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MICROCONTROLL

ER LABMANUAL

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MICROCONTROLLER LAB

LIST OF EXPERIMENT (B.Tech., VIIth Sem, EEE)

1. TO UNDERSTAND THE BASIC ARITHMETIC AND INTRODUCTION

TO 8!1 MICROCONTROLLER.

 1(") #$%te "& ALP t' ", *+t$"ct m*-t%-/ , %0%%'& ' t2' 8 +%t

&*m+e$. N*m+e$ "$e %& Re3%te$ %& R1 R4. Re*-t ' "%t%'& %&

$e3%te$ %& R, *+t$"ct%'& %& R5, +'$$'2 % "&/ %& R6, Re*-t '

m*-t%-%c"t%'& %& Re3%te$ R! R7, Re*-t ' %0%%'& , *'t%e&t %& R9,

Rem"%&e$ %& R ' RB1. D%-"/ "-- $e*-t '& '$t :1; LED B"&< 2%th " !

ec e-"/.

1(+) #$%te "& ALP t' AND, OR, NOT XOR ' t2' 8 +%t &*m+e$.

N*m+e$ "$e %& Re3%te$ %& R1 R4. Re*-t ' ANDIN= %& Re3%te$ R,

ORIN= %& R5, Ne3"t%'& %& Re3%te$ R! R7, XORIN= %& R9. D%-"/ "--

$e*-t '& P'$t :1; LED B"&< 2%th " ! ec e-"/.

1(c) #$%te "& ALP t' " ' t2' +/te &*m+e$. 1t  t2' +/te &*m+e$ "$e %&

Re3%te$ R1 R4 "& 4& t2' +/te &*m+e$ "$e %& Re3%te$ %& R5, R6,

Re*-t ' "%t%'& %& Re3%te$ R!,R7,R9. D%-"/ "-- $e*-t '& '$t :1; LEDB"&< 2%th " !ec e-"/.

1 () #$%te "& ALP t' *+t$"ct ' t2' +/te &*m+e$ $'m "&'the$ t2' +/te

&*m+e$. 1t  t2' +/te &*m+e$ "$e %& Re3%te$ R1 R4 "& 4& t2' +/te

&*m+e$ "$e %& Re3%te$ %& R5, R6, Re*-t ' *+t$"ct%'& %& Re3%te$ R!,R7,

+'$$'2 % "&/ %& R9. D%-"/ "-- $e*-t '& '$t :1; LED B"&< 2%th " !ec

e-"/.

1 (e) #$%te "& ALP t' " :&; +/te &*m+e$ t'$e %& e>te$&"- RAM(St"$t%&3 "$e ? "& &' ' +/te % 1 '$ Ah). 1t  t2' +/te &*m+e$

"$e %& Re3%te$ R R1 "& 4& t2' +/te &*m+e$ "$e %& Re3%te$ %& R4, R5.

Re*-t ' "%t%'& %& Re3%te$ R!,R7,R9. D%-"/ "-- $e*-t '& '$t :1; LED

B"&< 2%th " !ec e-"/.

4. COP@ BLOC AND SHIFT BLOC 

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4 (") #$%te "& ALP t' m'0e +-'c< ' "t" +/te $ee&t %& %&te$&"- mem'$/

2%th t"$t%&3 "$e 1h "& e&%&3 "$e 4h t' the et%&"t%'&

mem'$/ 2%th t"$t%&3 "$e 5h. (#%th'*t '0e$-").N*m+e$ "$e %&

Re3%te$ R1,R4,. Re*-t ' 2%th'*t '0e$-"%&3 %& Re3%te$ R. D%-"/ "--$e*-t '& P'$t :1; LED B"&< 2%th " ! ec e-"/.

4 (+) #$%te "& ALP t' m'0e +-'c< ' "t" +/te $ee&t %& %&te$&"-

mem'$/ 2%th t"$t%&3 "$e 1h "& e&%&3 "$e 4h t' the

et%&"t%'& mem'$/ 2%th "t"$t%&3 "$e 1!h. (#%th O0e$-").

4 (c) #$%te "& ALP t' m'0e +-'c< ' "t" +/te $ee&t %& e>te$&"-

mem'$/ 2%th t"$t%&3 "$e 8h t' the et%&"t%'& mem'$/ 2%th

t"$t%&3 "$e ?h "& %e ' "$$"/ % 1h.

4 () #$%te "& ALP t' e>ch"&3e +-'c< ' "t" +/te $ee&t %& e>te$&"-

mem'$/. St"$t%&3 "$e ' %$t % 8h "& t"$t%&3 "$e ' 'the$

+-'c< ?h "& %e ' "$$"/ % 1h.

5.HEX TO BCD CONVERSION

5 (") #$%te "& ALP t' %--*t$"te he>"ec%m"- * c'*&te$ 2%th " 3%0e&t"$t%&3 "& e&%&3 0"-*e. St"$t%&3 R"&3e % H, E&%&3 R"&3e % FFH,

Re3%te$ *e R,R1,R5,R7.

5 (+) #$%te "& ALP t' %--*t$"te he>"ec%m"- '2& c'*&te$ 2%th " 3%0e&

t"$t%&3 "& e&%&3 0"-*e. St"$t%&3 R"&3e % FFH, E&%&3 R"&3e % H.

