marc prensky [email protected] bits, brains and games april 12, 2006 veldhoven, the netherlands...
TRANSCRIPT
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Marc Prensky
Bits, Brains and GamesApril 12, 2006
Veldhoven, The Netherlands
© 2006 Marc Prensky© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2005 Marc Prensky
Education Credentials
• Master of Arts in Teaching (Yale)
• MBA (Harvard)
• Taught High School Math (5 yrs)
• Ran a Street Academy
• Taught Elementary School French
• Taught College Music
• Still Tutor Math
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© 2006 Marc Prensky© 2006 Marc Prensky
Sky Takemura-Sora Prenskyb. April 26, 2005
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in a game environmentSerious training
© 2003 Marc Prensky© 2005 Marc Prensky
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© 2005 Marc Prensky
Recent K-12 Projects
• Chemistry Game (MeCHeM)
• FL, LA Virtual Schools Courses
• Algebra Game (The Algebots)
• Physics Game (Space Junk)
• Cell Phone Game (EleMental)
• Financial Literacy Game
• Reading Teacher
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© 2003 Marc Prensky© 2005 Marc Prensky
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My New Book:
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
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Helping Our Students
Learn and Succeed
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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in a
21st century
world…
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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…BEFORE the end
of the
21st century!
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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© 2005 Marc Prensky
What if we don’t?
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© 2005 Marc Prensky
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Five Keys to
Helping Kids Learn
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Understanding
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Generating
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Dealing with
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
our
^
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Achieving Mutual
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I’ll be going at
(slides will be available)
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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1.The world is changing
Why educatorsare having problems:
© 2003 Marc Prensky© 2005 Marc Prensky
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What percent of theworld’s population is
under 25?
© 2005 Marc Prensky
Question 1
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© 2005 Marc Prensky
A 20 percent
B 30 percent
C 40 percent
D 50 percent
Percentage Under Age 25?
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% Under 25?
50%© 2005 Marc Prensky
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What percentage of our teachersare under 25?
© 2005 Marc Prensky
Question 2
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What percentage of people in this room
are under 25?
© 2005 Marc Prensky
Question 3
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
UnderstandingTheme #1
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1.The world is changing
2. Students are changing
Why educatorsare having problems:
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Today’s younger learners are NOT the ones our
systems (and teachers)were designed and trained
to teach!
© 2003 Marc Prensky© 2005 Marc Prensky
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© 2005 Marc Prensky
Today’s Students are
different
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• 5-10,000 hours Video Games• 250,000 emails and IMs• 10,000 hours on cell phones• 20,000 hours TV (incl. MTV)• 500,000 commercials
• < 5,000 hours book reading
© 2005 Marc Prensky
Why?
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• 2 billion ring tones per year
• 2 billion songs per month
• 6 billion text messages per day
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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“Brains like ours alter profoundly to fit the
technologies and practices that surround them.”
-Andy Clark
Director, Cognitive Sciences Program. Indiana University
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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Conventional Speed
Step-by-Step
Linear Processing
Text First
Work-Oriented
Stand-Alone
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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“Students are not just using technology differently today, but are approaching their life
and their daily activities differently because of the
technology.”
--Net Day “Speak-up Day” Summary
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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The e-Life
Communicating IM, chat
Sharing Blogs, MySpace
Buying & Selling ebay, papers
Exchanging P2P
Creating sites, avatars, mods
Meeting 3D chat rooms, dating
Collectingmp3, video, sensor data
Searching Info, connections, people
Analyzing SETI, drug molecules
Reporting Moblogs, photos
Programming Open systems, mods search
SocializingLearning social behavior, influence
Growing UpExploring, transgressing
Coordinating Projects, workgroups, MMORPGs
Evaluating Reputation systems–Epinions, Amazon, Slashdot
Gaming Solo, 1-on-1, small & large groups
LearningAbout stuff that interests them
EvolvingPeripheral, emergent behaviors
© 2005 Marc PrenskyREFERENCE
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The e-Life
Communicating IM, chat
Sharing Blogs, MySpace
Buying & Selling ebay, papers
Exchanging P2P
Creating sites, avatars, mods
Meeting 3D chat rooms, dating
Collectingmp3, video, sensor data
Searching Info, connections, people
Analyzing SETI, drug molecules
Reporting Moblogs, photos
Programming Open systems, mods search
SocializingLearning social behavior, influence
Growing UpExploring, transgressing
Coordinating Projects, workgroups, MMORPGs
Evaluating Reputation systems–Epinions, Amazon, Slashdot
Gaming Solo, 1-on-1, small & large groups
LearningAbout stuff that interests them
EvolvingPeripheral, emergent behaviors
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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“ [ Technologies are] re-writing the
rules of adolescence.”
