlamani).., . , , (.cuextlan).,,..,(.temillotl). , ( .mexicatl tolnaucacatl)47. , , ,-, .. 46 . . .: , 1982. . 136-137.47 .. :,,- ( ). .: , 1998. . 278- 279. . . .., .. 33() () ( , ),..., : :48.:,.,; 49., ,,,(.,).,()(.). .,,.,.,,,. .,,. .,.,, ( ). :, , .,..(,),!, . -,,- .48 .. ( XV XVI .) // . ., 2002. 2. . 30.49 .//.:,1996. . 71. .., .. 34,,.. . , .120., ., , .-,,.-,. -,,50.,, ( ):-,. ,..! . ! , ..,,. . 51. ,,-,-,,.- . . ,,., .,.,,, , .. , .,.,, .50 ..//..:, , 2000. . 348-349.51 . . 347-348. .., .. 35:,, , - . , -. .,,-.,.,- .-,,.,.,. , , - . (), (), , ()., - . (,),.,,,, . ,, . . , 1906 . .., .. 36 ... XIX .:,( ..): ,, , ,,,,(,,,,,,,,,,,,)., , ().:,,,-,.,,-. ..,..,, , , , , .,.,,,.,,.,, ., , , ( ).,,,,.,,,. , . . .. , 1929 . .., .. 37 , , . . 52.,,,(,1-1,5). ().(), .(),,. , . .,,,,,. .. , , . , , . (),, (.), , .., .,-, (.). , ,. : , , .,...,,.: , , . ().,, (.).,.,,-,...,.52 ..XIX.- . .: , 1984. . 65-66. . . , , . .., .. 38 .. , , , . .- , . , ()..,,().,, 53., , (-) (-)..(),, (). , ., , . 54.. 1928 . , ,.I. , ., , (. baltar,valtar,)(. luchabaltu ), (. lluchaasturiana).,,. . , .53 . . 68.54 . . 172-173. . , XX . .., .. 39,. (lucha a petrina) , .(lluchacuerpuacuerpu),-. . . 6 ., . , , : , 15, . , rey demozos() mozomayor(). , , , - . ,,() ( ). , (audeja) . , -. ,,,,. . . , . ,-...-, . . . . .., .. 40 , . . . . :,, , , , , . -: kupe unyaka , dadjaka , ....-.... ., unyaka, .,..,.,.-,, .(Bassula)..,,,.,, .,.,. .. . ,,. , . XX . .., .. 41 ,55. (.).,.,.,,:,, , ,.,,., 56.-,(). . -. ., ().,..-:,,:, . ,,,, , , .57..:55 Matthias Rhrig Assuno. Capoeira: a history of an Afro-Brazilian martial art. New-York: Routledge, 2005. P. 58.56 . . . -, 1980.57 .() // . 1981. 1. . XX . .., .. 42,,- . ,,boonatoo(boona,too).,- , , 58.,,,.,,, (ke ban ; gola ). ( kedo dei ).,,,. - . , , .......,,, , 59. , -, .,.,,,,,, 60.58 ..,.. // AFRICANA. . . XIII. ., 1982.59 .60 ..,(). . ., 1979. . XX . .., .. 43,-., . , . .,:-,...., , :( ..) ..:,??,?, . . . , ?.,,,,:,. , , . : . . ,,. , .. , 61. ., -,.-,,,,., 62. ()-,-,,,.-, , , . , , .61 .. . .: , 1987. . 188; 193.62 . . . , 1903. . 373. .., .. 44 , .1,51,5. , ,,.,,,,.,.,.,.,,.,.,,, . , , ..,,16,,.,., 63.(birkozas)(harc;)(Magyarnpibirkzsok). -.,, , : . :,,,. birkozas,,,XVI..,, , .(;,-;,,),,, , , .,,63 ..//..:, , 2000. . 339-340. XV . I (1046 1095). .., .. 45,. ,, . , -, . .,(lrebirkzs), , ,.-,.- ., ,,. (grundbirkzs)..,.,,-,., , ,:,, , , . , ,,,,,- , 64. , . ,--'.64 . . .6. : . .: , 1969. .208- 209. (1879 1945), 1908 . -. .., .. 46:-,, . -,.:- - ,().,., , .,,.-,.,,,--.- - - ,,.. , . (boli,; khela) , . , XVI.,,.-,-,.( ,. aksabata ),,(). . . 1909. . . . (-),,, (-). , , ,...,. .. . . .., .. 47 . , . . . Mohammad Rakibul Hasan, , , 2010 . (bomwane) , -,. -: , (nakara) , (ruabo) (rawarawanimon) , (TekainTabiang). (tabakai), (kaunrab'ata) ., . , . . , .. , . ,, .().(),, .., .. 48. , , : ( , , ) 65. , - . . . . . . . ., ( ; . pehlivan , ;. pehlivanlk () ),-. , , .-,,., . . , - , :,,,,- , , , ,.,,66.,-XV.1878.,-(),.-,,- , . , . .65 // j . . 2. (-). , [..]66 . . .: , 1983. . . .., .. 49 () ,. , . , . . ( 1 2 ) , . : . , (,,XIV.).,, () . , c--,(,,.):,,,,,, 67, . .,.,,:,,(). 68. , (,.)., : , .. , .,.,. .:,, . , , , .,,., , 69.,67 Nevermann H. Ringkampfe der Indianer // Die Leibesbungen. 1929. 5. . 119.68 . . ., 1964. . 14.69 Nevermann H. Ringkampfe der Indianer // Die Leibesbungen. 1929. 5. . 119. .., .. 50., , : ,,70. XX . :..,,. ,,71.,: .70 . . ., 1935.71 A. Henry Savage-Landor. Across Unknown South America. VOL. I. London, New-York, Toronto, 1913. P.216. . Cale Merege, . .., .. 51 (.-)(, , , , .). . ,,,., , , .,.,,,., , . , ,,,,, . , ( ).,,,,,, ( ) . . :,-,....()., . 10-15 . ,-.., . , :! ! ,, , . , , . :! ! !-...: , ! !, : , , , ! : , , ; . , .,-. : ! ! ! .., .. 52 . . - : !, 72. ,,-,,-.,. :,() () () , . ,.,.- , , . ,,.,., 73. ,-.,,, . ., -,. ,. .()(),, . .-, , . , .,,,,...1927.:-,72 . : 3 ., 6 . .2. .3; .4. .. : , 1994. .142-143.73 .. // (.). 1996. 4. . 21. .., .. 53.,, 74...,(18961941), -, 75.,,,..:- - . , ,.,..,- . , , , . ,,. . -.:. , , , . . , . . . . , : .,,.,74 .., .. - . . ., 1927. . 11.75 .. . : , 1994. . 43. , 2004 ., , . . .., .. 54. , . . ., , : : , ! , , , . , , ,, . : , , . . !76.-,-76 . . . . ., 1989. . . .., .. 55.,. .. ,..,:-.,,,. .,,., . .,.,,.-.., , 77..,-, . (-; -)...2004.- . 77 .. .: , 1990. . 222-223. . , . , - , 2007 . . .., .. 56,.1917,. , . , . : , . ! .,...,: . ..,,.-., 78. ,, . , , ,, ( .. )79. ,,l.,.,,,()., :( ..),,80.,.,..,,3. 81.78 ..:.:- , 1992. . 73.79 . . , 1968.80 .. XIX XX .., 1988. . 54.81 .. ( 1924 1978 .). ., 1982. . 119. . .., .. 57 (); (); ().,I...,().,( ),-,-,,,-. , .XI-XIII.,-.,(; ),82,1240.,:-.--(1247?1318.),-,,(XIV.),,,., , , .,,XII-XIII.83 XVI- XVII . . (), XX .700, -() -, . ., (; ) , ,.-,.,,, .,,, ..82 .83 . . .., .. 58--.,,,,. , .., ,, . , , ,, . ,. , , , (. ) , , , (.),.:,,., . (,, ). . . ,-. .., .. 59 ,,,20-25.,, -,,,,, . , , - ., ,. (;), .,-1024.,-,.,,-.,,,,,. .9, ,..,.,,,.,,1024, 512, 256,.,..,-:. , . , ,(),,,, ,(),,. ()(),.,(), (). . .., .. 60(), , , , ().,3,57-,, , . (),.:,.,,,.,,..(-). ,. , , , - :,, , ....,.:..,: , ! ! ! .,,,,, , -, -, , 1913 . Beatrix Bulstrode . .., .. 61, ,! , . ! ..,,,,, 84. () ,,, , . .,.,,.,. ().:, . ,. ,, , , , . , ,.,,,.,. (). . ,() (). : (), ( ). , , (). , .,84 . . -, 1964. , 1913 . Beatrix Bulstrode .., .. 62 ()., 12 ! (), (), (). (), ( ) (). .: , - . -,().:,-(,,,,),,, (,),.,,,-().-(), , .,,,.,.,,(),,,.., ,., , , . --.1975. . , -..(.).-.,60-..,,,.,600, . , (. ). . .., .. 63(. Brancaille),,.-.(-). 40-.XX..(Fdration des Luttes Traditionnelles Provenales)..,, . , , , , .()..,,.., . , (,),,- ,,-. . ..-.-..,, ..-:,,. (bultung), (bultong) (dopap) (,),...,, .., .. 64-85... , ..,.,-,.,.,, . , :,,. ..,., ,. 86.85 CornlisDeWittWillcox.TheHeadHuntersofNorthernLuzon.FromIfugaotoKalingaARideThroughtheMountainsofNorthernLuzon.WithanAppendixontheIndependenceofthePhilippines.KansasCity,Mo.,U.S.A. Franklin Hudson Publishing Co., 1912. P. 120-121.86 Barton R.F. Ifugao law. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1919. P. 97- 99. . .., .. 65 , . .. : (bangngunan) ; (hanggul) ; (hanggor) ; (hinnuggitan), , ( ), .,,,.87 (-.) : , , .88. - , ., (dumog), (balsakan), (lampungan), (pantok) .89. (,)., , -,,.-(,..),,,-, .-,.-, , . , ,-,,, 90., :,,,.: . , , 87 6 200 .88 90 .89 : (dama), (Amack), (kapulubod) ..90 .: M.L.Lopez. A Study of Philippine Games. Quezon City: University of Philippine Press, 1980. . .., .. 66.91., , ...(10).,, , ,.,., .C, . ,.20,. , () . . , ( , ). .,.,,.(), , , . (,,,,..),,(,), . , (. ) .,,...,,,,:(),., . . ,,-,., 92.91 Sumo-nojinruigaku//SogawaTsuneo(hencho).Tokyo:Daishukanshoten,1995.P.151.(..)( // . . . : , 1995. . 151).92 ..XIX.- . .: , 1984. . 101. .., .. 67 ( ) (. ) ,-(,,,),().,, , (. ) .. , (. ), . , .,,: (), (), () ..,,,(), , , .,. ,(; ),,, , (), . (), ,,().,.,,,-93.,(,.)..,: , , . , . . , , 94. . ,..,- , , .,, , , , ., , 95.93 // . , 1987. 11. . 44-45.94 // . ., 1961.95 ..,1998..147.(..) .., .. 68 , , . ,:,. ,.,, . (),,, .. . .., .. 69 (;) , , , (,,,.) . , (. )...,,:. , . , - 96. .., : ,.,,,,,.- , , .. ( ) .- , .,,., , ,.96 .. . . . ., 1969. . 96. . .., .. 70,,,(),,.,,. , ,,.,,,,.,,,. , . ,.,. , 97.,,,. , : ,( )..,,-: ,, ,,.,,97 . // . , 1990. 6. . 15-16., , , 1909 . Purdom William. .., .. 71., . , , ,. . . : , , .98. .98 . .16. , 1921 . Adam Warwick. .., .. 72 (), ()..,, ..:,,( ..), 99.:(,).,.,, . , 100. ,,,,....,:()..,, . (. , ..) - , .99 .. . -, 1972.100 .. // . ., 1961. .65. . . XX . .., .. 