5 (c) #$%te "& ALP t' %--*t$"te ec%m"- * c'*&te$ 2%th " 3%0e& t"$t%&3

"& e&%&3 0"-*e. St"$t%&3 R"&3e % H, E&%&3 R"&3e % ??H, Re3%te$

*e R, R1, R5,R7.

5 () #$%te "& ALP t' %--*t$"te ec%m"- '2& c'*&te$ 2%th " 3%0e&

t"$t%&3 "& e&%&3 0"-*e. St"$t%&3 R"&3e % ??H, E&%&3 R"&3e % H,

Re3%te$ *e R, R1, R5,R7.

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5 (e) #$%te "& ALP t' c'&0e$t ec%m"- &*m+e$ t' %t e*%0"-e&t

he>"ec%m"- &*m+e$. I&*t Re3%te$ % R, O*t*t Re3%te$ % R1.

5 () #$%te "& ALP t' c'&0e$t he>"ec%m"- &*m+e$ t' %t e*%0"-e&t

ec%m"- &*m+e$. I&*t Re3%te$ % R, O*t*t Re3%te$ % R4.

5 (3) #$%te "& ALP t' c'&0e$t ec%m"- &*m+e$ t' %t e*%0"-e&t ASCII

c'e. I&*t Re3%te$ % R1

5 (h) #$%te "& ALP t' c'&0e$t ASCII c'e t' %t e*%0"-e&t ec%m"-

&*m+e$. I&*t Re3%te$ % R1.

5 (%) #$%te "& ALP t' c'&0e$t BCD t' %t e*%0"-e&t ASCII c'e. I&*t

Re3%te$ % R.

6. PAC ARRA@ OF UNPACED BCD DI=ITS FIND LAR=EST AND

SMALLEST INTE=ERS OF AN ARRA@

6 (") U%&3 '&-/ '&e '%&te$, R, "c< t2' "$$"/ ' BCD %3%t t' c$e"te "

th%$ "$$"/. The h%3het %3%t "$e "0"%-"+-e $'m 5H t' 5FH. L'2e$ %3%t

"$e "0"%-"+-e $'m 6H t' 6FH. P"cte$&"- mem'$/ 2%th "t"$t%&3 "$e ?h "& %e ' "& "$$"/ % 1h *%&3 +*++-e '$t

tech&%*e

9. #$%te "& ALP t' e"$ch " +/te %& "$$"/ ' +/te t'$e %& e>te$&"- RAM

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8. FIND THE SUM OF FACTORIALS

8(") A e2 $"&'m *&%3&e %&te3e$ "$e t'$e $'m the %&te$&"- "t"

mem'$/ -'c"t%'& 51H '&2"$. N*m+e$ ' te$m (N) % "0"%-"+-e %& -'c"t%'&

5H. A*m%&3 th"t &'&e ' thee &*m+e$ % 3$e"te$ th"& !, %& the"ct'$%"- ' thee %&te3e$ "& the& %& the%$ *m. A*me th"t the *m

2'*- &'t e>cee 8+%t 0"-*e.

8(+) #$%te "& ALP t' em'&t$"te c"-- "& $et*$& %&t$*ct%'& *%&3 "

$'3$"m t' %& "ct'$%"- ' " &*m+e$.

?. #AP TO BLIN 8 LED;S CONNECTED TO PORT 1.

(%) A-- LED;S t' +-%&< t'3ethe$ '$ ! ec the& "-- LED;S ' '$ ! ec. Th%

h'*- 3' '& c'&t%&*'*-/.

(%%) A-te$&"te LED;S (%.e. c'&&ecte t' ' e0e& %& ' '$t 1) t' 3-'2 '$ !

ec.

(%%%) De0e-' " $'3$"m ' th"t the LED %&te$"ce 2%th P'$t P1. +-%&

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1(") #$%te "& ALP t' ", *+t$"ct m*-t%-/ , %0%%'& ' t2' 8 +%t &*m+e$. N*m+e$

"$e %& Re3%te$ %& R1 R4. Re*-t ' "%t%'& %& $e3%te$ %& R, *+t$"ct%'& %& R5, +'$$'2

% "&/ %& R6, Re*-t ' m*-t%-%c"t%'& %& Re3%te$ R! R7, Re*-t ' %0%%'& , *'t%e&t %&

R9, Rem"%&e$ %& R ' RB1. D%-"/ "-- $e*-t '& '$t :1; LED B"&< 2%th " ! ec e-"/.

A$e L"+e- M&em'&%c C'mme&t8 MOV R1,#20H First no

MOV R2,#10H Second no

MOV A,R1 ADDITION

RO=R1-R2ADD A,R2

MOV R0,A

LCALL DLA! "Sec

MOV A,R1

S$$ A,R2

MOV R%,A

&C 'T

MOV

LCALL DLA! "sec

MOV A,R1 MLTI(LICATION

R)=R1*R2MOV $,R2

ML A$

MOV R",A

LCALL DLA! "sec

MOV A,R1 DIVISION

R"=R1+R2MOV $,R2

DIV A$

MOV R",A

LCALL DLA! "sec

LCALL 000%HDLA! "sec

 1(+) #$%te "& ALP t' AND, OR, NOT XOR ' t2' 8 +%t &*m+e$. N*m+e$ "$e %& Re3%te$ %&

R1 R4. Re*-t ' ANDIN= %& Re3%te$ R, ORIN= %& R5, Ne3"t%'& %& Re3%te$ R! R7,

XORIN= %& R9. D%-"/ "-- $e*-t '& P'$t :1; LED B"&< 2%th " ! ec e-"/.

