maswavleblis wignieprints.iliauni.edu.ge/1973/1/qartuli me_10 klasi maswavleblis.pdfsabuti unda iyos...

qarTuli ena daliteratura

gamomcemloba `meridiani~

Tbilisi 2012

maswavleblis wigni

10

naTela maRlakeliZe, nana kucia

grifi mieniWa 2012 wels saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da

mecnierebis saministros ssip _ ganaTlebis xarisxis

ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier

© gamomcemloba `meridiani~, 2012

© n. maRlakeliZe, n. kucia

qarTuli ena da literatura

X klasi

maswavleblis wigni

ISBN 978-9941-10-539-5

N. Maglakelidze, N. Kutsia`Georgian Language and Literature~, the Book of the Teacher 10, in Georgian `Meridiani~ Publishing, Tbilisi _ 2012

naTela maRlakeliZe, nana kuciaavtorebi:

nino Toduaredaqtori

daviT kutubiZedizaineri

gamomcemloba `meridiani~,

Tbilisi, al. yazbegis gamz., #47. ( 239-15-22, 214 77 11

E-mail: [email protected]

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Sinaarsi

meToduri miTiTebani maswavlebelTaTvis ........................................................................ 4

1. iakob curtaveli, „SuSanikis wameba~ _ literaturuli komentarebi ........................ 6

2. ioane sabanisZe, „abos wameba~ ......................................................................................... 19

a) literaturuli komentarebi ...................................................................................... 19

b) meToduri komentarebi (sanimuSo gakveTilebis scenarebi) .................................... 33

3. „vefxistyaosani~ _ meToduri komentarebi .................................................................. 47

4. sulxan-saba orbeliani _ literaturuli komentarebi .............................................. 54

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meToduri miTiTebani maswavlebelTaTvis:

saswavlo kompleqti Sedgeba ori komponentisagan: a) `qarTuli ena da literatura~, moswavlis wigni, X klasi da b) `maswavleblis wigni~.

a) `moswavlis wigni~ _ qarTuli ena da literatura, X klasi Sedgenilia ganaxlebu-li erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT da Seesabameba moTxovnebs, rac gaTvaliswinebu-lia qarTuli enisa da literaturis sagnobrivi standartis mixedviT. sakiTxavi masalis ZiriTad nawils (60%) warmoadgens erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT gaTvaliswinebuli savaldebulo literatura:

1. iakob xucesi _ `SuSanikis wameba~.2. iovane sabanisZe _ àbos wameba~.3. giorgi merCule _ `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~ _ 12 epizodi:

1. grigolis cxovreba sasuliero moRvaweobis dawyebamde; 2. zenonis epizodi; 3. grigoli da gabriel dafanCuli; 4. grigo lisa da aSot kurapalatis pirveli Sexvedra; 5. saba iSxnelisa da bagrat kurapalatis dialogi; 6. grigoli dasavleT saqarTveloSi; 7. grigolis Sexvedra dedasTan; 8. javaxeTis saeklesio kreba; 9. efrem mawyverelis Rvawli; 10. romanuli epizodebi (aSoti, adarnerse); 11. cqiris epizodi; 12. grigolis aRsasruli.

4. SoTa rusTaveli _ `vefxistyaosani~ _ „dasawyisidan~ „tarielis TaTbiris~ CaTvliT; „dasasruli~.

5. sulxan-saba orbeliani: „wigni sibrZne sicruisa~: leonis Tavgadasavali; igav-ara-kebi: „mefe xorasanisa~, „Zunwi didvaWari’’, ùgunuri mcuravi~, `samni brmani~, `mefunduke da didvaWari~;

6. daviT guramiSvili _ `daviTiani~ _ ,qarTlis Wiri~ (istoriuli narativi); `kacisa da sawuTros ciloba`; „vai, ra kargi saCino~, „saxiT sityva-Sueniero~, „sawuTro soflis samduravi~.

teqstebi ZiriTadad amoRebulia `qarTuli mwerlobis~ I - VII tomebidan (Tb. `nakadu-li~, 1987, 1989 ww.), `vefxistyaosani~ ki mihyveba n. naTaZiseul saskolo gamocemas. komen-tarebic, Sesabamisad, am wignebis mixedviT gakeTda, Tumca am mizniT aseve farTod gamov-iyeneT sulxan-saba orbelianis `qarTuli leqsikoni~ da i. abulaZis `Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni~. masala dalagebulia garkveuli qronologiiT, rac uzrunvelyofs qarTuli literaturis Sesaxeb sistemuri codnis miwodebas.

`vefxistyaosnis~ gacnobisas mivmarTeT Semdeg meTods: saxelmZRvaneloSi Setanilia mxolod sami nawyveti (prologi, epilogi da `locva avTandilisa~), danarCen Tavebs moswavle ecnoba n. na TaZis saskolo gamocemiT, Tumca yvela nawilTan dakavSirebiT sax-elmZRvaneloSia mocemuli garkveuli davalebebi da miTiTebebi.

sakiTxavi masalis nawili (40%) SerCeulia Cven mier. vecadeT, rom igi Tematurad da Janrobrivad dagvekavSirebina savaldebulo teqstebTan. es aris:

1. ana kalandaZe _ `rai ginebs~.2. SoTa niSnianiZe _ àbo anu ferflis legenda~.3. dali idliani _ `javaxeTs midis xanZTeli~.4. daviT winaswarmetyveli _ `fsalmunni~ (50-e fsalmuni).5. ioane minCxi _ `sagalobeli~.6. dante aligieri _ `RvTaebrivi komedia~ (nawyveti).7. ezope _ igavebi; `mze da qarboria~, `patruqi,~ `lomi da taxi~, `bayayebi~, `mtredi~.8. fransua viioni _ `didi anderZi~ (nawyveti).9. sulxan-saba orbeliani: `nalbandi mgeli,~ `mefe da mxatvari~, `Zunwi da oqro~.

sakiTxavi masalis damuSaveba gaTvaliswinebulia interaqtiuri meTodebis gaTval-iswinebiT, rac xels Seuwyobs, erTi mxriT, kiTxvis strategiebis dauflebas, meore mxriT

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ki _ moswavleTa SemoqmedebiT aqtivizacias. am mizniT meTodur aparatSi teqstis kiTxva-damuSavebasTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi dalagebulia Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: gavigoT (eqsplicituri _ faqtobriv masalaze orientirebuli), gaviazroT, SevafasoT (implici-turi _ analizze, Sefasebasa da sinTezze orientirebuli).

literaturul teqstebTan mWidro kavSirSia metyvelebis stilis sakiTxebic, rac gu-lisxmobs rogorc mwerlis enobriv TaviseburebebSi garkvevas (es teqstis marTebulad aRqmis erT-erTi aucilebeli komponentia), aseve saTanado sametyvelo unar-Cvevebis dauflebas. saxelmZRvaneloSi am mizniTac aris mocemuli davalebebi da garkveuli reko-mendaciebi. sagangebo yuradReba eqceva aseve funqcionaluri stilis sakiTxebis gacnoba-sa da am kuTxiT sxvadasxva saxis teqstebis ZiriTad TaviseburebebSi garkvevas.

wignSi calke rubrikis saxiT vTavazobT moswavleebs amonaridebs cnobili kri-tikosebis naazrevidan (`Tvalsazrisi~), rac maT, Cveni azriT, gauadvilebs ama Tu im te-qstis gaazrebas, ganuviTarebs kritikul azrovnebas da daexmareba sakuTari poziciis CamoyalibebaSi.

b) `maswavleblis wigni~ warmoadgens erTgvar gzamkvlevs maswavleblisaTvis. `maswav-leblis wignSi~ warmodgenili masala pirobiTad or nawilad SeiZleba gavyoT:

1. `literaturuli komentarebi~ (avtori nana kucia), romelic warmoadgens damxmare sainformacio masalas pedagogisaTvis; Cveni azriT, igi mas gamoadgeba literaturuli masalis gaazrebasa da damuSavebaSi. SevniSnavT, rom es `literaturuli komentarebi~ mx-olod maswavleblisaTvis aris gankuTvnili. pedagogis gadasawyvetia, ra saxiT, ra mocu-lobiT gamoiyenebs mas gakveTilze;

2. `meToduri komentarebi~ (avtori naTela maRlakeliZe), romelic pedagogs daex-mareba gakveTilebis dagegmvasa da saswavlo aqtivobebis gansazRvraSi. aq mocemulia mx-olod ramdenime sanimuSo gakveTilis scenari. scenarebSi CavrTeT is uaxlesi meTodebi, romelTa didi nawili axla ikidebs fexs da SesaZloa, am kuTxiT saintereso aRmoCndes maswavleblisaTvis. scenarebis bolos miTiTebuli `mosalodneli Sedegebi~, rac saTana-do kodiT aris aRniSnuli. ra Tqma unda, aq warmodgenili ̀ scenarebi~ mxolod saorienta-cioa da ara savaldebulo. pedagogs SeuZlia Secvalos Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr meTodi, saaTebisa da saorientacio drois ganawileba, aqtivobebi...

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1. `SuSanikis wameba~ literaturuli komentarebi

teqstis Sesaxeb

(475-483 ww. Seqmnili teqstis Cvenamde moRweuli uZvelesi xelnaweri meaTe saukunisaa, daculi parxlis mravalTavSi (da ara avtografi avtorisa).

teqstis mimarT mecnieruli interesi pirvelad anton kaTalikoss gamouCenia, Seuta-nia hagiografiul krebulSi `martirika~ (wamebani).

nawarmoebi pirvelad daibeWda peterburgSi, 1882 wels, mixeil sabininis mier Sedge-nil krebulSi `saqarTvelos samoTxe~.

monografiuli gamokvleviTurT teqsti dabeWda ilia abulaZem 1938 wels (8 xelnawer-is gaTvaliswinebiT).

1963 wels gamoica teqsti yvela (TerTmeti) xelnaweris gaTvaliswinebiT (`Zveli qar-Tuli literaturis Zeglebi~, t. I)).

laTinurad Targmna p. peetersma (1935), rusulad _ korneli kekeliZem (1956), frangu-lad _ s. wulaZem, inglisurad _ e. fulerma, germanulad _ n. amaSukelma...

1978 wels qarTvelma sazogadoebriobam farTod aRniSna `SuSanikis wamebis~ 1500 wlisTavi. iuneskos gadawyvetilebiT, 1979-1983 w.w. aRiniSna `SuSanikis wamebis~ 1500 wlisTavi msoflio masStabiT (qse, t. V, Tb., 1980, gv. 40).

komentarebi: a) saxeli SuSaniki (susana) niSnavs `SroSans~. wmida SuSaniki TeTri SroSania, tanj-

va-wamebis sisxls rom SeuRebavs furclebi~ (arqimandriti rafaeli, xati `saqarTvelos eklesiis dideba~, Jurn. `jvari vazisa~, #3, 1992 gv. 59).

b) wminda mowameni, uvercxloni kozmani da damiane arabebi (+287 an 303) qalaqebsa da soflebSi mimodiodnen, saxarebas qadagebdnen da qristes ZaliT sneulebs kurnavdnen. gaweuli samsaxurisTvis isini aranair sazRaurs ar iTxovdnen. kilikiaSi warmarTebma mkurnalni Seipyres da mmarTvel lisiusTan miiyvanes. usjulom qristianuli sarwmu-noebis uaryofa moiTxova maTgan, razec martvilebma mtkice uari ganacxades. lisiusis brZanebiT, wmindanebi sastikad gvemes da zRvaSi Cayares, magram angelozma isini morevi-dan napirze gamoiyvana. maSin warmarTebma uflis rCeulebs Tavi mohkveTes. wmida mkur-nalebTan erTad ewamnen maTi Zmebic: leonti, anTimozi da evtropi (wmida kozma da damiane arabebi unda ganvasxvavoT maTi Tanamosaxele wmidanebisagan, romlebic 1 ivliss da 1 noembers ixseniebian).

g) atroSani (zoroastrizmi, cecxlTayvanismcemloba, mogvoba...) (qse, t. IV, Tb., 1979, gv. 537-538)

zoroastrizmi _ Zvelad da adreul Sua saukuneebSi iranSi, Sua aziaSi, avRaneTSi, azerbaijansa da axlo da Sua aRmosavleTis mraval qveyanaSi gavrcelebuli religia. amJamad indoeTSi farsebis religiaa, iranSi _ gebrebisa. saxeli ewoda winaswarmetyvel zoroastris (zaraTuStra, zaratustra) mixedviT. zoroastrizmis wminda kanonia avesta. am religiis mixedviT, uzenaesi RvTa ebaa ahuramazda, ris gamo zoroastrizms mazdeanoba-sac uwodeben. zoroastrizmi dualisturi religiaa, erTmaneTs upirispirebs or sawyiss _ sikeTesa da borotebas, romelTa mudmivi Widili gamarjvebisaTvis msoflio ganviTarebis procesis Sinaarss gansazRvravs.

ahuramazdas _ sikeTisa da sinaTlis meufes _ upirispirdeba ahrimani _ borotebisa da wyvdiadis meufe, masTan erTad arian boroti sulebi _ devebic (romelTa kultic daka-

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vSirebuli iyo Zv. ariuli religiis qurumobasTan da gvarovnul-tomobriv warCinebul fenasTan). zoroastrizmis wminda gamovlinebaa cecxli _ gansaxiereba RvTaebrivi samar-Tlianobisa.

zoroastrizmis Tanaxmad, adamianis daniSnulebaa, arCevani gaakeTos zemoaRniSnul or sawyiss Soris. TiToeul individuums SeuZlia monawileoba miiRos borotebis daTrgunv-asa da sikeTis meufebis damyarebaSi. am miznis misaRwevad adamianisaTvis savaldebulo ar aris locvebisa da religiuri wesebis dacva, sakmarisia, cxovrobdes ise, rogorc amas zo-roastruli religia awesebs. borotebis daZlevis ZiriTadi saSualebebia `keTili azri~, `keTili sityva~, `keTili saqme~. zoroastrizmisaTvis ucxo iyo asketizmi.

zoroastrizmi, rogorc saxelmwifo religia, sabolood Camoyalibda sasanianebis dros. arabTa dapyrobebis Semdeg erTxans kidev TamaSobda mniSvnelovan rols iransa da mezobel qveynebSi. am dros Seiqmna zoroastruli literaturis mravali Zegli saSual sparsul enaze, vrceli enciklopedia _ denkarti (IXs.). islamis gavrcelebasTan erTad zoroastrizmis mimdevarTa erTi nawili (farsebi) indoeTSi gadasaxlda (frai r., iranis memkvidreoba, m., 1972 (rus. enaze)).

zoroastrizmis da zoroastruli kultebis istoria saqarTveloSi 3 periodad SeiZle-ba daiyos:

1. aqemeniduri xanidan sasanianTa gamefebamde (Zv. w. VI-ax. w. III s.s.), rodesac zoroas-trizmi saqarTveloSi vrceldeboda upiratesad iranTan mSvidobiani urTierTobis gziT. am uZvelesi periodis iranul-zoroastruli mZlavri gavlenis kvali dRemde SemorCa qa-rTul enaSi (taZari, kerpi, zvaraki, eSma, jojoxeTi, marTali, warmarTi, bagini, droSa, anderZi, dasturi da sxv.). zoroastrizmi gansakuTrebiT fexmokidebuli Cans qarTlis samefos mmarTvel zedafenaSi, risi maCvenebelicaa maT Soris gavrcelebuli iranul-zo-roastruli Teosofiuri saxelebi (farnavazi, farnajomi, artavazi, arSaki, bagrati, ba-kuri, bartomi, mirdati, adarnase, azorki da sxv.). erTxans, rodesac ̀ qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobiT, qarTlis samefo taxtze arSakianebis dinastiis erT-erTi Sto damkvidrda, zoro-astrizmis romeliRac saxeoba, SesaZlebelia, samefo kultis donemdec ki amaRlda. amis sabuTi unda iyos dedoflis mindorze (qarelis r-ni) aRmoCenili Zv. w. II-I ss. sataZro kompleqsi, r-ic ueWvelad ukavSirdeba cecxlTayvaniscemas.

zogierTi mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom Zv. qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis umaRlesi Rv-Taebis, armazis saxelic aqemenduri xanis ahuramazdas ukavSirdeba.

2. sasanianTa dinastiis mefobis xanaSi (III_VII s.s.), irani ZaliT cdilobda aRm. saqarT-veloSi Tavisi saxelmwifo religiis damkvidrebas. am dros zoroastrizmi saqarTveloSi qristianobis uZlieresi konkurenti iyo. qarTveloba cvalebadi warmatebiT, magram ganu-wyvetliv ibrZoda zoroastrizmis danergvis winaaRmdeg. am brZolis kvali kargad Cans imdroindel qarTul wyaroebSi (SuSanikis da evstaTi mcxeTelis `martvilobebi~; leonti mrovelis, juanSeris cnobebi da sxv.). brZolis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos qalaqebsa da zogan sofladac arsebobda zoroastrizmis mimdevari mosaxleoba. mematianis cnobiT, jer kidev vaxtang gorgaslis dros niqozSi iyo `sagzebeli cecxlisa~ (cecxlis taZari).

3. sasanianTa imperiis dacemis Semdgomi xana, roca zoroastrizmi TviT iranSic devnil religiad iqca. VIII_IX s.s.-Si saqarTveloSi xdeba zoroastruli kultebis erTgvari gamo-cocxleba, rac SeimCneva nivTieri kulturis ZeglebSi (gveldesis sakurTxeveli, broweu-lis yvavilis Taviani sakinZebi da sxv.). es movlena SeiZleba aixsnas, rogorc reaqcia arabTa mZlavrobaze da Sedegi iranidan ltolvil cecxlTayvanismcemelTa Semoxizvnisa saqarTveloSi. TbilisSi zoroastrizmis mimdevarTa, albaT, sparsulenovani Temi, ro-gorc Cans, saxlobda mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. amis ueWveli sabuTia TbilisSi, feTxainze dRemde SemorCenili cecxlis taZris _ ̀ aTeSgas~ (ix. aTaSgahi) naSTebi (andron-ikaSvili m., narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan, I, Tb., 1966).

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`SuSanikis wamebis~ personaJebi

`tarigi igi qristeisi~ _ SuSaniki

SuSanik dedofali, moRvawe mexuTe saukunisa, qarTuli eklesiis wmindani, iyo asuli `vardanisi, somexTa spaipetisai, mamisagan saxeliT vardan da siyvaruliT saxeli misi Su-Sanik, moSiSi RmrTisai... siyrmiTgan TvisiT.~

dedofali qmris ùkeTurebas~ `maradis~ grZnobda, ufals evedreboda varsqenis su-lier xsnas.

sparseTidan dabrunebuli meuRlis despans, romelmac varsqenis mokiTxva gadasca, SuSanikma winaswarmetyveliviT uTxra: ùkeTu suliTa cxovel ars igi, cocxalmca xarT igica da Senca. ukeTu suliTa momkvdar xarT, mokiTxvai igi Seni Sendave moiqecin.~

rodesac qmris mier WeSmariti RmrTis uaryofa Seityo, damwuxrebulma dedofalma miwas axala Tavi, `cremliTa mwariTa ityoda: sawyalobel iqmna ubadruki varsqen, rameTu uvar-yo WeSmariti RmerTi da aRiara atroSani da SeerTo igi uRmrToTa.~

ùRmrToTa SerTvas~ rom gadarCenoda, dedofalma datova `taZari~ (sasaxle), ekle-sias Seexizna sami ZiTa da asuliTurT; sakurTxevelTan waradgina Svilebi da ufals Seevedra: ̀ Senni mocemulni arian da Sen daicven eseni, ganaTlebulni wmidisagan embazisa.~

mwuxris locviT ganZlierebuli dedofali eklesiis maxlobel saxlakSi ganmartovda, `mieyrdna yuresa erTsa da mwariTa cremliTa tiroda.~

manugeSeblad SuSaniks sasaxleSi saswrafod dabrunebuli sulieri moZRvari, iakobi moevlina. maT saubarSi naTlad warmoCndeba, rom dedofali mzadaa, aRiRos Tavisi jvari, iyos mxne, moTmine, sulgrZeli.

xucesi daarwmuna sulierma Svilma: `didsa Rvawlsa ganmzadebul var,~ magram erTgvar sayvedurad (Tu Civilad) gaiJRera sityvebma: `Cemda martoisa arian Wirni ese.~

dedofalma icoda, rom oden sarwmunoebis dacva Tu ganaZlierebda, SeanarCunebinebda simSvides da sulierad ixsnida. daarwmuna moZRvari, rom arafriT eziareboda varsqenis codvian saqmeT: ̀ umjobeis ars Cemda xelTa misTagan sikvdili, vidre Cemi da misi Sekrebai da warwymedai sulisa Cemisai.~

sacTuneblad, gadasabireblad misul sparss ganzraxvas miuxvda dedofali da `moiz-Ruda Tavi misi mtkiced.~

ganawyenebul qmars, romelmac `xatis damamxoblad~ uxmo SuSaniks, dedofalma Seu-Tvala: `viTarca Sen Semoqmedi Seni uvar hyav, egreca me Sen Seuracx gyav da, Tu mravali tanjvai moawio Cem zeda, me ara veziaro saqmeTa SenTa.~

qmrisa da mamamTilis SuSanikiseul daxasiaTebaSi naTlad warmoCndeba, rom `dedaTa bunebai iwro~ sulac ar aris, rogorc es `vinme sparss~ egona.

`TreviT miTrevis~ muqaramac ver SeaZrwuna dedofali. senakSi wveuli mazli da rZali varsqenis Tanamzraxvelebad aRiqva, episkopossac usayvedura, RvTismgmobis mor-Cilebas rad mirCevo.

erTad gatarebuli bavSvoba moagona mazlma.Tumc `dai var da erTad ganzrdilni~, amieridan Cven Soris `mosisxleobaa~ da Tqven,

yvelani, `Tanamdeb~ (varsqenis codvis moziareni) xarTo, miugo SuSanikma.TxovniT Seurvebulma dedofalma `Tanawaritana evangele Tvisi... wmidani igi wign-

ni mowameTani~ da sasaxleSi (`taZarSi~) dabrunda. galiakSi (did darbazSi) ki ara, mci-re senakSi ganmartovda, xelapyrobilma SehRaRada ufals: àrca mRdelTagani vin ipova mowyale, arca erisa kaci vin gamoCnda... yovelTa me sikvdild mimiTvales mtersa RmrTi-sasa varsqens.~

purisWamisas dedofalma, romelsac mravalni `dReni uzmasa gardaevlnes, ...gemoY ara-raisai ixila.~ rZals, romelmac Rvino miaZala, risxviT uTxra: ̀ odes yofil ars aqamomde, Tumca mamaTa da dedaTa erTad eWama puri?!~

Wiqas xeli aukra, saxeSi Sealewa rZals. `Rvinoi daiTxia.~ganrisxebulma varsqenma iwyo ̀ ujero~ gineba, fexiT Sesdga dedofals, astami Caartya,

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Tvali `daubuSta~, mjiRiT scemda, `TmiTa mimoiTrevda, viTarca mxeci mZvinvareY yioda da izaxda, viTarca cofi.~ `viTarca kravi mgelsa,~ Zlivs gamostaca jojikma Zmas rZali.

`viTarca mkudari idva SuSanik qveyanasa zeda.~ varsqeni uginebda `Tesl-toms~ da `saxlis maoxreblad~ uxmobda, borkilebi daadebina cocxal-mkvdrisaTvis, senakSi gadaay-vanina, mcveli miuCina, raTa vervis exila nagvemi.

rodesac, gamTeniisas, dedoflis mdgomareoba ikiTxa, moaxsena mcvelma, `ver gansa-rinebel arso.~ meuRlis `didZalma simsivnem~ gaakvirva pitiaxSi, brZana, nuravis SeuS-vebdnen SuSanikTan `da TviT nadirobad warvida.~

sulier SvilTan idumal misulma iakobma ixila `xati misi dabZaruli da gansivebuli~. dedofalma daamSvida moZRvari: `nu stir CemTvis, rameTu dasabam sixarulisa iqmna Cemda Ramei ese... sisxli ese ganmwmedeli ars codvaTa CemTa.~

`ybaSemusrvilma~, kbilebCamsxvreulma SuSanikma RvinoSi dambali puris `gemoi ixila~ _ `Rvawlsa Sesuli~ mowame aziara xucesma.

samkaulnic warugzavna dedofalma ubadruk meuRles, romelmac Zvirfaseulobis àRxilvac~(gadaTvla) ikadra. àmas cxorebasa arRarad mexmarebiso~, uTxra iakobs Su-Sanikma.

didmarxvisas eklesiis maxlobel senakSi ganmartovda dedofali, mcire `sarkumelic~ ki `dayo~. ìyo igi bnelsa mas Sina marxviT da locviT da tiriliT.~

honebTan brZolidan dabrunebulma varsqenma, romlis `gulsac eSmaki Txrida~, ekle-siidan saxlamdis ekalze mkvdariviT aTria dedofali. àdgild-adgild qve ZeZvi dae-fina~. dedoflis `kubastni~ (leCaq-samosi) da `xorcni wulil-wulilad (wvril-wvrilad) daebZarnes ZeZvsa mas.~

sasaxlesTan miTreuls, dascinoda SuSaniks varsqeni: àra gergo Sen eklesiai Seni da arca zurgni ege Senni qristianeni da ufali igi maTi.~

samasjer hkres kverTxi, vaeba da kvnesa ver daacdenines. esRa uTxra ùrCulosa~ varsqens: ùbadoo, Sen-Ra Tavi Tvisi ara Seiwyale da gansdeg RmrTisagan, Sen memca Semi-wyalea?!~

dedoflis `CCvilTa xorcTa~ dadenili `didZali sisxli~ rom ixila, brZana pitiaxSma, jaWvi daedoT qedze SuSanikisTvis.

Tavad amxedrebuls, varsqens `mohyvanda wmidai SuSanik uxamuri da Tmagardatevebu-li, viTarca erTi vinme SeuracxTagani.~

wmindani amSvidebda TanamgrZnobelT: `nu stirT, Zmano Cemno da dano Cemno da Svilno Cemno, aramed locvasa momixseneT,... rameTu arRara mixiloT cocxali gamosruli cixiT.~

satusaRos bnel senakSi Cagdebuli wmindanis qedze dadebuli jaWvi ùrCulom~ Tavisi beWdiT dabeWda, `ganisveneo~, dascina cols.

mesame kviriakesRa moikiTxa da, roca uTxres, momakvdaviao, arad Caagdo, `daamSvida~ mcveli: `nurarai gglian, ute, mokudes.~

nawamebi dedofali, romlis satusaRoSi xilvac ̀ WurWeris~ (qrTamis) aRTqmiT moaxerxa xucesma, iakobma aRiqva, rogorc `tarigi qristeisi, viTarca sZali, Semkuli sakrvelTa maTgan.~

qedze dadebuli jaWvi jojikis TxovniT axsnes dedofals, borkilTa axsna Tavad ar ineba.

SuSanikma èqvsi weli cixesa Sina aRasrula da wesierebiTa saRmrToiTa hyvaoda: marx-viTa, maradis mRviZarebiTa, zedgomiTa, TayvaniscemiTa uwyinod da kiTxviTa wignTaiTa mouwyineblad. ganabrwyina da ganaSvena yoveli igi cixe sulieriTa miT qnariTa.

ganiTqva yovelsa qarTlsa saqmei misi.~wmindanis locva SeeweodaT dedofalTan TxovniT misulT _ uSviloT Svili eZleo-

daT, sneulT _ kurneba, brmaT _ mxedveloba.rwmeniT ganamrTela SuSanikma sneuli mogvi dedakaci.dedofalma `nacvalad WiWnauxtisa saqmisa didiTa gulsmodginebiTa xelTa aRixvna

daviTni da mciredTa dReTa Semdgomad asergasisni igi fsalmunni daiswavlna... galobasa Seswirvida cremliT~.