73:. .,,.:, , , , ..,, , . . . , , ,..,, , .,,, , . , ,, 101... , , .,,, , .(), (), -101 .. . -, 1989. . 35-36. . XX . , , . .., .. 74(),, : , .102.,.,.1964.- . , ,103.,,(h),(. ), , ., ,.:,,:,.. ,,,,,,104... , , , .,,,,.()-, . . ( ) ,. (, , , .)().,.,()() ().,.,,,..102 . . 47.103 . // . 1989. 177 (2 ). . 4.104 ..//.. . 2. , 1924. . 110-111. . .., .. 75,, (),.,,., , , , (), . ,.:,.,,105.,.---- (. ) (. ), .:,. , ( ). . ,, . , , .105 .. . -, 1989. . 35. . 1446 . () .., .. 76 ( ), (), .,,.,,,, , ..,. , .(), (), (),.,-,.,,, .,.,,,.-,,.....:-,,. , : , ,,,,,, . , 106..,,, , :,, : , ,,,,,,,,, .106 .. . . .: , 1991. .134. . XX . .., .. 77 , ,, . :,,,.,,,,,,.,.: , , ,,,.-, . .,,- .,,,, ,,;,.,,-,,-,,,.,,, ,,,,,, .,,:.,, .,,.,,,, , , , - ,.,,, . . .., .. 78 ,: , , ,.,,,,,,, 107. , ,,,,108.,..107 . . , 1852. . 144-153.108 .. ( .). , 1985. . 1870-. ,-. .., .. 79l 109 , . ., , .,,.,,.,.()(- .), 110..,., . , ., . , 111... : , , ,., 112. .,.,,.,.,(-,), 113.109 ... , 1975. . 101.110 . . , 1968.111 .112 .113 . . , , . XXII ., , . .., .. 80 . , ,..,,1927.(), 1012 . , ()12,3114.,. .(.)(), ., .1525,115.40...,,:,,,,,.,,, , , ..(),4,,116.,,:-, . , , ,,,. . ( ) . , 117...,,- .- , - 118.-,,., l,l,., . l, ( , 119):114 ...-//-. .. -. . . VIII. .-., 1949. . 149.115 . . 174.116 . . 177.117 ..// . , 1987. . 81.118 :.. . , 1975. . 86-91.119 ..//,-,.. 1982-1983. , 1984. . 10. .., .. 81- , ,,:. , ,. , .,,,, . , , , 120. (-:,,,,,,,,,,).,-:.-, - , 121.,,,,,,. , , , . ..,,:,, . ..(,),,.,,., , , .,,,,. (,).,,., 122.,,.,.-, . , , , .120 ..(..)// . , 1987.121 .. . ., 2000.122 .. .: , 1990. . 39-40. .., .. 82 . . , , 1897 . .., .. 83.., : ., ..,.,, , ,. . : , - - ., 123. (,) , .-, - . XX . .- - . - .123 .. ( .) // . ., 1994. 4. . 96. . .., .. 84,-. , .,.- ::..,, , , 124.,.,.,,.,- . (WabaoFanSalaio), (AchugwiPhanSohlaimung)(AchugoiphanSolaimani) (Thwngmung), (). . , -, . ., .,(Wah Sotonmung), , . . (, , , ) , . ,.,, , ,,. .,-,, ...,. . :,..,.,,.124 -........: , 1961. . 253. .., .. 85. . , ,.,,,,-. , , 3 4 , , , . 125.(),,. .,, . , .,.,,, , . , , . (ymafael) .. Ymaflydcodwmcefn(. ymaflyd,,, codwm,, cefn) codwmcefn.,126 (.: )..,.,,. Ymaflydcodwmcefn, (.: ). . :, , . . ,,., , . , - . . .15,- 12 . 3 , 6 .., .,,.,, .125 ..//. . 8. 1. , 1887. . 98.126 Collins T., Martin J., Vamplew W. Encyclopedia of traditional British rural sports. Routledge, 2005. P. 94. .., .. 86Ymaflyd braich (. ymaflyd , , braich ) Cwdwm braich..,.,(.: )., (.: )., .1970-. , - (Llap-Goch). -. , , . 1973 . , . , , . -.(wana), paana, sawana(-),, () ( -).. .,.,- , , - batdutua. -, ,.,-.,:,. (, ) , -,(.), , . ,, .,,(naha) . , , , . 1870- . .., .. 87., .., , , . - , . isahi, hisahi nahakara.-:. 127. 3-4. . , ,,,. , .. , , . ,,, . , .127 . : .. , 1916. . 87. . XIX . .., .. 88 . , .(Vt;)(mnvt)..,, --.-XVII.,.,.-(),, 128.,,.,:, , , 129.128 . // . , 1988. 1. . 18-19.129 . // . , 1987. 7. . 8- 9. . , . XIX . . . .., .. 89, , , .,,: , , , , . , - -,., ( ) , .,,130.:. . 131. . 5. , .,,.,. ,, , . . .,, ( ), ...,1216130 . // . 1957. 132, 1 . . 7.131 . // . , 1987. 2. . 21., . , 1910 . .., .. 90(1736.), .(mnvtdntc) (mn v giu), -(mn vt c in) (mn vt tu do)., () , . (Vathakuthoajehun),.., .,,--(Eid-ulAd'h'aa), 10--(Zul Hijja).., . - . . ,,,, ., , , . , . , . .., .. 91:., , , 132., (. ): ,,,.133.,.,,. (. ), (), , .., ,; , ..,... :,,, , ,-(,,,- .). , .,,.,() . ,..;,-. ; ., , , , .., , . .132 . . , 1980. . 15.133 . . ., 1966. .., .. 92,,,,- . ..,,:, ,,. , ..134. - , ,,.,,(.)135.,-,, -. ., , : ., . ,,- 136.(veibo),,.,.,,..,,,:, 137., . ,.,,,.., XIX . : 138. ,, (veiboliga).134 ..:.:- , 1992. . 76-77.135 . . 75.136 .137 . . 1776 1780 . ., 1971.138 Cooper S. Islands of the Pacific. Their peoples and their products. London, 1888. P. 108. , . .., .. 93 ,. (wesuwa139) , ., . , .(fee-nda)., , . ,. - .,,,,.,.,,1891.- Ghango Molonde., jii-mbi molumba. (mosoko) . .,(ngumu),.,, :waa ngowa foni oo!wafe, vasi-ja lowe-mbana mosoko mo kaa-ye,noma ve-mba-na Mwa-ngase, vama,a kpweli esuwa, ae-ya,nanu ndi ese eveli, wenga, kaaka ndi mwe-ma140. , , , . , , :Namenge au-wa ndi o-Vausa,Namenge,Namenge a leemi ee !Namange au-wa ndi o-Vausa,Namenge.139 esuwa = .140 MbuaNdoko.Bakweri Wrestling Songs //-:www.mbuandoko.com/. :.,, , ( ). . 1890- . .., .. 94:141. 142. , . . ,,(brydekamp brydning; brining,bryting,brytekamp; brottning)., . ,- . -.,. vlog, .,,(. Donar;. Tanaros),, . (),.,.,(fang,fangbrogd, famntag), ,.141 ,,,- . .142 Mbua Ndoko. Bakweri Wrestling Songs // -: www.mbuandoko.com . .., .. 95 , , , - (. )., , , : . , .-.,.-,,,. , , ,,,.143.,,,,, . - , ,,. , : : , , , . , , . , . , . , - , . , . , , , . , , , , , , 144.143 . .: , 2002. . 62.144 . : -, 2002. . 408-409. .., .. 96, , :, .. , , , ;,,., , . , , : , , , 145. ,,,. , :,,.,,,. ...:, collarand elbow wrestling.., . Leikfang..(,.1130.) .(. gripaom),.,, ..,. , , , ,., Draarmkrok,,., beltespenning(belte ,,145 .Axlatok . .., .. 97, spenne , ), . beltespenning. glima beltag. , , , . , ,,, .,,,, . . (. 1878 .), (. .1880.).(.1887)..,,.1892. -.,.,,.15., . 1892..50. .,..,,,., 146.,,-. , -, , ! , ,1900.,146 . // . 1980. 7. . 22-23.Leikfang . .., .. 98147. , . () . ,.,..., : (),... , , ...,(,).,....,,,.,,. .. ,..()(). , 148. .: , , 149,,.. , , , (, ..). -(. -)., , .,(. ),,,,,.,---,,.147 .: Lehmusto H. Painin historia. Helsingiss: Kustannusosakeyhti Otava, 1939. 487 p. ( ..)148 ...:. . .-. , 2002.149 . . .., .. 99, (. ), .. (. atchwrestling;. lecatch)-,,---(catch-as-catch-can) --, .. .()150 - ---,,--- luttelibre, .. , .XIXXX.,.,,, . , , .16-(1809-1865) , 1787., (1706-1790)(1799.),150 ,- . 1912 . , . , , 1907 . .., .. 100,.XIX XX .( folkstyles)( wrestling)., , ,, ,,,,.(collegiate wrestling). , , , ,.,, ., . , , ,.,,.. .,,---, ,. , , ., ---,151,-.,151 ,1967.,,, , . .., .. 101(.),().--- 1888 . . ----. ., --- 1914 . ., (. ),1870.(MixedStyle),,,, ---.,- ,-, (harnesswrestling)152, . 1879.,1881.1988. , (. ).---153 (FrankGotch,18781917),.,.,31908.152 scuffling, , .153 (Frank Goetz). , , . .. 1913 . .., .. 102(10000),,..---. 1904 . , , ---III.-().,. --- 1908.,: (1 ), ( ; 135!)1908. ---. ,.,1912., .:1904..1940-.-.,,,,(,, ). 1928 ., 1951 . 1956 . (-) . , . XX . .., .. 103154, XIXXX., ---.,, - (. - ).,-,,...,.XVII..().,1673.: : ,,., 155. , . . : , , , . 156.,.,, .. ,(-):.,1925.,,,. . .. ,1900.. , , , . . - 157.,.,,..,- , , . 154 2 .155.//, . . LXVI. . . . ., 1890.156 ....//:. .: , 1977. C. 137.157 . . . ., 1930. .., .. 104.(1672.), : - ,,,..,,,.. , . , . 158.()., ., , . ,, ...,: . : , , , ..,.. , . . () ,,,,,,,.,,,,..,159..,,. , 160. : ,,..,()(,).158 ,,,18381844.// . . IV. , 1858. . 223.159 ...,1993..104 - 105.160 . // . . , 1987. . 96. .., .. 105.,,(). . , , , , 161. ,,,., , , . . ,(). ,.,,::,. . ,,.., 162. (),...,,,,161 ...,1993..83.162 .. . ,1993.. 83. . .. . .., .. 106,.:.(), ; .,,.,,.,,163., , , .,,. .,(),:,(..),,. . , 164.(gabbo)(gubal)165 (,),(-,,,.)..,-. . - . , , ., (sanggoltiima), (sanggoltisaka ) (agtursi ). . , . , 166. ,,.,,- ..,163 . . 43.164 . . - . .: - - , 1933. . 15.165 CarlR.GalvezRubino.Ilocanodictionaryandgrammar:Ilocano-English,English-Ilocano:DictionaryandPhrasebook. Hippocrene Books, 1998. P. 263.166 Martha Beckwith. Hawaiian Mythology. 1940. P. 101-103; 327-328. .., .. 107. , , , ,,..,XIX., , ., .,,,,., , , . : " ". ,.-, 167. , ka-hu-amo-ko-mo-ko(,,)....,, , 168. . hakoko, haakookoowale,.,,169. : , ,,.-, . , 170. kulakulai. , - mokomoko pe-le-pe-le. , , , . lua ku'i-a-lua, ,.--. lua167 . . ., 1978. . 