A$e L"+e- M&em'&%c C'mme&t

000 MOV R1,#20H First $!T

MOV R2,#10H Second $!T

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MOV A,R1 ANDIN'

R0=R1 AND R2ANL A,R2

MOV R0,A

MOV M,A

LCALL DLA! "sec

MOV A,R1 ORIN'

R%=R1 OR R2ORL A,R2

MOV R%,A

MOV M,A

LCALL DLA! "sec

MOV A,R1 N'ATION

R)=R1C(L A

MOV R),A

MOV M,A

LCALL DLA! "sec

MOV A,R1 *ORIN'

R"=R1 *OR R2*RL A,R2

MOV R",AMOV M,A

LCALL DLA! "sec

LCALL 000%H

DLA! " sec

1(c) #$%te "& ALP t' " ' t2' +/te &*m+e$. 1t  t2' +/te &*m+e$ "$e %& Re3%te$ R1 R4 "& 4&

t2' +/te &*m+e$ "$e %& Re3%te$ %& R5, R6, Re*-t ' "%t%'& %& Re3%te$ R!,R7,R9. D%-"/ "--

$e*-t '& '$t :1; LED B"&< 2%th " !ec e-"/.

A$e L"+e- M&em'&%c C'mme&t

8 MOV R1,#12 %)12

."/

-------

0AC/

MOV R2,#%)

MOV R%,#"/

MOV R),#.

MOV R.,#00 %rd te=0

CLR C

MOV A,R1

ADD A,R%

MOV R",A

MOV M,ALCALL DLA! "sec

MOV A,R2

ADDC A,R)

MOV R/,A

MOV M,A

LCALL DLA! "sec

&NC SI(

MOV R.,#01 %rd te=1

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MOV M,A

LCALL DLA! "sec

SIP LCALL 000%

DLA! " sec

1 () #$%te "& ALP t' *+t$"ct ' t2' +/te &*m+e$ $'m "&'the$ t2' +/te &*m+e$. 1t  t2' +/te

&*m+e$ "$e %& Re3%te$ R1 R4 "& 4& t2' +/te &*m+e$ "$e %& Re3%te$ %& R5, R6, Re*-t '

*+t$"ct%'& %& Re3%te$ R!,R7, +'$$'2 % "&/ %& R9. D%-"/ "-- $e*-t '& '$t :1; LED B"&< 2%th "

!ec e-"/.

A$e L"+e- M&em'&%c C'mme&t

8 MOV R1,#"/ ."/

%)12------

))))

MOV R2,#.MOV R%,%12

MOV R),#%)

CLR C

MOV A,R1

S$$ A,R2

MOV R",A

MOV M,A

LCALL DLA! "sec

MOV A,R2

S$$ A,R)

MOV R/,A

MOV M,A

LCALL DLA! "sec

LCALL 000%

DLA! "sec

1 (e) #$%te "& ALP t' " :&; +/te &*m+e$ t'$e %& e>te$&"- RAM (St"$t%&3 "$e ? "& &'

' +/te % 1 '$ Ah). 1t  t2' +/te &*m+e$ "$e %& Re3%te$ R R1 "& 4& t2' +/te &*m+e$ "$e %&

Re3%te$ %& R4, R5. Re*-t ' "%t%'& %& Re3%te$ R!,R7,R9. D%-"/ "-- $e*-t '& '$t :1; LED

B"&< 2%th " !ec e-"/.

A$e L"+e- M&em'&%c C'mme&t

8 MOV R0,#0A No o3 tes

MOV R1,#00 R1=SM=0

MOV D(TR,#4000 D(TR=4000

LOOP MOV* A,5D(TR 

ADD A,R1 S67=s678n9i:

INC D(TR 

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D&N; R0,LOO(

LCALL 000%

4. COP@ BLOC 

P$'+-em C'/ " +-'c< ' 4 +/te ' "t" "0"%-"+-e $'m "$e 7H t' 95H t' the -'c"t%'&

t"$t%&3 $'m 6H.

S'-*t%'&

The "t" "0"%-"+-e +et2ee& 7H "& 95H ' the %&te$&"- RAM "$e", h'2& "t -et, % t' +e c'%e %&

the "me e*e&ce t' RAM -'c"t%'& 6H '&2"$.

A the "$ee "$e e*e&t%"- %& th% c"e, %t % $ee$"+-e t' *e '%&te$, 2h%ch c"& +em"&%*-"te e"%-/. The$e'$e, R "& R1 m"/ +e %&%t%"-%e +/ the t"$t%&3 "$e ' '*$ce "&

et%&"t%'& "$e". A&'the$ $e3%te$, "/ R9, m"/ +e *e " " c'*&te$ t'

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COP@IT MOV A, GR 3et 1 +/te $'m '*$ce -'c"t%'&

MOV GR1,A t'$e %t %& et%&"t%'&

INC R &e>t '*$ce "$e

INC R1 &e>t et%&"t%'& "$e

DN R9, COP@IT

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START MOV R, !9H '%&t -"t -'c"t%'& ' '*$ce

MOV R1, !8H '%&t -"t -'c"t%'& ' et%&"t%'&

MOV R9, 8H %&%t%"-%e c'*&te$ '$ e%3ht h%t 'e$"t%'&

Sh%t%&3 'e$"t%'& ' 8 +/te t"$t $'m he$e.