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SvilTa gamazdeanebam SeaZrwuna, Tavsa `qve damarT scemda~, Semdeg madli Seswira ufals: `gmadlob Sen, ufalo RmerTo Cemo, rameTu iyvnesve ara Cemni, aramed Senni moce-mulni iyvnes... iyavn nebai Seni, ufalo, da me damicev saqmeTagan mterisaTa.~

rjulSecvlil SvilTa `saxelica sZagda smenad.~erTxel kidev scada pitiaxSma dedoflis gadabireba, sasaxleSi dabruneba ubrZana, Tu

ara, Cords an karad wargcem karauliTo, daemuqra.ubedurebas ganveridebi da keTils Seveyrebio, miugo SuSanikma. vinme mTavars ar eco-

loso, Sefiqrianda varsqeni da metad aRar SeuTvlia msgavsi ram.Semdeg ZuZumte miugzavna, Sin dabrunebas ubrZanebda. ukve mkvdari varo, auwya Su-

Sanikma mociquls, da, Tu varsqens micvalebulTa aRdgineba xelewifeba, jer urds da-krZaluli deda aRadginoso.

rodesac dedoflis sityvebi gadasces, varsqens moagonda Tavisi muqara (`oTxTa gamo-giRon~).

dedofali uflis saxeliT amxilebda urjulos. ̀ (RmerTman) ganumzadnis sityvani pir-sa kacisasa, rameTu ityvis TviT ufali: me miugo sityuai Tquen wil.~

sapyrobileSi yofnis meeqvse weliwads dasneulebul dedofals amaod emudareboda moZRvari, metismetad nu daTrgunav xorcs `ficxlad marxviTa, maradis zedgomiTa,~ ve-Rar gauZlebo, magram SuSanikma ̀ ara sca xorcTa misTa gansvenebai... dadna, viTarca avli.~

eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi, didmarxvisas, ormocdaaT dRes arc dajdeboda, arc eZina, arc sazrdels iRebda, mxolod kviriakes eziareboda qristes xorcsa da sisxls _ mcire-oden pursa da Rvinos, da mxlis wvens Tu igemebda aRdgomamdis.

sasTumlad alizi edo, kacTa TvalTaTvis xaleniT dafaruli. qveSagebad girjaki (ZonZebi) hqonda, muxlmosayrelad da salocavad _ kiliki. exveoda `grwyili da tili mougonebeli.~

eqvs weliwads sapyrobileSi adidebda RmerTs dedofali. meSvide weliwads dasneule-buls `dausivdes ferxni... Txramli aRmosdioda~ da matli exveoda wylulebze.

atirebuli moZRvari daamSvida SuSanikma: `muni igi matli udideis ars da ara mokvdebis... vidre ukvdavTa maT matlTa SeWmasa umjobes iyavn amaT mokudavTa SeWmai aqave, amas cxorebasa.~

uTxra moZRvarma, ZaZas ar kmarob sagvemad, matlTa gamo mxiarul xaro. sTxova dedo-falma, nurvis etyoda xucesi, rom SuSaniks `Sinagan ZaZai emosa, ... xolo garegan, kacTa Tvalsa, antioqiisa palekarti.~

momakvdav dedofals Sendoba sTxova jojikis ojaxma, `viTarca kacTa sawuTroisaTa da soflismoyvareTa.~

dedoflis sityva, jojikisa da misi meuRlisaTvis Tqmuli, rwmeniTa da tkiviliTaa savse: `yovelTa warsavalsa mas gzasa meca warval... ganvisajneT me da varsqen pitiaxSi mun, sada igi ara ars TvalRebai winaSe msajulisa mis msajulTaisa da meufisa mis meufe-Taisa, sada ara ars rCevai mamakacisai da dedakacisai, sada me da man swori sityvai vTqvaT winaSe uflisa Cvenisa iesu qristeisa. miagos mas ufalman, viTar man uJamod nayofni Cemni moisTvlna da sanTeli Cemi daSrita da yvavili Cemi daaWno, Svenierebai sikeTisa CemisaY daabnela da didebai Cemi daamdabla da RmerTman sajos mis Soris da Cem Soris... wyalo-basa moveli iesu qristeis mier uflisa Cemisa.~

fsalmunis sityvebiT damoZRvra Sendobis saTxovnelad misulni dedofalma: `ese yoveli cxorebai, viTarca yvavili velTai, warmaval ars da daudgromel, da vin sTesa _ moimko, da vin ganabnia glaxakisaTvis _ Seikriba. da romelman wariwymidos Tavi Tvisi, man poos igi, romelman adida igi.~

uflis gziT svlas urCevda dedofali wveulT.stumrobdnen sapyrobileSi ganmamtkicebelni da manugeSebelni: Tavi igi episkoposTai

samoeli, iovane episkoposi, aznaurni did-didni da zepurni dedani, aznaurni da uaznoni soflisa qarTlisani.~

borkilis nawilT iTxovdnen `sacod da nakurTxevad~. Tavmdablad ambobda dedofali, `rai var, araRirsi eseo,~ Tumc uwyoda, rom, miwier

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satanjvelTa sanacvlod, caTa Sina miegeboda maradisi pativi.gardacvalebis dRes Tavisi sulieri moZRvari, iakobi, afoc episkoposs Seavedra da

iTxova, iq daekrZalaT, saidanac `pirvelad gamoiTries.~Tavi `venaxis meaTerTmete moqmedad~ moixsenia wmindanma, mSvidad warmoTqva: `kurTx-

eul ars ufali RmerTi Cemi, rameTu mSvidobiT mas zeda davwev da daviZine.~(Sdr. asmeore fsalmuni: `kaci _ viTarca Tivai arian dReni misni, viTarca yuavili

velisai egre aRyuavdes~ (fsalmunni, Tb., 2001, gv. 144)).mRvdlebma miwovani matlisa da Txramlisagan ganbanes `gvami damaSvrali da daWmuli

matlTa~. wmida `sudarSi~ Seagragnina iovane episkoposma cxedari.afoc da iovane episkoposebma, ̀ dauRlvili~ xarebiviT, fsalmunTa galobiT, anTebuli

kerovnebiT, sakmevlis kmeviT gamoasvenes wmindanis cxedari da dakrZales ̀ ganmzadebulsa mas adgilsa.~

Rame ganaTies, fsalmunebs angelosebiviT galobdnen, adidebdnen qristes, romelic ganaZlierebs erTgulT.

wameba SuSanikisa daiwyo rva ianvars, oTxSabaTs;meored gvemes aRvsebis zatiks (aRdgomis uqmes), orSabaTs;mesamed _ vardobisTvis (maisis) cxramets.aResrula dedofali Cvidmet òkdonbersa~, wminda mowameebis _ kozmanisa da dami-

anes moxseniebis dRes, xuTSabaTs. dawesda dRe SuSanikis mosaxseneblad, `sadideblad da saqeblad RmrTisa, mamisa da Zisa da sulisa wmidisa.~(`qarTvel wmindanTa cxovrebaSi~ (Tb., 2000, gv. 237) miTiTebulia, rom SuSanik dedoflis xsenebis dRea 28 agvisto (10 se-qtemberi)).

dedofali teqstSi iwodeba RmrTis tarigad (iakobi hyveba: `vixile tarigi igi qris-teisi Svenierad, viTarca sZali, Semkuli sakrvelTa maTgan~), varsqeni _ RmrTis mtrad (SuSaniki wuxs: àrca mR(v)delTagani vin ipova mowyale, arca erisa kaci vin gamoCnda So-ris ersa amasa, aramed yovelTa me sikvdild mimiTvales mtersa RmrTisasa varsqens~).

`RmrTisa mteri~ _ varsqeni

varsqeni `SuSanikis wamebis~ personaJia. swored masTan mimarTebiT iyenebs avtori _ iakob xucesi _ usazarles epiTets _ `RmrTis mteri~ (Sefaseba SuSanikiseulia).

`RmrTis mtrad~ varsqeni erTbaSad ar qceula. `pirvel (Tavidan) igica iyo qristiane, naSobi mamisa da dedisa qristianeTai.~

àraTu pativisa moRebisaTvis~ (maS, risTvis?!) eaxla pitiaxSi, Zei arSuSaisi, sparsTa xelmwifes, uaryo WeSmariti RmerTi, Tayvani sca cecxls. cols iTxovda mefisagan da aRuTqvamda, rom `bunebiT~ meuRlesa da Svilebsac iranelTa sjulze moaqcevda (aRTqmas SuSanikTan SeuTanxmeblad debda varsqeni).

qmris ùkeTurebas~ SuSaniki `maradis~ grZnobda, ufals evedreboda, exsna ugunuri, ganwiruli, ubadruki, samgzis sawyalobeli. varsqenis beds vin ar wuxda, vin ar dastiroda mas, ̀ romelsa arca Wiri exilva, arca SiSi, arca maxvili, arca pyrobilebai qristeisTvis~, magram mainc ganSoreboda ufals (Sdr. ioane oqropirTan: àra erT ars Tvinier Wirisa raisme da gansacdelisa gancemai sityvisai mis, da kvalad iwroebisa da Wirisa gansacdel-Taisa ver Tavs-debai~ (ioane oqropiri, Targmanebai maTes saxarebisai, w. 2, Tb., 1996, 327)).

gaxarebulma sparsT xelmwifem `brZana colad misa asuli mefisai.~sparseTidan wamosuli varsqeni `sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa, qveyanasa hereTisasa~ rom

mouaxlovda, ganizraxa, Sikriki warmoegzavna, raTa aznaurni, Zeni da msaxurni daxve-drodnen _ `viTarca erTguli soflad Sevides.~

SuSanikma igrZno, rom varsqeni `sulierad momkudar iyo~, magram, rodesac `damtkice-bulad~ uTxra despanma, `davarda igi qveyanasa zeda da Tavsa damarT scemda da cremliTa mwariTa ityoda: sawyalobel iqmna ubadruki varsqen, rameTu uvar-yo WeSmariti RmerTi da aRiara atroSani da SeerTo igi uRmrToTa.~

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sami dRis Semdeg sasaxleSi mosul varsqens `vinme sparsma~ auwya dedoflis eklesiis maxlobel senakSi gadasvla. pitiaxSma RvTismsaxurT uxmo, sixaruliT miegeba da uTxra: àw nuras meridebiT me da nucaRa gZag~(varsqeni grZnobs, rom àw~ _ rjulSecvlili, gadagvarebuli _ saZulvelia, magram ixtibars ar itexs). (es despanis warmogzavnis erT-gvari gagrZelebaa _ Sikrikic xom imitom warmogzavna, `viTarca erTguli soflad Sevi-des~ _ erTgulebis mtkiceba imas sWirdeba, vinc erTguli aRar aris...).

RvTisa da eris moRalate mourideblad amxiles RvTismsaxurebma: `warswymide Tavi Seni da Cuenca wargvwymiden~. maTac iseve ebralebodaT gzasacdenili, rogorc SuSaniks, romelmac `sawyalobeli~ uwoda ubadruk qmars.

RvTismsaxurTa mxilebas wauyrua varsqenma, Sedaveba arCia, ubrZana moZRvarT, Su-SanikisaTvis gadaecaT qmris sityvebi: `Sen xati Cemi daamxu, da sagebelsa Cemsa nacari gardaasx da Seni adgili dagitevebies da sxuad warsrul xar.~

dedoflis SemonaTvali srulyofilad warmoaCens varsqenis pirovnebas. qmrisa da ma-mamTilis Sedarebisas SuSaniki gamokveTs pitiaxSis yofis tragizms: àra Tu memca aRme-marTa xati igi? da memca davamxu!... mamaman Senman aRhmarTna samartvileni da eklesiani aRaSenna da Sen mamisa Senisa saqmeni ganhryvnen da sxuad gardaaqcien keTilni misni. mama-man Senman wmidani Semoixvna saxid Tvisa, xolo Sen devni Semoixven. man RmerTi caTai da qveyanisai aRiara da hrwmena, xolo Sen RmerTi WeSmariti uvar hyav da cecxlsa Tayvanis ec da, viTarca Sen Semoqmedi Seni uvar hyav, egreca me Sen Seuracx gyav. da Tu mravali tanjvai moawio Cem zeda, me ara veziaro saqmeTa SenTa.~

SuSanikis sityvebidan Cans, rom dedofali ganasxvavebs mamamTilis _ arSuSas gamaz-deanebas varsqenis gamazdeanebisagan. pirvelma daTmobiT qarTli mowyvedisagan ixsna, meore ki arvis uiZulebia _ àrca Wiri exilva, arca SiSi, arca maxvili, arca pyrobilebaY qristeisTvis~.

ganrisxebulma pitiaxSma Zma da rZali miugzavna ganmartoebul dedofals da, sasax-leSi ardabrunebis SemTxvevaSi, `TreviT miTreviT~ daemuqra.

curtaveli naTlad warmogviCens pitiaxSis pirovnul rRvevas: Tuki Tavidan varsqeni cdilobs, `viTarca erTguli soflad Sevides,~ daTafluli esaubros RvTismsaxurT, nu SemiZulebTo, Seemudaros, TandaTan, rjulSecvlils, nebisyofaca da simSvidec Ralato-bs, mrisxanebs, ujero sityvebiT emuqreba cols (`TreviTa mogiTrio~).

muqaris gamo rodi brundeba `taZrad~ dedofali, romelmac `Tanawaritanna evangele Tvisi da wmidani igi wignni mowameTani.~

purisWamisas warmoaCens varsqeni Tavis mglur bunebas. ganrisxebul dedofals, ro-melic Rvinian Wiqas Seamsxvrevs saxeSi rZals, sastikad gauswordeba _ ujerod agina, fex-iT Sesdga, astami Caartya TavSi, Tvali `daubuSta,~ mjiRiT scemda, `TmiTa mimoiTrevda, viTarca mxeci mZvinvarei yioda da izaxda, viTarca cofi.~

TiTqos winaswar gznebda dedofali mosaxdens, mcire senakSi ganmartoebuli rom loculobda purisWamamdis oriod dRiT adre da tkiviliT wamoscda: ùfalo RmerTo, arca mR(v)delTagani vin ipova mowyale, arca erisa kaci vin gamoCnda Soris ersa amasa, aramed yovelTa me sikvdild mimiTvales mtersa RmrTisasa varsqens.~

`viTarca kravi mgelsa~, Zlivs gamostaca varsqens SuSaniki jojikma, Tavadac igvema.`viTarca mkudari idva wmidai SuSanik qveyanasa zeda~. varsqeni uginebda `Tesl-toms~

da `saxlis maoxreblad~ uxmobda.mxolod gamTeniisas moikiTxa borkildadebuli dedofali, `wylulebisa misgan viTar

arso~. miuges, `ver gansarinebelo.~ SuSanikis `didZalma simsivnem~ ganacvifra pitiaxSi, brZana, nuravis SeuSvebdnen qalTan da `TviT nadirobad warvida~.

curtavelis fraza uaRresad tevadia da lakoniuri. mwerali mkiTxvels miandobs, Tavad gadawyvitos, ra aris es `nadirobad~ wasvla _ sruli gulgriloba da cinizmi, Tu sakuTari Tavisagan gaqcevis mcdeloba, codvis gacnobiereba?!

`nadirobidan~ dabrunebuli pitiaxSi xucess daavalebs, SuSaniks samkaulebi gamoarT-vas. gansakuTrebiT sazaria varsqenis saqcieli, rodesac igi Zvirfaseulobas àRixilavs,~ povebs yovels `gebulad~ da ityvis: `mermeca ipoos vinme, romelman ese Seimkos.~

13

aRvsebis orSabaTs honebTan brZolidan dabrunebuli pitiaxSis guls èSmaki Txrida~. eklesiaSi misulma afocs ubrZana, `gamomec coli Cemi, rad ganmaSorebo.~

erTma mRvdelTaganma usayvedura episkoposTan kadnieri saubrisa da dedofal-ze mrisxanebisaTvis, magram pitiaxSma ùxeTqna kverTxiTa... zurgsa.~ veraferi hkadra RvTismsaxurma.

eklesiidan saxlamdis ekalze mkvdariviT aTria varsqenma SuSaniki.àdgild-adgild qve ZeZvi daefina~. dedoflis `kubastni~ da `xorcni wvlil-wvlilad

daebZarnes ZeZvsa mas~.varsqenis sulieri sibrmave gansakuTrebuli simZafriT warmoCndeba SuSanikisaTvis

Tqmul sityvebSi: àra gergo Sen eklesiaY Seni da arca zurgni ege Senni qristianeni da ufali igi maTi~.

pitiaxSis brZanebiT, samasjer dahkres dedofals kverTxi, kvnesa ver daacdenines. esRa uTxra ùrCulosa~ meuRles: ùbadoo, Sen-Ra Tavi Tvisi ara Seiwyale da gansdeg RmrTisagan, Sen memca Semiwyalea?!~

verc dedoflis `CCvilTa xorcTa~ dadenilma `didZalma~ sisxlma moalbo varsqeni, brZana, qedze jaWvi daedoT SuSanikisaTvis.

dedoflis gamxnevebis mosurne erT mRvdelTagans varsqenis danaxvisas sityva pirze SeaSra (`mtkiced deg~-is nacvlad, oden `mtki~... warmoTqva), sirbiliT gaecala pitiaxSs.

Tavad amxedrebuls, varsqens ̀ mohyvanda wmidai SuSanik uxamuri da Tmagardatevebuli, viTarca erTi vinme SeuracxTagani~. vervin gabeda Tavsaburavis miwodeba, radgan pitiaxSi iqve mimodioda `mxedr~ da uSverad igineboda.

amxedrebulmave dafanta SuSanikis nugeSismcemelni.cixis xids rom miuaxlovdnen, varsqenma dascina dedofals, aqedan veRar gamoxval,

òTxTa gamogiRono.~SuSaniki varsqenma CrdiloeTis mxares mdebare bnel senakSi Seagdebina da dedoflis

qedze dadebuli jaWvi sakuTari beWdiT `dahbeWda~ ùrCulom.~uTxra SuSanikma: `mxiarul var, raiTa aqa vitanjo da mun ganvisveno~.`he, he, ganisueneo~, dascina meuRlem. mcvelT ubrZana, siymiliT (SimSiliT) moeklaT

qali. Tu vinme brZanebas gardavidoda, Sedegze varsqeni aRar agebda pasuxs (ùbralo var~).

mesame kviriakes moikiTxa `sawyalobeli~. roca auwyes, gadarCenaze metad, sikvdilia sagonebelio, `daamSvida~ mcveli: `nurarai gglian, ute, mokudes~.

Cords mimaval varsqens SuSanikisTvis qedze dadebuli borkilis axsnis ufleba gamosTxova jojikma.

dedofals udidesi tkivili miayena gagebam imisa, rom varsqenma mogvobaze moaqcia (gaamazdeana) Svilebic.

rjulgamocvlil SvilTa `saxelica sZagda smenad~ SuSaniks. satusaRoSi myofs, Cords an karad karauliT (saxedriT) wargzavniT daemuqra varsqen

pitiaxSi SuSaniks, magram, rodesac dedofalma SemouTvala, am ubedurebas, iqneb, ganveri-do da keTils Seveyaroo, Sefiqrianda, vinme mTavars ar ecoloso. metad aRar SeuTvlia msgavsi ram.

Semdeg ZuZumte miugzavna, Sin dabrunebas ubrZanebda. ukve mkvdari varo, auwya dedo-falma mociquls da, Tu varsqens micvalebulTa aRdgineba xelewifeba, jer urds dakrZa-luli deda aRadginos, mxolod TreviT Tu ganmiTrevso.

roca dedoflis sityvebi auwyes, varsqens moagonda Tavisi muqara (òTxTa gamogi-Ron~).

amis Semdeg varsqeni nawarmoebSi aRar Cans, mxolod momakvdavi dedofali moixseniebs, imqveyniuri samsjavros moimede: `ganvisajneT me da varsqen pitiaxSi mun, sada igi ara ars TvalRebai winaSe msajulisa mis msajulTaisa da meufisa mis meufeTaisa, sada ara ars rCevai mamakacisa da dedakacisai, sada me da man swori sityvai vTqvaT winaSe uflisa Cvenisa iesu qristeisa. miagos mas ufalman, viTar man uJamod nayofni Cemni moisTvlna da sanTeli Cemi daSrita da yvavili Cemi daaWno, Suenierebai sikeTisa Cemisai daabnela da

14

didebai Cemi daamdabla da RmerTman sajos mis Soris da Cem Soris...~RmerTma `saja~ _ matli SuSanikis sxeuls exveoda, varsqenisas _ suls... `muni igi

matli udideis ars da ara mokvdebis~...

`SuSanikis wamebis~ istoriuli foni

`SuSanikis wameba~ mexuTe saukunis meore naxevarSi (476-483 w.w.) daiwera. iakob xucesi aRwers Tavis epoqas, Tanamedrove saqarTvelos, konkretulad, qarTls, `qveyanasa mas hereTisasa.~

Txzulebis moqmedeba iSleba `dabasa, romelsa saxeli hrqvian curtav~ (curtavi mde-bareobda daaxloebiT rusTavsa da bolniss Soris, mdinareebis _ qciisa da maSaveris Ses-arTavTan).

curtavi qarTlis pitiaxSTa rezidencia iyo.pitiaxSi, saxelmwifos didmoxele, ZalauflebiT mxolod xelmwifes Camouvardeboda.mexuTe saukuneSi sparseTi (irani) intensiurad eswrafvis aRmosavleT saqarTvelo-

Si gabatonebas, risTvisac, upirvelesad, qristianobis aRmofxvrasa da mazdeanobis gavrcelebas isaxavs miznad. eZebs sparseTi `qvegamxedvarT~ (moRalateT), romelTa Zal-isxmeviTac cixes iolad gatexs Signidan.

swored amgvari `qvegamxedvari~ aRmoCndeba hereTis (qarTlis) pitiaxSi, arSuSas Ze _ varsqeni.

qarTlis gamazdeanebis politikas irani adrec axorcielebda. jer kidev Sahma iez-digerd meorem ixmo TavisTan `karad~ (sparseTis sataxto qalaqi _ qtesifoni ixsenieba `karad~) amierkavkasiis xelisufalni: qarTlidan arSuSa (varsqenis mama), somxeTidan _ vardan spaipeti (SuSanikis mama), albaneTidan _ mTavari, romlis saxelic matianes ar Semounaxavs. iranis xelmwifem maTgan gamazdeaneba moiTxova. mTavarni iZulebulni gax-dnen, damorCilebodnen brZanebas, raTa kavkasia iranis samxedro eqspansiisagan exsnaT. 451 w. somxebi ajanydnen. avarairis brZolaSi mokles vardan mamikoniani. SuSaniki, mamis sikvdilis Semdeg, arSuSa pitiaxSis karze izrdeboda, hereTSi. amitomac eubneba igi jo-jiks: `uwyi, viTarmed dai var da erTad ganzrdilni...~

zemoTqmulis Sesaxeb `qarTlis cxovreba~ mogviTxrobs. `SuSanikis wamebaSi~ amis Ses-axeb araferia miniSnebuli, magram varsqenisa da arSuSas SuSanikiseuli Sefasebidan naT-lad Cans, rom dedofali ar kicxavs mamamTils, romelmac mazdeanoba, albaT, mxolod nominalurad miiRo, guliT ki WeSmarit qristianad darCa, varsqens ki `arca Wiri exilva, arca SiSi, arca maxvili, arca pyrobilebai qristeisTvis.~ miT ufro sazaria da miute-vebeli misi gamazdeaneba! (`mamaman Senman aRhmarTna samartvileni da eklesiani aRaSenna, da Sen mamisa Senisa saqmeni ganhryvnen da sxvad gardaaqcien keTilni misni. mamaman Senman wmidani Semoixvna saxid Tvisad, xolo Sen devni Semoixven (devni _ atroSanis RvTaebani), man RmerTi caTai da qveyanisai aRiara da hrwmena, xolo Sen RmerTi WeSmariti uvarhyav da cecxlsa Tayvanis ec~).

or religias Soris konfliqti qarTuli ojaxis fonze iSleba.erT ojaxSi meuRleTagan erTi (SuSaniki) aris `tarigi RmrTisa~, meore (varsqeni) _

`RmrTisa mteri.~ qali sarwmunoebisa da erovnuli meobis `dammarxvelad~ gvevlineba, mamakaci _ warmavali, miwieri `pativisa moRebisaTvis~ ucxo samefo karze mowowialed, rjulisa da mamulis gamyidvelad.

`SuSanikis wamebis~ teqstSi moxseniebuli mefe sparseTisa, romlis saxelic ar konkret-deba, aris perozi. moqmedeba xdeba misi gamefebis `mervesa welsa~ (468 w.).

teqstSi, aseve, ar konkretdeba saxeli saqarTvelos mefisa _ vaxtang gorgasali. ratom ar Caeria mefe konfliqtSi, ratom ar daicva dedofali? `SuSanikis wameba~ amis

Sesaxeb dums, magram `qarTlis cxovrebidan~ irkveva, rom vaxtangi am dros ar imyofeba saqarTveloSi (Cans, swored amiT isargebla varsqenma da Tavisi uflebebis ganusazRvreli gafarToeba moiwadina sparseTis SahTan damoyvrebiTa da Sahisave mxardaWeriT).

15

pirveli, rac vaxtangma saqarTveloSi dabrunebisTanave moimoqmeda, iyo is, rom moakv-levina qvegamxedvari da aso-asod akuwuli cxedari varsqenisa mtkvris WalebSi mimoa-fantvina, rogorc gafrTxileba, rom igive eloda rjulisa da mamulis yvela moRalates. es 484w. moxda.

`SuSanikis wameba~ dawerilia 476-483 ww.`SuSanikis wamebis~ daTariReba xdeba Semdeg monacemebze dayrdnobiT: dedofali gar-

daicvala 475w. 17 oqtombers. qveda TariRad Txzulebis Seqmnisa aRebulia 476 w.; varsqeni vaxtangma moakvlevina 484w. es faqti araa aRnusxuli teqstSi. `martviloba~ 483 wel-ze gvian rom daweriliyo, es aucileblad warmoCndeboda nawarmoebSi, Tundac rogorc samarTliani sasjeli, moRalatisaTvis ganCinebuli. e. i., teqsti dawerilia SuSanikis sikvdilidan varsqenis mkvlelobamdis.

teqstidan Cans, rom varsqeni, Sahs daqvemdebarebuli, iZulebulia, sparseTis intere-sebis dasacavad ibrZolos. amadac eomeba honebs _ CrdiloeT kaspiispireTSi damkvidre-bul, iranisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil toms; xelewifeba colis Cords (darubands) wargza-vna.

varsqenis dedis, anuSvaram arwrunis, dakrZalvis adgils _ urds _ samwuxarod, dRes mkvlevarni ver akonkreteben (am alags SuSaniki moixseniebs _ Tu pitiaxSs mkvdarTa aR-dgineba xelewifeba, jer urds dakrZaluli deda aRadginoso).

`SuSanikis wameba~ naTlad warmoaCens iranis eqspansiur miznebs saqarTveloSi. samwux-aroa, rom es, aSkara Tu faruli, eqspansia Tavad qarTvelTa xelSewyobiT xorcieldeba.

`martviloba~ Zvirfasi istoriul-literaturuli wyaroa qveynis Sidapolitikuri vi-Tarebis Sesaswavladac. V saukunis meore naxevrisaTvis aRm. saqarTvelo _ `sofeli qa-rTlisaY ~ politikurad absoluturad Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifoa, Camoyalibebulive saero da sasuliero xelisuflebiT. qveynis saTaveSi dgas mefe (igi teqstSi ar Cans, ma-gram aq `SuSanikis wamebas~ `qarTlis cxovreba~ eSveleba), saxelmwifoSi arsebobs pitiax-Sis instituti (zogi mosazrebiT, es igiv mefisnacvlis `saxeloa~, zogiTac _ sparsuli politikis Sedegi _ ucxo `srsvili~ qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifos sxeulze).

pitiaxSi pativdebuli personaa _ sazRvars miaxloebisas mas unda miegebon àznaurni da misni Zeni da msaxurni misni.~

ierarqia saero xelisuflebisa mkacradaa gansazRvruli _ qveyanaSi arseboben àznau-rni did-didni (Tavadni) da zepurni dedani (didgvarovani qalbatonebi, banovanni), aznau-rni (sakuTriv) da uaznoni~ (glexebi);

mkacradaa gansazRvruli sasuliero xelisuflebis ierarqiac: arsebobs mTavarepis-koposi (`Tavi igi episkoposTaY _ samoel~), episkoposni (afoc, iovane...), mRvdlebi (iakob xucesi; vinme xucesi, romelsac varsqenma ùxeTqna kverTxiTa zurgsa dedoflis gamosar-ClebisaTvis...), diakonni (diakoni, romelmac `vanad~ wasul afocsa da iakobs varsqenis dabruneba auwya; diakoni, romelsac, varsqenis danaxvisas, SuSanikis gansamxneveblad war-mosaTqmeli sityva pirze SeaSra).

rogorc sasuliero, aseve saero xelisufalT moixseniebs SuSaniki Tavis tkivilian amonakvnesSi: ùfalo RmerTo, arca mRdelTagani vin ipova mowyale, arca erisa kaci vin gamoCnda Soris ersa amisa, aramed yovelTa me sikvdild mimiTvales mtersa RmrTisasa varsqens.~

es wamieri drtvinvaa _ sicocxlis miwuruls dedofali `madlsa miscemda misa mimarT mowleobisaTvis (TanagrZnobisa da nugeSisaTvis) episkopossa misisa saxlisasa afocs.~

afoci, rodesac Seityobs varsqenis gamazdeanebas, iakobTan erTad wmida kacis vanad myofi, mwuxarebiT aRsavse, tiris _ `Cven aRvivseniT mwuxarebiTa da didiTa tiriliTa vtirodeT gamwarebulni codvaTa CvenTa warmoCinebisaTvis~ _ sasuliero xelisufalni sakuTar danaSaulad, Tavisi codvebis dasturad aRiqvamen varsqenis dacemas.

satusaRoSi myof dedofals, varsqenisagan idumal, sazrdeliT moikiTxavdnen samo-eli da iovane, `farulad iRvwides da nugeSinis scemdes~.

upirvelesi mozare, Wirisufali da TanamgrZnobeli dedoflisa misi sulieri moZR-vari iyo. mxolod iakobma icoda, rom SuSaniks antioqiis palekartqveS, ZaZa emosa, sas-

16

Tumal alizs (gamoumwvar agurs) `kacTa TvalTaTvis~ xaleni faravda.sasuliero pirebma gaapatiosnes da dakrZales wmindani.`sofeli qarTlisai~ sicocxleSive Tayvans scemda dedofals _ gamZvinvarebuli

varsqenis Tvalwin cremloobs àmboxi~ xalxisa, satusaRoSi myofs ki codvaTa Sesandobad akiTxavs da momakvdavis borkilT `sacod da nakurTxevad~ iTxovs. Sendobis mTxovnelTa Sorisaa jojikis ojaxic (`kacni sawuTroisani da soflismoyvareni,~ rogorc Tavad moix-senies Tavi).

teqsti adasturebs qarTuli kulturis maRal dones V saukuneSi. `SuSanikis wameba~ uTiTebs, rom suliT gansaZliereblad sasaxleSi dabrunebulma dedofalma ̀ Tanawaritanna evangele Tvisi da wmidani igi wignni mowameTani~, satusaRoSi myofma ki ̀ gulsmodginebiTa xelTa aRixvna daviTni da mcired dReTa Semdgomad asergasisni igi fsalmunni daiswav-lna.~

zemoTqmuli adasturebs, rom mexuTe saukunis meore naxevrisaTvis qarTulad ukve Targmnilia saxareba (evangele), daviTni (fsalmunni), martirologiuri literatura (wignni mowameTani).

Tavad dedofali wminda werilis zedmiwevniT mcodnea (rom araferi vTqvaT iakob xucesze). `suliTa cxovlad~ SuSaniks qristes sjulis dammarxvelni esaxeba, WeSmariti RmrTis uarmyofelni _ `suliTa momkvdarad~ (rogorc varsqenisagan warmogzavnil des-panTan saubarSi warmoCndeba).

`siyrmiTgan TvisiT~ RvTismoSiS dedofals sjera, rom uflis winaSe yvelas piradi pa-suxismgebloba aqvs: `masmies me pavleis mociqulisagan (e. i., V s-Si Targmnilia `pavlenic~ _ pavle mociqulis epistoleni): ara damonebul ars Zmai, gina dai, aramed ganeyenen.~

uflis sarwmunoebis dacvisaTvis dawyebuli wamebis Rames dedofali aRiqvams `dasabam(ad) sixarulisa...~ sisxls _ `codvaTa ganmwmedelad~... àrRarad exmareba~ (aRar sWirdeba) samkaulni.

èqvsi weli cixesa mas Sina aRasrula da wesierebiTa saRmrToiTa yvaoda: marxviTa, maradis mRviZarebiTa, zedgomiTa, TayvaniscemiTa uwyinod da kiTxviTa wignTaiTa mouwy-inebelad. ganabrwyina da ganaSuena yoveli igi cixe sulieriTa miT qnariTa.~

istoriuli viTarebis gasaTvaliswineblad sainteresoa `vinme sparsis~ yofna varsqe-nis karze. sagulisxmoa, rom igi gamudmebiT cdilobs (rasakvirvelia, `zakviT~), TiTqos, ganmuxtos situacia. sparseTidan Camosul pitiaxSs swored sparsi auwyebs dedoflis gandgomas: `me viTar micnobies, coli Seni gandgomil aris Sengan. da me getyvi Sen: nuras ficxelsa sityvasa etyvi mas, rameTu dedaTa bunebai iwro ars.~

SuSaniksac `TanaugrZnobs~: èseviTari saxli mSvidobisai viTar sawyalobel iqmna da sixaruli mwuxarebad gardaiqca!~ (SuSaniki xvdeba `TanamgrZnobis~ mzakvrobas _ `moiz-Ruda Tavi misi mtkiced~).

purisWamis Semdeg `mcired damcxral~ pitiaxSs swored `vinme sparsi~ evedreba, borkilebi axsnas gvemul dedofals.

sparsis Tavgamodeba misi gulCvilobiT ki ara, imiT aixsneba, rom mas ara surs gamaz-deanebuli varsqenis diskreditacia qarTvelTa TvalSi (erTi mazdeanis (miT ufro, axal-moqceulis) uzneoba Cirqsa scxebs zogadad mazdeanobas, sparseTsac).

xucesi warmoaCens sazogadoebis erTgvar siWreles _ yvela ver bedavs, aSkarad TanaugrZnos dedofals da daupirispirdes varsqens. pitiaxSis nebas aRasruleben mcveli satusaRosi, senakapani... diakonsac sityva pirze aSreba mZvinvare varsqenis danaxvisas, Tumc `soflisa qarTlisais~ mosaxleobis udidesi nawili, `mRvdelTagannica~ da èrisa kacnic~ wmindanad sicocxleSive aRiareben `RmrTis tarigs~, `mglad da cofad~ _ uflisa da mamulis moRalates.