256-260.168 . ---. : , 1987.169 Stewart Culin. Hawaiian Games // American Anthropologist, New Series. April 1899. Vol. I, No. 2. P. 208.170 David Malo. Hawaiian antiquities (Moolelo Hawaii). Honolulu, 1898. P. 305. - . .., .. 108 hakoko, kulakulai, mokomoko ku'i. peku ( ), aalolo ( ) hakihaki ( ).,.,,, uma,umauma kano...honuhonu , loulou . u-lu-mii-lo-koo-kekai, , . hakamoa.,.,., . haka moa kahau. ,.,kahau, .(galico),-..,,.. 171.(Galhofa,), (JogodaGalhofa)(luta).,(.Bragana),Grijo,Freixedelo,Coelhoso, Parada Parada Carocedo..,.. . , ., , , . . , , -,VI....:171 Badji A., Nlong N., Rubio F. Manuel de lutte Africaine. Tome 1. Dakar, 1990. P. 46. .., .. 109, , , 172. ,.,(.;.SantoEstvo),., . , ,.,,.,.. . , .,.(JoseBragada),(IPB). ., , .172 . 17 . .: , 1994. . 150-151. - . .., .. 110 (Gando Makal Pala) (Gando Makal) - , , , .12 :Atongs, Ganchings, Chibok, Duals, Matchiduals, Matchis . ,.,, . .8-10,(Nokpante) . ,. , .,GrengdikBa'A,Wangala(). Jakol-Kala'a, , .(Wa-pong-kol'a).,, wapongsika wa-bong-sik ,, . . XX . .., .. 111 , -():,,,,,,., . :Maruburubu, Maruborubo, Mapiipii .,,,. . , (pakitun). . ., - .,,. , 19041905 173., . , 19101913., :,Takuvakuvan. (Mapiipii). ,,173 Watanabe,M.IdentitySeenintheAcculturationofSumoDonebyIndigenousPeoplesofTaiwan,ChihpenPuyuma // International Journal of Sport and Health Science, 2006. Vol. 4. P. 110-124. . XX . .., .. 112.,,,Mapiipii174.,,.: . , , . 175. ..-,, 2 176.174 Watanabe,M.IdentitySeenintheAcculturationofSumoDonebyIndigenousPeoplesofTaiwan,ChihpenPuyuma // International Journal of Sport and Health Science, 2006. Vol. 4. P. 115.175 Narita T. Taiwanese Aborigines Photo Book. Narita Photo-engraving Company. Taipei, 1911. P. 108-109.176 // . 1986. 11. . 1910 . Collections at Lafayette. .., .. 113-- (Gach-chokik) , .,. -.,...,,,. . (gbases),-..:,,,,.:,..., . , , (pspk).177. , Gb p.-..,, .,.,.. . : , , , ,178.,,,, .177 Badji A., Nlong N., Rubio F. Manuel de lutte Africaine. Tome 1. Dakar, 1990. P. 32.178 . . , 1968. .., .. 114, 179.(,.)()...(,, ..) .(),, . ,-.,,,. , . .. , ,:, ,. ,. . , ,. XIX., 180.XIX,()-:.,:, ;- , - . 40.,,.,,,,., . -.,.,.,12. , .,(),10.(). 10 . .,-,,179 .180 .. . - . , 1995. . 189-190. .., .. 115,,-,..,,,., -.,,., . , .,, 181.--(geudeu-geudeu) -(meugeudeu-geudeu)(,,),.().,,,.,.,.182.,, . ureung tueng (, ), ureungpok(,). , .--.., .181 .182 Dr. Cvsnouck Hurgronje. The Achehnese. V. 2. Leyden, 1906. P. 198.-. .., .. 116 (Gibeng Humnam) (,),(),.,-. ..,,(DapoBagnam)23. . ..., (Letung Derung Dugnam). . ...(Gidigbo Gidigbo-gidigbo), (ijakadi ) (eke) . (Gnls) ,- , , - .,, . -, 2009 . TillingTamang .., .. 117, . . . (dani) . . ,,-,,,(, ) . . , .--(. ),. --,.- (. ) . ,(), .,,,, , .,.. (),(),.,. . . 1910 . .., .. 118, . , ().,,-,,,.,,,. -183 ,.,., ().(),. . (Glamnyurri),-,- .,,, com-com-pa an184. , .,(), , , , -. . .,., . IX-X., .,.-,,(. ):,-fanghryggspenna, 185.183 .184 Kamalesh Das Gupta. An introduction to Central Monpa. - North-East Frontier Agency, 1971. P. 133.185 Walter Marcinkowski. Glima (Der Rationalsport Islands) // Die Leibesbungen. 1930. Nr.9. S. 246. . .., .. 119 Glima186 . , Glimt ,,Insglimt.,., ,..,:, ,, . glimufaerri187. ,(Jnsbk),-1281.,, . , ,., :188, 930 ,.,, ..,-,,..,,,.,, . , , 189..-:-leikfang190,186 -,:glm|aI f-u,-ur;(.);;fara glmu ; glminn a , .187 Lehmusto H. Painin historia. Helsingiss: Kustannusosakeyhti Otava, 1939. S. 128. ( ..)188 .189 Walter Marcinkowski. Glima (Der Rationalsport Islands) // Die Leibesbungen. 1930. Nr.9. S. 246.190 leikfang, fang () leik,-.;.(,),, .Ginfaxi , , . .., .. 120. 1950- . .., .. 121. leikfang,,:- , .,leikfang--.,,,191,. : bryxtagsglima,livtagsglima friatagsglima,(-),, . 1907. ,.,()..,.,1925.25.1934. ., - .,1908 .,1912.,-.XX.,, : , . (1952-1968 .). , .1905.(glimuft)(glmumaur).,, , 191 , . .., .. 122 .(glmubrag),50.,,,, , .. .,1916., (glmupallur glmureitur) 5x5(8x8)192.,, .:1)193;2)(Stigandi)194;3) ;4) 195., -,....,,,,,. , ,,.(),.,, -.baendaglima()., , 1905.. 192 , . Glimuholl .193 ,,: ,,. .194 .195 , , ,,, , . 19 . 20 . , . .., .. 123-(. ), (. ).(,)ll . , ,. . (,,,..)...,.,.196..:,,197..,.(,).-. , . , . , ..,198. ,.,-,,,(, ..)199. (. .) , , - .. , , . .. : , 20 200. .:, , , . : .201.(lll.;.),().,.196 . . , 1968.197 -. . , 1972.198 .. (- ). , 1994.199 . . , 1968.200 .201 . . , 1973. .., .. 124:,,,( , ,,-)202.,203. ...,,204., , ., , , , . 205., ,.,.( ..), : II, III I. , , ().,,.,.,.,, , : , (..). ( ), -,,.,.,,, 2-3, 206.202 . . . ., 1988.203 .. (- ). , 1994.204 .. . , 1927. . 50.205 ...,1971..71.206 .. IX XX . .: , 1985. . 245-246. .., .. 125 ( worsteling, wrakseling),,,,,,,.,,,.(1539.), (1674 .). ,, (1867 .), . : - , . ,,., : baes ( ..) , .. , . ...,,,,.. , , . , , !,, 207.,,,,, ,.,,, . , . , . , .,., . , - ,. , ...:, ,207 . . ., 1967. . 296-297. (1674 .). .., .. 126.,. . , . . , -,, . , . (1674 .). .., .. 127- -(.) . - . (. ) (. ). - , 708 . ..XVIII.648.XXXIII., ,,.,,. ,. , . . , .(-)XVIIIXIX .,(. ) .-,,,.,,. - XIX ., , 40- . XIX XIX-XX . . .., .. 128,-.,,; ,.,:, .-,., , ,,.,- . 1896 . -,.,,,.. , 1900 . 1904 . (-), - .1898.(,),1921.- ,,, , ,,,..1948 1991 . , 1991 . . XX . .., .. 129 -.,,,,1940-. -.(. ). - (),1912. (), 180 . -,.,,. 2.,,( 3 ).-,: (. toucher) , 10 ; 10 . ,,: (, ), ( ), ( 90) . , ,(. par . . .., .. 130terre()). .,-, . , ,.,, .- , .,, ( ), ( ). -, . , - (), 1930-.,-(.).6(3)30. -.,,,,., . -,- 4-6 1212.:-9,()1.,- , . , 8- . 9-( . .., .. 131). .,,. ,1896.., -, . 1 2002 . : 55 , 60 , 66 , 74 , 84 , 96 120 ().:,. -, . ,. . , , ,(, ),.,(shiira). . , (). .. , . ,.... . 1910 ., Casas-Rodrguez Collection. .., .. 132. ., 208.() (;;)-(), . .,().,..(,),(), (), (), (),(),(,), (,) .209208 Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educacin, Liceos Bolivarianos. Caracas, Septiembre de 2007. - P. 37.209 ArmableNolejuru.StudienzurRollederLeibesbungenindertraditionellengesellschaftRwandas.Butare,Rwanda; Kln, 1983. S. 187-191. . .., .. 133 - -(,), . ,( ..),.,, ( ,),,,., ,,, (). , . ,,. , ,,,, , , . (;;),, . :,,210. , . , , .,,.,,,...,,,.:.:,,,,211.(),()- ()212., ,.,..,( ..),-,.,(1931-1959)-.,IV(1853-1895)-., . 213.210 . . 189.211 . .190.212 .213 . . 191. .., .. 134. ,,,IV. . (gulat ); (adi , , ; gulat );,. .,. ,,, (benjang; benyeng ),,-,-... . : cas ( ), cas cus().. ,( ).,. (marsiranggut) , - -. (.:),(.:)..,,.(.: ), ( ). (,.)() ( -).- -, . . .., .. 135 , , . .,: (gulat gaja belas), - (gulat Yunani-Romawi), (judo) .(),-,. . , , (). ().., . (1869-1923) : , , 214.(,), ., ,-.,-,,.,:.,. .,,,, .(gouren) , - - .,.XIII.,, . , , I 1520 . VIII,. .,(AugusteBrizeux1803-1858)215,214 . . .:, 1980. . 165-166.215 Jean Roland. Comment lutter au cacht as catch can. Paris, 1913. .., .. 136(Pardondeslutteurs),.,.,(lice)., .- ,. , -,. ..-Courage!(!).,. , . ..,..,,.! ., ,. : ,,.,-,.,.10, 5 . ,216. - . , , 216 CzeslawBorejsza.ZbadanadgenezanowoczesnegosportuatletycznegoweFrancjiiWoszech//Zeczytnaukowy. Warszawa, 1974. 8. S.7. . 1794 . . 1837. .., .. 137-,,,.- .,,-,,217.,(BertrandduGuesclin)(1315-1380) ( 1515 1547 .) I Camp du DrapdOr218, TourdeBretaigne( ). , , . , ,,(),-().,.,.-,., (), . , , 217 Luis Ballery. La lutte libre et le catch. Encyklopddie des Sports. Paris: Larousse, 1961. S.312-322.218CampduDrapdOr:o, , Drap dOr. . 1837 . .., .. 138.,, .,.- . (1875-1957) ,. 1789 . lickets219,, , . , . ,, , . , .. , .,. : ,,.,,220XIX . .. , 219Click(),. .220 Luis Ballery. La lutte libre et le catch. Encyklopddie des Sports. Paris: Larousse, 1961. S.318. . XX . .., .. 139 , , .1928 . (6000!),.,-, ., , , . -, . ().,-.,,,..,(lamm),. , . ,,. (Skoliou Gouren), 7 . . 1958..