SHIFT MOV A,G R 3et " +/te $'m '*$ce

MOV G R1, A t'$e %t %& %t et%&"t%'&

DEC R '%&t t' &e>t '*$ce

DEC R1 '%&t t' &e>t et%&"t%'&

DEC R9, SHIFT -'' '& e%3ht t%me

R9 %&%c"te th"t the 'e$"t%'& % '0e$.

Ne>t %&t$*ct%'& % *e t' te$m%&"te the $'3$"m.

OVER SMP OVER te$m%&"te he$e.

I& c"e ' h%t%&3 '2&, '%&te$ 2'*- h"0e +ee& -'"e '$ the 'the$ e& (!H "& 6FH) "&

2'*- h"0e +ee& %&c$eme&te "te$ e0e$/ %te$"t%'&.

4 (") . #$%te "& ALP t' m'0e +-'c< ' "t" +/te $ee&t %& %&te$&"- mem'$/ 2%th t"$t%&3 "$e

1h "& e&%&3 "$e 4h t' the et%&"t%'& mem'$/ 2%th t"$t%&3 "$e 5h. (#%th'*t

'0e$-"). N*m+e$ "$e %& Re3%te$ R1,R4,. Re*-t ' 2%th'*t '0e$-"%&3 %& Re3%te$ R. D%-"/ "--

$e*-t '& P'$t :1; LED B"&< 2%th " ! ec e-"/.

A$e L"+e- M&em'&%c C'mme&t

? MOV R1,#10H St

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4 (+) #$%te "& ALP t' m'0e +-'c< ' "t" +/te $ee&t %& %&te$&"- mem'$/ 2%th t"$t%&3 "$e

1h "& e&%&3 "$e 4h t' the et%&"t%'& mem'$/ 2%th "t"$t%&3 "$e 1!h.(#%th O0e$-").

A$e L"+e- M&em'&%c C'mme&t

? MOV R1,#10H Stte$&"- mem'$/ 2%th t"$t%&3 "$e

8h t' the et%&"t%'& mem'$/ 2%th t"$t%&3 "$e ?h "& %e ' "$$"/ % 1h.

A$e L"+e- M&em'&%c C'mme&t

8! MOV R0,#10H Si>e o3

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4 () #$%te "& ALP t' e>ch"&3e +-'c< ' "t" +/te $ee&t %& e>te$&"- mem'$/. St"$t%&3 "$e ' 

%$t % 8h "& t"$t%&3 "$e ' 'the$ +-'c< ?h "& %e ' "$$"/ % 1h.

A$e L"+e- M&em'&%c C'mme&t

8! MOV R0,#10H Si>e o3

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"+en heade!"mal n#mber ma0 be d"+"ded b0 ',d or ,AH. The 1#o%"en%be!ome$ %he m$4 and %he rema"nder be!ome$ %he l$ BCD d""%$. The&ollo("n "$ %he -roram &or HEX %o BCD !on+er$"on ("%h"n %he BCD l"m"% o& 77.

8 Proram %o !on+er% an arra0 o& heade!"mal d""%$ %o %he"r BCDe1#"+alen%.

8 A$$#med all en%r"e$ o& "n-#% arra0 are le$$ %han /9H )',,d*.

8 Con+er$"on BCD n#mber$ re-la!e or""nal heade!"mal n#mber$ b0de$%ro0"n %hem.

HXBCD: MOV R;43,H 8 load N "n !o#n%er

  MOV R,4

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  SAP A 8 -la!e MS BCD d""%$"n "%$ -la!e

  ORL A4B 8 mere ("%h LS BCDd""%

  RET

3 )a* r"%e an ALP %o "ll#$%ra%e heade!"mal #- !o#n%er ("%h a "+en$%ar%"n and end"n +al#e. S%ar%"n Rane "$ ,,H4 End"n Rane "$ ,@@H4Re"$%er #$ed R,4R'4R34R/.

Addre$$ Label Mnemon"! Commen%,,, MOV A4

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3 )!* r"%e an ALP %o "ll#$%ra%e de!"mal #- !o#n%er ("%h a "+en $%ar%"nand end"n +al#e. S%ar%"n Rane "$ ,,H4 End"n Rane "$ ,77H4 Re"$%er#$ed R,4 R'4 R34R/.

Addre$$ Label Mnemon"! Commen%,,, MAIN MOV A4

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Addre$$ Label Mnemon"! Commen%,,, MOV R,4

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@"r$% d%7,,, CONV CLR C7,,' SUBB A4

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7,,, CONV MOV A4R,ANL A4

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a+a"lable &rom 9,H %o 9@H. Pa!2ed BCD n#mber$ are %o be $%ored &rom 6,H%o 6@H.