-- a mother
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
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• Printing out our e-mails• Needing a printed copy for editing• Not Going to the Internet First for info• Using Email rather than IM• Thinking “Real Life” happens only off-line • Thinking learning means WORK
We have a
“Digital Immigrant Accent”
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
GeneratingTheme #2
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Engagement(= motivation, passion)
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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“Without motivation there is no learning”
– James Paul Gee
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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“If a learner is motivated, there’s no stopping him”
– Will Wright
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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“Learningcomes from
passion,not discipline”
– Nicholas Negroponte
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1.The world is changing
2. Students are changing
3. Engagement is changing
Why educatorsare having problems:
© 2003 Marc Prensky© 2005 Marc Prensky
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“Learning Takes Work”
© 2005 Marc Prensky
Agree?Disagree?
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Yes, Learning takesEffort, but
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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Effort for learning can
FEEL LIKE WORK
Effort for learning can
FEEL LIKE PLAY
OR
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Learning feels like play when you have
ENGAGEMENT =
Motivation, passion
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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Today’s kids
UNDERSTANDENGAGEMENT
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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When I was a kid
IT WAS BORING
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Where did you go?Where did you go?
““OUT”OUT”
What did you do?What did you do?
““NOTHING”NOTHING”
Where did you go?Where did you go?
““OUT”OUT”
What did you do?What did you do?
““NOTHING”NOTHING”
In my youth, this book was famous:
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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Today’s kids
GO ONLINE
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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“I could have nothing to do and I can always find
something on the Internet.”
– A High School Student
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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“On the Internet you can play games, you can check your mail, you can talk to your
friends, you can buy things, and you can look up things
that you really like.” – A High School Student
© 2005 Marc Prensky
Yahoo Born to be
Wired Conference
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The e-Life
Communicating email, IM, chat
Sharing Blogs, webcams
Buying & Selling ebay, papers
Exchanging music, movies, humor
Creating sites, avatars, mods
Meeting 3D chat rooms, dating
Collectingmp3, video, sensor data
Searching Info, connections, people
Analyzing SETI, drug molecules
Reporting Moblogs, photos
Programming Open systems, mods search
SocializingLearning social behavior, influence
Growing UpExploring, transgressing
Coordinating Projects, workgroups, MMORPGs
Evaluating Reputation systems–Epinions, Amazon, Slashdot
Gaming Solo, 1-on-1, small & large groups
LearningAbout stuff that interests them
EvolvingPeripheral, emergent behaviors
© 2005 Marc PrenskyREFERENCE
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Today’s kids
KNOW WHAT ENGAGEMENT FEELS LIKE
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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They want to Feel engaged all the time
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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Especially
When they arelearning!
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
But much of our educationis
SO BORING…
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
…that it feels like we’re putting depressants
in their food!
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
even
WITHtechnology!
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“Whenever I go to school I have to ‘power down’”
– a high school student
© 2003 Marc Prensky© 2005 Marc Prensky
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“You do have to slow down when you’re talking to
teachers.”
– a Liverpool student
© 2003 Marc Prensky© 2005 Marc Prensky
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For today’s students to learn,
ENGAGEMENTIs
MORE IMPORTANT than Content
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Why?
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Will Change!
© 2006 Marc Prensky
Content
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ENGAGEMENTWILL!
© 2006 Marc Prensky
Content won’t helpstudents continue to learn
throughout their lives, but
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Outside of formal learning…
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Today’s Students are
Empowered
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“They want to put their own mark on
the site.”
– Deborah Schwartz, MOMA
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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“What people put into the Internet is much more
important to them than what they take out of it.”
– Tim Berners-Lee
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Today’s Students have
Tools
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What’s different about the new technology is that it is
programmable.
– Alan Kay
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Today’s Students Embrace Complexity
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“[They are] living in dataspace, begging to
handle more simultaneous data streams than their parents ever imagined.”