(FILC),11:,,,,,,,,, . , . Leleux Adolphe Pierre, 1864 . .., .. 140, , () , ., .., . . () . .. . , -(-) . ( ) : . . XII-XIII ., . .. . .., .. 141.,- , .,,(,..): , (). 221.,,()(-),:,.:1420; 21 40 ; 222.,,..., :;- , . .()(),.,,;20; 223. , (,,). (. ).:,.,, .,,, . , , ,,. (. ?) .,.,,.,, .221 ., . . , 1975.222 .// 1982 1983. . 1. ,1984. . 154-156.223 ....,1964..6.(VII ). .., .. 142(), . .. , , ,.,,,.,, ().:,,., , 224. . .,,, ., .:,,,.. ... ,,,:,,, , 225.224 .. . , 1981. .34.225 .. . // . . V. . 1. , 1918. .145.. ( ) . .. , 1926 . .., .. 143(,), ()(),. - (. -),,-. -226, ..,-., , . .:-,., , 227...:,-,, .,..,,,(),., , 228., (; ),,,.(; ; ). . ,,.- .. , :(), 229.,,.,.,:,(226 .. - // . .1. ., 1954.227 . . ., 1965.228 ..//.2. .:,1963. .116-117.229 ..//III-. : , 1971. .89. . .., .. 144-),. , 1942 . . :,.:,(- ..),, 230. , , ,., (-: ) .,-,: 15 20 , 20-30 , , 30. , .(,,,-), (-). ,..,, . , , 18 40 . ,,.,().-,,,: ()231.--,.,-(,,232).( , ..),,,, 233.230 .,( ). : , 1983. .67-68.231 .. . : , 1976. .169.232 ..233 ..:, 1991. .264. . .., .. 145() (. ),-,,( ), ().., :(,..).(..) , ,,.200-300.:-,-.,,,,., , - , .,.; ,.,; .: , !.,,,, .-,. . ..,,.,-. - . .., .. 146-:.; , , . ,,.,,,,,.:, . . , , . .,,. ..: , .,1520,.., .,,.-,. , ,-,...,XIX.,,;.. . , ,,.,-,,( ).. ,,,,, , ..,, . .., .. 147 . ,,- . . . , , , . , .,-,,.. - ,,. ,,.,-;..,. , -..,- - , ,,:, ,-, ()(-), ..:, 3 4 :,,,,. , , .,,.234.234 . . . ., 1956. .35-38.. -() . .., .. 148, , , , ( ), , (), ( ) . . , , .,,(.. , ,)., .., ,,, ., . .,, . ,,.: (), (), ,(,), (), ( ), ( ), (), ( ), ( ), (), (), (), (), ( ) . .1938., , , , ,.,, , , ., ,(. )...:,.,,235. ,.,235 ..( ). . . . . , 1992. .10. .., .. 149,(, , ).,., : ..(). .,, . ,.., .,236., .,1940.:..,, 237.236 .. . .: , 1944. .54 -55.237 . , . .., .. 150 , ,() . ( ).,,,.,,.,,(,,1950 .).,..,: , , 238..,, ,., , .,,,,(),, .,() , . . , ., , . (, ; ; ) (), .238 . .56. . . . . .., .. 151 (), (),()..,,,.. . ,, , () .,().,...: 239. -,.,:, .,(),() . ,,,,,,,. , , .239 . . , 1852. .144. . XX . .., .. 152 ,.,,, . - .l-l- () , -..,. - . , . -, -,16021603 . . .., .. 153,-, , . , . .(),(), . , . .. : , , , (),,. . , ,.., , . , . ,,..,,240.,.: (),, , 241.( , .;: ).:- XIX . , , 242.,, (. ),, . ,:..(,) .240 .. . : . .: , 2007. . 262.241 .. // XIX . , 1986.242 .// . . . , 1894. . 144. .., .. 154.,. , , 243.,..,-, . , . , ,(,.. ). ,, , . , ( ) .,,.(),(),""(), ( ),(),, . , . . ,,.,-243 .. // . . ., 1993. . 140. - () (). .., .. 155.,...:,,, 244.,, , : ( ..)(),., , , , -,.,, 245.(),-.,,().XV-XVII.:,, , , , . ,,1893.(),,.,-( ).,. , ,-. ,-, ., :1) .,,..,. 120 ;2) 244 ..(,)// . . . 5. .: , 1950.245 .// . . . , 1894. . . .., .. 156 ;3) , 1 40 . , ,,,...,.,, ;4) (), . , ;5) ,. ,1545, , , ;6) .,, ;7) .,,. : , . , , .,,, ..:,( ..),.- , .,1846.,-.,,, , , , .,,,20, , , . .., .. 157.,-, , , , ,;,,-;-;,,,, , ..., . , , ,, , 246.,., -: , . ()(,),,- . : ( ,,) .(),,..(,).(),(),.. .,.., .,: , , ,,,, , .,,,., 247.,,., (.).,,, .246 ...1:. . 2.: . , 1871. . 376-377.247 .....-// . 3. 1902. .., .. 158 , .,..,,:,,,..,(HederlezayYorgi,ayGrgi...).,.... : kaistan () gures () ()..(,) , . ., 248.,,(,)...,, 249. () () --.,(,) () . .,.,., , (. ).- .....:,..,, - .- .(),248 . // ( 1 2001 .).249 .....-// . 3. 1902. .., .. 159 . ( ) 250.-,,: ,, ..251.,,,,-,,,. : ,,,, , 252. ()(, , , , , )..,,., , , (. ),,,:253.- .,.(, , , , ,, (,254)),,,,, -. ..,250 ..,..-()// . ., 1989.251 . // . . 34. , 1904. . 136.252 . // . , 1988. 12. .109.253 . 5- . // .1. : , 1982. . 130.254 ..//:.: , 2001. . 192. .. . 1519 . .., .. 160. () .,.., 255...,..-(1877..):, 256., ,,.,.,,,...: (, ) 257.(:,,),-.( , .. ), ,,(l). ., , ( ). , ( ). ,,,..,-. . , , 258.255 .. .: , 1990. . 31.256 ....... . , 1970. . 134-135.257 .. . . VIII. , 1912. . 230.258 .. . : , 1986. . 48. . . .., .. 161., .,,400700,. , . ....:, 259., ., .. , : Tur-dur-er-rin,War-rok-min-der-neit, Work-ern-der-eit260. - : bar-room-jhar-reen lungund-un.-,,,,.,: . ., - . . . ,, . , . ,. , 261.,:,,-.-.,.,, , , . .,.-.,,,.,259 ..-. . . ., 1983. . 11.260 Smitth R.B. The Aborigines of Victoria: With notes relating to the habits. Vol. 1. London, 1878. P. 177.261 ..// . . . 160. , 1976. . 70-71. . 1850 . . , , 1898 . .., .. 162,. - 262.,,, Goomboobooddoo.,,:(),.,., .,,, - .,263. : , , , 264., , . ., ,,., . .,,,.- : .262 Smitth R.B. The Aborigines of Victoria: With notes relating to the habits. Vol. 1. London, 1878. P. 180.263 K. Langloh Parker. The Euahlayi Tribe. - Forgotten Books, 1905. P. 174.264 . . ., 1981. . 34. , , 1907 . .., .. 163--(.) (. ), - , .- ,,.,,()..5.- , .,,,..- . 265. ,,.().,-:,,,,,, . : ,. 266.265 -.266 Gomes,EdwinHerbert. Seventeenyears among the Sea Dyaksof Borneo;a record of intimate associationwiththe natives of the Bornean jungles, and and introd. London, 1911. P. 224. . 1884 . .., .. 164,.,, , , .,,,,. , XX . : ,. , 267.(pajo), ,. . , , . .. - : , .,- . ,,,,., 268.267 Hose,Charles and McDougall,William. The pagantribes of Borneo. In Two Volumes. London, 1912. P.164.268 QuerdurchBorneo.ErgebnisseSeinerReisenindenJahren1894,180097und18981900/VonDr.A.W.Nieuwenhuis, Unter Mitarbeit Von Dr. M. Nieuwenhuis-von xkll-Gldenbandt. Zweiter Teil.Mit 73 Tafeln inLichtdruckund18TafelninFarbendruck.BuchhandlungundDruckereiVormals E.J.BrillLeiden.1907S.134-135. . XX . . XX . .., .. 165 (bibat) (migogol).-,.,, ., -: (mipulos) ,(bibatlengan)... (mipansa). (Devonwrestling) (Devon style wrestling ) , . ,.-,, . - . . ., (Cornishwrestling),,.,.,, . XX . .., .. 166 , 269. ,, ., , ,.-,XIX.: , (. . ).,-,- . . , , 270. , ., . , , -.(SurveyofCornwall),1602.,(R.Carew):,,271.269 Kent G. A pictorial history of Wrestling. London et al: Spring Books, 1968. P. 113.270 . P. 113.271 . P. 112. . XIX . .., .. 167; (.), - .. . , .,2020(-).(),., , . .(), . XIX . ,,(1860-1938)-. , 1860 . . ,,--- (1877-79 .) , (1881-82.) - . . 1857 ., . .., .. 168 -,,.,-,.,().,:--( ).1882.,(), ().,,, , - . ,,,. () (), . p.18891892., 272 -. .,,,:1.,;2.273;3.-;4.;5.,,,, . , .1868.,. ,. ,,.,,,,,. ,,.,, .272 , , .273 . .., .. 169 (1860-1938) . .., .. 17080-.XIX. (), 1895 . (), . 1898 . - () -.,, . 1911 . .1883. (),1900.-. ,.,1947.,.,1948 . . 1956 . . , - 1890 ., , 120 . : (-), (-) -(-)274.()275 ().(),(),(),(),(), (). (-),(-), 67 . 40 ,5 (-)., ,(-),(-) , (-). (-) (-).(-),,:(-),(-) (-)., : ();-()276;(). ,,.274 .:.,..//.. 6. 2001.275 - --.276 - -. .., .. 171 , , 277. , , , , , .8,:278 (--15);(-20);()279;(-);(-21);(-)280;( - ).., . , , , , 277 , ( , ..).,. .278 ,,-, .279 21,(..,,).280 . . . .., .. 172.,,:,,(), (-) ..(),., ., ,,14-.(6-)(), .,, . ,, ,(30 ). : 10:0 (),7:0-(),5:03:0. , . ,5., .,,,. , ., ,, . , -.(,,,,.)- .,.-(IJF),200,1951 ,1956 .,.1959 . 1964 . XVIII -.XX 1972 . . 1992..1964., .()1961., . 1965 . ,. : 60, 66, 73, 81, 90, 100 100 .., .. 17348,52,57,63,70,7878,,., , ., . . . (.: ). ., 1838 . , .,.,,,- -. . ,,- 281. , , .-. , . . , , ( ) , () , -.281 . // . ., 1998. 8. . 13. . .., .. 174(periskelida).., . , , .:. , - ().,, ...,, .,.,,,282.( , ) . , . 283..:.Prota()Deftera().,.,,284.(),-. . . , ,,.,,- .282 Goulimaris D., Serbezis V., Albanidis E. Organization of Folk Athletic Games in Thrace // Electronic Journal ofFolklore. N. 40. 2008. P. 94.283 .. // , XIX XX . . .: , 1977. . 332.284 Goulimaris D., Serbezis V., Albanidis E. Organization of Folk Athletic Games in Thrace // Electronic Journal ofFolklore. N. 40. 2008. P. 92. . , 1960 . . . . .., .. 175 ,, . , , , , ... () . , (, , ) , .: l ( ). 1135-40 . . .(,,), . , , , ,,. 285., . ,, . (l),..286.:. ,, 287. , , . , . .. :,,.( , , ), -, ,,: , , , . , , , , -.