Sol#%"on

A$ %h"$ -roblem$ deal ("%h %he %hree arra0$4 %hree d"eren% -o"n%er$ are

enerall0 e-e!%ed. Ho(e+er4 e+en ("%h a $"nle -o"n%er "% ma0 be $ol+edea$"l0 a$ $ome $0mme%r0 e"$%$ "n da%a $%r#!%#re o& %h"$ -roblem.

The -roblem ("%h a &e( $am-le "n-#%$ and o#%-#%$. A$ an eam-le !a$e4ma0 "nd"!a%e %ha% , %o be addre$$ 3,H and ,5 MA BE COPIED @ROMADDRESS 9,h. A&%er -a!2"n %he$e %(o4 %he -a!2ed n#mber 5 "$ %o be$a+ed "n %he lo!a%"on 6,H. I% ma0 be ob$er+ed %ha% la$% 9 b"%$ o& all %he$e%hree addre$$e$ are "den%"!al )3,H4 9,H4 6,H*. Onl0 MS 9 b"%$ are!han"n a$ 3494 and 6. U%"l"J"n %h"$ $-e!"al !a$e$4 (e ma0 de+elo- %he-roram #$"n onl0 one -o"n%er4 R,. The alor"%hm and !om-le%e -roram

(o#ld be a$ &ollo($.Aloor"%hm

S%e- no': Sele!% ban2

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8 @"r$% %hree "n$%r#!%"on$ !om-le%e %he "n"%"al"Ja%"on -ro!e$$.

PACGAR : MOV PS4

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8 Po"n%er "$ no( $ho("n %he $a+"n lo!a%"on. Sa+e %he -a!2ed n#mber&rom %he a!!#m#la%or.

  MOV =R,4A 8 $%ore %he -a!2ed n#mber.

8 Pro!e$$ %he -o"n%er %o %are% %he Kr$% arra0 )!hane 6 %o 3*.

  ANL ,,H4

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  MOV R,4NC NXTNUM 8 R3 "$ le$$ %han %he!#rren% %erm

  MOV R34A 8 #-da%e R3 b0 %he$maller %erm.

8 Che!2"n o& one %erm "$ o+er. Po"n% %o %he ne% %erm and loo- on4 "&ne!e$$ar0.

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NXTNUM: INC R, 8 -o"n% %o %he ne%4 "&an0

  D>N? R;4 LOOP 8 !on%"n#e %"ll %he la$%%erm

  RET

6. r"%e an ALP %o Knd lare$% elemen%$ "n a "+en arra0 -re$en% "ne%ernal memor0 ("%h a $%ar%"n addre$$ 7,,h and $"Je o& arra0 "$ ',h.

Addre$$ Label Mnemon"! Commen%,,, MOV R,4NE R,4

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MOVX A4=DPTR A!!$e!ond noMOV R34ASUBB A4R3 Com-are >NC SGIPXCH A4R5 E!hane

SGIP MOVX =DPTR4A B" no EmenDEC 5H DPLDPL'MOV A4R5MOV A4R5 Small no EmenMOVX =DPTR4AINC DPTRDEC R,C>NE R,4NE R'4N? R,4LOOPLCALL ,,,3

@"nd %he S#m o& @a!%or"al$

Problem$

A &e( random #n$"ned "n%eer$ are $%ored &rom %he "n%ernal da%a memor0lo!a%"on 3'H on(ard$. N#mber o& %erm )N* "$ a+a"lable "n lo!a%"on 3,H.A$$#m"n %ha% none o& %he$e n#mber$ "$ rea%er %han 64 Knd %he &a!%or"al$o& %he$e "n%eer$ and %hen Knd %he"r $#m. A$$#me %ha% %he $#m (o#ld no%e!eed b"% +al#e.

Sol#%"on

@a!%or"al o& an0 "n%eer4 $a0 X4 "$ !al!#la%ed b0 m#l%"-l0"n all "n%eer$&rom X %o'. Al%ho#h MCS6' oer$ "n$%r#!%"on &or m#l%"-l"!a%"on4 %ha% "$

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MUL AB. M#l%"-l"!a%"on ma0 al$o be done b0 re-ea%ed add"%"on. "%ho#%#$"n MUL "n$%r#!%"on4 a $#bro#%"ne ma0 be de+elo-ed %o Knd %he -rod#!%o& %he "n%eer$ b0 re-ea%ed add"%"on$.

Ano%her $#bro#%"ne ma0 be -lanned &or !al!#la%"n %he &a!%or"al o& an0

"n%eer$. The ma"n -roram "$ %o !all %h"$ $#bro#%"ne and !al!#la%e %he$#m o& &a!%or"al o& %he random "n%eer$ o& %he arra0.