`dedaTa bunebis iwroeba~ (qalis gonebaSezRuduloba) ki V saukunis qarTvelis azri ki ara, `vinme sparsis~ (zogadad, mazdeanobis) doqtrinaa.

qalis uflebriv SezRudulobaze arc cnobili fraza miuTiTebs: òdes yofil ars aqamomde, Tumca mamaTa da dedaTa erTad eWama puri?!~ stumarTa winaSe (ucxoTa winaSe) qali mudam diasaxlisis, maspinZlis rols irCevs, es ucxoTa elementaruli pativiscemaa

17

da ara qalis Rirsebis damcireba. ojaxis wevrni ki, qalebica da mamakacebic, bunebrivia, erTad usxdnen sufras. zemoTqmuliT SuSanikma qaragmulad mianiSna qmars, sjulis ga-mocvlis Semdeg CemTvis ucxo xar, SenTan erTad purs ar gavtex, miT ufro, uflis sisxls _ Rvinos ver veziarebio.

qristianuli sarwmunoeba qals dakninebulad ar aRiqvams. Tu wuTisofelSi odnav mainc aris erTgvari ierarqia, miRmur samyaroSi es ierarqia qreba: `ganvisajneT me da varsqen pitiaxSi mun, sada igi ara ars TvalRebai winaSe msajulisa mis msajulTaisa da meufisa mis meufeTaisa, sada ara ars rCevai mamakacisa da dedakacisaY ~.

hagiografiuli Txzuleba, Janris kanonTa gaTvaliswinebiT, warmoaCens qveynis poli-tikur mdgomareobas, martvilis usazmno tkivilebsa da wmindanamdis amaRlebulis su-lier gancdebs.

Txroba mSrali da mwuTxe ki ar aris, uaRresad lakoniuria da tevadi. bibliurad tevadia fraza.hagiografis mzeris miRma ar rCeba arc `yuresa erTsa miyrdnobili,~ mwared atire-

buli dedofali, romelsac guli swydeba, rom uJamod daSrites misi sanTeli, moisTv-lnes misi nayofni, daaWnes misi yvavili, arc colis samkaulTa `aRmxilveli,~ Tu, qalis usazmno gvemis Semdeg, `nadirobad warsruli~ pitiaxSi.

hagiografi mematianis sizustiT aRwers ̀ wamebis~ fonsac _ TiTqos hereTis mwir gare-mos ki ara, jojoxeTis sazar landSafts aRwerdes:

`Jamsa zafxulisasa cecxlebr Semwveli igi mxurvalebai mzisai, qarni xorSakni da wyalni mavnebelni, romlisa mkvidrnica mis adgilisani _ savseni seniTa, wyliTa gansiveb-ulni da ganyviTlebulni, dawertilni da damWnarni da damRierebulni, Caradovanni, pirm-sivanni da dRemokled cxorebulni. da moxucebuli aravin ars maT qveyanaTa...~

`SuSanikis wameba~ _ qarTuli literaturis Cvenamde moRweuli pirveli Zegli aTas xuTasi weliwadia, arwmunebs qarTvels, rom wmindanis saxeli oden uflisa da mamulis Tavganwiruli msaxurebiT `moiyideba~...

`SuSanikis wameba~ SemorCenilia mxolod meTerTmete saukunis xelnaweris saxiT, amde-nad, teqstSi aRar Cans V saukunisaTvis bunebrivi `xanmetobis~ kvali.

arsebobs `wamebis~ 4 redaqcia: 2 qarTuli, 2 somxuri.Tavdapirvelia qarTuli vrceli redaqcia.qarTuli vrceli redaqcia _ somxuri vrceli redaqcia _ somxuri mokle redaqcia _

qarTuli mokle redaqcia.somxur redaqciaSi daculi cnoba SuSanikis erT-erTi Svilis mtkvarSi daxrCobis Ses-

axeb qarTul variantSi ar dasturdeba.

`SuSanikis wamebis~ mxatvruli mxare

iakob xucesis `SuSanikis wameba~ _ qarTuli mwerlobis Cvenamdis moRweuli pirveli Zegli _ mxatvruli sinatifiTa da daxvewilobiT badebs safuZvlian eWvs, rom igi ar Sei-Zleba iyos dasabami erovnuli literaturisa _ msgavsi mxatvruli srulyofilebisaTvis erTbaSad arc erT mwerlobas ar miuRwevia.

nawarmoebi iwyeba fraziT: `da aw damtkicebulad giTxra Tquen aRsasruli wmidisa da sanatrelisa SuSanikisi~. odnav qvemoT vkiTxulobT: iyo ̀ SuSanik moSiSi RmrTisa, viTarca igi vTquiT, siyrmiTgan TvisiT.~

Cans, arsebobda sxva Txzuleba (an amav Txzulebis aw dakarguli nawili), romelSic wmindanis siyrme iyo aRwerili.

`SuSanikis wamebis~ daweris droisaTvis rom sasuliero wignTa udidesi nawili ukve Targmnili iyo, nawarmoebic adasturebs: sulierad gansaZliereblad sasaxleSi dabruneb-ulma dedofalma `Tanawaritanna evangele Tvisi da wmidani igi wignni mowameTani~, satu-saRoSi myofma ki `gulsmodginebiTa xelTa aRixvna daviTni da mcired dReTa Semdgomad asergasisni igi fsalmunni daiswavla.~

18

zemoTqmuli adasturebs, rom me-5 saukunis meore naxevrisaTvis qarTulad ukve Targmnilia saxareba oTxTavi (evangele), daviTni (fsalmunni), martirologiuri litera-tura (wignni mowameTani); dedofali icnobs samociqulosac, kerZod, pavle mociqulis epistoleebs (`masmies me pavleYs mociqulisagan: ara damonebul ars ZmaY, gina daY, aramed ganeyenen~).

Txzuleba hagiografiul Janrs ganekuTvneba. `hagiografia~ berZnulad wmindanis cxovrebis aRweras niSnavs. JanrSi gamoiyofa qveJanrebi:

a)martviloba _ teqsti, romelSic wmindanis cxovreba da misi mowamebrivi aRsasrulia aRwerili;

b) cxovreba _ teqsti, romelSic wmindanis cxovreba da misi bunebrivi aRsasrulia aRwerili.

`SuSanikis wameba~ martvilobaa da aRwers dedoflis eqvswlian tanjvasa da meSvide weliwads netarad aRsrulebas.

Janris kanonTa Sesabamisad, Txzulebas, ubralod, unda aRewera wmindanis yofa da aR-sasruli, magram sityvis didostatis _ iakob xucesis madliT, nawarmoebi ar eteva Janris CarCoebSi da ubrwyinvales beletristul qmnilebad iqceva.

am prozaul Txzulebas maRali poezia msWvalavs, sityva, fraza lakoniuria, magram _ bibliurad tevadi.

bibliuri momWirneobiT iyenebs sityvas xucesi da mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi samudamod aRibeWdeba tragikuli xatebani `qveyanasa zeda davardnili~, Tu `yuresa erTsa miyrdno-bili~, mwared atirebuli dedoflisa, colis `didZal simsivnes~ ganridebuli, `nadiro-bad warsruli,~ samkaulTa aRmxilveli, SuSanikis manugeSebel xalxSi `mxedr~ Sevardnili varsqenisa, pitiaxSis SiSiT pirze sityvaSemSrali diakvnisa, sasaxleSi gveliviT Sesriale-buli `vinme sparsisa,~ `pirsa WiqaSelewili~ rZlisa, kverTxiT nacemi RmrTismsaxurisa...

TiTqos hereTis mzis mxurvalebas vgrZnobdeT: `Jamsa zafxulisasa cecxlebr Sem-wveli igi mxurvalebaY mzisaY, qarni xorSakni da wyalni mavnebelni, romlisa mkvidrnica mis adgilisani _ savseni seniTa, wyliTa gansivebulni da ganyviTlebulni, dawertilni da damWnarni da damRierebulni, Caradovanni, pirmsivanni da dRemokled cxorebulni da moxucebuli aravin ars maT qveyanaTa.~

TiTqos qarTlis (hereTis) mwir garemos ki ara, jojoxeTis sazar landSafts aRw-erdes mwera li-mematiane.

iakob curtaveli pitiaxSis karis mRvdeli, SuSanikis sulieri moZRvari iyo, sasuli-ero piri, saRmrTo werilis zedmiwevniT mcodne. aqedan _ bibliur pasaJTa siuxve `Su-Sanikis wamebaSi.~

19

2. iovane sabanisZe, `habos wameba~

a. literaturuli komentarebi

arabTa gabatonebis Semdeg erovnuli sulis kvdomis tragedias, zneobis gaTelvasa da uzneobis aRlaRebas bibliuri winaswarmetyvelis simkacriTa da pirdapirobiT warmoaCens iovane sabanisZe: `Jamsa meSvidesa darsa zeda vdgaT... mravalni scTundebian da mravalTa acTuneben... sicocxlisa amis moZRvrebasa ara Tavsidebden... WeSmaritebisagan sasmenelni gare miiqcinen da zRaprebsa mieqcen... varT yuresa amas qveyanisasa... xuTasis wlisa JamTa da uwinaresRa Sjuldebul... madliTa naTlisRebisaiTa...

naSobni qristeaneTani gardagvlarZnes _ romelnime mZlavrebiT, romelnime Setyu-viliT, romelnime siyrmesa Sina umecrebiT, romelnime mzakvarebiT... naklulevanebiTa da siglaxakiTa Sekrulni SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian, viTarca lerwamni qarTagan Zli-erTa, (damviwyebelni) Cveulebisaebr mamulisa slvisa.~

iakob curtavelTan ar aris aseTi mZafri SegrZneba tragizmisa. saqarTvelos mteri mexuTe saukuneSi Zlevamosili, magram ukve `daisisken miwurvili~ sasaniduri irani iyo. Tu zeobda varsqeni _ droebiT, samRvdeloni da saeroni, àznaurni did-didni da zepurni dedani, aznaurni da uaznoni soflisa qarTlisani~ aSkarad TanaugrZnobdnen WeSmariti sarwmunoebisa da mamulisaTvis Tavganwirul dedofals.

523 w. iranelebma qarTlSi (aRm. saqarTveloSi) mefoba gaauqmes, tfilisSi Sahis nacva-li, marzpani dasves; VI aswleulSi, qarTlSi arabTa gabatonebis Semdeg, sparsi marzpani arabma amiram (xalifas nacvalma) Secvala. erismTavris (erovnebiT qarTvelis) instituti nominaluri iyo.

xmoba daiwyo erovnulma fesvma, momravldnen damviwyebelni `Cveulebisaebr mamulisa slvisa~. godebs sabanisZe _ mwerali-mematiane: àRverieniT ersa ucxosa, SjuliTa gand-gomilisa qristesagan, ... sarwmunoebisa Cvenisasa maginebelTa, romelTagan viswaveniT saqmeni maTni da vhmonebdiT gulisTqmasa gulTa CvenTasa mibaZvebiTa maTiTa, viTarca usasoni qristesagan da damviwyebelni saukunoisa cxorebisani.~

erovnuli tragediis gacnobiereba gaxda mizezi `habos wamebis~ Seqmnisa, rac, samoel qarTlis kaTalikosis brZanebiT, aRasrula iovane sabanisZem. uflis SewevniT ganZliere-buli iovane, hagiografTaTvis Cveuli TavmdablobiT, mogviTxrobs: àRvwere uRirsisagan gonebisa Cemisa Semokrebuli martviloba WeSmariti da utyueli wmidisa mowamisai~.

sabanisZe mkiTxvels arwmunebs, rom àxovnad~ warmoCenili wmidanis Rvawlma rwmena-Seryeulni eklesiisaken Semoabruna. martvilTa maRali yofis gacnobierebiT, eklesiaSi SekrebiT, saRmrToze fiqriT Wabukni ganmtkicdnen, moxucni ganmxnevdnen, ganmxnevebulni gaZlierdnen.

Txzuleba 786-790 ww. daiwera (habo 786w. awames, samoeli ki, visi brZanebiTac Seiqmna martvilobis teqsti, qarTlis kaTalikosi iyo 790 w-mde).

miuxedavad mdgomareobis tragizmisa, avtori imedgadawuruli, sasowarkveTili ro-dia. imedi efemeruli ar aris _ sabanisZem icis, rom qristianobas umdidresi tradiciebi da xangrZlivi istoria gaaCnia saqarTveloSi da qristes sjulis erTguleba miuCnevia xsnis erTaderT gzad.

swored sabanisZe gvawvdis cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom VIII s-is miwurulisaTvis qristiano-bas saqarTveloSi xuTaswlovani istoria aqvs: ̀ varT yuresa amas qveyanisasa xuTasis wlisa JamTa da uwinaresRa Sjuldebul... madliTa naTlisRebisaiTa~.

sabanisZe qarTul eklesias bizantiuris gverdiT ayenebs: àra xolo Tu berZenTa sar-wmunoebai ese RmrTisamieri moipoves, aramed Cvenca, SorielTa amaT mkvidrTa... qarTli-saca mkvidrTa aqvs sarwmunoebai da wodebul ars dedad wmidaTa (wmidanTa samSoblod), romelTame TviT aqa mkvidrTa da romelTame ucxoTa da sxviT mosrulTa Cven Soris~.

habo, Cvidmet-Tvrameti wlis sarkinozi Wabuki, ùcxo da sxviT mosrulia~. hagio-

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grafiuli Txzuleba sabanisZisa swored misi Rvawlis aRweras eZRvneba. habo, ùcxoi ucx-oiTa SjuliTa movida da qristesa, RmerTsa Cvensa, Seemecna... gvirgvinosan yo eklesiai~, wamebulis gvirgvinma gananaTla.

mwerlis farTo erudiciis, maRali gemovnebisa da daxvewili mxatvruli ostato-bis wyalobiT, hagiografiuli Txzuleba veRar eteva Janris CarCoebSi da ucxotomelis qristesTvis wamebis faqtis mSral aRnusxvas ki ara, VIII saukunis miwurulis saqarTvelos mxatvrul matianes warmoadgens.

Txzuleba siuJeturadac rTulia, poliJanruli (mravali Janris gamaerTianebeli):. Sesavali da I Tavi epistolesa da saRmrToTa saxelTa ganmartebas warmoadgens; sakuTriv habos Rvawli II-III T.T.-Sia aRwerili; meoTxe Tavi ki warmoadgens netarisadmi aRvlenil sagalobels, qarTuli himnografi-

is erT-erT uZveles da umSvenieres nimuSs. amdenad, iovane sabanisZe ara mxolod sasuliero prozis (hagiografiis), sasuliero

poeziis (himnografiis) didostatadac gvevlineba.sabanisZis Txzulebis pirveli Tavi naTlad adasturebs saRmrTo werilis uRrmes wv-

domas. `saRmrTo saxelni~ `wignTagan sawinaiswarmetyveloTa,~ samociqulodan, saxarebi-dan, wmida mamaTa qadagebebidan amoukrebia avtors da TiToeulis (kar, gza, tarig, mwyems, lod, margalit, maril, yvavil, angeloz, kac, RmerT, naTel, qveyana, marcval mdogvis, matl, mze simarTlis) bibliur ganmartebas iZleva. iqvea daskvnac: `ver SemZlebel varT Cven miwvdomad simdidresa mas saxelisa misisasa.~

ìoane sabanisZis Txzuleba yvela sxva qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglisagan gamoirCeva simboloTa sistemis SedarebiT srulad da Taviseburad gamoxatviT... esaa erTaderTi qa-rTuli mxatvruli Zegli, romelSiac Camoyalibebulia simboloTa ganmartebani.

korneli kekeliZe fiqrobda, rom wyarod gamoyenebuli iyo fsevdo-dionise areopage-lis Txzu leba `saRmrToTa saxelTaTvis~.

ilia abulaZis azriT, ioane sabanisZis erT-erTi wyaro unda iyos epifane kviprelis àRvsebisaTvis~.

gamoyenebulia klimenti aleqsandrielis himnic qristesadmi.ioane sabanisZe warmogvidgeba mcire qarTuli ganmartebiTi leqsikonis pirvel Sem-

dgenelad. es faqtic imdroindeli Cveni filologiuri skolis naTeli dadasturebaa~ (revaz baramiZe, narkvevebi qarTuli mwerlobis istoriidan, Tb., 1990, gv. 46-48).

Txzulebis meoTxe Tavi kompoziciurad agvirgvinebs nawarmoebs, ganazogadebs habos Rvawls, sagaloblad aRevlineba: `viTarca kravi umankoi, Seiwire Semwvari cecxliTa... qristeman ismaitelTa Soris, viTarca vardi ekalTagan, gamogarCia... Sen, veluri ege ze-Tisxili, mogiRo qristeman...~

nawarmoebis ZiriTad nawils II-IIIT.T. warmoadgens. masSi netaris gzaa aRwerili, imav-droulad, matianesac waagavs teqstis es monakveTi. mwerali-mematiane gvixatavs arabTa gavlenis qveS myof qarTls (aRm. saqarTvelos), bizantiis gavlenis qveS myof afxazeTs (das. saqarTvelos), xazareTs...

Tuki qarTlSi sarkinozTa `xarksa qveSe gvemulni... SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian, vi-Tarca lerwamni qarTagan ZlierTa,~ afxazeTi aris `qveyana savsei qristes sarwmunoebiTa da aravin urwmunoTagani mkvidrad ipovebis sazRvarTa maTTa.~

Txzulebis personaJebi garkveuli ideis personifikacias warmoadgenen:habo wmidanobis ideas ganasaxierebs, nerse _ dapyrobili qveynis gaTavisuflebisaTvis

brZolisa, arabi amira-msajuli _ dampyroblis gansxeulebaa (r. siraZe).nawarmoebi Tanamedrovis mieraa dawerili, amdenad, qveynis xsnisaTvis TavganwirviT

mebrZoli nerses saxes aSkarad ver warmoaCenda avtori, magram ikveTeba mZafri survili sabanisZisa, STamomavalT daanaxos mrisxane dampyrobelTan _ arabeTis xalifatTan da-pirispirebuli eriskaci, misi `ganwirulis sulis-kveTeba.~ swored erismTavris ojaxSi eyreba safuZveli erovnul-gamaTavisuflebel moZraobas, romelsac nerses karzeve aR-zrdili grigol xanZTeli uTavkacebs IX saukuneSi, jvriT daiwyebs iavarqmnili mamulis aRorZinebas.

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mxolod gakvriT ixseniebs sabanisZe im faqts, rom nerse baRdadis cixeSi `SesmeniTa borotTa kacTaiTa~ ijda _ mters ra gamoulevda qveynis gaTavisuflebisTvis mebrZols (mters _ Tanamemamules Tu ucxotomels)...

nerses ZalisxmeviT gardagularZnilTa samkvidroSi `gamoCnda axovnad wmidai ese mowamei~, `kravi umankoi, ... Semwvari cecxliTa.~

aSkaraa mizani sabanisZisa _ ̀ Cveulebisaebr mamulisa slvisa~ damviwyebelT ucxotome-lis Tavganwirvis aRweriT erovnuli Tavmoyvareobis grZnoba gauRviZos. dawvrilebiT aR-wers gzas, romelic menelsacxeble mahmadianma ganvlo qristian wmindanad amaRlebamdis. `wamisyofiTa qristesmieriTa~ `ganaTlebuli~ sarkinozi kadnierad miaxlis ganrisxebul amiras: `dauteve me pirveli igi kacTa xelovnebiTa SeTxzuli Sjuli da zRaprobisa si-brZniTa RonisZiebuli rwmunebai da aw Seudeg me WeSmaritsa qristes mier momadlebulsa sarwmunoebasa samebisa wmidisasa _ mamisa da Zisa da sulisa wmidisasa~.

sabanisZe sagangebod gamokveTs azrs, rom qristianobis sinaTlesa da madls mxolod WeSmariti `qristeane~ Tu igznebs.

wamebulis wmida ferflis mtkvarSi Cayrac simboluria _ naSTi ar unda darCeniliyo wmidanisa, rom sxva sarkinoznic ar `cTunebuliyvnen,~ qristianni ki – ar ganmtkicebuli-yvnen. ufalma saswauli mouvlina mciredmorwmuneT _ caSi gabrwyinebuli varskvlaviTa da wylidan amomavali naTebiT miago pativi netars. `ukeTu xorcTa maT ganxrwnadTa esodeni pativi awve aCvena, ravden ufrois uxrwnelad aRdgomasa mas marTalTasa didebi-Ta da pativiTa gvirgvinosani ixilon Soris angelozTa~...

sabanisZe momxdaris amaRlebulobis warmoCenaze (da ara sakuTari sityvis garegnul silamazeze) zrunavda. habos martvilobisa da amaRlebis aRweriT mweralma erovnuli TviTSegnebis dangreuli taZris aRdgenisaken mouwoda gardagularZnil, gulisTqmas da-monebul TanamemamuleT.

iseve, rogorc iakob xucesi, `habos wamebis~ avtoric, iovane sabanisZec, zedmiwevniT, Rrmad, safuZvlianad icnobs sasuliero wyaroebs. zogi mkvlevris mosazrebiT, mwerali sasuliero piria.

Cveulebriv, hagiografebi sasuliero pirebi iyvnen, magram, korneli kekeliZis varau-diT (epistoleebze dayrdnobiT), sabanisZe saero piri unda yofiliyo.

sabanisZe Tavis Txzulebas iakob curtavelisagan gansxvavebuli principiT agebs _ xucesTan gabmuli, uwyveti Txrobaa, `habos wameba~ poliJanrulia (mravali Janris mom-cveli), Tavebad dayofili.

Txzulebis dasawyisSi warmodgenilia samoel qarTlis kaTalikosis epistole iovane-sadmi da sabanisZis pasuxi, rasac mosdevs nawarmoebis oTxi Tavis saTaurebi:

pirveli Tavi: `RmrTismsaxurTa da martvilTmoyvareTa krebulisaTvis Txrobai da moZRvrebai da axlisa amis mowamisai haboisa xsenebai~;

meore Tavi: `qarTlad Semoslvai da naTlisRebai netarisa haboisi~;mesame Tavi:`martvilobai wmidisa haboisi~;meoTxe Tavi: `qebai sanatrelisa wmidisa haboisi~.

iovane sabanisZis pirovneba warmoCenilia samoel kaTalikosis epistoleSi (werilSi).`me, samoel qristes mier qarTlisa kaTalikozi, ufalsa iovanes sabanisZesa, sulierad

Svilsa wmidisa kaTolike (sayovelTao, yovlismomcveli) eklesiisasa da sayvarelsa Cvensa, locviT uflisa mier mogikiTxav~, _ mimarTavs qarTuli eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli iovanes da moikiTxavs: `mSvidobai iyavn Sen zeda da yovelTa saxlisa Senisa krebulTa qristes mier~.

samoeli auwyebs sabanisZes, rom misTvis cnobilia am ukanasknelis RvTismoSiSeba da ganswavluloba: `Cven TviT uwyiT wadierebai Seni RmrTismsaxurebisaTvis da RmrTivmi-madlebuli Seni mecnierebai (codna) saRmrToTa wignTa da gulsmodgineba Seni keTilTa saqmeTa moRvawebisaTvis. Sen TviT uwyi sanatrelisa amis axlisa mowamisa haboisi, romeli dReTa amaT CvenTa imartvila meoxad qristes mimarT Cvenda da yovlisa amis soflisa Cvenisa qarTlisaTvis.~

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kaTalikosi iovanes moagonebs imxanad wamebuli habos Rvawls da ubrZanebs sabanisZes: `mnebavs, raiTa daiweros sanatrelisa amisca martvilobai, viTarca pirvelTa maT qristes mowameTai, da daidvas igica wmidasa kaTolike eklesiasa Sina mosaxsenebelad yovelTa, vin iyvnen Semdgomad Cvensa.~

epistole xsarTan mRvdlis xeliT aaxla samoelma iovanes.kaTalikosma daloca, jvari gadaswera, yovladwminda samebis, RvTismSoblis, wmida

mociqulTa da mowameTa Sewevna usurva sabanisZes da sTxova: `xel yav gamoTqmad sruliad WeSmaritad, viTar igi iyo da viTarca Sen TviT uwyi, da aRwere martvilobai wmidisa mowamisa haboisi da aRwerili Cven mogviZRvane, raiTa umetesad locva vyoT SenTvis. madli uflisa iyavn Sen zeda, amen!~

sapasuxo epistoleSi sabanisZe madls swiravs qristes, romelmac ar ugulebelyo misi simdable da kaTalikosis arCevani masze SeaCera. icis, rom samoelis brZanebis aRsruleba saukuno didebas moupovebs: `sargebel da nayof sulisa da siqadul da sixarul xorcTa meqmnebis me saukunod mimarT da sofelsaca amas.~

kaTalikoss auwyebs iovane, rom epistoles didad Seufiqrianebia _ verc urCobas bedavs, verc Tanxmobis micemas: `mZime ars Cemda orkerZove: ukeTu urC veqmne brZanebasa Tqvensa, weril ars _ Svili urCi warsawymedelsa mieceso; da Tu viswrafo morCilebad, misTvisca ityvis _ udaressa Sensa nu gamoeZiebo da uZlieressa Sensa nu ganikiTxavo... SiSman da zrunvaman Semipyra me da SeSfoTna gonebai Cemi da daveci da movakldi mec-nierebisagan.~

sabolood, morCileba arCia, locviTa da pirjvris gardasaxviT ganZlierebulma. solomonis sibrZnes erwmuna: `hbaZevd jinWvelsa, medgaro, da iqmen muSak msgavs misa, viTarca-igi man Tvissa udidessa marcvalsa mas ifqlisasa Sebma uyvis gulsmodgined, vi-dremdis aRiRis da wariRis sazrdelad Tvisa.~

locviT ganZlierebuli, auwyebs samoels: `gulsmodgine viqmen uZlieresTa CemTa aRebad. da wadierebai gulisa Cemisai aRavso ufalman. da aRvwere uRirsisagan gonebisa Cemisa Semokrebuli martvilobai WeSmariti da utyueli.~

RmerTs evedreba sabanisZe, kaTalikosisa da mkiTxvelisaTvis ̀ saTno iyos~ misi uRirsi naRvawi.

sabanisZe eriskacia, namdvili mamuliSvili, romelic bibliuri winaswarmetyveliviT mkacria erovnuli tragediis mxilebisas:

`momipyreniT saCinoni ege sasmenelni Tqvenni da ufroisRa sacnobelni ege yurni gu-lisa da gonebisa Tqvenisani ganhmarteniT smenad da maspinZel eqmneniT sityuaTa amaT CemTa, rameTu qristesTvis arian da sanatrelTa misTa mowameTaTvis. SeiwynareT karavsa gvamisa Tqvenisasa da savane ganumzadeT, rameTu ufalsa hnebavs damkvidrebad asoTa Sina TqvenTa...

Jamsa meSvidesa darsa zeda vdgaT... mravalni scTebodian da mravalTa acTunebden... sicocxlisa amis moZRvrebasa (qristianobas) ara Tavsidebden... WeSmaritebisagan sasmenel-ni gare miiqcinen da zRaprebsa mieqcen...

varT yuresa amas qveyanisasa... xuTasis wlisa JamTa da uwinaresRa Sjuldebul madl-iTa naTlisRebisaiTa...

naSobni qristeaneTani gardagvlarZnes _ romelnime mZlavrebiT, romelnime Setyu-viliT, romelnime siyrmesa Sina umecrebiT, romelnime mzakvarebiT... naklulevanebiTa da siglaxakiTa Sekrulni SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian, viTarca lerwamni qarTagan Zli-erTa, (damviwyebelni) Cveulebisaebr mamulisa slvisa.~

saRmrTo saxelebi da maTi ganmartebebi saxarebaSi, winaswarmetyvelTa wignebsa da mociqulTa qadagebebSi amoukrebia sabanisZes, Rrmad darwmunebuls imaSi, rom `ueWveli sarwmunoebai saunje did ars morwmuneTaTvis.~

sabanisZe amayobs, rom qristianuli mrwamsi mxolod bizantielT(`berZenT~) ki ara, qarTvelTac aqvT da rom saqarTvelo qarTvel da ucxo qveynebidan mosul wmindanTa samkvidroa: `ara xolo Tu berZenTa sarwmunoeba RmrTisamieri moipoves, aramed Cvenca, SorielTa amaT mkvidrTa... qarTlisaca mkvidrTa aqvs sarwmunoebai da wodebul ars de-

23

dad wmidaTa, romelTame TviT aqa mkvidrTa da romelTame ucxoTa.~Txzulebis meoTxe Tavi qarTuli himnografiis (sasuliero poeziis) erT-erTi yvelaze

adreuli nimuSia. amdenad, sabanisZe ara mxolod brwyinvale hagiografad, didebul him-nografadac gvevlineba.

wmindanisadmi aRvlenil sagalobelSi sabanisZe mimarTavs abos: àRverieniT ersa ucxosa, sjuliTa gandgomilsa qristesgan... viswaveniT saqmeni maTni... (viyvneniT) viTarca usasoni qristesgan da damviwyebelni saukunoisa cxorebisani. xolo aw Sen mier mogveaxla qriste da Cven gulisxma vyavT kvalad SiSi misi da siyvaruli misi... viTarca kravi umankoi Seiwire Semwvari cecxliTa...

qristeman ismaitelTa Soris, viTarca vardi ekalTagan, gamogarCia... Sen, veluri ege zeTisxili, mogiRo qristeman. axali ege qristes morwmune moZRvar Cvenda iqmen...~

`habos wamebis~ personaJebi

`kravi umankoi, Semwuari cecxliTa~ (habo)

`naSobni qristeaneTani gardagvlarZnes _ romelnime mZlavrebiT, romelnime Setyu-viliT, romelnime siyrmesa Sina umecrebiT, romelnime mzakvarebiT... naklulevanebiTa da siglaxakiT Sekrulni... SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian, viTarca lerwamni qarTagan Zli-erTa, (damviwyebelni) Cveulebisaebr mamulisa slvisa~...

swored aseT Jams gamoCnda àxovnad~ habo, arabi Wabuki, ùcxoi, ucxoiTa sjuliTa movida da qristesa, RmerTsa Cvensa Seemecna... gvirgvinosan yo eklesiai~, wamebulis gvir-gvinma gananaTla.

habos Rvawlma gularZnilni da rwmenaSeryeulni eklesiisaken Semoabruna, amao gancxromisaTvis zurgi aqcevina da RvTis sityvaze daafiqra. martvilTa Semwynarebelni Tavad RmerTs iwynareben.

martvilTa Rvawlis gacnobierebiT, eklesiaSi SekrebiT, saRmrToze fiqriT Wabukni ganmtkicdebian, moxucni ganmxnevdebian, iwyeben svlas maradiuli uflisken, romelmac `kacsa dacemulsa zecad aRuwoda... `qarTlisaca mkvidrTa aqvs sarwmunoebai da wodebul ars dedad wmidaTa, romelTame TviT aqa mkvidrTa da romelTame ucxoTa.~

ùcxo~ habo baRdadis cixidan gaTavisuflebul nerse erisTavs Camohyva saqarTvelo-Si. èse naSobi iyo abrameani, ZeTagan ismaelisTa, tomisagan sarkinozTaisa... arca xar-Wisagan naSobi, aramed yovladve arabielTa Tesli, mamulad da dedulad... ese iyo yrma, Wabuk viTar aTrvametis wlis, gina uknineis _ aCvidmetis wlis... igi iyo xelovan, keTilad Semzavebel sulnelTa maT sacxebelTa. da swavlul iyo mwignobrebiTa sarkinozTaiTa.~

habos mSoblebi da da-Zmani baRdadSi cxovrobdnen.qarTlSi wamosvla menelsacxeble Wabukma gadawyvita àra Tu TvisiT gonebiT, aramed

wamisyofiTa RmrTisamieriTa~, rogorc bibliuri abraami gaiyvana ufalma qaldevelTa qveynidan aRTqmuli miwis dasamkvidreblad. da haboc xom abraamis STamomavali iyo!

habo `warmovida aqa nerseis Tana mgzavr qristes siyvarulisaTvis.~qarTlSi Camosuli, nersesTan `cxondeboda~ (cxovrobda). saTnoebiT Tavi Seayvara

yvelas, qar Tuli `mwignobrebis~ (wera-kiTxvis) Seswavla ganizraxa, ìwyo swavlad wmidaTa saRmrToTa wignTa Zvelisa da axlisa SjulisaTa, rameTu ufali mecnier hyofda mas.~

wmida eklesiaSi ismenda saxarebas, sawinaswarmetyvelos. kiTxulobda, swavlobda, sir-Tule aRmosakiTxvelisa guls ki ar ucruebda, `mizez swavlisa~ eqmneboda.