-,. ,.,.., .,.,.285 .. : // . . XLIII. .: , 1989. . 142-143.286 . . 144.287 ... . ... . . , 1999. . 10. .., .. 176,.,,. 288.(, , , , , ),.,,...,18671876.,:,, , , 289., ., ., , : 290.. -() , h., , , . ...: ,.. . ,,.,.,,,..,.,-,,.,.:, ..,,,,.,.288 .. . : . .: , 2007. . 261.289 .. . ., 1969. . 101.290 . , 1958. . 45. .., .. 177,-, 291. . , . , . , . , 292., , ., .,.,XII,I(19721928...).,-(3),.,, , ., 293.,,31,:(XXVII XXIII . ..), (XXI XVII . ..), (XVI XI . ..), (VII VI . ..). ..., , :1)291 .. // ., 1976. .313-314.292 . // . , 1978. 3. . 138-147.293 ..//AFRICANA.. . . , 1975. . 75-76. . .., .. 178;2);3);3) 294.,,:,.,,,, . , , : , ! !. : ! !295. . , :.,. , 296.-:,(),297.,,, , :,,.III(1160...):,..,,,:294 .... : , 1975. . 12.295 .. ..,1989..101.296 .. . .: , 1970. . 9.297 .... : , 1975. . 13. - ( ). .., .. 179,,!.:, 298.,,.,- ,:,,,,, 299.-,.,,,,,., .,., , .,,,,.-:, ,,-., 300.,,:-. ---301.298 . . . .: , 1985.299 . . .: , 1982. . 44.300 .//. ., 1970. 6. . 73-75.301 . // . , 1978. 3. . 138-147. , 1200 1100 . .. . ,2000 . .. .., .. 180 ,,.-. , .,,-302.,.,.2600...,,. -. (.2600. ..),-,. ( ). ,,, .1972..,Sumer.:,,.,. , ( )302 HassanNagiMahmoud.ZapasyibokswstaroytnejMezopotamii//RocznikinaukoweAWFwPoznaniu.Zeszyt 33. Pozna, 1984. S. 249. . , 3000 . .. .., .. 181.,-,.,,,- ..,..,,-...-, .,. .,,,.(20001750...)8,28,3,303.,, , ., , - .---,(.2050...). ,.-,,, . , -- - , . : ..303 , 688 . .. , - (.2600 ..). . .., .. 182. .. . , .,,., . ,-,(--,-,-,--)-..,. , , , .,(220-280.), , . ,., . .., .. 183 . , .:,, , .,.,, , ,.,,., , .,,,.. , . ,,,,,..,.,- . , -(),,(. ). . , .,.,., . . .., .. 184. . , ,,();().. , . -..,,...,.,-,,,,,-:, , 304. ,,- : , mudeshi, , watajaie().,, . jana'cwa(,). , ,wishu.,304 WalterEdmundRoth.AnIntroductory Study ofthe Arts, Crafts,andCustomsof the GuianaIndians// Thirty-eighthannualreportoftheBureauofAmericanethnologytotheSecretaryoftheSmithsonianinstitution19161917. Washington, 1924. P. 490-491. (). .., .. 185 samjuda(),,,...,..,. , 305., -..-, : , , 306., , 307, , . . (). , . , , ' , . , , . -,.,,.() ., .,,::,305 Matthew TaylorLauer. Fertility in Amazonia: Indigenous Concepts of the Human Reproductive Process AmongtheYekwanaofSouthernVenezuela.ADissertationsubmittedinpartialsatisfactionoftherequirementsfortheDegree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology. Santa Barbara: University of California 2005. P. 242-243.306 . .: . 2002.307 Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educacin, Liceos Bolivarianos. - Caracas, Septiembre de 2007. P. 37. . . XX . .., .. 186.,., 308. ,() , . . , , .:309..,, , : , , .. 310. .(),,(), .. ,:-308 . ., 1974. . 481.309 ..//..4..,1962. .250-251.310 .. . .: , 1994. . 156. . , XX . .., .. 187 , 311... , - ...,,,. , - , 312.-,. , . ()-, () (, , .)., : , , , ,,.,,. , - , - 120 2,5 . 15 . , , . , . , ,., .,5.,., 313. - ( ) (. -) -. -,. .311 ..- // . . 2. ., 1957. . 243.312 ..-.. ., 1977.313 ..//..:, , 2000. . 345-346. .., .. 188,,.,-, . ,.,,.,.-.,.,.- . , -,50. : , .,-,.. ..(), (),,. 2002 . , ..,,-, . () (),,,,.. ,- . , . , .. () . (. ),(, ),(),( ),. . .., .. 189(),(),(),().,(),,, .., .() , . XIX . ( , ),-1862-1877., .( )()., . XIX XX . .., .. 190() 314...,, ( ), . , ,:(1917...),-.,,,,,. ,. . , ,. , 315., , ..:,.:1),2) ,3),4),5) . , , . . ., , 316. (-: , , , , , , , ) (,,,,, .) . : , - ., . , - :., , , , -, . ,,,:,,,.,,,.314 ( ) , , , : , .315 .. (- ). : , 1971. . 211.316 . . 211-212. .., .. 191,,-,. ., ( , .), ,317,,,.,.,,,, : , . ,, 318.., ( )319 . :,,. ( ) .,-,,317 . . : . , 1961. . 11.318 (..).319 .,.:.:-,2003. . 103-103. . . . 1998 . .., .. 192.. . ,,..,, : (. , -)., . , .,:.,,.. , 320.,...,,:--321.- . - ().:,,,(!),,,, - , -., , , .(zapas).,. narameno, zapasy zaopasky,dokku, zakabelky.-(pas; opasok).,, ( podnoka; hopnutie nohou .), -. . , , -,. zapas zapasenie, zapasy(320 . . . // -:http://www.sati.archaeology.nsc.ru/library321 .. . . , 1971. . 7. . .., .. 193)322; pasovacka,,,(. pasovat()).(zapas v obchvatu), . . , .,,.XX. .,.,,(), , :(ohaj)narameno() , (za pacholka)323.(kosirek), , , ,;. . :,,-.,,:? zapasy().,zustalviteze,. , , : , ,.(silak),;,,.- do krve ( )324. , . ,(pasovacka), .. vaeziecibule, . , 325.(. zapasy()).. .,,,,,.- III (1333-1370 .), 322MachekV. Etymologickyslovnikjazykaeskehoaslovenskeho.Praha,1957.S.582;KrenJ.Upolyeskoslovenskho lidu // esky lid. Sbornik. T. VII. Praha, 1898. S. 425-426.323 BartoFr.ZeivotamoravskychSlovaku//SlovenskoSbornikstativenovanychkrajialiduSlovenskemu.Praha, 1901. S. 112.324 Ibidem. S. 108-109.325 Encyklopedia Slovenska. III.: K M. Bratislava, 1979. S. 412-413. .., .. 194 I : ,,.-,,.,., .,,. . , ;,,, 326., , ,XVI., . (.),, pas(,) za pasy ( ): pasowanictwo, zapasy, zapasnictwo, , 327.,XIX XX .,, -,.,, , , ,,,.,--,1888. , , (na pasy walkanapasy). - shwingen(.)- lalutteaucaleon.,,,(ucha)..,..50-60-.XX., .326 . . , 1983. . 48-49.327 ,: duzaniesie,barowuncesie,borykas sie, lamac sie .. (1863 - 1933) .., .. 195 (),.C1920-.,-, :,(). , . . , , .. , . ,,.,,, 328.(),.,-., , :, , ,.,,.,,, . , , , , ()329.(zida),--... , , . 330.- -(.),,-,- . . -(. -). - ,-.,().328 , , / . .. . : , 1996. 345.329 , , / . .. . : , 1996. . 344.330 Badji A., Nlong N., Rubio F. Manuel de lutte Africaine. Tome 1. Dakar, 1990. P. 30. .., .. 196 . . - ., , ( ). ,,.- .-- (.), . , , ,()..,. . - -, . (Igbamgba), (mgba), (ngba)(),.( 40 220): , ,,. ., (egeleg), (otaa) (utee). . ,:,,,, . . ,, 331. , ., , :,,,.,., , 332.331 . . .: , 1964. . 54.332 . . 5. .., .. 197, . , , .:,,,,,.,,, 333.:.,334.:.., .,335., -,,.:,.,-,,,,, . , , 336. ,, . , , :,,. , , , . , . .,,,,.,-,337., .- .,333 . . . .: -; : , 1998. . 367.334 .. . .: , 1987. . 187.335 . . .: , 1964. . 46.336 . // .., 1973.337 . . .: , 1964. . 53-54. .., .. 198 . , .,: ? ? . ? 338.,,.,, (egwugba) , - (nri-owa) . (idjassu) - . . .,, , 339.:,,.,338 . . 56.339 Karsten R. The Civilization of the South American Indians. New York, 1926. P. 140. . Akin Solanke. .., .. 199,.,.., , . 340..,: , , .,,,.,,.,, 341...,,,, : , , ,.,,-(..), , -, . , , -,. , 342.340 Glass. F. G. Through Brazilian Junglelands with the Book. London: PICKERING &INGLIS, [..] P. 187 188.341 Nevermann H. Ringkampfe der Indianer // Die Leibesbungen. 1929. 5. S. 118-119.342 . . XIX . .., .. 200 : , , , ., ,,,-,.,,-,., 343. , (). ,,..(banphawi). , . , , XVIII ., ,344.,-.(,)- . , . . -.5,343 .344 Lt.-ColonelJ. Shakespear. The Lushei Kuki Clans. London, 1912. P.66- 67. . XIX . .., .. 201..30-60 . ,, . .-,, , .,. , , 2,5 10 .. . . (; , ), () . .,, . -,,,,. . , VIII VII . . ., : , . .., .. 202 , 345.,. , .,,, , . .:. ,,.,.,.,.,,.,,..,, 346.345 .. - // - ..- . . . . VI. . 1. . , 1963. .137.346 .. (2- .). , 1980. . 44-46. - . XIX . .., .. 203,,. . , , . , , . ,...., 347...,,,-.:-,, ,:();,..; ( ) ().,,( -) ,.-, ,,,,. -,,,(),; :,(..),(.,..),,()..(,),,,.,,-,, .347 . . 107-109. - -, - XX . - , . - 228 ., - 220 . .., .. 204,-,,:, 348.,,,()().,,(). .,(), . () . .(. istrumpare;), , ', (. LottaSarda),- .. , , XIX ., , . , ..,.-,.,,,.,-,,, - . 1994. (FederazionedeSIstrumpa),.,.-, .,. ,-(), ..,,,-348 .. . : , 1985. . 93-94. .., .. 205.. . (GiGe)(),- ( , , , - ), : , . , , , . -349.,. . ,, ,(),..-. .-,, .,,.,-. , .:, 350. , -, ., , - (. ).ll (.)(),(.,,,,)(.). ..-,l,349 //. 1987. 11. . 244-245.350 // . 1983. 12. , . .., .. 206 351. , (), , .,,(),,.,,, : ,.-,352.(: , ), , . , ,,...:,,. 353..,.():-., 354., , , ., , .(kabobo)(),,.(1966 .) ..,,.,.. .351 ..IXX.//-: http://www.tsumada.ru/352 .. // . ,1988. . 115.353 .. //(XIXXX).:- , 1981. . 