8 Proram %o !al!#la%e %he $#m o& &a!%or"al$ o& %he random "n%eer$ o& anarra0.

8 A% re%#rn4 %he $#m (o#ld be "n R5.

8 Re"$%er$ )ban2

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8 Name: @ACTO

8 @#n!%"on: Cal!#la%e$ %he &a!%or"al o& an "n%eer$ )le$$ %han /*

8 In-#% : A !on%a"n$ %he "n%eer$

8 O#%-#% : A !on%a"n$ %he &a!%or"al +al#e

8 Call$: PRODCT

8 U$e$: A4 R34 R9

@ACTO: MOV R94A

  DEC A 8 ne% lo(er n#mber

  MOV R34A 8 ne% lo(er n#mber !#m!o#n%er

MULTI: ACALL PRODCT

  MOV R94A

  D>N? R34 MULTI

  RET

8 Name: PRODCT

8 @#n!%"on: Cal!#la%e$ %he -rod#!% o& %he %(o #n$"ned "n%eer$ b0

m#l%"-le add"%"on$.8 In-#%: R3 and R9 ha+"n %(o "n%eer$

8 O#%-#%: Prod#!% a+a"lable "n %he a!!#m#la%or. R3 rema"n$#n!haned R9 !leared.

8 Call$: None

8 U$e$: A4 R34R9

PRODCT: CLR A

ADDIT: ADD A4 R3

  D>N? R94 ADDIT

  RET

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. r"%e an ALP %o demon$%ra%e !all and re%#rn "n$%r#!%"on #$"n a-roram %o Knd &a!%or"al o& a n#mber.

Addre$$ Label Mnemon"! Commen%,,, MOV R,4MP 7,,, L>MP @ACT

7. AP %o bl"n2 LEDS !onne!%ed %o -or% '.

)"* All LEDS %o bl"n2 %oe%her &or 6 $e! %hen all LEDS o &or 6 $e!. Th"$$ho#ld o on !on%"n#o#$l0.

Proram: MOV P'4< ,@@H8

  CAL: DELA6 SEC8

  MOV P'43 ,,H8

  CALL DELA 6SEC8

  >MP)""* Al%erna%e LEDS )".e. !onne!%ed %o odd e+en -"n$ o& -or% '* %o lo(&or 6 $e!

Proram: MOV P'4< ,AAH8

  DELA 

  4

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"n%er&a!ed ("%h a !#rren% l"m"% o& '6 mA )abo#% ;mA &or h"h "n%en$"%0LED$*.

 >#$% l"2e ord"nar0 d"ode$4 LED$ are al$o ha+"n -olar"%"e$: anode and!a%hode $ho($ %(o +"e($ o& an LED alon ("%h "%$ $0mbol. @or ea$"er

re!on"%"on o& -olar"%04 enerall0 %he lead &or anode "$ -ro+"ded loner%han %ha% o& %he !a%hode. hen +"e(ed &rom %o-4 !a%hode $"de "$ $een a$ aa% $#r&a!e and no% a ro#nded one l"2e anode.

LED$ are $"m-le$% %0-e o& "nd"!a%or$ and ma0 be #$ed %o d"$-la0 %(o$%a%e$4 o and on. To "n%er&a!e LED$4 (e m#$% remember %ha%

 

LED$ lo( onl0 (hen %he0 are &or(ard b"a$ed andThe"r re$"$%an!e "$ almo$% Jero &or all -ra!%"!al -#r-o$e.

I% mean$ %ha% %he0 m#$% be "n%er&a!ed ("%h -ro-er -olar"%0 and ("%h are$"$%an!e "n $er"e$. Th"$ re$"$%an!e "$ a !#rren% l"m"%"n re$"$%or4 and"%$ +al#e "$ %o be !al!#la%ed a$ -er %he a--l"ed +ol%ae and !#rren% l"m"%o& %he LED. A $"m-le LED "n%er&a!e "$ -re$en%ed "n K#re4 (here -or%-"n P'., "$ #$ed %o dr"+e %he LED. No%e %ha% "& %he LED "$ %o be %#rned onb0 lo"! ,4 %hen "% ma0 be d"re!%l0 !onne!%ed ("%h %he -or% -"n 4 (h"!hha$ %he !a-abl"l"%0 o& $o#r!"n o& %he -or% -"n be!ome$ a !on$%ra"n%. Toel"m"na%e %h"$ -roblem4 %he -or% -"n ma0 #$e a b#er4 l"2e an "n+er%era%e4 (h"!h (o#ld en!han!e %he !#rren% $o#r!"n l"m"%.

Problem

De+elo- a -roram $o %ha% %he LED "n%er&a!ed ("%h Por% P'., bl"n2$

!on%"n#o#$l0.

Sol#%"on

A$ bl"n2"n "$ no%h"n b#% "n%er!han"n %he on and o $%a%e$ o& %heLED4 %here&ore4 a$$#m"n e1#al d#ra%"on$ o& on and o $%a%e$4 %he&ollo("n ro#%"ne ma0 be #$ed.

8 Bl"n2"n LED.

  BLING: CPL P'., 8 %ole %he -re+"o#$ $%a%e o&

%he LED  ACALL DELA 8 (a"% &or $ome %"me

  S>MP BLING 8 re-ea% )"nKn"%e loo-*

8 Dela0 $#bro#%"ne

  DELA: MOV R;4

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  DELA': MOV R/4N? R/4DELA5

  D>N? R;4 DELA'

  RET

Problem

T(o 2e0$ and one LED are "n%er&a!ed ("%h ,6' . De+elo- a $o&%(are $o%ha% G' (o#ld %#rn %he LED on and G5 (o#ld %#rn "% o.

