**.

1

**1. . . , . [F], [M] F, .: , () , , , . , , . :

** , , , .

Chart1

3230.645.9

1738.646.9

2634.645

1131.643.9

14 14% 14%

East

West

North

Sheet1

32% 17% 26% 11% 14%

East3217261114

West30.638.634.631.6

North45.946.94543.9

** , . , . , . F [F], S = 1 . . . , . : (Rm, Re, D, A, pT, T .), , . . , .

** , , :- -

**[] [] , :- -

** , , . : , , , . :RMRedoz S

**2. . ( ), . . . .

** , , . , . . . , . . . , . . . , , . 45 .

** ( ) ( )

**

**3. , , , , , . :

Re ( );R ( ).

R. :

- :1 .

** RM , RR- R ( ) ( ) ldFF R-

** (. 16 mm, 16 40 mm , 40 mm .)Handout. 2. . 1.

**4. . . , , . , .

- . , , . (N1, N2, ) (N1, N2, ...) . (Whler-) .

**[]tSRA3A2ASR = const.A1

** a ND. ND = (1...10)106. D:- : , (D) . , : (D(0), D(0), . D(0), D(0)) R = 0 , (D(-1), D(-1), . D(-1), D(-1)) R = -1.

*** R = -1t+R = 1tR = 0tgdgd=-2

**[]tSRA3A2ANA11N12N23N3SRDADNDSRSRSRA1A2A3 (Whler-) SR = const.

**N1N12N23N3SRDADNDSRSRSRA1A2A3 E SR = const. (Whler-)

*NtD , . () , N (log logN), .t N

** Ns = 103...104, . Ns ND N. (N) N . (D) . . . , , , , .

** , . , D . D D D :

:

:k - 1 - 2 - 3 - ( , 3 = 1)

** . . . . , 2 < 1. . o, , ( ) . a , , , .

** . , . ( ) . D D, . = D / D. . , , . . () 1.

**logNlogSRDNDDM ( ) ( )k = 1k > 1E : =0, k=1 : =1, k= : =0,4......0,8

** , ( )

Handout. 5. . 2. , , . , , , .

**Handout. 5. . 3.SRDDME logWhler-o ReNDlogN

** N . N N, (N, N) (D, ND) :

N > D, N > ND, D . , N > . N > N = .

** (Smith-) . R . .5. (Smith-) DD(-1)R=0R=-1MTlogNlogND(0)NDRMReNSND(0)/2srsr45osrtD

** D, SR . , . ( R), R. (R = -1) D(-1) (R = 0) D(0). SR = 0, SR = D(0)/2. . : 45, 45. 45 , = D - SR SR.

** () D(-1), D(0) , o . ( )Handout. 2. . 1.

**ReRMsrD(-1) (Goodman) (Soderberg) ReD(0)/2= A5.1

**5.2. 0545 1. 0545

**2. . 3. ?A=220ttSR=0A= 175SRD(-1)=220D(0)=350 [N/mm2]SR= 175 [N/mm2]

**4. : (SR,D) = (0,D(-1)) = (0,220) : (SR,D) = (D(0)/2,D(0)) = (175,350)

**5. : (SR,D) = (0,D(-1)) = (0,220)DSR : (SR,D) = (D(0)/2,D(0)) = (175,350) ! ( ) - !

**DSR ?

**5.3. Smith-o ( 0545, KD=2)DSR1. ( )3. D 4.

**DSR M ( )

**DSR SR = D(0)/2D(-1)D(0)D(-1)MD(0)M (KD=2) (KD=1,5)D(0)M KD

D(-1)M

**DSRD(-1)M Smith- Rs

**Smith- RsDSRD(-1)M DMSR/ A = const.

**DSRD(-1)M Smith- Rsd = 0

**DSRD(-1)M Smith- Rs

**6. :

( ) :

( )

2. ( )

**t

**

*