32.354 ..IXX.//-: http://www.tsumada.ru/ .., .. 207 - ( ) . (), ( ; ) ( , ). . .-(),-. . .-:,, 355. ,,-,,,..: , , ., . 356.,,:, , ,,,,,;,,. , , ,357.,,.I...:(..),.,. , ,- , .355 .. : . ., 1989.356 .. . 1. , 1897. . 239.357 . . 105-106. 1930- . .., .. 208 , , , . ,,- 358..,, . ,. .,. , , . , :(),,. , , , 359.358 ., . . ., 1882. . 101.359 .. // . 3 (4). , 2000. . XIX . .., .. 209. , . . , , .1920-.,1928. , , .1938-1942..1948.,, . .1956-1957. -, . , .. , .1978.-, : . 360. ..,-:( )().,,360 .., .. -. -, 1978. . 3.-. . .., .. 210361.. ., -()(),(),(),(),(l),(),(),(),(), ( ) .-, . : .., (). ,-362. (kalaka mulaka) , ...70,..,1828.,,.(,,),, . XIX . ,1970-.., ...,.,.,- ..., . .,.,. (kalaka).,,361 . . . ... . . -, 1989. . 4.362 .. //,, . . IV. -, 1976. . 73. .., .. 211.,-.,. . ,,.-, . . () (),,,(,..)..., , , XIX . :(, ..) ( , ..),., , , , ().,.,,., - 363., ()..,,,,.,,,, .()(.),- , .,.-.,,,..()363 ..XIX.- . .: , 1984. . 110. .., .. 212,.,- , , .,,,.., . (. Luchacanaria),,.,,.-,,. . (1420),- 1496 .(1578-1650),1604.,364.,.364 Juan Jeronimo Perez. Temas deportivos (Lucha Canaria ). Tenerife, 1968. S.11 14. . . .., .. 213.. ,.,.,-.,-.. , ,,. ():1). , .- , , .2). , .3).,, ...,,,.,, 62 . 1974.,.:-.,-., 365.,. ,, 122.-4000.,., , .365 .. . : , 1982. .104. . . .., .. 214 (Cngthng),,,. . .-.,, , . -, , . ,, ,-,,, . , . , (lccc),,, ., .(.vtchn),;--. . . Thong Thien (Viet Bao) .., .. 215(anghi) (KangHi) , .., , .,..- .,(HingaKarangnamei)(MaramKhullen)2008 . , ,,. , (KangNgi).,.,, , . , , . ,,,,.(),, .- , - .XX.,- 366.366 Hodson T.C. The Naga Tribes of Manipur. London, 1911. P. 64. .., .. 216-- ,.,., . , :, . ,, .- ( , - )367. , -- ,,,,,,,()-,,,,. . . . .,.:().,.,,.,:,,..368., . (367 . . -, 1938. . 11.368 ...//-:http://karata.info/ . 20.-. 1930- . .., .. 217),- . , , , . -, . , .,, , (). ,,.,-, . . : .,,.- I . 12,-(.:).1,,-,1.-, .,. .. -.:, . ..,:.111.- . . .,-,,,...,,.. . 369.(,,..),(1),., .,,..(,,,..).. .369 ....-: . . . -, 1946. .., .. 218(karakucakgre), (aa ,, ,)(Gre).:,()- (, , ). . , -( ) , 370. ,-.,,--,,,.,,-, :,;;, , : , ; , , ! , ,.,,,.,,,,!.: , , ? ,.:(),,,.:,,,. , ; , ; () , , ;:,,,?.,,;(),,;- , -371. ,,.,,(),,, .,...,,.,,370 , - -, -.371 . / . .. . -: , 1962. . 88 89. XVI . .., .. 219 , , , , ,-, . , :()..., , ,,,, . .,,. , , 372.. , . . . , .372 ,.()() // -: www.pdffactory.com .., .. 220 (. KrntenRingen, Krnten; Ringen) . . -.. , , - . ...,,. (Kwkwelt:l) , .. .. - . . .-,,- . : ,,().(,..). . . . . (. ). -,,- , :,,.. .,,, 373.373 . . . -, 1980. .., .. 221(),,-,,-. .,, , . . ,,,., . .,,.,,().,,-.(,,), .,.,,-. , , : , . 1865 1870 . .., .. 222 , .,,,.-,,, . . - , , , .-, 374.(Keshi Keshey),.- . . () . . ..-2008.- . (Ki Buan) - (,, , .), - , - . (Peih Buan) (Lai Peih Buan). . ,. - . . , . . () . .(Siel-BonChou)-.(Lawm)374 . .: , 1976. . 32-33. . Singye Wangmo& Choidup. . Sonam Rinchen. .., .. 223 . , ., (Buonzawl) Buon() Zawl (, )..,,375.,(Buontuolchou).. , .376., (). ,-....(,.);,,;; ..-.,,,- , ., ,,. ,., .,(KeNangHaun) . : , .,,,,,,, . 375 Shaw W. The Thadou Kukis. Cultural Pub. House, 1983. P. 20.376 Head W.R. Hand Book on the Haka Chin Customs. Rangoon, 1917. P. 27. .., .. 224.. . , , , . , , , ,.-. , .., 377.-(mamookpight),,-. : !. .. , . , .. 75 , 45 25 . 2 . .377 . // . ., 1980. 6. . 1931 . Walter Hutchinson. .., .. 225 9 , , . 9..,.,,., . , ,. , 378. (kovakojomis,imtyneskojomis) , . . ( ), ( ) .,,., ,.,, . -,. : , . (),,., : ( ) 2,5.2..,, . , ., 379.378 ..//..:, , 2000. . 355-356.379 .., .. // . .: , 1985. . 184. . 1950- . : .. . - , 1958 ( ..). . : .. . - , 1958 ( . .). .., .. 226(kokawa,,),,,.. . (auri), (cirar kwallo).,:,() ( ), 380.,,,,, .-,.,,,,.(baha; madambaci) , .(agalanda). , , ..,,,.,.,:-() 6-812-14., ,:(),()380 ..//..,1979. . . .., .. 227(),4050381.. : (abmu ) -(abo-emuo); (ngawa), (kampeli)(kamberi); (waga), (amo) (egbili) , (gurgey), (mbok)(MbreMbok);(mgba), (mgbf)(mgb) ; (anda) (gelge) ; (awasa) , (kamo) . (ollarandelbow) Gleacaocht , , Coraocht382.1829...,,,,. , , 383.,,,., , . (),. .,.,.-,,., .,,,(. ),-.381 ...-. .: , 1974. . 127-128.382 Coraiocht,, - (.: ).383 XIX . . , . XIX . .., .. 228 ..., , : , .-, 18-19 Collar and elbow. - catch-as-catch-can384.,,,,,- , . ollar and elbow , ,,,-. ollarandelbow-.,-.,.ollarandelbow-27- . (. )., : , 385. ,.., :,,.,(), ,,.,,, , 386. ()-, . :384 Barnett C. R. The devolopment of wrestling in the United States: 16071865 // The Physical Educator. 1978. Vol.35. 2. P. 87-90.385 : -. -. : , 1997. . 351.386 . . . -, 1980. . .., .. 229,.,,,... ., 387.(),.-..(..).-.-.,,. ., , ..,..:., , .,....,- .,,,.,, .,. ,,,.,,,, .387 .., .. // . .: , 1985. . 185. . .., .. 230.,, , ,.,,-.,,,. (Cornishwrestling), (Cornish style ) Wrasslin , . ,.1139.HistoriaRegumBritanniae. (), 1402 . .,,,.:,251415., , . , . .., .. 231,, .XVIII.(SirThomasParkyns),,,.(1680-1741),..,.,TheInn-Play,1713.,. 70 1810 ..,,.,,,1811.4000,,.,, , , .. , , , .,,.. ., , 1925 . .., .. 232(SurveyofCornwall,1602.)(Richard Carew), :,, (-).,. , , 388. .,,. , ,., ( ). (),,(-)..: , , , 389.,,(;;),.:,,, .(: , , ,.)..,,., V-II . .. , .,.,:,(. ; . h) , 385 .388 Kent G. A pictorial history of Wrestling. London et al: Spring Books, 1968. P. 111.389 .. . // . . V. . 1. , 1918. . 145. , 1907 . .., .. 233 :h,h, , ;,,,,,-,,,, ,,,.,,,, , h, ;,,- , ;, ; ( ); . :,,,,,, : , , 390., (). , , .(,), ,,,..,.- . ,..:,,(),391.:), ; ) ., .390 ....1.,1958. . 86.391 . . , 1861. . XVI . ( , ). .., .. 234,,. (.-;, , .),,.:,:,.,,,,,.,; , ; ,392.,,,,-::!,., , . , .,...:,..,.. , , . ?,,;,;, 393. :,(..),..., , , , 394..:,,,,, , , ,, , , :,,,,;392 .. -. .: , 1960. . 4-5.393 . . 7; 10.394 . 2000 . . 2.: . . ., 1952. . 175-176. . , . . .., .. 235;hh,,,h,..h, , ; . . . , ; , ;,,,,,,,,,,,,.,, . , .,,,,, ; , 395.,.,(): ,,, ,,,- .396.,,,.,-(), : .- , . . ,,,-..,,.,,,- , , .. . ,. 397.395 ....1.,1958. . 84-85.396 ..-(). ... . . . , 1965.397 .. . , 1983. . 184. . .., .. 236 (). . - (),I.,5000- , -. , ,,,. ,(398) ..30 .,- - -,(132226..).(430355..)I(558330 ..) ,,- .-,,: ( ), () (. ), - ( ), - ( ,)(. -), ()(. ), ()(. ), ()(. ), --( ), ( ) (. ), (), --(;), (),(), ()(. ),-(), (), () ( ). ,,:,(),(,,,,,398 h , . . . .., .. 237--,),(-, ).,, . ,,.399 (.)-,.3000.,(224..)., , , ,700.,.,,, .,,13. , , . VII-VIII... ,-780-100 20 ... ,,399 , : , , . . XIX ., Arnold Henry Savage Landor .., .. 238,400.(15001737) . () (650..),,,,,.(), , , - , -.,,,,-.,,,, , , . -():,;-,;,.,- , , 50-60 ...,,,,400 200 . . , . 1820 . . . .., .. 239 . , ,, , , .,, (), . (),2-3..,.:,,,,(),(),,, (,).. , , -,:..-,,,-,, -, ., , 401.401 ...()..:,, 1974. .89. , ,XIX . Arnold Henry Savage Landor .., .. 240,,-402.,,,. , , , . , (), , . ,. , . , . . , , , ..,:-, ,. - . , , . - , , . - : ; ; ,() 403.,,,.(): , 12..,.,.,404.,, 405:1. ().,-., , , .. (. ).100,;2. ( ) ( ).(),,, 10 40 ( 4-6). ,, , .. 402 , .403 . // . .1. :-,1927. .102.404 ...()..:,, 1974. .89.405 Barnard C.N., Kazemaini K. The Zour Khaneh: traditional persian gymnasium. 1970. Tehran: Bank Melli. (inpersian). .., .. 241.,, , : ... ,,. . , 406. , . .3. ( ). ( ),()70(80)100 (110) 20 60 . ,, . ..,:()...407 . ;4. ()406 ...()..:,, 1974. .90.407 .-//..1.:-,1927. .87-110. . , XX . .., .. 242 , .. ;5. ( ). , .16,408.1050. ( ), , ..;6. ( ), . , ( )., : ,,,.,,.-. .,,..,.(),,,, .,,:408 18 4 . , ., . 1700 . , , . .., .. 243.:,, , , 409. . 300-360,,,1080. 50 410. (),(),(),(),(),,(), ( ) , , . (),,,,..411, : (),, (), , . ,.,(1796-1925.),, -- (1848-1896 .) - .,409 ...()..:,, 1974. .88.410 ArastehA.R.ThesocialroleofZurkhana(Houseofstrength)iniranianurbancommunitiesduringtheNinetenth century // Der Islam. 