`srul iqmna yovliTa moZRvrebiTa~. uaryo rjuli mahmadisi, Seiyvara qriste yovliTa guliTa, magram `ver ganicxadebda Tavsa Tvissa sruliad qristeaned, xolo (mxolod) fa-rulad imarxavn da ilocavn qristes mimarT~. krZalul alags eZebda, raTa monaTluliyo _ qarTlis mpyrobeli sarkinozebisa eSinoda.

rodesac nerses kvlav daemuqra baRdadis cixis tyveoba, erismTavarma, ovseTis karis (darialis) gavliT, samasi mxlebliTurT miaSura xazareTs. mxlebelTa Soris iyo haboc.

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Tvistomni rom Sors daigula, habom ìswrafa miaxlebad qristesa da naTel iRo sax-eliTa mamisaiTa da ZisaiTa da sulisa wmidisaiTa xeliTa patiosanTa mRdelTaiTa~. iwyo daubrkolebeli locva da marxva.

mcire xnis Semdeg nerse, mxleblebiTurT, gadavida afxazeTSi (dasavleT saqarTvelo-Si), sadac winaswarve gaexizna ojaxi, radgan `krZalul iyo qveyanai igi SiSisagan sarki-nozTaisa~.

xazareTidan afxazeTisaken samTviani mgzavrobisas habo ganuwyvetliv loculobda, marxulobda, galobda fsalmunebs.

rodesac afxazeTis mTavarma gaqristianebuli habos Sesaxeb Seityo, gaxarebulma, ixmo Wabuki, episkopossa da mRvdlebTan erTad akurTxa da anugeSa, ucxos mtkice rwmeniT gancvifrebulma.

afxazeTis mxilveli, RmerTs `hmadlobda habo, rameTu ixila man qveyanai igi savsei qristes sarwmunoebiTa da aravin urwmunoTagani mkvidrad ipovebis sazRvarTa maTTa.~ aq ixila arabma adgilobriv mkvidrTa `gardametebuli RmrTismoyvarebai, locvai daucade-beli~, Tavadac aRivso saRmrTo SuriT. rogorc mociquli ambobs, `keTil ars baZvai keTilisaTvis.~

Cvidmet ianvars, wmida mama antonis xsenebis dRes, àRiRo Sromai ficxeli, dumiliTa da marxviT moauZlurebda igi xorcTa maT siWabukisa TvisisaTa~ (ixsenebda uflis ormoc-dRian locvasa da marxvas udabnoSi).

sam Tves marxulobda da mdumarebda, mxolod kviriakes (kviradRes) miiRebda wmida saidumlos _ sisxlsa da xorcs qristesi (pursa da Rvinos). aRvsebis (aRdgomis) dResas-waulis SemdegRa `ganxsna ena... da adidebda RmerTsa.~

qarTlis erismTavrad nerses diswulis, stefanozis, daniSvnis Semdeg gaxarebuli nerse tfiliss dabrunda.

gamomgzavrebamdis netari habo afxazeTis mTavarma ixmo, daariga, nu ganxval qarTls, bunebiT (dabadebiT) sarkinozs mahmadianni ar dagindoben, Zvel sarwmunoebaze mogaqceven, esoden Sromas warwymedo.

habom RvTismsaxur mefes miugo: `Semiwynara me qristeman da ganmaSora Cemgan bneli igi pirvelisa mis umecrebisa Ce-

misa da Rirs myo me naTelsa mas missa, arasada uvar vyo me saxeli misi. daRaTu bevreuli oqroisa da vecxlisai momcen me, ... ver ganmaSoron me siyvarulsa uflisa Cemisasa... rai madli ars yofai Cemi aqa, sada ara ars SiSi, arca sikvdili qristesTvis... raisTvis dav-faro WeSmariti ese naTeli, romliTa ganmanaTla me qristeman... ara meSinis me sikvdilisa-gan, rameTu me sasufevelsa veZieb qristesgan,~ anTebul sanTels arvin dgamso xvimirqveS.

habo nersesTan erTad Camovida tfiliss, ìqceoda igi gancxadebulad qristeaned~. arabTagan zogi sayvedurobda, zogi aginebda, zogi aSinebda, zogi sdevnida, zogic mSvidi sityviT upirebda gadabirebas.

ganmtkicebuli habo verafriT gadaibires, sam weliwads tfilissa da maxlobel sof-lebSi Tavisuflad mimodioda, magram vera daakles ra, rameTu àrRa mowevnul iyo Jami misi.~

qristianni mfarvelobdnen, sazrdeliTa da samosiT uzrunvelyofdnen.habos wamebis Jams qarTlis erismTavari iyo stefanoz gurgenis Ze, kaTalikosi _

samoeli, bizantiis imperatori _ konstantine leonis Ze, sarkinozTa xalifa _ mose amira mumni, mahdis Ze. dasabamiT gardasuliyo 6389 weli.

habo Seipyres, miiyvanes tfilisis amirasTan, romelmac `qristes aRsarebisaTvis~ sa-pyrobileSi Caagdebina. ramdenime dRis Semdeg, stefanoz erismTavris TxovniT, Wabuki ganaTavisufles.

kvlav aRiZrnen `Semasmenelni~. tfilisSi axali amira Semosuliyo. swored masTan daa-bezRes habo da bunebiT sarkinozis samagaliTod dasja iTxoves, raTa sxvaTac ar miebaZaT gaqristianebuli arabisaTvis.

es qristianebma Seityves da gaafrTxiles Wabuki. habom keTilismsurvelT miugo: `me ara xolo tanjvad ganmzadebul var qristesTvis, aramed sikudidca.~ kvlavac `gancxade-

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bulad~ iqceoda. arabebma Seipyres da amiras miuyvanes.hkiTxa msajulma mizezi `mamuli Sjulis datevebisa da qristianeTa Tana SecTomisa~.

uflis nebiT ganZlierebulma, habom miugo, rom RmerTma `gamoirCia~ naTesavTa Soris: `dauteve me pirveli igi kacTa xelovnebiTa SeTxzuli Sjuli... da aw Seudeg me WeSmaritsa qristes mier momadlebulsa sarwmunoebasa.~

msajulma `sicofisa ganzraxvis~ dateveba ubrZana da daarwmuna, Tu `naklulevanebi-saTvis~ (siRaribis) gamo gaqristianebulxar, niWiTa (saCuqrebiT) da pativiT axlave uz-runvelgyofo.

netarma miugo: òqroi da vecxli Seni Sen Tanave iyavn warsawymedelad Tavisa Senisa. me pativsa kacTagan ara veZieb, rameTu maqvs me niWi qristesmieri... pativi saukunoi caTa Sina.~

borkildadebuli habo sapyrobileSi Caagdes. igi madls swiravda RmerTs, rom gankiTx-vis Rirsad cno.

es moxda 27 dekembers, wmida stefanes moxseniebis dRes.sapyrobileSi myofi, habo marxulobda, loculobda, fsalmunebs galobda dRisiT da

RamiT. `ganyidna yoveli, raica aqvnda~, mSier da naklulevan tusaRebs dauriga.crumoZRvarni sapyrobileSi akiTxavdnen, liqnis sityvebiT mis gadabirebas cdi-

lobdnen. zogi aSinebda kidec, qriste ver Segeweva, satanjveli SenTvis àwve~ gangvimza-debiao: `rai sargebel geyos Sen qriste igi Seni?~

netari aras miugebda, ùRarRilod~ (Seusvenebliv) loculobda, fsalmunebda.saubriT damaSvralT uTxra, rom amaod irjebodnen. sTxova, marto daetovebinaT,

raTa uflis mcnebebze fiqris saSualeba miscemoda.crumoZRvarni darcxvenilni gamovidnen senakidan.sapyrobileSi yofnis mecxre dRes habom TanapyrobilT gamoucxada: `xvale ganslvai

ars Cemi xorcTagan da mislvai uflisa Cemisa da RmrTisa iesu qristes Tana~. es Tavad RvTisagan euwya wmidans.

habom samoseli ganiZarcva, gaayidvina, rom, sanacvlod, kereonebi da sakmeveli ey-idaT, misi sulis saoxad qalaqis eklesiebSi daerigebinaT; mRvdelT Seemudara, elocaT misTvis, raTa sauflo gzaze ar dabrkolebuliyo, Rirsi gamxdariyo qristes mowamis sax-elisa.

naTlisRebis wina Rames habo ganTiadamdis `SeuZrvelad~ idga sakanSi, sanam ori didi sanTeli `xelTa Sina~ ar daiwva. fsalmunebs galobda: `winaiswar vxedevd ufalsa, winaSe Cemsa ars maradis, rameTu marjvl Cemsa ars, raiTa ara SeviZra.~

gaTenda paraskevi, naTlisReba, eqvsi (cxrameti) ianvari.habo ambobda, rom am dRes ufali `STahxda~ mdinare iordaneSi, raTa naTeleRo. veSapi

(eSmaki) RmrTeebiT Semusra... `dRes gardamosvlai ars sulisa wmidisa yovelTa zeda wy-alTa.~

netari sulierad ganZlierda: `jer ars, raiTa ganviZarcvo SiSi xorcTa amaT CemTai, romelni samosel arian sulisa~, CaveSva qalaqSi, rogorc zRvis siRrmeSi, `naTelviRo sisxliTa CemiTa da cecxliTa da suliTa~.

habos isic niSneulad eCvena, rom naTlisReba paraskevs daemTxva _ ufalma jvarcmisas swored am dRes daTrguna mteri (eSmaki)...

sikvdilis SiSi ver ganmaSorebso RmerTs, ambobda netari.piri daibana, zeTi icxo _ es ̀ daflvis (dakrZalvis) nelsacxebeli~ iyo. icoda, rom am-

ieridan arasodes moswyurdeboda sxva ram sazrdeli: `daRaTu vidodi me Soris aCrdilTa sikvdilisaTa, ara SemeSinos me borotisagan, rameTu Sen, ufali Tana xar.~

rodesac amiras msaxurni habos wasayvanad movidnen, habom TanapyrobilT sTxova, locvisas moexseniebinaT.

xel-fexze borkildadebuli, qalaqSi mihyavdaT habo. qristianni mistirodnen. wmidani amSvi debda TanamgrZnobelT: `nu stirT Cem zeda, aramed gixaroden, rameTu uflisa Cemisa mival.~

habo `viTarca vin mogzaur eqmnis mkvdarsa, egre xedvida Tvissa mas gvamsa~ _ eCvene-

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boda, TiTqos Tavadve miasvenebda Tavis cxedars. asmeTvramete fsalmuns galobda: `netar arian ubiwoni gzasa, romelni vlenan rjulsa

uflisasa~. jvarcmuli avazakis sityvebic gaixsena uflisadmi: ̀ momixsene me, ufalo, odes moxvide sufeviTa SeniTa.~

amiras samkvidrebelTan misulma, kadnierad gardasaxa jvari kars, pirjvari gadaiwera Tavadac. suliwmidiT aRvsebulma amiras kiTxvas, àra dagitevebies sicofei da ugunure-bai~, miugo, ugunuri rom vyofiliyav, ar gavqristiandebodio.

mag sityvaTa gamo sikvdili geliso, daemuqra msajuli. pasuxad miugo Wabukma: ùkeTu movkvde, mrwams me, rameTu qristes Tana vcxonde, xolo Sen rasa ganagrZob?... viTarca kedelsa magas, romelsa miyrnobil xar, egre ara mesmian cudni ege sityuani Senni, rameTu gonebai Cemi qristes Tana ars zecas.~

msajulma hkiTxa, egodeni ra sitkboeba gaqvso qristesagan, sikvdilisTvisac rom ar gewyalviso Tavi.

habom upasuxa, irwmune, naTeliRe da gaigebo.ganrisxebulma amiram habosTvis Tavis mokveTa brZana. msaxurebma sasaxlis ezoSi

gamoiyvanes Wabuki, romelmac tansacmeli SemoiZarcva, pirjvari gadaiwera da madloba Seswira RmerTs, rom wamebis `Rirs yo~.

wmidanma `moudrika qedi Tvisi maxvilsa.~samjer mouqnies xmali, fiqrobdnen, SeeSindeba da uaryofs qristes sjulso, magram

netari `mxned miiTvalvida maxvilsa.~ mxnedve miabara suli ufals.moTminebiT sZlia urwmunoTa `siborgiles~. SuriT aRvsilni, amirasTan Sevidnen, ha-

bos gvami gamoiTxoves, raTa daewvaT wmida nawilni da qristianni daeSinebinaT, daeTrgu-naT (msajuls isic moaxsenes, rom wmida nawilT qristianni saswaulmoqmedad miiCneven da sneulTa gankurnebis Zalas miaweren).

amiras nebarTviT, msaxurebma cxedari gvalagSi (godorSi) Cades, sagodebelTan mii-tanes. SeSasa da Tivaze dadebul neSTs navTi gadaasxes da dawves, sadilegosTan axlos.

qristianTagan arvis misces miaxloebis ufleba.wmidanis damwvari Zvlebi mtkiced gamokres cxvris tyavSi da mtkvarSi, xidqveS, Cayares.

netaris saflavad wylis siRrme iqca.qalaqis qristianulma mosaxleobam ganagdo `SiSi mZlavrTai~ da wamebis alagisaken

daiZra _ cremliT, sanTel-sakmevliT. sneulni ikurnebodnen.ufalma pativi miago wmidans `sakvirveli saswauliT~: Ramis pirvel Jams (saaTze) caze gamobrwyinda moelvare varskvlavi, `viTarca lampari

cecxlisai~, elvasaviT manaTobeli. mwirni, qristianni, arabni mzerdnen naTebas. msajulis msaxurT Suqi qristianTa sanTlebisa egonaT, magram, rodesac zeaRmavali mnaTobi ixiles, saRmrTo SiSiT SeZrwundnen.

meore Rames wyalma gamosca gansakvirvebeli naTeli, romelic verc mdinaris amRel-varebiT daSrites. klde gaanaTa siRrmidan amobrwyinebulma svetma.

yvelam irwmuna, rom habo uflis wmidani iyo. aRsrulda sityva Zisa: ̀ Tu me vinme mmsax-urebdes, pativ sces mas mamaman Cemman, romel ars caTa Sina.~

Tu xrwnad xorcs esodeni pativi miego, raodeni miegeba wmidans mkvdreTiT aRdgomi-sas! `patiosan ars winaSe uflisa sikvdili wmidaTa misTai.~

iovane sabanisZe qarTlis qristianTa meoxad uxmobs habos, meaTerTmete Jamis muSakad, mociqul pavles amsgavsebs ( pavlemac uaryo `mamuli Sjuli~ da gaqristianda).

sabanisZis azriT, mas ar ZaluZs habos sakadrisi xotbis aRvlena da mxolod `msgavsad Zalisa Tvisisa~ ganadidebs. uflis marjvniv jvarcmul avazaks amsgavsebs, romelmac rwme-niT moipova sasufeveli, jvriT ganaRo kari samoTxisa da mcvelma qerubimma vera hkiTxa, vina xaro. uflis siyvaruliT dasTxia sisxli.

moavlina ufalma habo gardagularZnilTa gansaZliereblad da saxsnelad Jams, rode-sac àRverieniT ersa ucxosa, SjuliTa gandgomilsa qristesgan... viswaveniT saqmeni maT-ni... (viqceodiT), viTarca usasoni qristesgan da damviwyebelni saukunoisa cxorebisani,

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xolo aw Sen mier mogveaxla qriste da Cven gulisxma vyavT kvalad SiSi misi da siyvaruli misi... viTarca kravi umankoi, Seiwire Semwvari cecxliTa...

nefsiT (nebiT) simdable qristesTvis aRirCie, maxviliTa pyrobili igi Sjuli ganagde da WeSmariti igi aRiare.~

ugunurma mawameblebma wamebiT ganadides da ganabrwyines habo, yvelasaTvis ucnobi didebiT warmoaCines.

habos damwvari xorcis surneleba sakmevlis surnels emsgavsa.miwa abelis, enuqis, abraamis, elias msgavsad, sakurTxevlad eqca.mdinaris siRrmis sibnele ufalma zeciuri naTeliT ganubrwyina. sabanisZe mimarTavs

habos: `qristeman ismaitelTa Soris, viTarca vardi ekalTagan, gamogarCia... Sen, veluri ege zeTisxili, mogiRo qristeman... axali ege qristes morwmune moZRvar Cvenda iqmen...~

Seryeulni ganmtkicdnen, ganmtkicebulni ganmxiaruldnen, swavlulni ufro gagu-lisxmierdnen.

wmidans evedreba sabanisZe, meox eyos uflis winaSe morwmuneT, romelnic wyalobas iTxoven samebisagan.

nerse erismTavari

qarTul matianeebSi minisluli nerse erisTavi iovane sabanisZis `habos wamebaSi~ warmoCndeba (misi saxeli, rogorc grigol xanZTelis aRmzrdelisa, `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSic~ gakrTeba).

`habos wamebis~ meore TavSi vkiTxulobT:qarTlis erismTavari nerse, Ze adarnese kurapalatisa, mowodebul iqmna (ixmes, dai-

bares) `qveynad babilovnisa~ _ arabeTis xalifatis dedaqalaq baRdadSi xalifasTan _ amira mumni abdilasTan, romelmac erisTavi `SesmeniTa borotTa kacTaiTa~ sapyrobileSi Caagdo.

`dampyrobeli dapyrobil qveyanaSi spobs moazrovneebs, moralur pirovnebebs da amoativtivebs uRirsebs, salaxanebs. maTve SeaWmevinebs eris saukeTeso Svilebs. eri rCeba TavwakveTili, upatrono, aRar hyavs inteleqtualuri da moraluri elita, romelic zr-dis ers da uZRveba mas~ (revaz baramiZe, narkvevebi qarTuli mwerlobis istoriidan, Tb., 1990, gv. 56).

sami wlis Semdeg, uflis nebiT, amira mumni abdila gardaicvala, da, mis wil, misi Ze, mahdi, gamefda. mowyale RmerTma axal mbrZanebels nerses gaTavisufleba Caagona.

mahdim `gamoiyvana igi mwarisa misgan sapyrobilisa~ da erismTavradve daabruna sam-SobloSi.

`nerseis Tana mgzavr qristes siyvarulisaTvis~ qarTlSi wamovida arabi menelsacxe-ble, Cvidmet-Tvrameti wlis Wabuki, habo. tfilisSi nersesTanve `cxondeboda~ (cxov-robda).

garkveuli drois Semdeg, xalifa (albaT, isev ̀ borot kacTa SesmeniT~) kvlav ganurisx-da erismTavars. `da ivltoda igi (nerse), rameTu sastikad hbrZodes mas sarkinozTa eri~ (rasakvirvelia, erovnuli cnobierebis gamo).

`ufalman daicva igi xelTagan maTTa~. nersem uxifaTod ganvlo ovseTis kari (dari-ali) samasi mxlebliTurT, romelTa Soris sarkinozi Wabukic eria. nerse, `vltolvili qveyaniT TvisiT~, gadavida xazareTSi(albaT, sarkinozTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi politi-kuri mokavSiris povnis imediT). ewvia samkvidros `ZeTa magogisTa, romel arian xazarni, kac velur, saSinel piriTa, mxecis buneba, sisxlis mWamel, romelTa Sjuli ara aqvs, garna RmerTi xolo Semoqmedi ician.~

xazarTa xakanma (mTavarma) nerse Seiwynara `ucxoebisaTvis da vltolvilebisaTvis,~ misca masa da mis mxleblebs sazrdeli da samoseli.

netari habo xazareTSi moinaTla da `Seeyo marxvasa da locvasa daubrkolebelad.~ mcire xnis Semdeg nersem xazarTa xakanisagan afxazeTs (dasavleT saqarTvelos) wasv-

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lis nebarTva iTxova.afxazeTs erismTavars winaswar gaexizna deda, col-Svili, moyvasni, `rameTu krZalul

iyo qveyanai igi SiSisagan sarkinozTaisa~.xazarTa xakanma (romelsac sabanisZe `mefed~ moixseniebs) `ganuteva nerse mravliTa

niWiTa.~nerses amala samTvian gzas daadga xazareTidan afxazeTisaken. afxazeTis mTavarma

(leon II) `Seiwynara nerse yovliT eriT misiTurT~.ixiles ra erTmaneTi, nerses ojaxis wevrebma madli Seswires RmerTs `cocxlebiT da

mSvidobiT Sekrebisa maTisaTvis.~afxazeTSi ixila habom `kacTa mis adgilisaTa gardametebuli RmrTismoyvarebai da

locvai yovlisa mis erisa daucadebeli~. Tavadac aRivso `saRmrTo SuriT.~uflis nebiT, mahdi amira mumnma qarTlis erismTavrad baRdadidan warmoavlina ste-

fanozi, gurgen erisTavis Ze, nerses diswuli, `nacvlad dedis Zmisa Tvisisa nerseisa.~`mxiarul iqmna nerse, rameTu uflebai igi saxlisa misisagan ara ganaSora ufalman~,

iswrafa qarTls dabruneba, amirasagan usafrTxoebis piroba iTxova, raTa `warmovides xsnilad yovliT eriT misiTurT.~

afxazeTis mTavari amaod emudareboda habos, darCeniliyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi, raTa èsodeni Sroma ar warewymida~.

habo gamovida `nerseis Tana qveynad qarTld~.nerse erisTavs ixseniebs giorgi merCule `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~, rogorc

erT-erT aRmzrdels grigolisa.merCule wers grigolis Sesaxeb: èse iyo Svili warCinebulTa didebulTa da marTl-

morwmuneTa mama-dedaTai da saxlsa Sina sameufosa didisa nerse erisTavisasa aRzrdil iyo xeliTa keTilad msaxurisa dedoflisa _ nerses colisaiTa, romelsaca eSvila, ra-meTu iyoca Zmiswuli misi~.

swored nerses karze miiRo xanZTelma ubrwyinvalesi ganaTleba: `mswrafl xolo daiswavla daviTi da xmiTa saswavleli swavlai saeklesioi, samoZRuroY . qarTulsa enasa Sina yoveli daiswavla da mwignobrobaica iswava mravalTa enaTai da saRmrToni wignni zepiriT moiwvarTna... sibrZneca igi amis soflisa filosofosTai iswava keTilad...~

nerse ara mxolod Tavad iyo didebuli mamuliSvili, man sakuTar ojaxSi aRzarda `friadi qarTlis~ mesaZirkvle _ grigol xanZTeli.

`TvaldaTval unda daibrunos nerse erismTavarma qarTul istoriul galereaSi Ta-visi adgili, uflisagan rom ganesazRvra, magram bedis ukuRmarTobam lamis daviwyebis mdinares gaatana~ (rostom CxeiZe, erovnuli sulis anabeWdebi, `literaturuli saqarT-velo~, 15-22 seqtemberi, 1995, gv. 12).

arabi amira (msajuli)

qarTlis (aRm. saqarTvelos) faqtobrivi gamgebeli VIII s-is miwurulis saqarTveloSi aris arabeTis xalifas nacvali _ amira (murvan yrus laSqrobis (735-736) Semdeg).

arsebobs erismTavris institutic. `habos wamebis~ teqstis mixedviT, erismTavari jer nersea, Ze adarnese kurapalatisa, Semdeg _ nersesave diswuli, stefanozi, Ze gurgen eri-sTavisa. (xarobs nerse: ùflebai igi saxlisa misisagan ara ganaSora ufalman~ _ es ufleba nominaluria _ sakmarisia, erismTavarma erovnuli interesebis dacva ganizraxos (rac, bunebrivia, ewinaaRmdegeba arabTa interesebs), `SesmeniTa borotTa kacTaiTa~ baRdadis cixeSi ganaweseben, an aiZuleben, datovos qarTli...

mefoba jer kidev sparselebma gaauqmes qarTlSi VI saukuneSi, tfilisSi iranis Sahis nacvali _ marzpani dasves.

rodesac VII saukunidan sparselebs arabebi Seenacvlnen, marzpanis instituti amiras institutma Secvala.

iseve, rogorc marzpani sparseTis Sahis, amira _ arabeTis xalifas interesebis gam-

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tarebeli iyo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (dasavleT saqarTveloze am dros bizantiis gav-lena vrceldeba).

teqstSi aris terminologiuri aRreva: nacvlad àbdila amira mumnisa~ da `mahdi amira mumnisa~ unda iyos àbdila xalifa mumni~ da `mahdi xalifa mumni~ _ baRdadSi ijda ara-beTis xalifa, da ara amira, romelic iyo xalifas nacvali xalifatis mier dapyrobil regionebSi.

Tuki dasavleT saqarTvelo (afxazeTi) aris `qveyana savsei qristes sarwmunoebiTa da aravin urwmunoTagani mkvidrad ipovebis sazRvarTa maTTa,~ qarTlSi sarkinozebi boginoben. tfiliseli arabni, romelnic gaqristianebamdis icnobdnen habos, mZvinvareben: `romelnime hyvedrides, romelnime aginebdes, romelnime aSinebdes, romelnime sdevnides, romelnime mSvidobisa sityviTa Seajerebdes.~

aRsaniSnavia, rom arabni gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT uswordebodnen rjulSecvlil Tanamememuleebs, maSin, rodesac `bunebiT~ (dabadebidan) qristianebTan SedarebiT mSvidi urTierToba hqondaT.

tfilisis amira uzenaesi msajulis rols asrulebda.(sainteresoa, rom konstruqciaSi `SesmeniTa borotTa kacTaiTa,~ romelic nerses

miemarTeba, sityva `Semasmenelni~ (iseve, rogorc abos dambezReblebTan mimarTebiT) ar akonkretebs damsmenTa erovnebas _ damsmeni SeiZleba yofiliyo rogorc nerses mamuliS-vilobiT gaRizianebuli, habos gaqristianebiT Seuracxyofili mahmadiani arabi, aseve, sulgayiduli, moRalate qarTvelic).

arabi amira, romelmac `qristes aRsarebisaTvis~ habo sapyrobileSi Caagdo, arcTu mkacri Cans, radgan Wabukis gaTavisuflebisaTvis stefanoz erismTavris Txovnam ikmara.

rogorc ki `sxvai msajuli amirai~ Semovida tfilisSi, aRborgebuli `Semasmenelni~ kvlav aRiZrnen. aq ukve konkretdeba, rom eseni arabebi arian. mkacria maTi ganaCeni, ufro ultimatums hgavs, amirasaTvis wayenebuls: àrs qalaqsa amas Sina Wabuki erTi, romeli iyo bunebiT sarkinoz da ganzrdil da cxorebul SjuliTa miT, romeli momca Cven mahmed, mociqulman Cvenman. da aw dautevebies Sjuli ese Cveni da ityvis Tavsa Tvissa qristeanad da uSiSad vals qalaqsa Sina da mravalTa aswavebs CvenganTa qristeane yofad. aw brZane Sepyrobai misi da Seagde igi satanjvelsa da gvemasa, vidremdis ara aRiaros Sjuli mahmed mociqulisa Cvenisai. ukeTu ara, mokvedin igi, raiTa ara mobaZav iqmnen misa mravalni.~

msajulis msaxurebma Sepyrobili habo amiras mihgvares. hkiTxa sarkinozma: `xar Sen naTesaviT da tomiT sarkinoz da dagitevebies mamuli Sjuli da qristianeTa Tana Sec-Tomil xar? aw ganemzade da iloce SjuliTa miT, romelTa gangzardes mSobelTa SenTa!~

uflis nebiT ganZlierebulma Wabukma kadnierad miugo Tanamemamules: `var me bunebiT sarkinoz, Sobilve mas Sina mamulad da dedulad. ganswavlul viyav SjuliTa miT mahmedis-iTa da vcxondebode mas Sina, vidre umecrebasa Sina viyav. xolo odes saTno iyo RmerTman, romelmac gamomirCia me ZmaTa da naTesavTa Soris CemTa da mixsna me iesu qristes mier, Zisa misisa da RmrTisa Cemisa, da gulisxma miyo me umjobesi igi keTili, maSin dauteve me pirveli igi kacTa xelovnebiTa SeTxzuli Sjuli da zRaprobisa sibrZniTa RonisZiebuli rwmunebai da aw Seudeg me WeSmaritsa qristes mier momadlebulsa sarwmunoebasa samebisa wmidisasa.~

msajulma, romlis winaSec kadnierad Seuracxyves mahmadis Sjuli, ubrZana habos: `dauteve sicofisa ege ganzraxvai da, ukeTu naklulevanebisa SenisaTvis Sedgomil xar qristeanTa, me ufroY sRa niWi (saCuqari) da pativi awve migce Sen.~ netarma miugo: òqroi da vecxli Seni Sen Tanave iyavn warsawymedelad Tavisa Senisa. me pativsa kacTagan ara veZieb, rameTu maqvs me niWi qristesmieri~.