Sol#%"on

A$ "% ma0 be ob$er+ed 2e0$ G' and G5 are "n%er&a!ed ("%h Por% -"n$P3., and P3.'4 re$-e!%"+el04 (h"le %he LED "$ "n%er&a!ed ("%h Por% -"nP3.;. Moreo+er4 a$ -er %he -roblem deKn"%"on4 G' (o#ld %#rn on %he LED(h"le G5 (o#ld %#rn "% o. Th"$ ma0 be a!h"e+ed b0 %he &ollo("n$#bro#%"ne.

8 LED !on%rol ("%h %(o 2e0$.

8 @"r$% "n$%r#!%"on "$ &or "n"%"al"Ja%"on.

LEDON@: ORL P34C NEXT' 8 G' no% a!%"+e

  CLR P3.; 8 G' a!%"+e4 %#rn LED on

  S>MP RDGE 8 read 2e0$ aa"n

  NEXT': RRC A 8 %o !he!2 G5

  >C RDGE 8 G5 "na!%"+e4 o ba!2 %o read2e0$

  SETB P3.; 8 G5 a!%"+e4 %#rn LED o 

  S>MP RDGE 8 loo- on &or 2e0$

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''. ha% "$ %"mer

In eneral4 a T"mer ma0 be !on$"dered a$ a $"m-le m#l%"b"% Co#n%er4 (h"!h-rod#!e$ a $"nal a% %he %"me o& "%$ o+ero( or #ndero( d#r"n!o#n%"n4 de-end"n #-on (he%her "% "$ !o#n%"n #- or do(n. A !lo!2

$"nal "$ ne!e$$ar0 %o a!%"+a%e %h"$ !o#n%"n -ro!e$$. A $"m-l"Ked o& ah0-o%he%"!al 5 b"% T"mer.

A$ (e ma0 ob$er+e4 %he 5b"% #- Co#n%er "$ "n"%"all0 !leared4 and ("%he+er0 !lo!2 -#l$e )&all"n ede*4 %he Co#n%er +al#e "$ "n!remen%ed b0'.@"nall04 (hen "% o+ero($ &rom ''B %o ,,B4 %he T"mer "n%err#-% $"nal "$enera%ed. I% ma0 be no%ed %ha% "n$%ead o& ,,B4 %he T"mer ma0 be"n"%"al"Jed b0 an0 o%her +al#e4 l"2e ,'B or ',B4 and %hen %he !lo!2 -#l$e$ma0 be allo(ed %o "n!remen% %he Co#n%er. Th"$ "$ %he normal me%hod %oenera%e an0 de$"red %"me dela04 e$%"ma%ed be%(een $%ar%"n %he !o#n%"no& %he T"mer and re!e"+"n an "n%err#-% &rom "%4 a% %he %erm"na%"on o& %he

!o#n%"n -ro!e$$.

P#r-o$e o& a T"mer

Th"$ lead$ %o &a!% %ha% %he dela04 be%(een $%ar% o& !o#n%"n and %heenera%"on o& %he o+ero( $"nal )"n%err#-%*4 ma0 be !on%rolled b0 load"n%he T"mer ("%h a $#"%able "n"%"al +al#e. In %he !a$e o& %he eam-le 5 b"%T"mer4 "& (e a$$#me %ha% %he !lo!2 &re1#en!0 "$ ' H?4 %hen "% (o#ld allo( adela0 o& 9 $e!ond$ (hen "% "$ "n"%"al"Jed a$ ,,B. On %he o%her hand4 "& %he"n"%"al +al#e o& %he $ame Co#n%er "$ ',B4 %hen "% (o#ld enera%e a dela0 o&5 $e!ond$. A$ a ma%%er o& &a!%4 %h"$ -rorammable dela0 enera%"on4 #$"n

a !lo!2 $"nal o& #n"&orm &re1#en!04 "$ %he ndamen%al -#r-o$e o& an0T"mer.

In -ra!%"!e4 %he$e T"mer$ are b"%$ or '/ b"%$ and are normall0 o-era%ed%hro#h an "n%ernal !lo!2 o& %he -ro!e$$or. A$ and (hen ne!e$$ar04 "%$Co#n%er "$ loaded b0 %he de$"red !o#n% +al#e4 and %he T"mer "$ $%ar%ed.A&%er $%ar%"n4 %he -ro!e$$or ma0 rema"n b#$0 "n o%her o-era%"on$4 and a%%he %erm"nal !o#n%4 %he T"mer enera%e$ an "n%err#-% and %h#$ dra($ %hea%%en%"on o& %he -ro!e$$or. I% $"$ a normal -ra!%"!e4 #$% l"2e %he !a$e o&e%ernal "n%err#-%$4 %o -ro+"de a ded"!a%ed "n%err#-% $er+"!e ro#%"ne )ISR*&or $er+"!"n %he T"mer "n%err#-%.

D"eren!e Be%(een a T"mer and a Co#n%er

Al%ho#h e+er0 T"mer m#$% ha+e a Co#n%er4 %h"$ Co#n%er ma0 be #$ed "ne"%her o& %he %(o &ollo("n (a0$:

)"* %o enera%e an "n%err#-% a&%er a %"me dela0 )de$"ned a$ T"mer* or

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)""* %o enera%e an "n%err#-% a&%er !o#n%"n $ome $-e!"K! n#mber o&e%ernal e+en%$ )de$"ned a$ Co#n%er*.