1961. No 37. P.256.411 411 . - // . .1. : - , 1927. .87-110. . .., .. 244.,(),,.,,, (),21.- , 1945 . . XIXXX.:a-((~1853-1941)),, . : XIX ., - ( 1939 .), . , FILA 1947 ., . . . XIX . Arnold Henry Savage Landor. .., .. 245 ()(),,,,.,,,-...,: ,,412..,, (ghaish), ., , ,413..,:,( ..) -414.,...,.,,:().-.,.,, , -.,,,,,-,.,,:,() 415.412 .. // . ., 1952. 1. . 102.413 ... . . ., 1972. . 557-558.414 . // . ., 1973. 1.415 ..// . ., 1975. . 245. . - , . . , . .., .. 246 -.()-( , ).(kragen ,;ringen,), , ., .. . , ,:!(!)!,. . ... . (rikarawatita416), (baari), (baarita)(),,-',,,..., . , . ,.,.,,-.:(kouaba),(koundo),(gur).417 .416 Badji A., Nlong N., Rubio F. Manuel de lutte Africaine. Tome 1. Dakar, 1990. P. 25.417 Luttes traditionnelles: au Benin et ailleurs// -: www.afric-impact.org/. Gustav Ritschard. .., .. 247-. XX . .., .. 248(rltes)(brydekamp), . (kampleg). ,-,...,., ..,,, Spark' rvkrok.(LaCroche)..(),,,..,,(luttemarron c'est--direlaCroche).-..XIXXX.. . .,,.: aler(,,,,..); 'traper; lacl(,..)418.,, .,418 Patrick Blanca, Frdric Rubio, Jrme Sanchez La Croche. Lutte traditionnelle runionnaise. Runion, 2006. P. 38. . ., . . XX . .., .. 249, . , . , , , , ., . . (),..(3 4 ), ( , ). , ,.,, , . . , . ll.., ., ,,,.,,( )419..,420.,,,,, -,,, . , -421..419 . . -, 1938. . 9-10.420 ( ). , 1989.421 . . -, 1938. . 10. - . . .., .. 250 .(,).,- (,),,..-.,,,, , .,-,-.. .-1997.. .,10:,,,,,,,, . . .,.,,.,,,.,, (,), (). (Cumberlandwrestling) (Cumberlandstylewrestling).,, .., .. 251.(Westmorlandstylewrestling).-,-- (Cumberland and Westmorland style). (Scottish HighlandGames)422. , - , XVII .,,-(),.,..,.,-,,. ,. ..:,,,.-,,, . , , - ,,. ,, 423.1823.Cumberlandstyle,Wrestliana, (William Litt).() (),,,..422 Kudlorzowat L. Igryska gorali szkockich // Kultura fizyczna. Warszawa, 1971. 2. S. 79-83.423 Kent G. A pictorial history of wrestling. London: Spring Books, 1968. P. 117. . . 1879 . .., .. 252 , ,,., . ,. 424. ,.,..., .,,.,.:,; ; ;;6();10; . , :,, , . , , , , .:; ;;425..,, ..h ( ). 4,424 . .: , 1937. . 186.425 , ..:.:,2001.42.;"":( ) / .. . - : , 2001. 74 .. .. . . .. . .., .. 253,. , ., . . 120-150 , 4-5 , ,. , -.... .(), (),., .(.), ( ,,), . ,,, . . .., .. 254,(,,). ,.( ) . , .,,.,..XIX. ( ): ,., 426.,, .,,-..,:()427...:,,,.23,:, 428.:, , .,, ( ). ,,,,,,,,..,;.,,..(),(),(), : , ..- ( ) 426 // . 1909. 23.427 . - (- ). : , 1964. . 175-176.428 .. . . , 1916. . 348-349. . .., .. 255. ,,- :(),, (). .:,,,,..,, .,,,-(-),.,429. , , , .,,,..:.,.. 430.,, . (())..,,, . , (.) . , ()( ; .,).,.().,,.,,,. .,..:(),429 . - (- ). : , 1964. . 175-176.430 .. : . :,1991. . 93.- . .., .. 256., ,, , ., ..,-, . ( : , . ,,.)..-,,431. ,.1992.,,,,,, . 1998 .,30.(). , . ,,..(),., .,,.().15-20.,.,20.,:,, .431 .-// . : , 1966. . 126-127. 1970- . .., .. 257 (), (),()( ).,,,-, ...,(,,1950): .(),().. : ,. . , ,. 432..,,()(.980-1037.), , . , , , : : ,, 433.432..,// . III. .: , 1963. . 137-138.433 . . 1. 2-. : , 1981. . 315. . 1915 . .., .. 258 -,,-,. .,. . . ( ). -, . ,,,.:, , , , . (.), ( ; ). ,.,, :.,,. . ., , 434. () ...,:()... , , . , ,.(),()...,, . , , ().434 . . . -, 1980. .., .. 259 . .-...,,, 435.(; : ),,.. ,,....,,,,,436.,:- () 435 ...:. . .-. , 2002.436 .. . ., 1887., 1901 . (1850 - 1929), , (). , - . .: . .., .. 260437.,:, 438.,..,,,,...... ,, :1.,, , .2.,, , .3. , .4. , 439.:,440. .437 .438 . // . . 34. , 1904. . 92.439 . / . .. , .. . : , 1991. . 46.440 .. . ., 1887. . .., .. 261.,, ( . )..,:, 441. , , 442.:.,.,, 443. , , : ? (?) ! ( !) , - 444.().,(),,,,-445. :,,446.,,,, .h,.(h) , , . -,,.he,.. .. : 447 448. ,. - - :441 .//, . . . . 1. ., 1874. . 46-47.442 . // . . 9. , 1930. .114.443 .. . ., 1887.444 . // .. . .: , 1992.445 , .446 . // . 1909. 20. . 11-12.447 (..).448 .. . , 1969. .., .. 262-. ; ; , ; , ; .., , , ,,.,;., . ,,.-,,.; ,,. ,, .,.,,,.; . ,,,;,,,.; ,,.,., , , . , , ,.,,,,., , 1913 . . .., .. 263,.- .,-,,,.., .-,,, , ,,,. , .,,; .-,,,,,,,.,,;,,,,.,,, , . , , ,,,, , .,,,,.,. . .., .. 264 , ,.:,,; . , , , , , ,, .,,,.,,, .,,,,,.,-. , ,,,,,. , . ,. ,,,,..-: , ;,.,-, . ,;,,, 449.()., ,449 . . 1. . : . -, 1987. . 292-295. . .., .. 265.,.,,:.:, . ,, , .450.-.,,., - . , ,,,,(),().., ., . . ( ). , 1200 . 450 . // . ., 1979. 10. . -, . 1650 . -, -. .., .. 266,. . ,.-, ..,-.(,),, .,.., ( ),..,,,., .-,.,. .-:(lapa,,); (homdalainu); -(lap-pa ) ; (jol).( lak),. .(,); 451 , - . ,, . ..,,(), () . ., .,,,:(),().()(),,451 . .., .. 267 . .,452 , , 453.; ; (),..,., . , ,.. ..,.,,...:,,, , 454.452 - ..453 .,// . . VI. , 1864.454 .. ( ). .: , 1977. . 196-197. . , XIX XX . .., .. 268(). (. II . I . ..), (. )..-,,,(II.)(V.),,,,, , . , ,.: , (), ,,-, -,. , -(),-().,,-,,, . . , 1760 . , . .., .. 269 -,,: ; (,); ; , .XVI.,(XVIXVIII.). II ., 1826 . .., .. 270,-,., -. , . , :,,XI. ,1947.,, . ,,-.(.),, ..,,XVIII.,. - (. ) , - (. ),-,,.-18, . . 1830 . . .., .. 271 , : , , ..,,.,455:1)();2)();3)();4)();5) (). , , -456,,,.., 457. ,(). - (-), ,-455 // (.. .). :JANUSBOOKS, 1999. . 231.456 .457 .: .. - // GEO. 1998. 3. . 30-36.. XIX ., , . .., .. 272. ,(). ,, , . .. , , 5-6 60-70 , 865.,, ., ,.-(),,. . , 1660 1680 . .., .. 273.,.64,,,,.,,458.() , .- . . 4(),459 (),()..,-16 460, (461 , , , ,), (), . (20-25),. (-) ,.-. --(, ),,,,,,..,(. ), -(, ),,.. , , , . 458 .459 2000 5000 .460 .://(...).:JANUS BOOKS, 1999. . 228-254.461 .,,,, , , . 1820- . .., .. 274 , .,()()462. , . -(, .). ,,463. -,,, 464. , , , . , , , . ,1012.,(),(),. -,. ,,,, .(),465 9, . ,,.,,,.,,466. , . . .. ,,.,,, ,.,,.,462 .463 ...//(. . .). : JANUS BOOKS, 1999. . 47.464 .: Alter J.S.The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India. Berkeley:University of CaliforniaPress, 1992.465 .466 .. - // GEO. 1998. 3. . 35. .., .. 275,. (!),- ..(467),,.(),,-., . .,468(1888-1953),.500., , -20-30.,.15-.,3000,1500-50469. 1909. ., ...,,, ., 15 13 ! ,,..,. , 467 - .468 .469 6000 4000 . . .., .. 276, . 15 . 470 42,, . , 5000 . , 20 .:,. (),.,,,,,. , 471.., , ,, .470 1928 .471 . . ., 1977. -. . .., .. 277 .().-,.,,(,,-472).,,,.( )...,.: , 473.,,- ., , , (. ). :,, , (,-, ) .-(.) , - , . (kem),,XX.:, [ ], 474.-.,.,-. , . (- ; ), () () : , ; .-, , , , .472 .. // . , 1992. . 91.473 ...-.,1909. .25.474 Gurdon P. R. T.The Khasis. London, 1914. P. 57. .., .. 278 , 475. - ., : ,,476.,,. ( ) , (Tatargrei, KrmTatargreiKrmTrkgrei).(.,) ,-,.(),(). , , ,,(),.,,:,, 477.-.,():.:-., 478.,.. - ... -() . , . ,-..5,- .475 . . .: . .., 1901. . 351.476 .. . : . .., 1904. . 49.477 .. XVIII XX . .: , 2000. . 55-56.478 . // . 1912. 8. .10. . . - . .., .. 279 ,.(kre),,-,. , , . . , .. -. ,. , (. ).,.,, .,479. . , , ()480. .l; (,,)(-)., : , 481.l , . , . ,,.:,. , 482.,. , .479 J.j//j . j, 1986.480 . J . j- // . . VIII, . 36. j,1985.481 .. . , 1963. . 91-92.482 . .., .. 280. , . .. , : 483. ,(. l;. l).,:,,.,... . , -, 484.-.() l(,). , - . , ,.(), (;),:,...,,. , , 485.483 .. 6 . . 2. ., 1949. . 485.484 .. . , 1963. . 91-92.485 . .32. . .., .. 281(Laamb; Lamb),-,,.: (maafir), (gbe), (borey, boreh, borreh) .., ,(). . ,,,,:,.,.:,.,,, , : , ,. 486.,,:,. , , . :486 . // . .: , 1981. . 1905 . .., .. 282,,,,.:!,,.,-.487., - , ,.,,..,,:, , .,.,..-,., . , II,,.488...,,, , . ,..,,487 . . .: , 1983.488 . // . ., 1994. 45 (344). . XX . .., .. 283 . - . . , .,-,.,,489. . ,, .., , (,,,,).,:,, , , , . ,,.., , 490. : .(,),()., : , , . ,:(),,,;;;,,;489 .. . .: , 1987. . 187; 189-190.490 . // . ., 1969. 12. . 13-14. . 1908 . .., .. 