`msajulisa da abos paeqroba qarTuli polemikuri prozis SesaniSnavi nimuSia. es mc-ire, ramdenimestriqoniani pasaJi Sekruli, dasrulebuli antikuri dialogebis msgavsia, TavisTavadi faseulobis mqone, CvenSi arsebuli oratoruli xelovnebis didi tradiciis naTlad damadasturebelia~ (revaz baramiZe, dakvirvebebi ioane sabanisZis prozaze, wignSi `narkvevebi qarTuli mwerlobis istoriidan~, Tb., 1990, gv. 41).

msajulis brZanebiT, rkinis borkildadebuli habo sapyrobileSi Caagdes. crumoZR-

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varni da Semasmenelni mis gadabirebas cdilobdnen `sityviTa liqnisaiTa~: `rai sargebel geyos Sen qriste igi Seni... cecxli da satanjveli awve gangvimzadebies SenTvis~...

pasuxad miiRes: `me ufalsa vesav. ganmeSoreniT me, ukeTurno...~gankiTxvisaTvis ramdenime dRis Semdeg kvlav msajulTan miyvanilma habom kadnierad

gardasaxa jvari amiras kars. suliwmindiT aRvsebuls hkiTxa amiram: àra dagitevebies sicofei igi da ugunurebai Seni?~

umecari da ugunuri rom vyofiliyav, RmerTi gaqristianebis Rirss ar gamxdidao, miugo Wabukma. gakvirvebulma msajulma kvlav hkiTxa, nuTu ver grZnobda, rom amgvari kadnierebisaTvis sikvdiliT dasjidnen. pasuxad miiRo: ùkeTu movkvde, mrwams me, rameTu qristes Tana vcxonde. xolo Sen rasa ganagrZob?... viTarca kedelsa magas, romelsa mi-yrdnobil xar, egre ara mesmian cudni ege sityvani Senni, rameTu gonebai Cemi qristes Tana ars zecas.~

gancvifrebulma msajulma hkiTxa: `ra egodeni sitkboebai gaqvs qristes Senisagan, romliTa sikvdidca ara gewyalvis Tavi Seni?~

pasuxi kvlav kadnieri iyo: ùkeTu gnebavs cnobad sitkboebai misi, Senca grwmenin qriste da naTeliRe misa mimarT da maSinRa Rirs iqmne cnobad sitkboebisa misisa.~

gamZvinvarebuli amiras brZanebiT, Tavi mohkveTes habos. netari `mxned miiTvalvida maxvilsa.~

msajulma neba darTo SemasmenelT, romelTa siborgiles habom moTminebiT sZlo, gva-mi cecxlSi daewvaT, raTa qristianebs jerovani pativiT ar daekrZalaT wmidani: ̀ davwvaT igi cecxliTa da ganvaqarvoT igi da aRvxocoT sacTuri qristeaneTai, raiTa ixilon yov-elTa da SeeSinos da romelnime maTganni moiqcen Cvenda, da CvenganTa eSinodes da araRa Seudgen swavlasa qristeaneTasa.~

magram saswaulma (moelvare varskvlavma da wylidan amomavalma naTebam) SeaZrwuna sarkinozni, `Seipyrna igini SiSman saRmrToman.~

sabanisZe sagalobels aRuvlens sarkinozTa zeobis Jams qristesTvis nebiT wamebul habos: `mefobisa ismaitelTa didebasa Sen nefsiT simdablei qristesTvis aRirCie da max-viliTa pyrobili igi Sjuli ganagde da WeSmariti aRiare... qristeman ismaitelTa Soris, viTarca vardi ekalTagan gamogarCia~.

sabanisZe zarebs arisxebs: ̀ aRverieniT ersa ucxosa, SjuliTa gandgomilsa qristesgan, naTesavsa sawuTroisa amis moyvaresa,... sarwmunoebisa Cvenisa maginebelTa, romelTagan viswaveniT saqmeni maTni da vhmonebdiT gulisTqmasa gulTa CvenTasa mibaZvebiTa maTiTa, viTarca usasoni qristesgan da damviwyebelni saukunoisa cxorebisani...~

* * *arabTa religia i s l a m i a (mahmadianoba).sityva ìslami~ arabulad `morCilebas~ niSnavs. erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli religia msoflioSi warmoiSva VII saukunis I nax-

evarSi dasavleT arabeTSi, rasac Sedegad mohyva arabTa politikuri gaerTianeba da maTi samxedro-politikuri eqspansia arabeTis farglebs gareT, arabeTis saxelmwifos _ xali-fatis Seqmna da dapyrobili qveynebis islamizacia.

islamis damaarseblad da mqadageblad iTvleba mahmadi (muhamedi), romlis saxelidan momdinareobs termini `mahmadianoba~.

religiis ZiriTadi debulebebi Tavmoyrilia islamis wminda wignSi _ yuranSi.muslimanis mier rwmenis aRiareba gamoixateba formuliT: àra ars RmerTi, garda

alahisa da mahmadia misi mociquli~. es formula ar aris yuranSi, magram igi muslimanTa TviTSegnebis safuZvelia.

garda mahmadisa, islami cnobs bibliur adams, noes, abraams, moses, ieso qristes (mo-ciqulis rangSi), mariams.

mahmadi ukanaskneli winaswarmetyvelia, romlis Semdeg winaswarmetyveli aravin Sei-Zleba iyos.

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mahmadiani valdebulia, dReSi xuTjer ilocos (namazi). locvis dros mueZini acxadebs. locvisas muslimani piriT mimarTuli unda iyos qalaq meqis qaabis taZrisaken (yibla). paraskevi muslimanTaTvis sazogadoebrivi RvTismsaxurebis dRea.

aucilebeli mowyaleba (zaqaTi) yuranis mieraa dadgenili.wminda qalaqis,meqis, molocva (haji) aucilebelia cxovrebaSi erTxel mainc maTTvis,

visac amis SesaZlebloba aqvs.morwmunisaTvis savaldebuloa agreTve brZola sarwmunoebisaTvis, saRvTo omi (ji-

hadi anu RazavaTi). igi xalifatis dapyrobiTi politikis iaraRi gaxda (qse, t. V, Tb., 1980, gv. 230).

VIII saukunis saqarTvelo iovane sabanisZis `habos wamebis~ mixedviT

samoel kaTalikosis brZanebiT aRwerili `habos wameba~ momaval TaobaTaTvis unda dadebuliyo taZarSi.

`sruliad WeSmaritad gamoTqmul~ `martvilobas~ qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegneba unda gamoeRviZebina, gardagularZnilT unda gaecnobierebinaT simaRle da sinaTle qris-tianuli mrwamsisa, sarwmunoebisa, romelsac Tavi Seswira agarianma.

saqarTvelos gausaZlis yofas bibliuri winaswarmetyvelis simkacriT, Seulamazeblad aRwers iovane sabanisZe: `Jamsa meSvidesa darsa zeda vdgaT... mravalni scTebodian da mravalTa acTunebden... sicocxlisa amis moZRvrebasa (qristianobas) ara Tavsidebdnen... WeSmaritebisagan sasmenelni gare miiqcinen da zRaprebsa mieqcen...

varT yuresa (kuTxeSi, ganapiras) amas queynisasa... xuTasis wlisa JamTa da uwinaresRa (ufro adre) Sjuldebul madliTa naTlisRebisaiTa...

naSobni qristeaneTani gardagvlarZnes (gadagvardnen) _ romelnime mZlavrebiT, romelnime SetyuviliT, romelnime siyrmesa Sina umecrebiT, romelnime mzakvarebiT... na-klulevanebiTa da siglaxakiTa Sekrulni... SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian, viTarca ler-wamni qarTagan ZlierTa, (damviwyebelni) Cveulebisaebr mamulisa slvisa~.

habos Rvawlma rwmenaSeryeuli qarTvelebi eklesiisaken Semoabruna, amao gancxromisaT-vis zurgi aqcevina, RvTis sityvaze daafiqra.

martvilTa Rvawlis gacnobierebiT, eklesiaSi SekrebiT, saRmrToze fiqriT Wabukni ganmtkicdebian, moxucni ganmxnevdebian, iwyeben svlas maradiuli uflisaken, romelmac `kacsa dacemulsa zecad aRuwoda~.

sabanisZe xazgasmiT hyveba, rom `ara xolo Tu berZenTa sarwmunoebai RvTisamieri moipoves, aramed Cvenca, SorielTa amaT mkvidrTa...

qarTlisaca mkvidrTa aqvs sarwmunoeba da wodebul ars dedad wmidaTa (wmidanTa sam-Soblod), romelTame TviT aqa mkvidrTa da romelTame ucxoTa~.

qarTlis (aRm. saqarTvelos) zogadi mdgomareobis warmoCenis Semdeg sabanisZe ufro dawvrilebiT aRwers, akonkretebs ambavs. `habos wameba~ VIIIs. saqarTvelos yofis mxat-vrul-literaturuli matianea.

mwerali-mematiane mogviTxrobs, rom VIIIs-is miwuruls qarTlis erismTavari, nerse, Ze adarnese kurapalatisa, `SesmeniTa borotTa kacTaiTa~ sarkinozTa xalifam, abdila amira mumnma, mpyro belma `babilovnis qveynisa~ (arabeTisa), baRdadis cixeSi Caagdo.

nerse tyveobidan mxolod sami wlis Semdeg gaaTavisufla gardacvlili abdila mumnis vaJma, mahdim, da kvlav erismTavrad warmogzavna qarTlSi. `warmovida aqa nerseis Tana mgzavr qristes siyvarulisaTvis~ agariani aboc.

garkveuli drois Semdeg arabTa xalifa kvlav ganurisxda nerses (Cans, mamuliSvil-ma `ar moiSa la~ antiarabuli moRvaweoba. teqstSi amis Sesaxeb araferia Tqmuli, magram qveteqstia metyveli).

sarkinozebs ganerida erismTavari, datova qarTli, ganvlo kari ̀ ovseTisa~(darialani) da xazareTs miaSura (albaT, arabTa winaaRmdeg `Zalis morTvis~ mizniTa da imediT).

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sabanisZis Txzuleba mniSvnelovania ara mxolod sakuTriv qarTvelTa, mezobeli xalxebis istoriuli yofis gaazrebis TvalsazrisiTac.

iovane ase axasiaTebs magogis ZeT (termini bibliuria) _ xazarebs: àrian xazarni kac velur, saSinel piriTa, mxecisbuneba, sisxlismWamel, romelTa Sjuli ara aqvs, garna RmerTi xolo (mxo lod) Semoqmedi ician.~

miuxedavad am sazari daxasiaTebisa, teqstSi xazgasmulia xazarTa keTilganwyoba qa-rTvelTa mimarT _ xakanma (mTavarma) didi pativiT miiRo ltolvilni. Cans, xazarnic Tavis mokavSireebad miiCnevdnen qarTvelT da samxreT sazRvrebTan arabeTis xalifatis moaxloeba sulac ar siamovnebdaT.

mTavarma sazrdeliTa da samosiT uzrunvelyo nerse, samaskaciani amaliTurT.Cans, xazarTagan veraviTari qmediTi daxmareba ver miiRo, da nersem mTavars dasavleT

saqarTveloSi _ afxazeTSi gadasvlis nebarTva sTxova.afxazeTs nerses winaswarve gaexizna ojaxi: deda, col-Svili, moyvareni, ̀ rameTu krZa-

lul iyo qveyana igi SiSisagan sarkinozTaisa~ _ dasavleT saqarTveloze mahmadianuri arabeTis ki ara, qristianuli bizantiis (ìonTa mefis~) gavlena vrceldeboda. afxazeTis mTavarma (Semdeg _ mefe leon meorem) sakadrisi pativiT miiRo aRmosavlelqarTvelni.

sabanisZe iZleva afxazeTis vrcel daxasiaTebas, aRwers das. saqarTvelos geografi-ul sazRvrebs, kuTxis istoriul-kulturul yofas:

`netari habo ufroisRa hmadlobda RmerTsa, rameTu ixila man qveyanai igi savsei qristes sarwmunoebiTa. aravin urwmunoTagani mkvidrad ipovebis sazRvarTa maTTa, ra-meTu sazRvar maTda ars zRvai igi pontoisai, samkvidrebeli yovladve qristeaneTai, misazRvradmde qaldiaisa, trapezuntiai mun ars, sayofeli igi afsareaisai da nafsais navTsadguri. da ars qalaqebi igi da adgilebi sabrZanebelad qristesmsaxurisa ionTa mefisai (igulisxmeba konstantine leonis Ze), romeli mosaydre ars didsa mas qalaqsa konstantinepolisasa.~

afxazeTis mTavari, episkoposni da mRvdelni gansakuTrebuli pativiT egebebian na-TelRebul sarkinozs, emudarebian, nu `gardava~ qarTls, sadac safrTxe elis. habos pa-suxSi naTlad warmoCndeba afxazeTis yofa: `ra madl ars yofai Cemi aqa, sada ara ars SiSi, arca sikvdili qristesTvis?~

afxazeTi VIII saukunisa aris `qveyanai (saqarTvelos kuTxe) savse qristes sarwmunoe-biTa da aravin urwmunoTagani mkvidrad ipovebis sazRvarTa maTTa. rameTu sazRvar maTda ars zRva igi pontoisai, samkvidrebeli yovladve qristeaneTai, misazRvradmde qaldiaisa, trapezuntia mun ars, sayofeli igi afsareaisi (Tanamedrove gonio) da nafsais navsadguri (nikofsia, Tanamedrove tuafse). e. i., mocemulia das. saqarTvelos sazRvrebi: Crdilo-eTiT _ nafsai-nikofsia (simon qananelis Tavdapirveli dakrZalvis alagi, saidanac mogvi-anebiT igi anakofiaSi (axal aTonSi) gadmoasvenes); centri _ sayofeli afsareaisi (gonio) _ saflavi mociqul mataTasi; ukiduresi samxreTiT _ trapizoni, saidanac kavkasiis gas-aqristianeblad svla iwyo uflis upirvelesma mowafem, andria mociqulma.

Tumc, teqstSi dakonkretebuli ar aris, rom geografiuli punqtebi swored simon qa-naanelis, mataTas, andria pirvelwodebulis RvawlTan mimarTebiTaa warmoCenili, magram es konteqstidanac Cans, rac mtkicdeba Txzulebis pirvel TavSi mocemuli fraziTac: `varT yuresa amas queyanisasa (bizantiis imperiis ganapiras) x u T a s i s wlisa JamTa da uwinaresRa (ufro adrec) Sjuldebul madliTa naTlisRebisaiTa.~

ukiduresi aRmosavleTi sazRvari afxazeTisa lixis mTaa. àrs qalaqebi igi da adgilebi sabrZaneblad qristesmsaxurisa ionTa mefisa (bizantiis

imperatorisa), romeli mosaydre ars didsa mas qalaqsa konstantinopolisasa~ (Tumc es mdgomareoba didxans aRar gagrZeldeba _ `habos wamebaSi~ saxelis gareSe moxseniebu-li mTavari afxazeTisa _ leon(II) `moirTavs Zals~ xazarTagan da bizantiis gavlenisagan gaaTavisuflebs afxazeTs, dasavleTi saqarTvelos centrad quTaiss gamoacxadebs. erTi saukunis Semdeg ki, ukve demetre mefisa da grigol xanZTelis ZalisxmeviT, bizantiis gavlenisagan afxazeTis eklesiac gaTavisufldeba _ wirva-locvis enad iqceva qarTuli (aRm. saqarTvelos eklesiis ena IV saukunidanve qarTuli iyo).

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swored afxazeTSi ixila habom `gardametebuli RmrTismoyvarebai da locvai yovlisa mis erisa daucadebeli.~

teqstidanvea naTeli, rom qarTlis axal erismTavrad iniSneba nerses diswuli _ ste-fanozi, Ze gurgen erisTavisa; ̀ uflebai igi saxlisa misisagan (nersesi) ara ganaSora ufal-man.~ es ufleba mainc nominaluria _ umefo qarTlis faqtobrivi gamgebeli arabi amiraa _ xalifas nacvali...

b) meToduri komentarebi ( 6 sanimuSo gakveTilis scenari)

gakveTilebis masala: teqsti _ioane sabanisZis „abos wameba~, metyvelebis kultura _ funqcionaluri stilis sakiTxebi, teqstis ageba miznis gaTvaliswinebiT; literaturis Teoria _ siuJeti da misi nawilebi: eqspozicia, kvanZi, kulminacia, kvanZis gaxsna (6 sT)

miznebi:

• diskusiis xelovnebis daufleba;• zepiri teqstis ageba miznisa (da adresatis) gaTvaliswinebiT;• TanaklaselTa zepiri moxsenebebis gaanalizeba da urTierTSefaseba; • sakiTxav teqstSi mocemuli faqtobrivi, konceptualuri da qveteqsturi infor-

maciis moZieba da gansxvaveba;• kiTxvis strategiebis daufleba;• wakiTxulis mimarT sakuTari poziciis Camoyalibeba da dasabuTeba;• miznis gaTvaliswinebiT werilobiTi teqstis ageba da stilis SerCeva;• weris strategiebis daufleba naweris organizebisaTvis.

I gakveTili

aqtivoba 1 (10-12 wT.). prezentacia/diskusia: moswavleebs wina gakveTilze davalebad miecaT, moeZiebinaT masala VII saukunis qarTlis istoriul-politikuri viTarebis Ses-axeb. am gakveTilze isini saubroben am sakiTxis irgvliv da akeTeben saTanado daskvnebs. saubars amyareben vizualuri masaliT, romelic maT mopovebuli aqvT am periodis Sesaxeb. SeiZleba gamoviyenoT strategia `diskusia~.

meTodis aRwera: diskusia _ `VII saukunis qarTli~: maswavlebeli wina gakveTilze ac-nobs klass sadiskusio Temas. klasi iyofa jgufebad. TiToeul jgufSi erTiandebian sxvadasxva donisa da sxva dasxva monacemebis moswavleebi. TiToeuls gansazRvruli funq-cia da roli ekisreba. es rolebi Semdeg icvleba da yvelas eZleva saSualeba, sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT mosinjos Tavisi Zalebi. rolebi amjerad SeiZleba amgvarad ganawildes:

a) kiTxvebis damsmeli _ am moswavlis movaleobaa, moamzados kiTxvebi, romelTa irgv-liv gaimarTeba diskusia; (mag. ra viciT VII saukunis qarTlis Sesaxeb? ra teritoria eWira mas? vin iyo am dros qarTlis erisTavi? ra viciT istoriidan mis Sesaxeb? romeli poli-tikuri Zalis xelSi iyo Tbilisi? romeli sarwmunoebis mimdevarni iyvnen qarTvelebi? arabebi? ra urTierToba iyo arabebsa da adgilobriv mosaxleobas Soris?..)

b) mkvlevari _ misi movaleobaa moiZios ZiriTadi informacia sadiskusio sakiTxis Sesaxeb;

c) citatebis Semkrebi _ am moswavlis movaleobaa, amokribos Seswavlili teqstebidan (istoriuli wyaroebidan) mniSvnelovani citatebi, romlebic diskusiaSi argumentebad SeiZleba gamodges da romlebsac is xmamaRla waikiTxavs;

d) ilustratori _ am moswavlis movaleobaa, daxatos (an moiZios) da warmoadginos ilustraciebi/videomasalebi sakiTxis irgvliv;

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e) momxsenebeli _ misi movaleobaa, warudginos klass jgufis namuSevari.v) makontrolebeli _ misi movaleobaa daexmaros jgufs diskusiis sworad warmarT-

vaSi, Seaxsenos reglamenti da daicvas kamaTis eTika.

aqtivoba 2 (5 wT.): diskusiis Sejameba _ diskusias ajamebs maswavlebeli da acnobs klass Temas, romelzec iqneba saubari momdevno gakveTilebis ganmavlobaSi: iovane sabanisZis „abos wameba~.

damatebiTi informacia maswavleblisaTvis: araboba saqarTveloSi _ arabTa feodaluri saxelmwifos (saxalifos) mier saqarT-

velos dapyrobis Sedegad damyarebuli reJimi, romelic met-naklebi siZlieriTa da moc-ulobiT VII saukunis Suawlebidan XI saukunis Suawlebamde grZeldeboda.

araboba saqarTveloSi SeiZleba sam mTavar periodad daiyos:1. saqarTveloSi arabTa Semosvlidan Tbilisis saamiros daarsebamde (VII saukunis 50-

iani wlebi - VIII saukunis 30-iani wlebi). es iyo saxalifos mier saqarTveloSi gabatonebi-saTvis brZolis xana;

2. VIII saukunis 30-iani wlebidan IX saukunis 80-ian wlebamde (Tbilisis saamiros daarse-bidan saxalifosgan mis CamoSorebamde da damoukidebel samTavrod gadaqcevamde). es iyo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi arabTa myari batonobis xana;

3. IX saukunis II naxevridan XI saukunis Suawlebamde (axlo da Sua aRmosavleTSi Turq-selCukebis gabatonebamde). am periodSi araboba saqarTveloSi, rogorc arabTa batonoba, faqtobrivad likvidirebuli iyo da igi mxolod gadmonaSTis — Tbilisis saamiros saxiT arsebobda.

pirvelad arabebi saqarTveloSi 642-643 SemoiWrnen, magram am laSqrobas araviTari politikuri Sedegi ar mohyolia, arabebi iZulebuli gaxdnen, ukan gabrunebuliyvnen. mx-olod iranis (651) da somxeTis (652) dapyrobis Semdeg daiwyo arabebis sistematuri br-Zola saqarTveloSi gabatonebisaTvis. pirvelad arabebma qarTli daimorCiles 654-655 habib ibn maslamas Semosevis Sedegad. arab-qarTvelTa urTierTobas gansazRvravda „dac-vis sigeli~, romliTac qarTlis mosaxleoba arabebis sasargeblod xarks ixdida. amjerad arabTa batonoba qarTlSi mxolod or weliwads gagrZelda. qarTvelebma isargebles saxalifoSi taxtisaTvis atexili SinaomiT (651-661) da arabebs xarkis micema Seuwyvites. VII saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos arabebma kvlav aRadgines TavianTi batonoba qarTlSi. saqarTvelosaTvis brZolaSi arabebs bizantiis imperia ecileboda. 685 wels saxalifosa da bizantias Soris daido zavi, romlis ZaliTac kunZul kviprosidan, somxeTidan da ibe-riidan miRebuli xarki am or qveyanas Tanasworad unda gaeyo. magram qarTveli xalxi arc erT dampyrobels ar emorCileboda. 686 wels qarTlSi, somxeTsa da albaneTSi ajanyebam ifeTqa. qarTlis erismTavarma nersem sastikad daamarcxa somxeTSi myofi arabTa sarda-li baraba. amave xanebSi arabebs amierkavkasiaSi batonobas ecileboda xazarTa saxelmwi-foc. VII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi xazarebi amierkavkasiaSi SemoiWrnen. arabebs maTTan mZime brZola mouxdaT. qarTvelebi cdilobdnen, TavianT sasargeblod gamoeyenebinaT xazar-arabTa metoqeoba, magram mizans ver miaRwies.

697 egrisis (dasavleT saqarTvelos) mmarTveli sergi barnukis Ze bizantielebis winaaRmdeg ajanyda da Tavisi samflobelo arabebs gadasca. arabebma daikaves egrisis dedaqalaqi cixegoji (axlandeli naoqalaqevi) da ramdenime cixe kodoris xeobaSi, ma-gram male datoves dasavleT saqarTvelo. VIII saukunis dasawyisSi arabebi damkvidrnen qa-rTlSi. 704-705 wlebSi maT aq sakuTari vercxlis moneta moWres. VIII saukunis 20-ian wlebSi amierkavkasiaSi arabTa batonobis gansamtkiceblad xalifa hiSamma gamogzavna damsjeli jari jarah ibn abd al-lahis sardlobiT. amave mizniT 30-ian wlebSi gamogzavnes murvan ibn muhamadi (qarTuli wyaroebiT — murvan yru). 735-736 wlebSi murvanma aaoxra saqarT-velo. laSqrobis Semdeg arabebma qarTlSi TavianTi moxele (amira) daniSnes. misi reziden-cia TbilisSi iyo. arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi ganmtkicda.

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arabebma aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas daakisres mZime gadasaxadebi xaraja da jizia. xalxs daekisra agreTve samxedro razmebisa da mravalricxovan moxeleTa Senax-va. mosaxleobas daades begrad gzebis, xidebis da sxva obieqtebis mSenebloba. arabTa ba-tonobas mohyva mahmadianuri mosaxleobis gaCena saqarTveloSi. VIII saukunis II naxevridan arabebma daiwyes Careva dapyrobili qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi. IX saukunis dasawyisSi qa-rTlis erismTavarTa xelisufleba gaauq mes. arabTa batonobiT ukmayofilo iyo qarTu-li sazogadoebis yvela fena. gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mwarmoebeli nawili, romelic ixdida xarks da asrulebda yovelgvar val-debulebas dampyrobelTa sasargeblod. arabTa batonoba SedarebiT mtkice iyo saqarT-velos centralur raionebSi, ganapira mxareebi ki male ganTavisuflden maTi uRlisagan.

VIII-IX saukuneebis mijnaze saqarTveloSi warmoiSva ramdenime damoukidebeli feoda-luri samefo da samTavro (dasavleT saqarTvelo, kaxeTi, hereTi, tao-klarjeTi). Tbili-sis saamiros fargleSi darCa mxolod Sida da qvemo qarTlis teritoria. IX saukunidan daiwyo Tbilisis amirebis brZola saxalifos centraluri xelisiflebis winaaRmdeg. arabTa saxelmwifo dasustda da dai Sala. IX saukunis II naxevarSi Tbilisis saamiro iqca adgilobriv feodalur samTavrod. saxalifos cdas — daemorCilebina gamdgari amirebi da kvlav gabatonebuliyo saqarTveloSi — Sedegi ar mohyolia. 853 wels xalifa muTavaq-ilma amierkavkasiaSi gamogzavna didi jari buRa Turqis meTaurobiT. man aiRo Tbilisi, magram arabTa adrindeli batonobis aRdgena saqarTveloSi ver SeZlo.

914 wels xalifas brZanebiT abu al-kasim sajma scada somxeTisa da saqarTvelos da-pyroba, magram mizans ver miaRwia. es iyo ukanaskneli da uSedego cda arabTa batonobis aRdgenisa saqarTveloSi.

araboba saqarTveloSi mZime movlena iyo qarTveli xalxis cxovrebaSi. damoukide-blobisaTvis brZolaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda ideologiur brZolas. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia ioane sabanisZis patriotuli qadageba. abo Tbilelis mowameobis aRweriT man didi propaganda gaswia qristianobisa da erovnuli TviTmyofobis Sesanar-Cuneblad.

arabTa batonobam sagrZnoblad Seaferxa saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri gan-viTareba, magram aRmavali feodaluri ganviTarebis gziT mimavali qveyana sabolood gamarjvebuli gamovida am mZime gansacdelidan.

(literatura: lorTqifaniZe m., qse, t. 1, gv. 525, Tb., 1975).

aqtivoba 3. klasSi teqstis kiTxva da komentireba (15 wT.): klasSi ikiTxeba teqstis ori monakveTi (samoelisa da ioanes werilebi), saxelmZRvanelos daxmarebiT aixsneba gauge-bari sityvebi da gamoTqmebi, gakeTdeba komentarebi.

aqtivoba 4. wakiTxulis Sinaarsis gadmocema (5-7 wT.):teqstTan miaxloebiT gadmoicema wakiTxulis Sinaarsi, romelic daaxloebiT aseTi

saxisa iqneba:„samoel qarTlis kaTalikosma wmida eklesiis sulieri Svili, iovane sabanisZe, moi-

kiTxa da mSvidoba usurva:`me, samoel qristes mier qarTlisa kaTalikozi, ufalsa iovanes sabanisZesa, sulierad

Svilsa kaTolike (sayovelTao) eklesiisa da sayvarelsa Cvensa, locviT uflisa mier mo-gikiTxav. mSvidobai iyavn Sen zeda da yovelTa saxlisa Senisa krebulsa qristes mier!@~

kaTalikosma icoda sabanisZis ganswavlulobis, saRmrTo wignTa ̀ mecnierebis~ (codnis) Sesaxeb: `uwyiT wadiereba Seni RmrTismsaxurebisaTvis da RmrTivmimadlebuli Seni mec-nierebai saRmrToTa wignTai da gulsmodgineba Seni keTilTa saqmeTa moRvawebisaTvis.~ swored amitom ubrZana sabanisZes, aRewera martviloba `axlisa mowamisa~ wmida haboisi, romelic `yovlisa amis soflisa Cvenisa qarTlisaTvis~ ewama.

wigni momaval TaobaTaTvis daideboda taZarSi `mosaxsenebelad yovelTa, vin iyvnen Semdgomad.~

xsarTan mRvdlis xeliT gagzavnil werilSi kaTalikosi ubrZanebda iovanes: `xel yav

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gamoTqmad sruliad WeSmaritad, viTar igi iyo da viTarca Sen TviT uwyi da aRwere mar-tvilobai wmidisa mowamisa haboisi da aRwerili Cven mogviZRvane.~

sapasuxo werilSi sabanisZe madls swiravda ufals, rom kaTalikosma (`RmrTivpatio-sanma mamfalma~*) habos Rvawlis aRmwerad swored igi irCia, magram arc Sefiqrianebas ma-lavda, icoda, rom urCobisaTvis warsawymedeli eloda, saqmis Rirseulad veraRsrulebi-sac ekrZalvoda: `mZime ars Cemda orkerZove: ukeTu urC veqmne brZanebasa Tqvensa, weril ars _ Svili urCi warsawymedelsa mieceso; da Tu viswrafo morCilebad, misTvisca ityvis _ udaressa Sensa nu gamoeZiebo da uZlieressa Sensa nu ganikiTxavo. amisTvis SiSman da zrunvaman Semipyra me da SeSfoTna gonebai Cemi da movakldi mecnierebisagan~ (*mamfali _ feodalur saqarTveloSi `patronis~ Sesatyvisi termini, miRebuli `mama~ da ùfal~ sityvebis SeerTebiT. farTod damkvidrda VIII saukunis meore naxevarSi. IX-X s.s. mas Cae-nacvla `patroni~ (qse, t. V, Tb., 1983, gv. 400)).

SiSiTa da zrunviT Sepyrobili, locviT ganZlierebuliyo, solomonis sibrZne moeSve-liebina (`hbaZevd jinWvelsa, medgaro~ (zarmaco), romelic Tavisze mravalgzis mZime if-qlis (xorblis) marcvals miaTrevs) da, kaTalikosis brZanebisamebr, `gulsmodgine iqmna~, raTa aRewera ùRirsisagan gonebisa...Semokrebuli martviloba WeSmariti da utyueli.~

RmerTs evedreboda sabanisZe, kaTalikossa da mkiTxvelT moswonebodaT ùRirsi~ naR-vawi.`

aqtivoba 5. wakiTxulis gaazreba (5-7 wT.): _ visi dakveTiT daiwera es nawarmoebi? vin aris pirveli werilis avtori? _ ras sTxovs igi ioane sabanisZes?_ riT asabuTebs igi Tavis Txovnas? _ vis sityvebs imowmebs ioane Tavis sapasuxo werilSi?_ ras vigebT teqstidan samoel qarTlis kaTalikosisa da ioane sabaniZis Sesaxeb? im-

droindeli qarTlis Sesaxeb?_ rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad miukerZoebeli SeiZleba iyos dakveTiT dawerili nawar-

moebis avtori? ra gaZlevT amgvari fiqris safuZvels?

Sefaseba(2-3 wT.).

aqtivoba 6. saSinao davaleba (2-3 wT.): werilobiT _ „samoel qarTlis kaTalikosisa da ioane sabanisZis momowera~.