-- Beck and Wade: Got Game
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Today’s Students are
Hands-On
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“Players are producing as much as they are
consuming – perhaps more.”
– JC Herz
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Today’s Students want things to be
Fun
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“Fun is the act of mastering a
problemmentally.”
-- Rafe Kotter: A Theory of Fun
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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Today’s students are NOT
“ADD”but rather
“EOE”
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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“ENGAGE MEor
ENRAGE ME”
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Theme #3
Understandingand Dealing With
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“Email is forold people”
– A student
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Email IM
iPod vPod
mp3 wma
GameBoy DS, PSP
Tool switching is already close to instantaneous
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CH
AN
GE
TIME
Our Lives
We are here
© 2006 Marc Prensky
Discontinuity:Digital Technology
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CH
AN
GE
TIME
Our Students’ Lives
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2005 Marc Prensky
The change that is THREATENING
to teachers…
…isEMPOWERING
to students!
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My New Book:
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky© 2006 Marc Prensky
Sky Takemura-Sora Prenskyb. April 26, 2005
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
He will be working with technology that is
1 billion times
more powerful than today!
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
ICT power is doubling every year
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
230
= 1,073,741,824
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
What Does That Mean
?????????
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“Nothing ever wears out”
– A teacher
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Solving problemswith the tools we have
Pre - 21st Century
Inventing new toolsto solve problems
21st Century+
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Whenwill all this
changeEND!??
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
IT WON’T !!!
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
There’s no Destination!
(Only the fast train)
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
No One In education
gets this yet
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Except, of course…
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
…their technology changes monthly!
e.g. PHONES: text, cameras, videos, motion sensors, diodes
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
From now on,Tools Will COME FAST…
• Blogs• Wikis• Wikipedia• Podcasting• Polling Devices• Speed Enhancers• Cell Phones• Games
…and GO FAST• Clickers
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
In fact, too fast to master!
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Today’s teachersneed to know
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
How to Teach Tools We Can’t Fully Master!
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
It’s important that teachers
DON’T WASTE TIMELearning to Use New Tools,
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Because…
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
The kids can do that! (and they want to)
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“Don’t try to keep up with the technology
-- you can’t”
– A 14 year old girl
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Teachers Need to:
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
LearnABOUT
New Technologies
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
SO THEY CANHELP KIDS EVALUATE
THEM
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
AND SO THEY CANTEACH
ABOUT THEM
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• Email• Search• IM• Blogs• Wikis• Wikipedia• Podcasting• Polling Devices
© 2006 Marc Prensky
Recent New Tools
• P2P• Games• Networking• Augmented Reality• Texting• Cameras• GPS• Speed Enhancers
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• Search vs. Research• Fair Use vs. Plagiarism
Evaluate Teach
Phone-basedcameras
• Pictures vs. Words• Appropriate vs. In- appropriate• Truth vs. Manipulation
• Oral vs. Written Communication
Designa WikipediaEntry for…
Take and PhotoshopTo bestIllustrate…
Make aPodcastAbout…Podcasts
Wikipedia
© 2006 Marc Prensky
IM • Informal vs. Formal Language
Design aClass usingonly IM
Assign
• Communication• Journalism• Use of MM• Creativity
• Communication• Journalism• Use of MM• Creativity
• Usefulness• Breadth• Depth• Originality
• Communication• Originality• Artistry• Technique
How Teachers Should Use New Tools
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Theme #4
our
^
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Many Teachers are doing
Great Things!
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
and yet…
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
from being used by onlyOne Teacher,
In One Classroom
So MuchGOES TO WASTE
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
If we could justcapture, access and re-use
work already done,
we would beHALFWAY THERE
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How?
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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Use the most powerful technology tool
in the world
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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GGooooglglee!!
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Put it on the Web !!!
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Do all teachers havean easy way to put on the Web
an HTML page, a Video, a Wiki and a Blog?
If not,make it happen now!
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Theme #5
Create Mutual
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
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“Your sales pitch reminds us
of silicon snake oil. Sorting data
without context fuels ignorance.”
– an “educator”
© 2003 Marc Prensky© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
DISRESPECTS•Me•New Ideas•Students
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“Disrespectingeach other
is the root of our problem”
– Marc Prensky
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
EducatorsDISRESPECT
kids
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“Your games are a waste of your time money and brain
cells.”