284(gal-gal)491.,(teyekoouolof)(seuseltousouf).,,,,,: (bote), (rignane), (pader)(kot),(degou),(yeno)., , .,, , , -,, . (Lancashire wrestling ), (Lancashirestylewrestling),-. .(Lancashirestyle) ,---(catch-as-catch-can),.., , ,(). 491 Frederic Rubio. Lutte Senegalaise et Lutte Olympique // EPS. 1983. 183. .60-63., . XX . .., .. 285;:(Lancashirewrestling)() ; ,., , -:,, .. (As you like it) , , , 492: . , ,.., , , , 493.: .--....-:(Catchgold) . .. 494. (Oldfree wrestling) , . . .. 495. ---,(jacket496wrestling),- (.. backhold wrestling)., , -.,,- , : . XX . : ., ,(,),;, , . 492-,. 1612 . XIX .493.(..-).8-..:, 1959. . 5.494 (, , ). .:, 1968. . 38.495 (, , ). .:, 1968. . 40.496 , Norfolk jacket. . , XV . .., .. 286,497,.,,1907.;1906 .; , , , 1920 . - - 498. ---,,,,III-.-.(Freestyle)., ,1904., .,, (catch) ( . wrestling ):,(). . , ,. . ,,,.. 499. ,..,497 --- ..498 --. - // . , 1928. 10. . 14-15.499 (, , ). .: , 1968. . .., .. 287 . : ,,. . -,.,,.,-. . , , , 500. . .,- ,.,,,,. , -,501. , -. . . , . .(.) (. ),,- .40-5020.,.,., ..-, -.500 Leif O. Manger. From the Mountains to the Plains. The Integration of the Lafofa Nuba into Sudanese Society. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1994. P. 68- 69.501 Leif O. Manger. From the Mountains to the Plains. The Integration of the Lafofa Nuba into Sudanese Society. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1994. P. 85, 148 149. .., .. 288,., , .(legdan) (legding),.. , . , ,,502.,(legdame).-503.(tartan),. , , - .,,-,,:.502 Marin G. Somali Games // Journal of The Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. V.61. -London, 1931. P. 500.503 . . Hasan Sarbakhshian. . XX . .., .. 289 ()(),()(; ; ; ; ).,, .,,,..,, . , , , - 504.,, : , ,,.,. ..:, . , , , . , (luchaleonesa ) (luche) ..,.: vueltasomaraas(--), luchasotrinchas(), valto ( ), alto o aluchas (- ). ,. , , (), . (. ; ).-504.:(3.,6.)..2..3;.4 .. : , 1994. . 149. . . .., .. 290 , , .,,,. . . ,.,,. ..:,,,..(,,..)505., ,.,..,,,. 506.(l),, ,.,l,.505 . . , 1968.506..//.- . . , 1952. , . Juan Ramn. .., .. 291 ( . ; . ), (13).(l), , . . (),( ) ( )., , 507:,.,,,;. ,,.., 508. ... , .. . . .., . ,., ., .(libanda).,.,,,,, (kamburi ) .,.507XIX.XX.. , . , . , - , .508.(XIX .XX .) // XIXXX . , 1980. . 71. .., .. 292, (,, .). .(mukumbusu), . - .(), 509...,,:,(),.,. . , . , . . ,,,.,,,() . , .(),(,),( ), ( ).,,,.,,.. , , ., , .-510,,,., .509 .510 .. . XX . , XX . .., .. 293,..,. ., .,.,,.,,.(),. , .--(),...,,,,,,-,. , ,,,.,,-,,(),.(12), 511.,...::(- )512. ,,. . .,.,,,:,,513.,.,..: , 511..( ). : , 1973. . 224-225.512..//.-.. . . , 1961.513 .. . .: , 1971. . 70. . .., .. 294., . .,,,514. , 515.,:,,.,. 516.-:,..-(),. 517. (lilaltin , ), (linalittin , ) , -. , -.-,. , .. ,-,,,. , ,. , . . , .... . ,,.,.514..( ). : , 1973. . 225.515..// . . XIX. , 1897. . 54.516 .. . .: , 1971. . 70.517..(-). .... . . . . , 1969. . 6. .., .. 295,.,.,, . , , ...,,, 8 . .(,), (),. ,,. ().,., . ,.,,,: (. . .) , ,, 518.,,,,,..,, : , ,,,,.,,.,,, 519.,,-,,:,, , ..520.518 - .. . . ., 1961. . 65-66.519 . . 66-67.520.. // . . 2. ., 1957. .240.. . . .., .. 296.:!.,. , - , . : , 521. (Loita ) (Loita Galega ) ,,-. 1986 ., . : tumbadela, A Chimpa, ir a botarloitas, ir a aloitar.,.. . , . ., . XIX. ,., .(loncotun),.,,.,.,521 .. . - . : , 1999. . 138. . .., .. 297, . .,.,.:,, 522. (),,. : -. . ( ..),.,.,..,. 523. (. ),-. --(.).. -- .,,..., . .(lotta; lutta)..,(luctatio;lucta) (certamen graecum) (ludigraeci),(pancration;pancratium)().522 ., . . .: , 1987. .170.523 . .202. . .., .. 298, (palaestra),(discerepalaestram certamengumnicum)()..524, (La lutte romana) . . . , .,,,-, , .,:XI -..,1469,,,,525.,,., XVI XVII . ,.-,,,.XVI.:, , 526.,. :.. (luctatiovulgaris). ,.,.-,.524 E.Zaschokke, W.Bossard. Schweizerisches Ringbchlein. Zrich, 1887. S.19.525 . . .: , 1982. .104.526..:, 1999. .102. . . .., .. 299,., . -, , .. -. , . , ,(-)., ,.,. , ( -) .(. . .).-.,. , ,.(),.,.,,,.,,,,.,527.(lottatradizionale),,.,..'(S'Istrumpa), (Istrumpa) (Lottasarda ),,-, . -., . '., . 1985.,, 1994 ., '.527 . // (). 1999. 1. . 27-28. . . .., .. 300 (. Lutta corsa ), (. Luttecorse) , .. .(Evince) ABracciuta(braccio ( )). ,.. , , ,. . (GJustra, Ghjustra) ,,1990-.. . . (mozza), (bragh), (a cinta) .,(,- ).,,(FTEV-Federazione Tradiziunale di E Vince) (Association Ghjustra). () , ..,, ,,,.,, . , , , . (lucha ) (lucha folklorica )..,,,, - .., .. 301(64-63... 23-24...), .VIVII.(570-638),.-., 18- , , .,,,:,,,.,, . , . . , , (. ), . (. ). ,,, (. ). .(. ).(1914-1994), azpiatzea528. . -, , .,.528 . : . . .: , 2004. . 234. . . .., .. 302 (. luchamoriscos) , -, ., , . .-.,.,.., .. , . .-(JuegosMoriscosdeAbenHumeya),,1993., . ( , ). (. ),, . ,6-12,., .(),,..,,,.-,529,,,,... , . ,,.,.529 . .., .. 303 (. la lutte ) , , , - (La lette greco-romaine) (Lhalerophilie)..,.,, .,.-,.,,, , . ,.(),(),(),, . , .,IVIX., , 2009 . .., .. 304,.,,. , .,.,, . , . .530.,- . ,,,,,,(),,, . . - . , , ,531.,,,,,530Beheim Schwarzbach.Gwiazda Burgundii.Powiez XIIIw.,t.z nie. Warszawa:C.LewandowskiejPIW,1963. wyd.1. S. 26-32.531 Ibid. S.123. . ., 1200-1240 . .., .. 305 .,.,,, , , , .. : , . XV . (la lutte a main plates 532), . ,,., . , ,, (Lasavate) (Labaton). . , - , , .532 Georges Dubosc. Le sport a travers les ages // Normandie Sports. Rouen, (4.IV.1922). ,,,((Oxyrhynchos))V.. -. Le poete Louis Bouilhet et les Jeux duCirque,, . 1909 . . Frdric Rouge (1867 - 1950). .., .. 306 XVI ., , ,.. , .I(15151547.)VIII(15091547).,. Camp du Drap dOr (. ). ,.. .,XV-XVI..,. (160-225 . ..) , : . 1588,16111665533. , .,XVII.,,, , , XIX ., . .().533 .: Czeslaw Borejsza. Z bada nad geneza nowoczesnego sportu atletycznego we Francji i Woszech // Zeczytnaukowy. Warszawa, 1974. 8, S.11-12. , la lutte a main plates ( ). .., .. 307:, (La lutte a main plates) (Gouren) (. ).-, , .,,XIX.:(JeanDupuis),(Exbrayat),(Marsielle),()(Rossignol-Rollin),(SharlesArpin),(Fournier),(FelixBernard). , ,(Rigal),(Doublie)(Christol).,, 1841 . ,.-, , (la luttefrancaise) XIX .,,,,-(. -).,19481991..,,1920-30-.(,,,,.), - . 1893 . ,1896.. - , . .., .. 3081914 ..,,., -,, .,,, . , - Brancaille(- Brancace).-,-,: (la lutte suisse libre - ) (lalutte au caleon, , , )..,.,,,,(),. .,XIX-XX.., , .. , 534. - (. )- laluttesuisselibre..535, , , ,:,..534.:CzesawBorejsza.PocztkinowoczesnychzapaswiwiczesiowychwSzwajcarii//MateriayDorocznej sesji naukowej odbyzej w dniach 24 i 25 cznia 1966 r. / AWF im Gen. Broni Karola Swierczewskiega. Warszawa, 1966. S. 170.535 L.Ballery. Encyclopedie des Sports. Librarie Larousse: Paris, 1956. S.321. - . .., .. 309,.,, ()-,,-,. 5 .., (. ).(lalutteCorse ) (Evince), - . . 1899 . ( ). .., .. 310(-),-. , . , .. , :.536, . . , 537.., ( - ,), .,.. , ( -: ; ).,:(...),..,-. , 538.,, , ,: , ...,, . -, ., . (2, 4, 6) , 2 3 539. ,,-, .,, : ( ) .536 , ..537 . . , 1967.538 .539 . . , , 2010. . .., .. 311 ,.-(),..,, - . (Malakh), (Malakhda) ,(). ,(; ),- . ,...(). . -,,().,,-, , .,,.. (,), (,;), ( ; ; ) , - (). , -, I . .. . , XV ., , -...:.,.,, . .., .. 312,, ,, 540.,, (), .,.,, .,,. , , . . ,-,.,,(540..()//: . ., 1983. .176. . .., .. 313). .,,: ( ), .,,,.;,,., ();, 541.(,),(, ), (., ) (. ).541 . . . . , 1877. . 57-58. . . .., .. 314(mamau),..1904...:tawhatotononokemamau542.,,,Tetakaroringaringa543. kukumi.,,.,-, , . . , . -(), 12 4-5542 Edward Robert Tregear. The Maori Race. Wanganui, 1904. P. 57-58.543 TaylorR.TeIkaaMaui:Or,NewZealandanditsinhabitants,illustratingtheorigin,manners,customs,mythology,religion,rites,songs,proverbs,fables,and...principalchiefs,andtheirpresentposition.London,1870. P. 173. . (1805 .), 11-20.