II gakveTili

aqtivoba 1. saSinao davalebis Semowmeba (5-7 wT.) _ „samoel qarTlis kaTalikosisa da ioane sabanisZis momowera~.

aqtivoba 2. werilobTi teqstis Janrobriv Taviseburebaze dakvirveba _ metyvelebis kultura (5-7 wT.):

mimoweris es nimuSi epistoluri Janris Canasaxad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. mas aqvs ofi-cialur-saqmiani teqstebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTeli rigi niSnebi da stilis Tvalsaz-risiT igi gansxvavdeba teqstis momdevno monakveTebisagan; amdenad, SesaZlebelia am mon-akveTis gacnobisas moswavleebs yuradReba mivaqcevinoT Zveli qarTuli enisaTvis damaxa-siaTebeli funqcionaluri stilis (oficialur- saqmiani) ZiriTadi niSnebisaTvis, kerZod:

a) Temis konkretuloba (pirvel werilSi zustad aris miTiTebuli werilis avtoris survili _ aRweros adresatma abos cxovreba da wameba, meore werilSi ki gamoxatulia Tanxmoba amgvari teqstis Seqmnaze);

37

b) azris sizuste (werilis avtorebi yovelgvari orazrovnebis gareSe zustad gamox-ataven TavianT saTqmels);

g) lakoniuroba (werilis avtorebi eridebian zedmetsityvaobas);d) saqmiani werilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli garkveul standartuloba (mimarTvis for-

ma, werilis dawyebisa da damTavrebisaTvis aucilebeli enobrivi kliSeebi...); e) informaciuloba (orive werili Seicavs zust da naTel informacias).

aqtivoba 3. teqstis kiTxva da misi komentireba (18-20 wT.). klasSi ikiTxeba teqstis pirveli Tavi, rasac mosdevs maswavleblis mier misi komentireba.

aqtivoba 4. wakiTxulis gaazreba (6-7 wT.):

_ vis mimarTavs teqstis dasawyisSi avtori da ras sTxovs maT?_ rogor gaiazrebT avtoriseul frazas: `patiosniTa sisxliTa misiTa syidul xarT~?_ pavle mociqulis romel mcnebas Seaxsenebs igi Tavis msmenelebs? rogor fiqrobT,

ratom iyenebs igi aq am citatas?_ avtori xSirad avlebs paralelebs bibliasTan, saxarebasTan. moZebneT es adgilebi

teqstSi da axseniT, ratom mimarTavs igi am xerxs._ moZebneT teqstSi is adgili, romliTac igi axasiaTebs imdroindel qarTls. ras

vigebT am monakveTidan?_ ra xerxebs mimarTavda dampyrobeli Tavisi religiis gasavrceleblad?_ rogor moixseniebs avtori mahmadis rjuls? ra damokidebulebas amJRavnebs igi am

sarwmunoebis mimarT? riT aris gamowveuli misi amgvari damokidebuleba mahmadianobis mimarT?

_ ra damokidebulebas amJRavnebs mwerali mTavari gmiris mimarT? riT axsniT amas? _ ra mizani aqvs mwerals? sad, teqstis romel adgilas ikveTeba es yvelaze naTlad?_ teqstis mixedviT, rodis miiRes qarTvelebma qristianoba?_ Txrobisas avtori aSkarad gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebas teqstSi aRwerili

ambis mimarT. sad, teqstis romel monakveTebSi, Cans es? Tqveni azriT, ra aZlevs avtors amis safuZvels? ramdenad eTanxmebiT avtors momxdaris (aRwerilis) SefasebaSi?

aqtivoba 5. mxatvruli analizi (5-7 wT.):

_ „maspinZel eqmneniT sityuaTa amaT CemTa~, _ romeli mxatvruli xerxia gamoyenebuli am frazaSi? ra mizniT iyenebs avtori aq am mxatvrul xerxs?

_ rogor moixseniebs avtori arabebs? ra epiTetebiT amkobs maT?_ rogor, ra mxatvruli xerxebis gamoyenebiT, warudgens mkiTxvels ioane sabanisZe

Tavis lite raturul personaJs?_ `SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian, viTarca lerwamni qarTagan ZlierTa~, _ romeli mx-

atvruli xerxiT gadmoscems mwerali qarTveli xalxis imdroindel mdgomareobas? _ rogor aRwers avtori teqstis dasawyisSi qarTlis socialur-politikur mdgo-

mareobas?_ rogor aris daxatuli qarTvelTa sulieri da zneobrivi saxe? rogor fiqrobT,

risTvis gvamzadebs amiT avtori?_ daimaxsovreT: mxatvruli nawarmoebis im nawils, romelSic aRwerilia moqmedebis

dawyebisas arsebuli mdgomareoba, eqspozicia ewodeba._ teqstis romeli monakveTi SeiZleba CavTvaloT eqspoziciad? risTvis gvamzadebs

eqspoziciiT mwerali?aqve SeiZleba moswavleebs mivawodoT cneba „homiletika~ _ qadageba.

informacia maswavleblisaTvis:homilia/homiletika `aRniSnavs moZRvreba-qadagebebs, romelTac morwmuneTa dasamoZ-

38

Rvrad warmoTqvamdnen sxvadasxva adgilas, ufro ki eklesiaSi, sxvadasxva pirni _ umeteswilad, rasakvirvelia, samRvdeloni. qadageba-moZRvrebas an TviT avtori werda xolme, anda warmoTqmis dros Caswerdnen mas maSindeli stenografebi, grigol RvTism-etyvelis mowmobiT _ rogorc oficialurad, ise farulad. yovelive es xels uwyobda homiletikuri mwerlobis ganviTarebas, romelic pirdapir usazRvro okeanes warmoad-gens~ (k.kekeliZe, qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. I, gv. 551).

homiletika, qristianuli mwerlobis dargi, romelSic warmodgenilia Cawerili (stenografiulad) qadagebani, Sinaarsis mixedviT dayofili sxvadasxva dargebad: 1. sa-dResaswaulo qadagebani, 2. enkomiebi, 3. epitafiebi, 4. egzegetikur-moralisturi xasiTis qadagebani. qadagebani Tavmoyrilia krebulSi, romelsac mravalTavi ewodeba, sxva saxel-wodebiT am krebuls `margarati~ anu `margaliti~ ewodeba. qarTuli homiletikis brwy-invale Zeglia sulxan-saba orbelianis `swavlani~, romelSic Tavmoyrilia 46 qadageba, mis mier warmoTqmuli daviTgarejSi. maRalmxatvruli sityvis (sxvadasxva stilistikuri xerxebiT mdidari) saSualebiT, sulxan-saba orbeliani amxels imdroindel saqarTvelos socialur-poplitikur ukuRmarTobas da cdilobs, damoZRvros msmenelni. (a. Wilaia, r. Wilaia).

„abos wamebis~ es monakveTi swored qadagebas eTmoba da amdenad, mkvlevrebi mas homi-letikis Janrs akuTvneben.

aqtivoba 6. Sefaseba (2-3 wT.).

aqtivoba 7. saSinao davaleba (2-3 wT.): teqstTan miaxloebiT gadmoscen wakiTxulis Si-naarsi; moiniSnon is adgilebi, romlebic maTTvis gaugebari darCa; gaecnon r. siraZis „Tvalsazriss~ da moemzadon klasSi am sakiTxze diskusiisaTvis.

III gakveTili

aqtivoba 1. teqstis Sinaarsis gadmocema da komentireba (10-12 wT.).moswavleebi maswavleblis miTiTebiT gadmoscemen wakiTxuli teqstis calkeuli epi-

zodebis Sinaarss da akeTeben saTanado komentars. aqve gaanalizdeba is monakveTebi, rom-lebic moswavleTa erTi nawilisaTvis gaugebari aRmoCnda. am mizniT SeiZleba gamoviy-enoT wyvilebSi muSaoba: strategia `mze da mTvare~.

meTodis aRwera:a) wakiTxulis komentarisaTvis rveulis furceli iyofa or nawilad: `mze~ da `mT-

vare~ (aRiniSneba saTanado simboloebiT);b) moswavleebs vavalebT, rom kiTxvis procesSi maTTvis gasagebi da naTeli sakiTxebi

`mzis~ qveS Caweron, xolo bundovani da gaugebari ki _ `mTvaris~ qveS;c) ganvsazRvravT dros;d) kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg moswavleebi dawyvildebian da erTmaneTs uziare-

ben azrs, uCveneben Canawerebs. TiToeuls vaZlevT instruqtaJs: gadaxedeT erTmaneTis Canawerebs da daexmareT mewyviles bundovani adgilebis garkvevaSi;

e) azrTa gaziarebis Semdeg moswavleebs vTxovT, is bundovani sakiTxebi, romlebic mewyvilesTan azris gaziarebis Semdeg maTTvis naTeli gaxda, gansxvavebuli feris kalmiT `mTvaris~ svetidan `mzis~ svetSi gadaitanon;

f) wyvilebSi davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg varkvevT, romeli sakiTxebi darCa gauge-bari da Cvens Semdgom muSaobas swored amaze avagebT.

aqtivoba 2. `Tvalsazrisi~ (5-7 wT.): moswavleebi Sin gaecnen r. TvaraZis `Tvalsazriss~ da axla gamoTqvamen sakuTar mosazrebebs masSi gamoTqmuli debulebebis Sesaxeb:

39

a) ìovane sabanisZe... qarTvelTa uRirsobas xelaRebiT mxolod arabobas ki ar abra-lebs, aramed sakuTriv Cvensave Tanamdev Tvisebad Tvlis~;

b) ùbedurebis SegrZnebam SeiZleba goniereba Sematos ers da ufro ukeT gaaazrebi-nos Tavisi warsuli, awmyoc da momavalic~.

c) `Rirsebis SegrZneba ki ar warmoaCens naklovanebas, aramed naklovanebaTa SegrZneba warmoaCens Rirsebas~.

teqstidan (saqarTvelos istoriuli warsulidan) moxmobil magaliTebze dayrdnobiT moswavleebi msjeloben `TvalsazrisSi~ gamoTqmul mosazrebebze, afiqsireben sakuTar pozicias saTanado argumentebis moSveliebiT. aqve eZlevaT cnebebi: àrgumenti~, `qve-argumenti~, ecnobian argumentirebuli msjelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel enobriv saSu-alebebs/frazebs: „sailustraciod moviyvanT citatas/fragments nawarmoebdan~...; „amaze migviTiTebs Semdegi sityvebi~...; „rogorc cnobilia~; „sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom~...; „udavoa, rom~...; „mecnierebi amtkiceben, rom~...; „rogorc samecniero literaturaSia cnobili~...; „istoriuli monacemebis mixedviT~; „saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT~; „minda gagiziaroT Cemi damokidebuleba~; „darwmunebuli var, rom~..., „vfiqrob, rom~...; „statis-tikuri monacemebiT~, „sociologiuri gamokiTxvis Tanaxmad~ da a.S.

aqtivoba 3. teqstis momdevno nawilis kiTxva da komentireba (12 -15 wT.): teqstis nawili (meore Tavis 1-16 epizodi) ikiTxeba klasSi da xdeba misi komentireba maswavleblis mier.

aqtivoba 4. wakiTxulis gaazreba (10 wT.): _ ratom gaemgzavra nerse baRdadSi?_ viszea damokidebuli qarTlis erisTavis Tavisufleba da bed-iRbali? raze

migviTiTebs es faqti? _ vin aris abo? ras gvamcnobs mwerali misi vinaobis Sesaxeb? romel frazaSi amJRavnebs

avtori Tavis damokidebulebas personaJisadmi? misi mamapapseuli sarwmunoebisadmi? _ abos mier samSoblosa da axloblebis datovebas ra Sefasebas aZlevs qristiani mw-

erali? riT xsnis am faqts?_ rogor aRwers mwerali arabi Wabukis mier qristianuli moZRvrebis Seswavlis pro-

cess? Tu Cans aq misi damokidebuleba am movlenis mimarT? daasabuTeT._ arabi Wabukis romel Tvisebebze amaxvilebs mwerali mkiTxvelis yuradRebas?_ ra gaxda nerse erisTavis xazareTSi wasvlis mizezi? rogor axasiaTebs mwerali xa-

zarebs? rogor fiqrobT, ra aris amis mizezi? _ ratom mihyveba mas am iZulebiT mogzaurobaSi arabi abo?_ rodis gaqristianda arabi Wabuki? ra faqtorebma Seuwyo xeli mis gaqristianebas? _ xazareTidan saiT miemarTeba ltolvili erisTavi? ra aris amis mizezi?_ xazareTidan afxazeTSi mimavalma nersem da misma Tanmxlebma pirebma „ganvles qu-

eyanaY igi warmarTTaY~. Tqveni azriT, romeli qveynebi igulisxma mweralma „warmarTTa qveynebSi~?

_ teqstis mixedviT, romeli sarwmunoebis mimdevarni arian afxazebi (dasavleT saqa-rTvelos mkvidrni)?

_ rogor aRwers mwerali maSindeli afxazeTis sazRvrebs?_ ras uwodebs mwerali „saRmrTo Surs~? rodis gauCnda abos igi? ra iyo amis mizezi?

ra datvirTva aqvs teqstSi am frazas?_ rogor cdilobda arabi Wabuki rwmenis ganmtkicebasa da sulis gaZlierebas? ra

paralels avlebs mwerali? ratom mimarTavs igi am xerxs? _ rodis moeRo bolo qarTlis erisTavis ltolvilobas?_ ras vigebT teqstidan imdroindeli qarTlis Sesaxeb? Seswavlili fragmentebis

mixedviT daaxasiaTeT qarTlis imdroindeli a) politikuri, b) socialuri, g) sarwmunoe-brivi mdgomareoba.

_ ras vigebT teqstidan qarTlis mezobeli qveynebis Sesaxeb? _ romeli istoriuli personaJebi gvxvdeba teqstSi?

40

_ gaixseneT hagiografiis raoba. Seswavlili epizodebis mixedviT SegviZlia Tu ara vTqvaT, rom es teqsti hagiografiul Janrs ganekuTvneba?

_ ramdenad axerxebs mwerali, iyos miukerZoebeli faqtebis aRwerisas? xom ar aris igi tendenciuri zogierTi faqtis gaSuqebisas? ra SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi?..


aqtivoba 6. saSinao davaleba (2-3 wT.): waikiTxon teqstis meore Tavis momdevno epizode-bi damoukideblad da moemzadon klasSi misi komentirebisaTvis. gaecnon teqstis bolos mocemul „Tvalsazrisebs~, airCion erT-erTi da moemzadon klasSi diskusiisaTvis.

IV gakveTili

aqtivoba 1. sadiskusio klubi (7-10 wT.): moswavleebi Sin unda gascnobodnen amonaridebs („Tvalsazrisebs~) qarTuli literatuli kritikidan. klasi iyofa sam jgufad. TiToeuli jgufi irCevs TiTo Tvalsazriss da gamoxatavs Tavis pozicias masSi wamoWrili moralur-zneobrivi problematikis mimarT:

I jgufi: `dampyrobeli dapyrobil qveyanaSi spobs moazrovneebs, moralur pirovnebebs da amoativtivebs uRirsebs, salaxanebs. maTve SeaWmevinebs eris saukeTeso Svilebs. eri rCeba TavwakveTili, upatrono, aRar hyavs inteleqtualuri da moraluri elita, ro-melic zrdis ers da uZRveba mas~.

revaz baramiZe, `narkvevebi qarTuli mwerlobis istoriidan.~

II jgufi: `abo gadis Tavisi qveynidan, uaryofs samSoblos da gahyveba ucxo kacs ucxo qveyanaSi. sxva SemTxvevaSi misi es saqcieli uTuod gaikicxeboda, magram misi gasvla abraamuli gasvla iyo. es ar yofila mxolod misi neba. is dahyva uzenaes nebas. igrZno, rom arsebobs iseTi ram, rac ufro Zvirfasia, vidre samSoblo da vidre, rogorc bolos aRmoCndeba, sicocxle. mas Caesma WeSmaritebis xma, WeSmaritebisTvis datova qveyana da bolomde Seasrula qristes mowodeba _ `romelsa uyvardes mamaY anu dedaY ufrois Cemsa, ara ars igi Cemda Rirs~. abom WeSmariteba _ ufro maRali Rirebuleba _ anacvala xorciel samSoblos... man uaryo `maxviliTa pyrobili igi Sjuli~ da aRiara `WeSmariti Sjuli~.

zurab kiknaZe, `mxedari meufisa zeci-sai~.

III jgufi: `ra iqneboda imaze bunebrivi, rom abo darCeniliyo samoTxisdar afxazeTSi? qristiani Tavisufal qristianul qveyanaSi? magram abo sxvagvarad fiqrobda. man Tavi qristes mxedrad aRzarda da im samTviani Rvawlis dagvirgvinebas gabeduli aRmsare-blobis asparezze xedavda. ai, misi pasuxic: `da aw Sen nu damayeneb me, RmrTismsaxuro, rameTu raY madl ars yofaY Cemi aqa, sada ara ars SiSi, arca sikudili qristHsT¢s?~. da wavida qarTlSi abo, raTa gancxadebulad euwyebina agarianTaTvis Tavisi rwmena. imis winaswari molodiniT, rac qarTlSi eloda, datova afxazeTi. Segnebulad daadga abo mowameobis gzas: midis iq, sadac yvelaze ufro gabrwyindeba misiT qristes naTeli. midis, raTa gaiRos ukanaskneli sabuTi WeSmaritebis dasamowmeblad _ sakuTari sisxli~.

zurab kiknaZe, `mxedari meufisa zecisai~.

moswavleebi cdiloben `TvalsazrisebSi~ wamoWrili problemaze daasabuTon Tavisi azri. argumentirebisaTvis SeiZleba gamoiyenon rogorc Seswavlili teqstebi, aseve in-formacia saqarTvelos istoriidan. moqmedebs principi: `yvelas azri sainteresoa~.

41

aqtivoba 2. diskusiis Sejameba (5 wT.):_ Tqveni azriT, ratom upirispirebs mkvlevari erTmaneTs or cnebas: samSoblosa da

WeSmaritebas? risi Cveneba surs amiT? _ abosTvis, rogorc WeSmariti qristianisaTvis, romeli cnebaa ufro Zvirfasi: sam-

Soblo Tu WeSmariteba? ramdenad sworadaa formulirebuli kiTxva? gansxvavdeba erTma-neTisagan samSoblosa da WeSmaritebis cnebebi? imsjeleT.

_ vin aris abo qristianebisaTvis? mahmadianebisaTvis?

aqtivoba 3. Sin wakiTxuli teqstis komentireba (10-12 wT.): moswavleebs Sin unda waekiTx-aT meore Tavis me-17-me-20 epizodebi, axla klasSi xdeba maTi komentireba da gaSinaarseba:

_ ra rCeva misca afxazeTis mefem abos? ramdenad gamarTlebulad migaCniaT amgvari rCevis micema abosaTvis?

_ raze metyvelebs abos pasuxi? mis ra Tvisebas usvams mwerali xazs? _ abo saubrisas xSirad iyenebs citatebs saxarebidan. raze migviTiTebs es faqti?_ abos ra sulier mzaobaze migvaniSnebs misi pasuxi?_ ramdenad gamarTlebulad migaCniaT arsebul situaciaSi abos amgvari mzaoba?_ ra reaqcia aqvT arabebs gaqristianebuli TanamoZmis danaxvaze? ramdenad gamar-

Tlebulad migaCniaT maTi aseTi moqmedeba?_ `rameTu arRa mowevnul iyo Jami misi~, weria teqstSi. raze migvaniSnebs es fraza?

ra molodins uqmnis igi mkiTxvels?_ rogor fiqrobT, rogor ganviTardeba SemdegSi movlenebi? ra gaZlevT am fiqris

safuZvels? daasabuTeT Tqveni azri Seswavlili epizodebis mixedviT. _ Seswavlili fragmentebis mixedviT SeavseT Tqveni codna qarTlis imdroindeli a)

politikuri, b) socialuri, g) sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb...

aqtivoba 4. klasSi wakiTxulis komentireba ( 12-15 wT.): klasSi komentariT ikiTxeba mesa-me Tavis pirveli aTi epizodi.

aqtivoba 5. wakiTxulis gaazreba: (5-7 wT.)_ romel axal istoriul pirebs vxvdebiT am epizodSi? ra mizniT axsenebs maT mw-

erali? _ rogor aTariRebs igi abos wamebas? daTariRebis ra saxeebs mimarTavs igi? (1. dasa-

bamiTgan, 2. qristeSobidan)._ rodis Seipyres abo pirvelad? visi wyalobiT ganTavisuflda igi amjerad cixidan?

raze metyvelebs es faqti?_ rogori damokidebuleba aqvs abos mimarT arabebs? qarTvel erisTavebs?_ ratom sTxoven arabebi axlad daniSnul amiras kvlav abos Sepyrobas? riTia maTi

SiSi ganpirobebuli? rogor fiqrobT, aqvs Tu ara maT am SiSs realuri safuZveli? ratom fiqrobT ase?

_ abos ra Tvisebaze amaxvilebs mwerali yuradRebas? rogor fiqrobT, ratom mielt-vis abo Tavad mowamebriv aRsasruls? risTvis dasWirda mwerals am faqtis xazgasma? ha-giografiuli mwer lobisaTvis aucilebeli romeli momentebi ikveTeba am epizodSi?

_ ramdenad gamarTlebulad geCvenebaT arabTa amiras sayveduri abos mimarT?_ ras uwodebs abo „umecrebas~? _ romeli epiTetebiT moixseniebs mwerali arabTa sarwmunoebas? qristianobas?_ rodis Seipyres abo? ramdeni dRe gaatara man cixeSi? WeSmariti qristianisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli ra Tvisebebi gamoavlina man? _ zemoqmedebis ra saSualebebs mimarTavdnen arabebi yofili TanamoZmis mimarT?..

aqtivoba 6. teqstis mxatvrul mxareze dakvirveba (3-5 wT.):_ ra mizniT moemarTeba abo baRdadidan qarTlSi? ra uSlis xels misi miznis ganxor-

cielebas? ra winaaRmdegobebi xvdeba qarTlSi Camosuls? rogor `inaskveba~ erTmaneTSi

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abos mizani da es winaaRmdegobani? ra moqmedebas aZlevs igi Semdgom dasabams?daimaxsovreT: nawarmoebSi mocemul iseT mdgomareobas, romelSiac Cndeba da erTmaneT-

Si inaskveba mizani da winaaRmdegobani, rac dasabams aZlevs moqmedebis Semdgom ganviTare-bas, kvanZi ewodeba.

_ Tqveni azriT, sad, teqstis romel adgilas ikvreba es kvanZi? waikiTxeT saTanado adgili.


aqtivoba 8. saSinao davaleba (2-3 wT.): gaecnon mesame Tavis momdevno epizodebs da mo-emzadon klasSi maTi komentirebisaTvis.

V gakveTili

aqtivoba 1. Sin wakiTxuli teqstis komentireba (10-12 wT.): moswavleebs Sin damoukide-blad unda waekiTxaT mesame Tavis me-11 _34-e epizodebi. axla klasSi xdeba Sin wakiTxulis komentireba. komentirebisaTvis SeirCeva teqstis sakvanZo adgilebi.

_ rogor emzadeboda abo amqveynidan gasvlisaTvis? romeli epizodebi aRwers abos mowamebriv cxovrebas?

_ rogor cdilobs abo, daZlios xorcieli SiSi? vis sityvebs imowmebs igi?_ riT xsnis arabi amira abos gaqristianebas? Tqveni azriT, ratom fiqrobs ase?_ abo awames paraskevs, 6 ianvars, naTlisRebis dRes. Tqveni azriT, ris Cveneba undo-

daT am faqtiT arabebs qarTvelebisaTvis?_ ganmarteT, rogor gesmiT azri sityvebisa: `did ars Cemda dRei ese, rameTu vxedav

orkerZove Zlevasa uflisa Cemisa iesu qristeissa, rameTu dResaswaulsa amas STaxda mdinaresa mas iordanisasa ... naTlisRebad da siRrmesa mas Sina wyalTasa damalulisa mis veSapisa Tavebi ZaliTa RmrTeebisaiTa Semusra~.

_ rogor fiqrobT, rodis ganxorcielda saxarebiseuli sanTlis (àravin aRanTis san-Teli~...) saxe-simbolos mxatvruli xorcSesxma?

_ teqstidan vigebT, rom abos wamebis Semdeg arabebi SiSma Seipyro, xolo qristianebi, piriqiT, ganmtkicdnen. Tqveni azriT, ram ganapiroba yovelive es?

aqtivoba 2. „Tvalsazrisi~ (5-7 wT.): moswavleebi ecnobian revaz siraZis „Tvalsazriss~:àraboba eris damTrgunveli Zalaa, CamxSobi yoveli sikeTisa. aqedan iwyeba umTavresi

saTqmeli: es damTrgunveli, sikeTis CamxSobi Zala erma unda gadaiqcios TviTSemecnebis impulsad, Zalad TviTgacnobierebisa. ese igi, faqtobrivad, sikeTis CamxSobi Zala sike-Tis gamRvivebel Zalisxmevad unda gadaiqces. ukeTurobis sikeTed gadaqcevis magaliTia TviT abo, `vardi ekalTagan gamorCeuli~.

ayalibeben sakuTar xedvas masSi wamoWrili problemis mimarT:_ romel negatiur movlenaze saubrobs am TvalsazrisSi kritikosi? ras uwodebs igi

„sikeTis CamxSob Zalas~?_ ramdenad exmareba es negatiuri movlena ers, konkretul pirovnebas, gamofxizldes

da daupi rispirdes mas? _ rodis gadaiqca es konkretuli negatiuri movlena eris, pirovnebis cnobierebis

gamosafxiz lebel, zneobis amamaRlebel Zalad? _ rogor ganxorcielda TvalsazrisSi gamoTqmuli Sexedulebis arsi abos magaliTze?_ risTvis dasWirda hagiograf mwerals abos, rogorc Tavad uwodebs, èkalTagan

gamorCeuli vardis~, wamebis aRwera? rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad SeZlo am wamebis aRweriT hagiografma mwe ralma Tavisi Tanamedroveebis gamofxizleba da zneobrivi amaRleba?

_ gaixseneT, visi dakveTiT, ra mizniT Seiqmna es nawarmoebi da ecadeT, gaarkvioT, ramdenad axerxebs mwerali, iyos miukerZoebeli faqtebis interpretaciisas?

43

_ Tqveni azriT, vin aris abo („vardi ekalTagan gamorCeuli~) _ samSoblos uarmyofeli Tu misTvis WeSmariti gzis maCvenebeli? ra epiTetiT Seamkobdnen mas Tavisi TanamoZ-meebi?..

aqtivoba 3. „magidis garSemo wera~ _ (12-15 wT.):

meTodis aRwera:a) moswavleebi dajgufdebian magidis garSemo. TiToeul jgufSi daaxloebiT 4-5 mo-

swavlea. vacnobT Temas: „abo _ samSoblos uarmyofeli Tu misTvis WeSmariti gzis maCvene-beli?~.

b) vTxovT moamzadon furclebi, kalmebi da Seudgnen weras. winaswar ganvusazRvravT dros _ daaxloebiT 2-3 wuTs.

g) rodesac dro amoiwureba, SevaCerebT moswavleebs, miuxedavad imisa, daasrules Tu ara naSromi. vTxovT, furceli marjvniv mjdoms gadascen, xolo axali furceli marcxniv mjdomisagan miiRon.

d) vTxovT, waikiTxon megobris namuSevari da daasrulon/gaagrZelon.e) ase grZeldeba manam, sanam jgufis yvela wevrs Tavisi naweri ar daubrundeba (Sei-

Zleba furceli 2 an 3 wreze davatrialoT).v) rodesac furceli wreze moZraobas daasrulebs, moswavleebs vTxovT jgufurad

ganixilon naweri da Seitanon koreqtivebi;z) jgufebs vTxovT warudginon Tavisi naSromi klass.

aqtivoba 4. teqstis mxatvruli analizi (5-7 wT.):

_ ra dialogi gaimarTa abosa da msajuls Soris meore Sexvedrisas?_ amiras xasiaTis ra Tvisebebi vlindeba mis kiTxvebSi? abos xasiaTis ra Tvisebebi

vlindeba mis pasuxebSi? (gaiTvaliswineT emociuri foni)._ abos naTqvamma romelma frazam ganarisxa amira yvelaze metad? ra gadawyvetileba

miiRo man?daimaxsovreT: nawarmoebis im nawils, romelSic mdgomareoba yvelaze metad iZabeba da

winaaRmdegoba umaRles wertils aRwevs, kulminacia ewodeba._ moZebneT teqstSi is adgili, sadac moqmedeba kulminacias aRwevs._ ra Tviseba gamoavlina abom sikvdilis win?_ rogor dasajes abo?_ rogor moeqcnen abos cxedars arabebi?_ ra saswauli mouvlina ufalma qristianebs da raSi gamoixata am saswaulis Zala?daimaxsovreT: im adgils mxatvrul nawarmoebSi, romelic gvixatavs winaaRmdegobis dam-

Tavrebas da am damTavrebis Sedegad Seqmnil mdgomareobas, kvanZis gaxsna ewodeba._ waikiTxeT teqstis is adgili, sadac kvanZis gaxsnaa mocemuli.


aqtivoba 6. saSinao davaleba (2-3 wT.): Sin damoukideblad waikiTxon teqstis meoTxe Tavi da moemzadon klasSi misi komentirebisaTvis; moiZion romelime nawarmoebi cnobili qarTveli mwerlisa, romelmac es teqsti sabWoTa aRmSeneblobis (sabWoTa patriotizmis, komunisturi moralis...) Temaze Seqmna. imsjelon, ramdenad SeiZleba miviCnioT igi dakve-TiT Seqmnilad (vin SeiZleboda yofiliyo damkveTi, ra daukveTa, ra mizniT daukveTa...).

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VI gakveTili

aqtivoba 1. prezentacia (7-10 wT.): moswavleebs unda moeZiebinaT romelime nawarmoebi cnobili qarTveli mwerlisa, romelmac es teqsti sabWoTa aRmSeneblobis (sabWoTa pa-triotizmis, komunisturi moralis...) Temaze Seqmna. acnoben klass TavianT mosazrebas, ratom miaCniaT igi SekveTiT dawerilad, ramdenad gamoxatavs igi damkveTis (amjerad _ sabWoTa xelisuflebis) azrs, saTanado argumentebiT asabuTeben sakuTar Sexedulebebs. SeiZleba es prezentacia gadaizardos diskusiaSi, maswavlebelma unda izrunos, rom igi ar gascdes prezentaciis CarCoebs.

aqtivoba 2. Sin wakiTxuli teqstis komentireba (10-12 wT.):

_ ras eZRvneba es monakveTi? _ ras Seagonebs mwerali mkiTxvels? risken mouwodebs mas?_ Tavisi mosazrebis gasamyareblad ra paralelebs avlebs bibliasTan? saxarebasTan?

ratom mimarTavs igi am paralelebs?_ romeli striqonebiT gamoxatavs avtori Tavis damokidebulebas momxdaris mimarT? _ raze migvaniSnebs misi sityvebi: `kualad meSinis me dadumebad~?_ waikiTxeT teqstidan is sityvebi, romliTac igi qebas asxams abos. ra mxatvrul xe-

rxebs iyenebs mis Sesamkobad?_ rogor aRwers mwerali meSvide `Jamis~ qarTls?_ ra miaCnia mas qristianobisTvis mTavar safrTxed?_ rogor afasebs arabTa sarwmunoebas? ra epiTetebiT moixseniebs mas?_ ras Tvlis abos damsaxurebad?aq moswavleebs SeiZleba yuradReba mivaqcevinoT am monakveTis (meoTxe Tavi) Janruli

TaviseburebisTvis _ igi himnografiis nimuSs warmoadgens, SeiZleba gavavlebinoT para-lelebi wina klasebSi Seswavlil am Janris teqstebTan.

_ vin daukveTa iovane sabanisZes abos cxovrebisa da mowamebrivi aRsasrulis aRwera? visi, romeli sazogadoebis interesebi unda gaeTvaliswinebina avtors? Tu Cans es te-qstSi?