– A parent
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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“The cookies on my daughter’s computer know more about her interests than her teachers do.”
– Henry Kelly, President, FAS
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
And in turn…
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
KidsDISRESPECTEducators
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
If technologyis the new literacy
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Most teachers are
ILLITERATE
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© 2006 Marc Prensky© 2006 Marc Prensky
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They Have To KnowTeachers Respect Them!
© 2006 Marc Prensky
To Get students to Listen…
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
So…
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
How Do We GetRESPECT
For each other?
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
We Are All LearnersWe Are All Teachers
1. Foster this Message:.
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© 2005 Marc Prensky
2. Act Respectfully
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© 2005 Marc Prensky
(especially about games)
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If you only listenedto the Press…
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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…you might thinkComputer and Video games…
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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… were the worstthings in the world
for kids.
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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But the TRUTHIs that
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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Games produce LEARNINGWITH
ENGAGEMENT
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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“I love getting level-ups – knowing I’m getting better. I started at level one and now
I’m on 40. Now I can do more things. I can keep going and
it’s really fun.”– Tyler, Age 10
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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Kids play gamesNOT because they are games,
but because they’re themost engaging intellectual
thing they have…
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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…Learningis the big secret
reason they play!(Shhh!)
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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is a big part of the learning process
© 2005 Marc Prensky
and theGame System
Officialsites
IM/chat
Mags
games
Fan sites
Blogs
Reviews
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© 2005 Marc Prensky
“Complex”8-100 hoursNOT TRIVIAL
Today’s Games:Complexity Matters
“Mini”5 min-2hours
TRIVIAL
Or, at best,One-Noted
Complex Games take the same amount of time as a course (30-
100 hours)
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Dark Age of Camelot
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To cooperate, collaborate & work in teams,i.e. to work effectively with others
To make effective decisions under stress
To take prudent risks in pursuit of objectives
To make ethical and moral decisions
To employ scientific deduction
To quickly master & apply new skills and information
To think laterally and strategically
To persist and solve difficult problems
To understand and deal with foreignenvironments and cultures
To manage business and people
© 2006 Marc Prensky
What Kids Learn from Gamescomplex
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“Gamers have amassed thousands of hours of rapidly
analyzing new situations, interacting with characters they don’t really know, and solving
problems quickly and independently.”-- Beck and Wade, Got Game
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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© 2003 Marc Prensky© 2005 Marc Prensky
• Don’t be Afraid to Fail – Take risks to get rewards
• Winning Matters
• Work in Teams
• Take Responsibility
• Add Value•
Gamer AttitudesBeck and Wade: Got Game
• Be a Hero
• Immerse Yourself in Data
• Make the Tough Calls
• Take different perspectives
• Make Things Better
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• Who plays a game that relates to what we are discussing?
• Can you think of an exampleof this in your games?
• How would we design a game about this?
© 2006 Marc Prensky
Respecting Games:
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• Search vs. Research• Fair Use vs. Plagiarism
Evaluate Teach
Phone-basedcameras
• Pictures vs. Words• Appropriate vs. In- appropriate• Truth vs. Manipulation
• Oral vs. Written Communication
Designa WikipediaEntry for…
Take and PhotoshopTo bestIllustrate…
Make aPodcastAbout…Podcasts
Wikipedia
© 2006 Marc Prensky
IM • Informal vs. Formal Language
Design aClass usingonly IM
Assign
• Communication• Journalism• Use of MM• Creativity
• Communication• Journalism• Use of MM• Creativity
• Usefulness• Breadth• Depth• Originality
• Communication• Originality• Artistry• Technique
Respecting Tools
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“Whenever you add an
instructional designer, they
suck the fun out” – A Game Designer
© 2005 Marc Prensky
Respecting Kids
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“DON’T suck the fun out”
– The Kids
© 2005 Marc Prensky
Respecting Kids
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© 2005 Marc Prensky
Use Complex Games’
Design Principlesto create
engaging instruction
Respecting Games:
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Seven Key Things To Take From Complex Game Design:
1. Focus on keeping players engaged every second
2. Limit frills & Eye Candy, Go For Gameplay, i.e
3. Create goals important to the player (Be a Hero)
4. Add continuous, important decisions w/feedback
5. Employ “Leveling up” (to encourage practice)
6. Adapt continually to each individual on-the-fly
7. Forget theory -- try and iterate!
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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© 2005 Marc Prensky
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includes• Continuous decision making• Level Ups• Good pacing• Complexity• Important choices• Immediate feedback• Adapting to the player’s skills
© 2005 Marc Prensky
( )
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• Engagement
CurriculumDesign
GameDesign
Decisions • Frequent and important
• Gameplay
• Content
• Relatively Rare
• PresentationMode
Focus
© 2005 Marc Prensky
ENGAGEMENT
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Final Example
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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… in their pocket!
