martinás katalin, atomfizikai tanszék...congress, july 4, 1776 the unanimous declaration of the...
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Irreverzibilis közgazdaságtan
Martinás Katalin, Atomfizikai Tanszék
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Irreverzibilis Közgazdaságtan• A közgazdászok között egyetértés van abban,
hogy a mai (neoklasszikus) elmélet nem a valódi gazdaság elmélete, de abban is, hogy csak ez az egyetlen lehetséges út a matematikai közgazdaságtanhoz!.
• Az előadásban egy újragondolt matematikai közgazdaságtan kereteit vázoljuk fel.
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Felépítés• Bemutatjuk, hogy a mai közgazdaságtan
történetileg a termodinamika első és második főtételeinek megfeleltethető elveken alapszik. amelyekből az irreverzibilis termodinamikához hasonló elméletet kapunk.
• Az irreverzibilis gazdasági leírásban az egyensúlyi hipotézis alkalmazásával visszakapjuk a neoklasszikus elmélet eredményeit.
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Eredmény
A két közelítés összehasonlítása azt indikálja, hogy a modern közgazdaságtan „eredményei” jelentős részben az egyensúly hipotéziséből erednek, és nem a gazdaság természetéből.
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A piaci erők
• Alkalmazásként bemutatjuk, hogy a materiális javak cseréjénél értelmezhető a piaci erő és a hatékony piaci szabályozás. A szellemi és kulturális javak természetéből azonban az következik, hogy nem lehet hatékony piaci szabályozás
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Történetem• II. főtétel (irreverzibilitás) a természet preferenciája
• Termodinamikai analógia„Gazdasági entrópia”
• 1986 Bródy-Martinás-Sajó: Essay on Macroeconomics, Közgazdasági Szemle
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Történet• Robert U. Ayres Katalin Martinás
On The Reappraisal Of Microeconomics: Economic Growth And Change In A Material World, Elgar, 2005
• Martinás Katalin, A változás humáncentrikus értelmezése ökofizikai felfogásban, in: Nováky E Változás és jövő, Budapest: Püski Kiadó, 2008
• Martinás Katalin: The Greatest Happiness Pronciple, 2010
• Martinás Katalin: From Simple to Complex, 2010
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Neoklasszikus elmélet
• Equilibrium• Rationality• Greed
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A közgazdaságtan újra gondolása
I és II főtétel
• Irreverzibilis közgazdaságtan
• + Egyensúlyi hipotézis
• Neoklasszikus elmélet
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I. Főtétel
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A szereplőTermészetes vagy jogi
személy
Tulajdonos• jószág leltár
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Matematikai modell
• Jószág- minden, ami hasznos, értékes
Xai(r,t)
a – tulajdonos (szereplő) a=0,1,...N
i – típus i=1,....n
a=0 természet
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Jószág típusok
• Materiális – energia/anyag megmaradás• Nem-materiális
– pénz – Idő (munka)– Tudás (információ)– Relációs javak– Fiziológiai javak
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A gazdasági extenzivek• Def: jószág
• Mérlegegyenlet
• DX = F + T + K – D
• Gazdasági extenziv – szűkös (korlátozott teremtés)
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I. Főtétel
• A szereplőket a gazdasági extenzívekkel jellemezzük
• A szereplő gazdasági döntései a javak mennyiségeitől függenek
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Döntés • Választás a felimert lehetőségek közül • „Valamit valamiért” q• Egység kosár – q= Ie
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A készlet változása
Xai(t+1)= Xa
i(t)+ Σj Iajeaj i+ Ca
i
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Döntési kritérium• A legjobbat választjuk
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II főtétel • Minden ember boldog akar lenni
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CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen
united States of America
• We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, —
•
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Utilitarizmus– Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
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Jeremy Bentham• "[Joseph] Priestley was the first (unless it
was Beccaria) who taught my lips to pronounce this sacred truth:- That the greatest happiness of the greatest number is the foundation of morals and legislation."
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Bentham• Utility is that property in any object,
whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good, or happiness...or...to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, evil, or unhappiness"
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Boldogság- GDP - USA
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4.95
5.00
5.05
5.10
5.15
5.20
5.25
5.30
5.35
5.40
Not Married Married
Ave
rage
Life
Sat
isfa
ctio
n
4.20
4.40
4.60
4.80
5.00
5.20
5.40
Employed Unemployed
Ave
rage
Life
Sat
isfa
ctio
nA boldogság – Angol felmérés
Source: BHPS, 1997-2003. N = 74,481
A) By Employment Status A) By Marital Status
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Simone Borghesi and Alessandro Vercelli (2008)
• H = H(Y, YR, Y – Y*, G, R, E, I, U, He )
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Sonja Ljubormirsky (2008)
• H =H(X, A,V,G)
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Gazdagság
• Z = H(X) = Z(X)
• érték: v(X)= ∂Z/∂X
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Döntés: I
• Várható gazdagodás
–Faj = ∂Z/∂Iaj = Σi vai eaj
i
–Intenzitás - erőtörvény
–Iaj = Laj Faj
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A készlet változása
Xai (t+1)= Xa
i(t)+ Σbj Iabjqabj i +
+ Cai + ca
i yaa(t)
Cserében az árpab
i = (Lab i va
i + Lba i vb
i ) (Lab
i + Lba i)
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Numerikus megoldás
• V= M/X• V = M/(X1 + X2 ...) log (M/X)• 3 szereplő: I,M,H• 3 termék+ pénz
• Termelési vektor• Kezdő készletek• L paraméterek
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0 5000 10000 15000 20000 250000,01
1000
1E8
prod
uctio
n
time
1-2 log, 3 (m/x)^(0.5)
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0 500 1000 1500 2000
prod
uctio
n
time
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Piaci erők
• FAi = (vAi – p)• FBi = –(vBi – p)
• Force law JAi = XAi(FAi) JBi = XBi(FBi)
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Lineáris közelitésben
∀ ∆XA i = LA i (vA i – p)∀ ∆XB i = LB i (vB i – p)
• ∆XA i + ∆XB i = 0• p = (LA ivA i+LB ivB i)/(LA i+LB i)
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Speciális eset
• LAi = LBi = 2L
• JAB,i = L(vAi – vBi)
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Szimbolikus javak
• Jab + Jba >< = 0
• Tudás • Jab + Jba > 0.
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Piaci szabályozás?
• A tudás áramláshoz nem definiálható valódi piaci erő, ezért a szabályozás sem lehet piaci típusú.