_ ramdenad sainteresod da gasagebad migaCniaT Tanamedrove qarTveli mkiTxvelisaT-vis dRes es teqsti? ramdenad aqtualurad geCvenebaT igi dRes? daasabuTeT Tqveni azri.

aqtivoba 3. Sejameba: (7-10 wT.):

_ literaturaTmcodneobaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis Tanaxmad, iovane sabanisZes erTni eriskacad, xolo meoreni sasuliero pirad miiCneven. teqstis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven romel azrs iziarebT? ratom? imsjeleT.

_ gaavleT teqstobrivi paralelebi iakob xucesis `SuSanikis wamebasa~ da iovane sa-banisZis `abos wamebas~ Soris da aRniSneT, ra msgavseba-gansxvaveba SeniSneT? riT hgavs es ori nawarmoebi erTmaneTs? riT gansxvavdeba? ra saerTo aqvs am or personaJs? hagio-grafiuli Janris Taviseburebani rogor aris gadmocemuli TiToeul teqstSi?

aqtivoba 4. teqstis mxatvrul mxareze dakvirveba (7-10 wT.):

aq moswavleebs vesaubrebiT „abos wamebis~ Janrul mravalferovnebaze: mas romelime erT qveJanrs ver mivakuTvnebT, radgan Txzulebis pirveli Tavi („RmrTismsaxurTa da martvilTmoyuareTa krebulisaTvis Txrobai da moZRurebai da axlisa amis mowamisa ha-bois xsenebai~) homiletika, anu qadagebis Janria, meore da mesame nawilebi („qarTlad Se-moslvai da naTlis-Rebai netarisa haboisi~, „martvilobai wmidisa haboisi~) _ hagiografi-ia, meoTxe Tavi („qebai sanatrelisa wmidisa haboisi~) himnografiis, anu qebis, sagaloblis Janrs ganekuTvneba, xolo or werils, romlebic wamZRvarebuli aqvs teqsts, mkvlevrebi

45

qarTuli epistoluri Janris Canasaxsac uwodeben. aseve yuradReba maxvildeba teqstis kompoziciur Taviseburebebze:_ ra realuri ambavi aqcia iovane sabanisZem mxatvrul nawarmoebad? Zalian mokled,

ramdenime winadadebiT gadmoeciT es ambavi Semdegi kiTxvebis mixedviT:_ sadauri iyo abo da rogor moxvda igi qarTlSi?_ rogor warimarTa abos cxovreba qarTlSi Camosvlis Semdeg?_ rogor moeqcnen arabebi gaqristianebul abos?_ gaixseneT: nawarmoebSi gadmocemuli ambis mSrali Txroba aris fabula. fabulis

wyarod xSirad iyeneben realobaSi momxdar ambavs an gadmocemas._ daakvirdiT: ramdeni Tavisagan Sedgeba `abos wameba~?_ raze mogviTxrobs I Tavi?_ ris Sesaxebaa saubari II TavSi da ramdenad bunebrivad, organulad ukavSirdeba igi

I Tavs?_ ras aRwers hagiografi III TavSi da ramdenad organulad ebmis is I da II Tavebs?_ romel Janrs ganekuTvneba Txzulebis IV Tavi? gansazRvreT ramdenad aucilebelia

aq ga moTqmuli azrebi imis Sesacnobad, rac I-III TavebSi waikiTxeT?

daimaxsovreT: nawarmoebis nawilebis SerCevasa da dalageba-dakavSirebas kompozicia ewodeba.

_ daakvirdiT: rogor aRwers iovane sabanisZe qarTlis mdgomareobas?_ sad da vin daibara nerse erisTavi da rogor moeqca mas xalifa?_ vin iyo abo da riT iyo ganpirobebuli misi qarTlSi wamosvla?_ rogor cxovrobda qarTlSi Camosuli abo da ra gadawyvetileba miiRo man?_ sad moinaTla abo?_ rogor moxvda abo afxazeTSi? ra mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba miiRo afxazeTSi

myofma abom? ra mizniT wavida igi qarTlSi?_ ra moiTxova Tbilisis amiram abosgan da rogor moeqca igi wmindans?_ aRwereT abos cxovreba sapyrobileSi._ ra mxatvrul saSualebebs iyenebs avtori personaJTa xasiaTis gasaxsnelad da mTa-

vari saTqmelis gadmosacemad?

daimaxsovreT: Tanmimdevrulad da logikurad ganviTarebul ambavTa da movlenaTa urT-ierTSekavSireba-ganviTarebas, romelSiac mJRavndeba moqmed pirTa xasiaTebi da urTierTo-ba, ewodeba nawarmoebis siuJeti.

eqspozicia, kvanZi, kulminacia, kvanZis gaxsna siuJetis nawilebia.

aqtivoba 5. weris strategia 3, 2, 1. (5-7 wT.):

3 ram, rac am teqstis wakiTxvis Semdeg damamaxsovrda; 2 ram, ramac damafiqra; 1 ram, ris Sesaxebac ufro metis gagebas visurvebdi (es davaleba sruldeba individualurad).


aqtivoba 7. saSinao davaleba (2-3 wT.): teqstis meoTxe TavTan mocemuli „Tvalsazrisebi-dan~ airCion erT-erTi da moemzadon diskusiisaTvis; werilobiT aagon teqsti: „qarTli merve saukuneSi~. teqstis agebisas gaiTvaliswinon: visTvis, romeli sazogadoebisTvis, auditoriisTvis qmnian mas (am SemTxvevaSi, TavianTi TanatolebisaTvis, Tanaklaselebi-saTvis), ra daniSnuleba aqvs am teqsts, ratom, ra mizniT qmnis avtori mas(am SemTxvevaSi mizania informaciis miwodeba). am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT SearCion stili.

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Sedegebi:

X.1. moswavles SeuZlia monawileobis miReba saklaso da saskolo diskusiebSi.X.4. moswavles SeuZlia TanaklaselTa zepiri moxsenebebis gaanalizeba da Sefaseba. X.6. moswavles SeuZlia sxvadasxva saxis teqstis gaanalizeba maTi organizebis Tvalsaz-

risiT. X.7. moswavles SeuZlia ganasxvavos teqstSi faqtobrivi, konceptualuri da qveteqstu-

ri informacia. X.8. moswavles SeuZlia sxvadasxva Janris mxatvruli nawarmoebebis, publicisturi Tx-

zulebebis wakiTxva da maT mimarT sakuTari damokidebulebis gamoxatva. X.11. moswavles SeuZlia daweros Txzuleba sxvadasxva mizniT da sxvadasxva auditori-

isaTvis.X.16. moswavles SeuZlia weris strategiebis gamoyeneba naweris organizebisaTvis.

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3. SoTa rusTaveli _ `vefxistyaosani~

meToduri komentarebi

skolaSi poemis teqstze muSaobis ZiriTad formad specialistebi (g. nioraZe, `narkvevebi literaturis swavlebis sakiTxebze~, 1960; m. TaboriZe, `vefxistyaosnis lit-eraturul-esTetikuri analizi skolaSi~, Tb. 2000w; n. ruxaZe, `SoTa rusTaveli skolaSi~ Tb. 1992w; el. TaboriZe, `qarTuli literaturis swavlebis meTodikis saleqcio kursi~, Tb. 2009...) miiCneven komentirebul kiTxvas. teqsti, romlis komentirebasac vaxdenT, moswavleebs winaswar unda hqondeT wakiTxuli. gamoyofen komentirebuli kiTxvis or saxes: 1. klasSi wakiTxuli teqstis komentireba, 2. Sin wakiTxulis komentireba. sasurve-lia, maswavlebelma winaswar gansazRvros is adgilebi, romelTa komentirebac moxdeba klasSi. Cveulebriv, poemis teqstis komentireba amgvarad xdeba: poema iyofa nawyvetebad, romelTa dasawyis strofebs (da ara mTel Tavs) maswavlebeli kiTxulobs gamometyvele-biT da axdens wakiTxulis komentirebas (g. nioraZe, dasax. Sroma, gv. 83-84). nawyvetis umetes nawils moswavleebi damoukideblad waikiTxaven, magram aucilebelia Semdeg maTi komentireba (gamonaklisad SeiZleba miviCnioT zogierTi sakvanZo Tavi, romelic Tavisi sirTulisa da moculobis gamo SeiZleba mTlianad maswavlebelma waukiTxos klass mxat-vrulad). mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleba teqstis Sinaarsis gadmocemaze muSaoba. Sinaarsis Txroba sasurvelia xdebodes teqstTan miaxloebiT. yuradReba eqceva personaJTa damaxa-siaTebel adgilebs, mxatvruli gamosaxvis saSualebebs. saWiroa Tu ara yvela mxatvruli saxisa da saxe-simbolos axsna? albaT ara, ramdenadac yvela saxe verc gaSinaarsdeba da arc aris es aucilebeli, mTavaria,moswavleebi davafiqroT mxatvruli xerxebis funqci-aze nawarmoebSi, gavarkvioT, Tu maTi gamoyenebiT risi Tqma surs avtors.

wina wlebSi, rodesac qarTuli enisa da literaturis swavlebas gansazRvravda sas-wavlo programa, zustad iyo miTiTebuli am teqstis kiTxva-damuSavebisaTvis saaTebis raodenoba. igi meryeobda 40-50 sT-is farglebSi. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom am period-Si poemis mTliani teqstis swavleba gansazRvruli iyo ZiriTadad IX klasSi, amJamad ki erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT poemis calkeuli epizodebi iswavleba saskolo gana-Tlebis sxvadasxva safexurze: rogorc dawyebiT, ise sabaziso da saSualo safexurebze. es maswavlebels saSualebas aZlevs, klasis saerTo donisa da SesaZleblobis safuZvelze Tavad gansazRvros am masalisaTvis gamoyofili saswavlo saaTebis raodenoba.

saorientaciod am teqstze muSaobisaTvis gamoyofili saaTebi amgvarad SeiZleba ga-vanawiloT:

1. Sesavali mecadineoba: a) Zveli qarTuli mwerloba (wina gakveTilebze Seswavlili masalis Sejameba);b) saqarTvelo XII-XIII s.s., sazogadoebriv-politikuri foni da kultura;c) informacia poemis avtoris Sesaxeb, poemis xalxuri versiebi (mokle mimoxilva) – 1

sT.2. teqstze muSaoba _ 25 sT.3. teqstis analizi/Sejameba _ 4 sT.qvemoT gTavazobT poemis teqstis komentirebiT kiTxvis nimuSs (masala amoRebulia

mariam TaboriZis wignidan: „vefxistyaosnis literaturul-esTetikuri analizi skola-Si ~, Tb. 2000, gv. 113-124 ):

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teqstze muSaobis nimuSebi

nawyveti I. ambavi rostevan arabTa mefisa; rostevan mefisagan da avTandilisagan nadi-roba.

`vefxistyaosnis~ siuJeti iwyeba prologis Semdeg. `ambavi rostevan arabTa mefisa~ _ ase uwoda pirvel Tavs rusTavelma da amiT gvauwya, rom poemaSi moqmedeba arabeTis mefis karze viTardeba.

maswavlebeli gamometyvelebiT kiTxulobs oc strofs, 33-dan 52-is CaTvliT. pirveli Tavi iwyeba mefe rostevanis daxasiaTebiT. rusTaveli rostevanis portrets erTi mxat-vruli xerxis _ epiTetis gamoyenebiT xatavs da qmnis mefis mTlian xats.

viwyebT teqstis ganmeorebiT kiTxvas, moswavleebs vakiTxebT 33-e strofs. masSi daxatulia mefis Rrmad gaazrebuli saxe, CamoTvlilia misi pirovnuli Tvisebebi: igia maRali, uxvi, mdabali, laSqar-mravali, ymiani.~ sagulisxmoa, rom am CamonaTvals win uZR-vis strofis pirveli striqoni: `iyo arabeTs rostevan, mefe RmrTisagan sviani~.

saskolo `vefxistyaosnis~ ganmartebaSi sityva `sviani~ axsnilia rogorc bednieri. qa-rTul metyvelebaSi ixmareba gamoTqma: ̀ sve-bednieri~. sityva ̀ sves~ aq sxva datvirTva aqvs. `sve~ TiTqos bedis mniSvnelobas iZens. sasurvelia, aixsnas mTlianad gamoTqma `RmrTi-sagan sviani~. amasTan dakavSirebiT moswavleebs mivawodoT informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leq sikonSi garda bednierebisa, sviani axsnilia rogorc kargi svis, bedis mqone. davafiqroT amaze moswavleebi da vecadoT, rom maT gagviziaron saku-Tari azri. sabolood maswavlebeli akeTebs daskvnas: gamoTqmaSi `mefe RmrTisagan sviani~ xazi gaesmis imas, rom es bedi Tu bedniereba mefes RmrTisagan aqvs miniWebuli.

33-e strofis momdevno taeps moswavleebi advilad xsnian. pirvelive strofSi CamoT-vlilia rostevanis xasiaTis Tvisebebi. maRali sulieri bunebis mqonea rostevani. mas axasiaTebs siuxve, Tavmdabloba. igi samarTliania, mowyale da imav dros _ morWmuli. rostevani qveyanas ganagebs sibrZniTa da ZaliT. yuradReba gamaxvildeba 33-e strofis bolo saleqso striqonze: `TviT meomari uebro, kvla moubari wyliani~. ra saerTo unda hqondes am or Tvisebas: uebro meomari da wyliani moubari. rogorc Cans, es ori Tviseba SemTxveviT ar aris erTad warmodgenili. rusTavelis azriT, mefe meomaric unda iyos da xalxTan saubaric unda SeeZlos.

amgvari muSaoba gagrZeldeba momdevno strofzec. maswavlebeli teqstis Sinaarss ki ar mouTxrobs moswavleebs, aramed saubris (kiTxva-pasuxis) meTodis gamoyenebiT warmar-Tavs moswavleTa msjelobas. Cven am garemoebas sagangebod vusvamT xazs, radgan, rogorc aRiniSna, skolaSi damkvidrebuli mavne Cveva, teqstis Sinaarsis Txroba maswavleblis mier, moswavleebs ukargavs nawarmoebis kiTxvis interess, anelebs maT aqtivobas, xolo, rodesac isini uSualod muSaoben teqstze, kiTxuloben nawarmoebs klasSi an Sin, xalisiT ebmebian komentirebuli kiTxvis procesSi, gamoaqvT saTanado daskvnebi.

saWiro iqneba xelmeored wavakiTxoT moswavleebs 34-e strofi. sagangebo yuradReba mieqceva TinaTinis damaxasiaTebel adgils. igi yofila `soflisa mnaTi mnaTobi, mzisaca dasTa dasuli~. rogorc striqonis pirveli, ise meore naxevari astraluri simbolikis nimuSad unda miviCnioT. silamaziT cis mnaTobTa sadaria TinaTini. mis garegnobas avtori saxe-simboloebiT gvixatavs: qveynisa mnaTi mnaTobi mzea, xolo mzis dasi varskvlebisagan Sedgeba. `dasTa dasuli~ aliteraciaa, romelsac avtori moxdenilad iyenebs TinaTinis pirtretis srulyofisaTvis. moswavleebs aqve mivawvdiT informacias imis Sesaxeb, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ gmirebis portrets, maT garegnobas avtori ar akonkretebs. Cven ar viciT, ra ferisaa TinaTinis Tma, Tvalebi Tu saxis sxva nakvTebi. rac xels ar gviSlis, warmovidginoT ulamazesi garegnobis mqone asuli, romlis Semkoba, qeba mxolod brZens xelewifeba. momdevno 35-e strofSic amave xerxs mimarTavs avtori gmiri qalis portret-uli xatis Sesaqmnelad: `ra gaizarda, gaivso, mze misgan sawunaria~. rogorc vxedavT, arc aq konkretdeba TinaTinis garegnoba. TiTqos avtori mkiTxvels utovebs SesaZleblobas, sakuTri fantaziiT Seqmnas ciur mnaTobTa sadari gmiris xati. portretis xatvis arapir-dapir xerxs rusTaveli xSirad iyenebs sxva gmirebis daxasiaTebis drosac.

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moswavleebs vavalebT, iqve moiZion strofi, romelSic pirvelad aris naxsenebi avTandili:

`avTandil iyo spaspeti, Ze amir-spasalarisa,sarosa mjobi, nazardi, msgavsi mzisa da mTvarisa,jerT uwveruli, sadaro brol-mina sacnobarisa;mas TinaTinis Sveneba hklvidis wamwamTa jarisa~ (41).

strofis pirvel striqonSi poemis avtori avTandilis vinaobas gvamcnobs: avTandil iyo spaspeti, amir-spasalaris Ze _ Svili. mesame saleqso striqonSi gmiris garegnobas po-eti kvlav epiTetebis gamoyenebiT gvixatavs. avTandili uwveruli, e.i., sruliad axalgaz-rda, sarosa mjobi, nazardi. am epiTetebis axsna, maTi funqciis garkveva moswavleebs ar gauWirdebaT, meore striqonSi vkiTxulobT: msgavsi mzisa da mTvarisa. kvlav astraluri saxe-simboloa gamoyenebuli. gmiris portreti ar konkretdeba, cis mnaTobTa moxmobiT ixateba mzisa da mTvaris Sesadari garegnobis raindi. `mas TinaTinis Sveneba hkvlidis wamwamTa jarisa~ metaforaa, romliTac gvauwyebs avtori, rom avTandili gamijnurebulia TinaTinze.

sasurvelia, aqve mivawodoT moswavleebs informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom astraluri simboloebis gamoyenebiT gmiris portretis xatva uZvelesi tradiciaa, romelic saTaves Zveli berZnuli eposidan iRebs. mas xSirad mimarTavs homerosi Tavis poemebSi. unda vi-fiqroT, rom rusTaveli kargad icnobda berZnul mwerlobas. saxe-simboloebis gamoy-enebis garkveul tradicias qmnis qarTuli zepirsityvierebac.

moswavleebs vavalebT, `vefxistyaosnis~ teqstze muSaobisas daakvirdnen am xerxis gamoyenebis nimuSebs da poemidan amokribon astraluri simbolikis magaliTebi.

amgvarad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom gmirTa portretis xatvisas rusTaveli xSirad iyenebs arapirdapir xerxs, e.i. pirdapir, konkretulad ki ar migvaniSnebs, rogoria misi personaJebis garegnoba, aramed arapirdapir, saxe-simboloebis gamoyenebiT, TiTqos Sesa-Zleblobas gvitovebs, Cvens warmodgenaSi fantaziiT SevqmnaT saxe gmiri raindebisa _ dav-fiqrdeT imaze, Tu ZiriTadad ra mxatvruli xerxebiT xatavs rusTaveli gmirTa xasiaTis Tvisebebs, maT garegnobas. pasuxi gaecema or kiTxvas: ra aris daxatuli da rogor. es aris kiTxvebi, romelTa saSualebiTac warimarTeba msjeloba nawarmoebis literaturul-es-Tetikuri analizisas. klasSi Catarebuli samuSaos analogiiT moswavleebi Sin wakiTxul masalasac am kiTxvebis mixedviT gaiazreben. maTTvis ukve garkveulia, rom rodesac vm-sjelobT nawarmoebze, uTuod xazs unda vusvamdeT imas, Tu ra aris masSi daxatuli, ra problemebi daayena mweralma mkiTxvelis winaSe, magram aranakleb mniSvnelovania is, Tu rogori mxatvruli forma mouZebna mweralma Tavis naazrevs, rogor miaRwia Sinaarsisa da formis harmonias.

kvlav davubrundeT 34-e strofs, romlis me-2 da me-4 sqolio striqonebis komentari ukve Catarda, magram pirveli taepi auxsneli davtoveT. moswavleebs wavakiTxoT es sale-qso striqoni.

`sxva Ze ar esva mefesa, mart oden martod asuli~.

sityva Ze Cveulebrivad vaJiSvils niSnavs. am mniSvnelobiTac gvxvdeba igi `vefxisty-aosanSi~, magram moxmobil taepSi zogadad `Svilis~ mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari gamoyenebuli. asevea es sityva axsnili saskolo `vefxistyaosnis~ ganmartebaSi: Ze _ Svili (vaJi an qali). ufro qveviT (37-e strofis me-4 taepi) rostevani ambobs:

`Cemi Ze davsvaT xelmwifed, visgan mze sawunelia~. aqac Ze Svilis mniSvnelobiT aris naxmari, Tumca ukve viciT, rom mefes erTaderTi asuli hyavs mxolod.

ilia abulaZis `Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonSi~ miniSnebulia, rom Ze _ Svilia, ma-gram iqvea miwerili sqesis aRmniSvneli sityva _ vaJi, xolo `qarTuli enis ganmartebiT

50

leqsikonSi~ Ze axsnilia rogorc adamianis Svili mamrobiTi sqesisa _ vaJiSvili. sityva Ze-s zogadi mniSvnelobiT (Svili) xmareba rusTavelis damkvidrebuli unda iyos. ra axsna SeiZleba amas moeZebnos? 34-e strofis pirvel saleqso striqonSi sityva Zis gverdiT rostevani asulsac xmarobs, magram cota qveviT mefe vazirebs mimarTavs: Cemi Ze davsvaT mefedo. moswavleebs vTxovT, dafiqrdnen da gagviziaron Tavisi mosazreba, Tu ratom uwodebs rostevani TinaTins Zes. maswavlebeli akeTebs daskvnas: iqneb, amiT imis Tqma unda mwerals, rom rostevanis asuli _ TinaTini Tavisi gonierebiTa da sibrZniT samefo taxtis Rirseuli memkvidrea. aqve yuradRebas mivapyrobT rostevanis TaTbirs vazirebT-an. sevdanarevia es TaTbiri da rCeva mefisa. igi adamianis xanmokle sicocxles adarebs bunebaSi arsebul ucvlel kanons:

`ra vardman Tvisi yvavili gaaxmos, daamWnarosa,igi wava da sxva mova turfasa sabaRnarosa;mze Cagvisvenda, bnelsa vWvretT Ramesa umTenarosa~. (36, 2-4)

risTvis dasWirda avtors vardis simbolika, ratom pirdapir ar gaando rostevan-ma vazirebs saTqmeli? mefes surs, daarwmunos qveSevrdomni miRebuli gadawyvetilebis aucileblobaSi. amitom pirdapir ki ar gaumxels vazirebs gulisnadebs, aramed maT Seax-senebs bunebis gardauval kanons da am mizniT garkveul paralels avlebs vardis xanmokle sicocxlesa da adamianis arsebobas Soris.

rostevanis azriT, es qveyana turfa sabaRnaroa. moswavleebs SevaxsenebT prologis pirvelsave strofSi naxmar gamoTqmas: `Cven, kacTa mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feri-Ta.~ turfa baRnari _ es qveyana, Semkuli uTvalavi feriT, ucvleli rCeba, magram adamian-ebi ibadebian, cxovroben, berdebian da kvdebian. poetma erTmaneTs Seadara adamianisa da vardis xanmokle sicocxle. ra vuyoT, rom vardis sicocxle ufro xanmoklea, msgavseba didia, ganaCeni _ ucilobeli da mkacri:

`igi wava da sxva mova turfasa sabaRnarosa~.

moxuci adamianis mZime sulier ganwyobas gamoxatavs rostevanis sityvebi:

`me gardasrulvar, sibere mWirs, WirTa ufro Znelia,dRes ara, xvale movkvdebi, sofeli asre mqmnelia;raRaa igi sinaTle, rasaca axlavs bnelia?!~ (37,1-3)

mefe ar faravs moaxloebuli aRsasruliT gamowveul tkivils, magram es xels ar uSlis, izrunos qveynis momavalze, saimedo memkvidre Tavis sicocxleSive gaamefos.

axsna dasWirdeba 38-e strofis bolo taeps.:`mTvaresa mcxralsa varskvlavman viTarca hkadra mteroba?!~ moswavleebs avaxsnevinoT

am alegoriuli simboloebis mniSvneloba, vkiTxoT, vin igulisxmeba mTvareSi, ras unda niSnavdes sityva mcxrali an ra Sinaarsi Zevs gamoTqmaSi: `varskvlavman viTarca hkadra mteroba~. 38-e strofi kargad aris axsnili saskolo vefxistyaosanSi~, magram jobs, jer moswavleebma imsjelon masze saerTod da kerZod, me-4 taepze; Semdeg waikiTxon striqo-nis axsna, mocemul ganmartebaSi. aqve Cans, Tu rogor anugeSeben vazirni mefes. isini ar pirferoben; kvlav vards iSveliebs simbolurad avtori:

`vardi Tu gaxmes, egreca gvmarTebs misive jeroba:misive hmetobs yovelsa suli da turfa feroba~. (38,2-3).

Tu sicocxlis vardi dagviWkna, unda davmorCildeT beds; gamxmar vards ar ekargeba surneli, damWknaric ki igi sxvebze amao iqneba. es erTi mosazrebaa, iqneb moswavleebs sxva mosazrebac gauCndeT.

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daskvnas maswavlebeli akeTebs: mxatvrul saxeTa saSualebiT, gansakuTrebiT vardis simbolikis gamoyenebiT `vefxistyaosanSi~ brwyinvaled aris daxatuli gmirTa sulieri gancdebi, vazirTa Tavazianoba, mefis sulieri tkivilebi da imave dros zrunva Tavisi qveynisa da xalxis bedze.

vazirni uwoneben mefes gadawyvetilebas: `sjobs da mas miec mefoba, visgan mze Sena-flobia~ (39,4). mze Senaflobia, e.i. mze damarcxebulia. TinaTini Tavisi mSvenebiT mzesac amarcxebs. kvlav cis mnaTobia gamoyenebuli TinaTinis silamazis gadmosacemad, magram amjerad igi simbolo ar aris, aramed realuri mzea, romlis brwyinvalebac ki iCrdileba TinaTinis gverdiT. es ufro hiperbolaa (gazviadebaa), vidre saxe-simbolo. moswavleebs vavalebT: nawyvetidan, rogorc klasSi, ise Sin wakiTxuli teqstidan amoweron saxe-sim-boloebis nimuSebi (astraluri simboloka, vardis simbolika), daakvirdnen maT funqcias nawarmoebSi.

xSirad davas iwvevs Semdegi strofi:

`Tuca qalia, xelmwifed marT RmrTisa danabadia;ar gaTnevT, icis mefoba, uTqvenod gviTqvams kvla dia;SuqTa misTaebr saqmeca misi mzebr ganacxadia.lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos, Tunda xvadia~. (40)

Secdomaa aq saubari mamakacisa da dedakacis Tanasworobaze. strofis azri ase unda aixsnas: lekvi lomisa msgavsia, Zu iqneba Tu xvadi, e.i. vaJi qneba Tu qali, Svili mSobels emsgavseba.

rostevani gascems brZanebas da xalxs atyobinebs TinaTinis gamefebis ambavs. moswav-leebs xelmeored vakiTxebT am strofs (44,45,46). isini am adgils advilad xsnian: yvelas sixaruli eufleba. aq aris pir-mze avTandili, vaziri sograt, mefis qveSevrdomni. irgv-liv saerTo mxiaruleba sufevs, magram ikvreba kvanZi, momdevno 47-e strofis bolo taepi gvauwyebs:

`qali tirs da cremlsa afrqvevs, xris yornisa bolo-frTaTa~.yornis bolo-frTebi TinaTinis wamwamebia. am brwyinvale metaforas avtori iyenebs

TinaTinis mwuxarebis gadmosacemad (amgvarad, gairkva strofSi gamoyenebuli metaforis funqcia). ram Seawuxa mefe qali, romelic mamam aiyvana samefo taxtze, sakuTari xeliT daadga gvirgvini da misca skiptra? sxva dideba aRar arsebobs, ra unda iyos glovis mizezi? Semdegi strofidan vigebT TinaTinis mwuxarebis mizezs. moswavles vakiTxebT 48-e strofs.

TinaTinis cremlebi misi Tavmdablobis mauwyebelia:

`mamisa taxtsa sajdomad Tavi ar eRirseboda,amad tirs, baRi vardisa cremliTa aivseboda;mefe swvrTis: mama yoveli Zisagan iTavseboda,amisad qmnamdis damwveli cecxli ar damevseboda~.(48)

davakvirdeT 48-e strofis Cven mier gaxazul mesame striqons: `mama yoveli Zisagan iTavseboda~. saskolo `vefxistyaosanSi~ Zisagan iTavseboda axsnilia rogorc icvleboda. amgvari ganmarteba mTlad misaRebi ar unda iyos. ufro swori Cans viqtor nozaZis Sexed-uleba: ̀ mefe arigebs TinaTins, rom mama yoveli (TviT mama-RmerTi) Zisagan (ieso qristesa-gan) iTavseboda, e.i. Tavsdeboda... anu yoveli Ze Tavis adgils iWers, sulerTia mamis mem-kvidre qalia Tu asuli! amgvari axsna erTgvarad avsebs me-40 strofSi gamoTqmul azrs.

maswavleblis daskvnaSi dabejiTebiT unda gaesvas xazi avtoris mier gatarebul Sexed-ulebas, rom Svili (vaJia igi Tu qali) mSobels emsgavseba da Ze (vaJia igi Tu qali) mamis adgils iWers.

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moswavleebs wavakiTxebT 50,51,52 strofebs, movaxdenT maT komentirebas, magram aucileblad migvaCnia, yuradReba mivaqcioT wina, 49-e strofis meoTxe striqons, romli-Tac iwyeba mamis darigeba:

`xarmca brZnad mqmneli saqmisa, iyav wynari da cnobili!~

mamis darigeba moklea, magram didi sibrZnis Semcveli: mefes unda SeeZlos saqmis brZnulad gansja, iyos wynari da gonieri.

ismenda mamis darigebas TinaTini, wvrTnas ar moiwyinebdao, gvauwyebs poeti 52-e strofSi. mTavrdeba igi brwyinvale metaforiT:

`TinaTin mzesa swunobda, magram mze TinaTinebda~.es ar aris sityvaTa TamaSi, masSi kvlav sibrZnea Caqsovili. mzesac ki swunobs Tina-

Tini, riT? sibrZniT, gonebiT, gulisyuriTa da TavmdablobiT. TiTqos aRtacebas veRar malavs poemis avtori da uxvad amkobs mefe qals.