  @or %he Kr$% !a$e4 %he Co#n%er o& %he T"mer !o#n%$ %he -ro!e$$or !lo!2-#l$e$. In o%her (ord$4 "% #$e$ %he -ro!e$$or$ o(n o$!"lla%or0 !"r!#"%. I&

%he me!han"$m "$ n!%"on"n "n %h"$ manner4 "% "$ de$"na%ed a$ a T"mer4%he a"m o& (h"!h "$ %o enera%e a -rorammable %"me dela0. In %he $e!ond!a$e4 %he $ame Co#n%er !o#n%$ %he n#mber o& -#l$e$ o& $ome e%ernal$"nal. No%e %ha% %h"$ e%ernal $"nal ma0 or ma0 no% be -er"od"! "n na%#re.hen %he #n"% n!%"on$ "n $#!h a manner4 "% "$ !alled a Co#n%er.

Bo%h T"mer$ o& ,6' ma0 n!%"on a$ Co#n%er al$o. he%her %he0 (o#ldn!%"on a$ T"mer or Co#n%er4 "$ a &a!%or (h"!h "$ -rorammable CQ b"%$ o&TMOD S@R.

,6',65 T"mer$

,6' oer$ %(o "nde-enden% '/ b"% !o#n%#- T"mer$ de$"na%ed a$ T"mer$de$"na%ed a$ T"mer$ de$"na%ed a$ T"mer , and T"mer'. The n!%"on$ o&%he$e %(o T"mer$ are more or le$$ "den%"!al ("%h $ome m"nor +ar"a%"on$. A%h"rd T"mer4 de$"na%ed a$ T"mer 54 "$ a+a"lable "n h"her +er$"on$ o& ,6' 4l"2e ,65. The n!%"on o& T"mer 5 "$ ("del0 d"eren% &rom %ha% o& %he o%her%(o T"mer$ and demand$ $e-ara%e. T"mer$ , and ' a% -re$en%. A&%er!om-le%"on4 (e ("ll %a2e #- T"mer5. Ho(e+er4 &or a 1#"!2 re&eren!e4 %he$al"en% &ea%#re$ o& all %hree T"mer$ are -re$en%ed "n Table

Sal"en% &ea%#re$ o& ,6'65 T"mer$

T"mer$

Ve!%oraddre$$

Mode$ Rela%ed S@S$

T"mer,

,,,BH ,'3 b"% T"merCo#n%er TCON!on%rol o-era%"on$

''/b"% T"merCo#n%er TMODT"mer mode $ele!%5b"% a#%oreload IE"n%err#-% enable3d#al b"% T"mer$ IP"n%err#-% -r"or"%0 $e%%"n4

THO4TLOT"mer$ , Co#n%er$T"mer'

,,'BH ,'3b"% T"merCo#n%er TCON!on%rol o-era%"on$''/b"% T"merCo#n%er TMODT"mer mode $ele!%5b"% a#%oreload IE"n%err#-% enable

IP"n%err#-% -r"or"%0 $e%%"nTH'4TL'T"mer ' Co#n%er$

T"mer5

,,5BH '/b"% a#%oreload T5CONT"mer 5 !on%rol'/b"% Ca-%#re RCAP5H4 RCAP5L &or

!a-%#reBa#dra%e enera%or IE"n%err#-% enable

IP"n%err#-% -r"or"%0 $e%%"nTH54 TL5T"mer 5 Co#n%er$

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TMOD

S@R TMOD "$ mean% &or !onK#r"n bo%h T"mer, and T"mer '. I%$ lo(er 9b"%$ ),3* !on%rol$ T"mer ,4 and %he #--er 9 b"%$ )9;* !on%rol$ T"mer'. B"%

a$$"nmen%$ o& bo%h $e%$ are "den%"!al4 ".e.4 bo%h b"% , and b"% 9 arede$"ned a$ MO and $o on.

Re TMOD

  )MSB*

; / 6 9

3 5 ' ,

D"re!%addre$$ 7H

No% b"%addre$$able T"mer' T"mer ,

MI MO MODE

  , , , '3b"% T"merCo#n%er

  , ' ' '/b"% T"merCo#n%er

  ' , 5 b"% A#%oReload

  ' ' 3 T(o b"% T"mer$ )T"mer ,onl0*

  CQ ,A!% a$ a T"mer

  'A!% a$ a Co#n%er

  Fa%e OR a%e enable b"% )$ee %e%*

  @"#re: T"mer "n%err#-% !on%rol$ b"%$ o& TMOD S@R

@or bo%h T"mer , and '4 %he b"%$4 de$"na%ed a$ Fa%e4 enable or d"$able%he !orre$-ond"n OR a%e. S"m"larl04 %he n!%"on o& CQ b"%4 re$-on$"ble&or $ele!%"n %he n!%"on a$ e"%her T"mer or Co#n%er. In e"%her !a$e4 b"%$de$"na%ed a$ M, and M' Knal"Je %he mode o& o-era%"on o& %he$e T"mer$4(h"!h ma0 +ar0 &rom , %o 3 &or T"mer , and , %o 5 &or T"mer '.

Fa%e CQ M' MO Fa%e CQ M' MO

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Mode , )'3b"% T"merCo#n%er*

',. AP &or !onK#r"n %"mer %o enera%e +ar"able &re1#en!0 $1#are(a+e.