Almost EVERY student already has a powerful computer…
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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We should beUSING them!
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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Mobile Phones Are
Powerful ComputersInexpensive Always in their pocketOptimized for CommunicationFull of Useful Add-ons e.g. Cameras, GPS, internet
Easy to download toAttachable to External input/output
© 2005 Marc Prensky
Missing? Imagination!
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Skills.Languages.
Poetry. Literature.
Public Speaking. Writing.
Storytelling. History.
We Can Use Mobile Phones for Learning:
© 2003 Marc Prensky© 2005 Marc Prensky
Surveys. Polls.
Match-ups. Testing.
Communication. Memory aids.
Blogging.
…and evenassessment
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Bottom Line:What Can I Do?
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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(Just Kidding)
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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Make aREAL effort to
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Understand
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The e-Life
Communicating email, IM, chat
Sharing Blogs, webcams
Buying & Selling ebay, papers
Exchanging music, movies, humor
Creating sites, avatars, mods
Meeting 3D chat rooms, dating
Collectingmp3, video, sensor data
Searching Info, connections, people
Analyzing SETI, drug molecules
Reporting Moblogs, photos
Programming Open systems, mods search
SocializingLearning social behavior, influence
Growing UpExploring, transgressing
Coordinating Projects, workgroups, MMORPGs
Evaluating Reputation systems–Epinions, Amazon, Slashdot
Gaming Solo, 1-on-1, small & large groups
LearningAbout stuff that interests them
EvolvingPeripheral, emergent behaviors
© 2005 Marc Prensky
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Make aREAL effort to
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Generate
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ENGAGEMENTIs
MORE IMPORTANT than Content
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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Make aREAL effort to
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Deal with
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• Email• Search• IM• Blogs• Wikis• Wikipedia• Podcasting• Polling Devices
Use The New Tools…
• P2P• Games• Networking• Augmented Reality• Texting• Cameras• GPS• Speed Enhancers
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• Search vs. Research• Fair Use vs. Plagiarism
Evaluate Teach
Phone-basedcameras
• Pictures vs. Words• Appropriate vs. In- appropriate• Truth vs. Manipulation
• Oral vs. Written Communication
Designa WikipediaEntry for…
Take and PhotoshopTo bestIllustrate…
Make aPodcastAbout…Podcasts
Wikipedia
© 2006 Marc Prensky
IM • Informal vs. Formal Language
Design aClass usingonly IM
Assign
• Communication• Journalism• Use of MM• Creativity
• Communication• Journalism• Use of MM• Creativity
• Usefulness• Breadth• Depth• Originality
• Communication• Originality• Artistry• Technique
…In the RIGHT way
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Put it on the Web!
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GGooooglglee!!
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Achieving Mutual
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
We Are All LearnersWe Are All Teachers
Foster the Message:
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• Who plays a game that relates to what we are discussing?
• Can you think of an exampleof this in your games?
• How would we design a game about this?
© 2006 Marc Prensky
And Acting Respectfully
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
And finally…
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
Make sure thatevery day
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“Hard Question”
© 2006 Marc Prensky
You ask yourself the
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“Would my studentsbe here
If they didn’t haveto be?”
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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I.e. Are My Students
Engaged?...
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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Or are they
Enraged?
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky© 2006 Marc Prensky
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WE CAN ENGAGE
OUR STUDENTS…
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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andHELP THEM
LEARN!
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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No one says it’sEASY,
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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But that’s why they’llThank Us
When we succeed
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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andWe’ll Be Happier
too!
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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They’re our students
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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We owe them the best!
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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so…
© 2006 Marc Prensky
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© 2006 Marc Prensky
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Thank You!
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email:
web sites:
www.marcprensky.com
www.socialimpactgames.com
www.gamesparentsteachers.com
www.games2train.com
© 2003 Marc Prensky© 2006 Marc Prensky
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