TinaTinis gamefeba Tamaris taxtze asvlas agonebs mkiTxvels. prologSive gvimxels mefe-qalze gamijnurebuli poeti: `misi saxeli SefarviT qvemore miTqvams, miqia~ (19,3), magram arsad ise cxadad ar Cans TinaTinis saxeSi Tamari, rogorc am epizodSi. saocari msgavsebaa poetis xatadqceul Tamarsa da TinaTins Soris.

zemoT aRniSnuli sami strofidan (50,51,52) sagangebod unda SevCerdeT pirvelze. ma-mis Segoneba rostevanisTvis Cveuli mWevrmetyvelebis nimuSia. moswavles vakiTxebT 50-e strofs da viwyebT teqstis axsnas:

`vardTa da nexvTa vinaTgan mze sworad moefinebis,didTa da wvrilTa wyaloba Senca nu mogewyinebis!uxvi axsnilsa daabams, igi TviT ebis, vin ebis.uxvad gascemdi,zRvaTaca Sesdis da gaedinebis~.

mefis wyaloba, mzis wyalobis msgavsad, yvelas efineba. aq erTmaneTs enacvleba mx-atvruli gamosaxvis sxvadasxva saSualeba. upirveles yovilsa, moswavleebs SevaxsenebT aforizmis raobas, ganvmartavT, rom aforizmi aris mxatvrul saxeebad gacxadebuli sibrZe. sxvadasxva brZnuli azri masSi gamoxatulia mokled da lakoniurad. mTlianad strofi mamis darigebas Seicavs.

bolo strofebi aforizmebis siuxviT gamoirCeva. avxsniT aforizmebs, romlebSic Caqsovili sibrZne Rrma zneobrivi Rirebulebis Semcvelia. moswavleebi teqstidan amokre-ben aforizmis nimuSebs:

`mefeTa Sigan siuxve, viT edems alva, rgulia:uxvsa hmorCilobs yoveli, igica vin orgulia~......rasaca gascem, Senia; rasc ara, dakargulia!~ (51)

amiT mTavrdeba klasSi maswavleblis mier wakiTxuli epizodis (33-dan 52-e strofis CaTvliT) komentirebuli kiTxva.

nawyvetis danarCen epizodebSi, romlebsac moswavleebi Sin waikiTxaven, Cans, Tu ro-gor Seasrula TinaTinma mamis darigeba. am adgilebis komentireba moxda saSinao dava-lebis gamokiTxvisas klasSi, yuradReba gamaxvildeba Semdegi Tavis 74-e strofze. masSi sxvadasxva mxatvruli xerxis gamoyenebiT, ZiriTadad epiTetisa da metaforuli xerxis gamoyenebiT da monacvleobiT daxatulia avTandilis portreti:

`dilasa adre movida igi nazardi sosani, ZoweuliTa mosili, pirad brol-badaxSosani,pir-oqro ride exvia, Svenoda qarqaSosani,mefesa gaslvad awvevda, modga TeTr-taiWosani~.

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avTandilis gamarjvebiT gamowveuli sixaruli asea gadmocemuli poemaSi:

`mefesa ese ambavi uCs, viTa mRera nardisa,uxaris egre sikeTe misisa ganazardisa,aqvs mijnuroba amisi, viTa bulbulsa vardisa,siciliT laRobs, mieca guliT amosvla dardisa~ (84).

vardisa da bulbulis mijnuroba aRmosavlur poeziaSi gavrcelebuli saxe-simboloa. amjerad rusTaveli mas iyenebs avTandilis gamarjvebiT gamowveuli rostevanis udidesi sixarulisa da siyvarulis gamosaxatavad. Cven mier xazgasmuli saleqso striqoni ki Se-darebis nimuSia, romelSic organulad aris CarTuli aRniSnuli saxe-simbolo.

amrigad, komentirebuli kiTxva warmogvidgeba rogorc erTiani meToduri sistema, romelSic viyenebT sxvadasxva meTods (Txroba, saubari), xerxsa da saSualebas. moswav-leebi Sin, damoukideblad kiTxuloben danarCen epizodebs, klasSi gadmoscemen mTeli nawyvetis Sinaarss teqstTan miaxloebiT.

rogorc aRiniSna, teqstze muSaobisas yuradReba maxvildeba bibliuri paralelebis nimuSebze `vefxistyaosanSi~. SeiZleba yvela moswavles Sin ar hqondes Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebi, amitom sasurvelia, pedagogma moswavleebs Caawerinos `vefxistyaosnis~ bibliasTan Tanxvdomis nimuSebi. maT unda icodnen, rom paralelebis daZebna `vefxisty-aosansa~ da biblias Soris TviTmizani ki ar aris, aramed teqstis analizis saSualebaa!

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4. sulxan-saba orbeliani (1658-1725)

literaturuli komentarebi

`monRolebis Semosevam gastexa qarTvelTa xerxemali. gamwirda fsiqika, sityva daa-vadda. dauZlurda. sintaqsi Seicvala Zireulad: rassiuli siwmindis magier _ aTasnairi naleki. aqedan sityvasa da TqmaSi _ metxorci, meWeWi, xorkli, xiwvi, daxorkeba, damZimeba, dambla.

sityvam dakarga TavisTavadoba. gairyvna. aqedan dualizmi (gaoreba). nu sityvis gabi-Tureba. magaliTi uricxvi.

mTeli istoria qarTuli sityvis monRolebis Semosevis Semdeg cda aris pirvandelis aRdgenis, cda keTilSobili, magram Ronemixdili.

ganaxlebis xanaSi sagulisxmoa metad sulxan saba orbeliani. misi sibrZne sicruisa welSi gamarTvaa qarTuli sityvis.

igi erTgulia pirvandelis.aqac simartive da lapidaroba (mokle, sxarti gamoxatva azrisa). `sibrZne sicruvisa~

namdvili muxlia qarTuli sityvis viTarebaSi. am mxriT is Seufasebelia...~ (grigol robaqiZe, qarTuli prozisaTvis (proeqti))

sulxan-saba orbelis Ze sibrZniT aRxda orbebis ze.

`rusTvelis Semdeg Zvel saqarTvelos ara hyolia sulxan-saba orbelianze didi pirovneba. igi iyo sworupovari igavTmwerali da leqsikografi~ (s. caiSvili).

sulxan-saba qarTvel feodalTa didebuli sagvareulos _ orbelianTa warmomadgene-li iyo.

mamis mxriv ekuTvnoda baraTaSvil-orbeliSvilTa uZveles, uZlieres gvareulobas, dedisa _ aragvis erisTavTa saxelganTqmul saxls.

orbelianebi qvemo qarTlis did feodalur saxls warmoadgendnen.simon janaSia (Sromebi, t. II) uTiTebs, rom am gvars araferi aqvs saerTo XI-XII s.s. cno-

bil feodalur gvarTan, baRvaS-orbelianebTan, romlis yvelaze didi warmomadgenili, liparit baRvaS-orbeliani XI s.-Si lamis saqarTvelos ugvirgvino mefe iyo, upirispird-eboda saqarTvelos gaerTianebis mowadine bagrationebs.

(Tavad saba Tavis leqsikonSi `baRvaSs~ ganmartavs, rogorc `saxls gamamwarebelTa~).baRvaSebi alagma daviT aRmaSenebelma. rogorc mematiane aRniSnavs liparitis Sesaxeb,

`kudi ZaRlisa ara ganimarTebis, arca kirCxibi (kiborCxala) marTlad vals.~ daviTisave xanaSi dasustda da sabolood gadaSenda baRvaS-orbelianTa sagvareulo.

daaxloebiT XIV s.-is miwuruls qvemo qarTlis daaxloebiT imave midamoebSi aRzevdeba baraTaSvilTa feodaluri saxli, romlis samflobelosac moixsenieben sabaraTianod.

sainteresoa, rom baRvaS-orbelianebica da baraTaSvilebic warmoSobiT dasavleT saqarTvelodan yofilan.

baRvaSebi argveTidan gadmosulan qarTls. maTi sagvareulo sasaflao sofel kacxSia (imereTi).

baraTaSvilTa winaprebi dasavlelqarTveli qaCibaisZe-qajibaisZeni yofilan (Tedo Jordania, simon janaSia).

baraTaSvilTa sagvareulo ramdenime Stod daiyo: orbelianebi, yaflaniSvilebi, aba-SiSvilebi...

baRvaS-orbelianebma gvari `orbeliani~ geografiuli saxelidan, orbeTidan miiRes, XIV-XVs.-is miwurulisaTvis ki es gvari gaCnda orbel baraTaSvilis saxelidan.

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sulxan-sabas papa, yaflan baraTaSvil-orbeliSvili rostom mefis (1634- 1658) saxl-Tuxucesi da mdivanbegi iyo; mama _ vaxtangi _ vaxtang V Sahnavazis mdivanbegi da molar-eTuxucesi.

deda _ Tamari _ iyo asuli zaal aragvis erisTavisa (zaali _ 1659 w. ajanyebis erT-erTi sulisCamdgmeli iyo), SviliSvili aragvis mrisxane mebatonis, nugzar erisTavisa..

sulxan-saba orbeliani 1658 wlis 24 oqtombers (3 noembers) daibada qvemo qarTlSi, bolnisis maxloblad, sofel tanZiaSi (md. maSaveris xeoba). sagvareulo mamulSi, dmanisSi, aRuzrdiaT.

orbelianebis sasaxle idga zeganze, saidanac iSleboda qvemo qarTlis didebuli xedi. patara sabam bavSvoba mdinareebis _ maSaverisa da qciis xeobebSi gaatara, xSirad stum-robda fitareTis taZarsa da samSvildes.

(fitareTi _ taZari Tanamedrove TeTriwyaros raionSi, dmanisTan axlos. karibWis SigniT did samSeneblo warweraSi moTxrobilia, rom taZari 1213-1222 ww. aaSena giorgi meoTxe laSas amirejibma qavTar qajibaisZem. fitareTis wignsacavidan cnobilia XVII sau-kunis saxareba. fitareTi beTania-qvaTaxevis jgufis eklesiaTa yvelaze brwyinvale nimu-Sia (qse, t. X, Tb., 1986, gv. 333).

samSvilde _ erT-erTi uZvelesi cixe-qalaqi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, sofel samS-vildis maxloblad (TeTri wyaro). SemorCenilia nangrevebis saxiT. tradiciuli mosaz-rebiT, aaSena qarTvelTa eponimma qarTlosma. samSvildis Tavdapirveli saxelwodeba yo-fila `cixe orbisa~ (`dedacixe~). qarTlis saxelmwifos warmoqmnisTanave (Zv. w. IV-III s.s.) warmoadgenda samSvildis saerisTavos centrs. X saukunis bolos gaxda taSir-Zoragetis samefos dedaqalaqi. XI saukunis 60-ian wlebSi samSvilde bagrat meoTxem daibruna. 1110 wels daviT aRmaSenebelma Turq-selCukTagan gaaTavisufla da SemoierTa. XV saukunidan baraTaSvilTa saTavados centri iyo. samSvildis sioni VIII saukunis II naxevris Zeglia da arqiteqturuli TvalsazrisiT wromis taZars enaTesaveba (qse, t. IX, Tb., 1985, gv. 46-47)).

tanZiaSi dResacaa SemorCenili orbelianTa Zveli saxlis nangrevebi da patara ekle-sia, sulxan-sabas mamis mier nagebi.

orbelianebi qarTlis mefis, vaxtang V Sahnavazis uaxloesi naTesavebi iyvnen _ mefis meuRle iyo sulxanis mamida _ rodami, ufliswulebi _ arCili, giorgi, levani _ mamidaS-vilebi.

vaxtang orbeliani, sulxanis mama, vaxtang V Sahnavazs qarTlis, Tbilisis, sabaraTia-nos, `somxiTisa da TaTris~ mdivanbegad dauniSnavs da `samarTlis qmna~ ubrZanebia.

vaxtang mdivanbegi bibliur teqstTa mcodne da mecenati yofila. Semonaxulia misi dakveTiT gadawerili bibliuri teqstebi (xelnawerTa instituti). swored mamam Seaswavla sulxans qarTuli paleografiis* saidumloebani, `daqselili da xveuli mrglovani dam-werloba~ (*paleografia _ mecniereba, romelic swavlobs Zveli xelnawerebis garegnul mxares, damwerlobaTmcodneoba).

`yovelTa zneTa maswavlelad~ sulxans mcxeTeli aznauri beruka zedginiZe hyolia, sasuliero moZRvrebasa da galobas giorgi iaSvili aswavlida. zrdidnen `saTuTad da nebierad, viTac Svenis TavadTa ZeTa.~

sulxani `siyrmiTgan iyo mudamad sibrZnis swavlisa msaxveli~, `swavlisa friad moyva-re.~

siyrmidanve Seuswavlia sasuliero disciplinebi, RvTismetyveleba, filosofia, bunebismetyveleba, gansakuTrebuli midrekileba filologiisadmi gamouCenia.

mokrZalebiT SeniSnavda, ̀ qarTulisa enisagan kide (garda), sxva ena ar vicodio~, magram cnobilia, rom sulxans scodnia Turquli, somxuri, berZnuli, laTinuri, italiuri... momaval igavTmwe ralsa da leqsikologs enciklopediuri ganaTleba miuRia, dauflebia qarTveli didebulisaTvis savaldebulo samxedro xelovnebas.

sabas pirveli meuRle iyo darejan bagrationi (gardaicvala 1683w.), meore _ samcxis aTabagis asuli, Tamari.

`sulxan-saba maRali, warmosadegi, brge moyvanilobisa yofila, winaparTa da axlo-belTa msgavsad, aRnagobiT ufro meomruli Sesaxedaobisa. TeTr-yirmizi saxe hqonia,

56

kriala, nafota kbilebi da winwamoweuli qveda yba _ utexi nebisyofis utyuari niSani~ (elguja maRraZe).

sulxans uaxloesi sulieri megobroba akavSirebda Tavis didebul mamidaSvilebTan, romelnic asakiT masze ufrosni iyvnen.

`qarTlis cxovreba~ ufliswulTa Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, rom vaxtang mexuTem Svilebi `pirvelad ganswavla saRmrToTa werilTa swavla- TargmanebaTa da ganmartebaTa mier, samamakacoTa zneobiTa.~

arCili(1647-1713), mefe-poeti, iyo avtori zneobaTa kodeqsisa `saqarTvelos zneo-bani.~

giorgi batoniSvili, Semdgom giorgi XI, sabas gansakuTrebiT hyvarebia. giorgisa-gan `Svilurad gazrdilsa da ganswavlebuls~ uwodebda Tavs (`qilila da damanas~ winas-ityvaoba).

qarTlis mefe, giorgi meTerTmete (1676-1688, 1703-1709) 1696w. Sahs sparseTSi gauwve-via, sadac giorgim saarako gmiris saxeli daigdo avRanelebTan brZolaSi.

giorgi XI avRanTa beladma, mir-veisma, veragulad mokla 1709w. 21 aprils. `pakistanis sazRvridan avRaneTis meore did qalaq yandaaramde ramdenime kilometris

moSorebiT, gzispira dafaze, daaxloebiT aseTi Sinaarsis warweraa: `mgzavro, SeCerdi da icode _ avRaneTis dapyrobas bevri ecada, magram sabolood veravin daipyro igi. igi da-laSqres aleqsandre makedonelma, Cingiz-xanma da qarTvelTa mefem, giorgi XI-m, romlis mavzoleumic aqve, axlosaa.~

giorgi XI-m, iranelTa mier warTmeuli taxti rom daebrunebina, Sahi huseinis dava-lebiT, avRaneTi dalaSqra. qarTvelebi iranelTa avangardSi ibrZodnen. avRaneTi daipy-ro iranma, magram giorgi XI RalatiT mokles. mefis Tanmxlebi qarTvelebi (50 000 kaci) avRaneTSi dasaxldnen.

samtrod mosuli qarTveli mefe avRanelebma mavzoleumSi dakrZales da sami saukunis manZilze pativiT epyrobodnen mis ZvalTSesalags~ (`kviris palitra~, 21-27 ianvari, 2002, gv. 10) (avRanelebi ambobdnen: ìranelebi CvenTan SedarebiT cxvrebi arian, qarTvelebTan SedarebiT ki Cvena varT cxvrebi~ (iqve).

swored giorgis brZanebiTa da rCeviT Seudgenia sulxan-sabas `leqsikoni qarTuli~ (`sityvis kona~). exmareboda Zma, zosime orbeliani,zaalyofili.

Tuki mamidaSvili giorgi sabas aRmzrdeli iyo, meore mamidaSvilis _ levanis vaJis _ momavali xelmwifis _ vaxtang VI-is aRmzrdeli Tavad saba yofila. `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ aRzrdasTan dakavSirebuli epizodebi aSkarad avtobiografiul xasiaTs atarebs.

aRmzrdel-aRzrdili (sulxan-saba da vaxtang VI) sulieri megobrebi iyvnen da araerT saSviliSvilo saqmes Cauyares safuZveli (`saxarebisa~ da `vefxistyaosnis~ beWduri gamo-cemebi, `dasturlamali~ (samarTlis wigni), `qarTlis cxovrebis~ axali redaqcia...).

saba giorgi XI-is uaxloesi Tanamzraxveli iyo. `sulxanis sarbielze gamosvlas uZRoda `yizilbaSuri periodi~ _ nawilobriv vaxtang

V Sahnavazisa da, metwilad, rostomis mefobis wlebSi (1634-1658), miuxedavad SedarebiTi mSvidobianobisa, igrZnoboda TaTrobis momZlavreba.

es aSkarad SeimCneoda rogorc sulieri cxovrebis, aseve yoveldRiuri yofis deta-lebSic.

rostom mefem yvela kari gauRo prosparsul Semotevas. vaxuSti batoniSvili werda: àmaTiTa (amaTgan) SeeriaT qarTvelT gancxroma, sma-Wama yizilbaSuri, siZva, mruSeba, tyuvili xorcgansveneba, abano, keklucoba ugvani da dautevebdnen qarTvelTa zneTa~ (Sdr. sabanisZesTan; àRve rieniT ersa ucxosa...~).

swored aman Tu ganapiroba sulxan-saba orbelianis gansakuTrebuli daintereseba zneTswavlulobis gamomxatveli TxzulebebiT, romelTa Soris upirvelesi adgili uWi-ravs mis originalur nawarmoebs `sibrZne sicruisa~ (sargis caiSvili, maradiuli saxeebi, Tb., 1981, gv. 93-94).

antiiranuli saqmianobisaTvis Sahma soleimanma taxti giorgis CamoarTva da sparsuli orientaciis erekle pirvels (nazaralixans), Teimuraz pirvelis SviliSvils gadasca.

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sulxani, represirebulTa sazar beds rom ascdenoda, erTxans imereTs, Semdeg sam-cxeSi gaixizna, simamrTan. qarTlSi mxolod 1696 w. brundeba, rodesac Sahma giorgis danaSauli `apatia~ da irans gaiwvia. sulxani `Seurigda~ erekle pirvels, Tumc politi-kur saqmianobas CamoSorda da sagvareulo mamulSi Caiketa. Cumi imediT, rom giorgi XI sparseTidan dabrundeboda.

sulxanis politikuri ideali damarcxda da 1698 w. 18 marts sabas saxeliT daviTgare-jis monasterSi (ioane naTlismcemlis eklesia) berad Sedga. aq Seuqmnia 46 qadagebisagan Sedgenili ̀ swavlani~ (swavla eklesiisaTvis, eklesiasa Sina dumilisaTvis, aRsarebisaTvis, ziarebisaTvis...). `swavlani~ logikuri gagrZelebaa igavTkrebulisa `sibrZne sicruisa~ _ rac igavebiT iyo naTqvami, axla saeklesio qadagebiT iqna gadmocemuli.

(daviTgareja _ samonastro gamoqvabulTa kompleqsi, daarsebuli VI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi erT-erTi asureli mamis, daviT garejelis mier. droTa ganmavlobaSi monas-terTa ricxvma Tormets miaRwia (wamebuli, naTlismcemeli, CiCxituri, TeTrsenakebi, dodorqa, udabno, berTubani... meTormete saukunis dasawyisSi daviT meoTxe aRmaSene-belma monastrebi samefo sakuTrebad aqcia. XIV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, giorgi V brwy-invalis dros, daviTgareja mZlavr politikur Zalad iqca. XIV saukunis bolos, Temur lengis laSqrobebis dros, samonastro cxovreba moiSala.

1424 wels aleqsandre I didma mcxeTis sveticxovlis sapatriarqo eklesias Seswira.1616-1617 ww. daviTgareja sparselTa laSqarma daarbia, monastrebi gauqmda. 1639 wels

Teimuraz pirvelma aq samonastro cxovreba aRadgina.berTubnis eklesiaSi Tamarisa da laSa-giorgis portretebia (qse, III, Tb., 1978, gv. 339)`swavlani~-Si saba moZRvravs gardagularZnilT: `gvari kacisa uadviles ars Sesamus-

vrelad, vidreRa Wiqa Rvinisa. sikvdili umaxlobeles ars, vidreRa TvalTa dawamwameba. soflisa amis dideba uadvilesad ganbnevadi ars, vidreRa qarisa sisastikisagan _ bze.~

mkvlevarni Tvlian, rom `swavlani~ `sibrZne sicruisas~ azrobrivi gagrZelebaa.giorgi meTerTmetem sparseTSi Tavi imdenad gamoiCina, rom Sahma qarTlis taxti

daubruna, sparseTis spasalaroba da yandaaris (avRaneTi) beglarbegoba uboZa. bunebriv-ia, giorgi qarTlSi veRar dabrundeboda, igi mxolod nominalurad iTvleboda mefed.

qarTlis saqmeTa gansageblad giorgim levani gamogzavna, 1703w. ki, rodesac levani sparseTSi gaiwvies, qarTlis janiSinad (mefis moadgiled) levanis Ze, giorgis Zmiswuli vaxtangi (VI) dainiSna.

sabas anafora aRar gauxdia, magram sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi aqtiurad monawileob-da, yovelmxriv Seeweoda aRzrdils _ vaxtangs.

diplomatiuri misiiT saba xan sparseTs iyo, xan TurqeTs miemgzavreboda.sparseTis Sahma vaxtangs gamahmadianeba mosTxova. uari miiRo. SeWirvebulma, saba

diplomatiuri misiiT wargzavna vaxtangma evropas.konstantinopolamdis sabas frang misionerTan, riSarTan, erTad umgzavria. safran-

geTis elC ma dezalorma orbeliani da riSari 1714w. 22 ianvars marsels gaamgzavra gemiT `miZineba~.

1714 w. 11 marts sabam werili gaugzavna kardinals romSi, saqarTvelos mfarvel-oba sTxova da, sanacvlod, aRuTqva, rom romis eklesias saqarTveloSi kaTolicizmis gavrcelebaSi daexmareboda.

(kaTolicizmi _ qristianuli religiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba marTl-madideblobasa da protestantizmTan erTad. dasavleT evropaSi calke mimdinareobad Camoyalibda da gabatonebul sarwmunoebad iqca mas Semdeg, rac qristianoba 1054 wels oficialurad gaiyo _ marTlmadideblobad da kaTolicizmad. vatikanis saeklesio kre-baze papi gamoacxades rwmenis sakiTxebSi `Seucdomlad da ucodvelad~.

ZiriTadi gansxvaveba marTlmadideblobasa da kaTolicizms Soris `filiokves~(Zis) sakiTxSia _ kaTolikuri moZRvrebis mixedviT, suliwmidis mofena xdeba ara marto mama RmerTisagan, rogorc es marTlmadideblobaSia, aramed Ze RmerTisaganac.

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marTlmadideblobisagan gansxvavebiT, kaTolicizmi, samoTxisa da jojoxeTis gver-diT, aRiarebs salxineblis (gansawmendelis) arsebobas.

kaTolicizmis mixedviT, biblia mxolod laTinur enazea wminda... (qse, t. V, Tb., 1985, gv. 318)).

sabas mogzaurobis marSruti aseTi iyo: konstantinopoli _ marseli _ parizi _ romi

_ italiis qalaqebi _ konstantinopoli _ saqarTvelo.mogzaurobis konkretuli mizani iyo sparseTis tyveobaSi myofi vaxtang meeqvsis gamo-

saxsnelad saxsrebis moZieba, da _ ufro Soreuli _ evropis daintereseba saqarTveloTi.evropidan cnobebi igvianebda. vaxtangs ispahans tyveoba ar akmares, 1714 wlis 10

marts Zalad gaamahmadianes, qirmans gadaasaxles, qarTlis taxti ki mis, aseve gamahmadi-anebul, Zmas _ ieses gadasces (ispahani, qirmani _ iranis qalaqebi).

evropaSi sabaze xma daegdoT, `mTel saqarTvelos mamad miaCniao.~sabas ramdenime audiencia (Sexvedra) hqonda safrangeTis mefesTan, ludoviko meToTx-

metesTan. naavadmyofar mefes elCisaTvis SeuCivlia, avadmyofobaze metad, karsmomdgari sibere

mafiqrebso. sabas uTqvams, ̀ Tqveni udidebulesoba am wlovanebas iseTi mSvenebiT atarebs, yvela isurvebda Tqvens asakSi yofnaso.~

meore audienciisas despans ludovikosaTvis uTqvams, rom misi udidebulesobis pirovnebaSi solomonis sibrZnes daviT mefis RvTismosaoba Serwymoda: `swored amgvari RvTismosaobaa mizezi,... rom Tqveni udidebulesoba iqneba xelisampyrobeli imdenad da-Sorebuli qveynebis mefeebisa da mfarveli sarwmunoebisa, rogoric Cveni qveyanaa.~

aRtaceba gamouwvevia sabas romSic, papis _ klimenti XI-is karze. paps sabasTvis uTq-vams, `mixarian, romSi didi xma dagivarda, kargad iqcevi da gonierado.~ papis umdidres biblioTekaSi amaod uZebnia qarTuli wignebi.

mogzaurobisas ar asvenebda erTaderTi ocneba _ `Cems ukan (Semdeg), RmerTma qmnas, Cems qveyanaSi ukeTesoba Seiqmnaso.~

evropaSi yofnisas dedaTa erT-erTi monastriT imdenad moxiblula, vaxtangis karis eklesiad unatria (levan menabde, sulxan-saba orbeliani, Tb., 1980, gv. 80).

gulmokluli Sehnatroda evropis keTildReobas, saqarTveelos bedze wuxda: `sadac TaTars miuRwevia, iq RvTis naTeli aRar damdgara.~

konkretuli istoriuli viTareba gamoricxavda sabas misiis raime warmatebas. safran-geTi da italia saqarTvelos gulisTvis sparseTsa da TurqeTs ver daupirispirdebodnen.

imave xanebSi ludoviko XIV gardaicvala. mravalwliani mogzaurobiT Ronemixdili, imedgacruebuli saba 1716 wels dabrunda

saqarTveloSi, `mravali Wiris gardamxdeli.~ Zlivs daaRwia Tavi mekobreebs.sabas formalurad miuRia kaTolicizmi, ris gamoc, marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mxriv,

didi problemebi Seeqmna.`es aqti ar iyo konfesiuri (aRmsareblobiTi) xasiaTisa. saba mxolod politikuri

mosazrebiT xelmZRvanelobda. saqarTvelo mudam eZebda aRmosavleTis barbarosebisagan damcvelsa da mfarvels, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac qristianuli bizantia osmalebma (Turqebma) daipyres~ (korneli kekeliZe, etiudebi, t. XIII, gv. 123).

`saba 1701 welsac marTlmadidebelia, am wels dauweria `samoTxis kari~. araviTari kvali kaTolicizmisa ar aris arc sabas `swavlani~-Si, romelic 1698-1710 ww. iqmneboda da romelic sakiTxavi wigni iyo naTlismcemlis (daviTgarejis) udabnoSi. kaTolikoba sabas formalurad unda mieRo 1713 wels, rodesac `samoTxis karis~ kaTolikuri redaq-cia Seiqmna. aq papisturi dogmatebi gaSiSvlebuladaa warmodgenili~ (korneli kekeliZe, qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. II, Tb., 1968, gv. 452).

saba basilianelTa ordenis wevri gamxdara. `yoveli basilianeli iyo SeniRbuli kaTo-like, garegnuli niSnis mixedviT marTlmadideblur iers atarebda, ordenis wevris Sina-gani kaTolikuri arsi SeumCneveli rCeboda sxvaTaTvis~ (revaz baramiZe, sulxan-saba or-belianis biografiisaTvis, wignSi `literaturuli Studiebi~, Tb., 1988, gv. 126).

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evropaSi mogzaurobas Tumc politikuri Sedegi ar gamouRia, qarTuli literatura gamdidrda uaRresad saintereso nawarmoebiT. `mogzauroba evropaSi~ dRiurebis saxiTaa dawerili. Txzulebam dazianebuli saxiT moaRwia, dakargulia pirvelia Tavebi, sadac, sa-varaudod, safrangeTis qalaqebi unda yofiliyo aRwerili. SemorCenilia mxolod ital-iisa da TurqeTis qalaqTa aRweriloba.

evropidan dabrunebul sabas saqarTveloSi umZimesi mdgomareoba daxvda.Sahma vaxtang VI qirmanidan gamoiyvana, qarTlis mefoba uboZa. qarTlis mefis naiboba

vaxtangis Zem, baqarma miiRo, raWidan moadga Tbiliss. iese kaxeTs gaiqca, magram Seipyres da Tbilisis cixeSi gamoketes.

1717 wels baqarma miiRo qarTlis mefoba. vaxtangi sparseTs datoves. àvma enebma, ama soflis simuxTlem saba da vaxtangi erTmaneTs moaSorva.~ igavebSi

`mze da vardi~, `zRva da delfini~, `mefe da meZebari~ alegoriulad moTxrobilia aRmz-rdelsa da aRzrdils Soris konfliqtis Sesaxeb.

aRzrdilis gagulgrilebiT gulmokluli, saba wers:`mterman lodi momaxvedra, moyvareman _ vardis kona,egre mterman ver matkina, moyvrisagan SemaRona.~saba av enebs abralebda momxdars da vaxtangs ar ganikiTxavda, ̀ gamoucdelisa ra dasa-

bralebiao.~aRmzrdel-aRzrdili, sabolood, rasakvirvelia, Serigdnen. vaxtangma Tavis mier

Targmnili igavTkrebuli `qilila da damana~ (ànvari sohaili~ (samxreTis cis kaSkaSa varskvlavi)) `gasaCalxad~ (dasaxvewad, Casasworeblad) swored sabas gaugzavna. qirmanSi tyvedmyof vaxtang meeqvses igavebi `gonebisa urvisa wamlad~ eTargmna sparsulidan.

sabam teqsti araTu `gaCalxa~, brwyinvaled gadmoaqarTula. da mainc, saba am teqstis redaqtoria, da ara mTargmneli.

mamuka baraTaSvili werda: ̀ saba-sulxan orbelianma ̀ qilila da damana~ galeqsa. Tumca rusTvelis naTqvami ar aris, magram naklebadac saTqmeli ar aris (`WaSniki~) (akaki gawere-lia, literaturuli narkvevebi, Tb., 1949, gv. 58).

igavTkrebulSi `qilila da damana~ mTxrobelni turebi _ mSvidi, keTili qilila da boroti damana arian. teqstis sparsuli saTauria ànvari sohaili.~

igavTaTvis darTul ànderZSi~ saba wers, rom teqsti vaxtangis TxovniT dauxvewavs, `Tvaram monazvnisagan (berisagan _ n. k.) amisTana ambavi uwesoa da urigo... ber-monazoni rom moses wignis nacvlad `qilila da damanas~ akeTebdes, veWvob, mefesac gaecinos.~

`sibrZne sicruisa~ sulxan-sabas berad Sedgomamdis dauweria. avtografSi Txzulebas aseTi minaweri axlavs: `wigni sibrZne sicruisa, naTqvami sulxan orbelianisa Jamsa siWa-bukisa misisa.~

`siWabukis~ asakad Tavis `sityvis konaSi~ saba 20-30 wels uTiTebs, e. i, `sibrZne si-cruisa~ XVII s.-is 80-ian wlebSia dawerili.

amave periodSi dauwyia sabas Sedgena qarTuli leqsikonisa (`sityvis kona~), radgan, rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs, qarTvelT `patiosani ese wigni (leqsikoni) dahkargvodaT, ena qarTuli TvisTa nebazed gaeryvnaT.~

leqsikoni sabas giorgi XI-is brZanebiTa da TxovniT Seudgenia. mkvlevarni `sityvis konas~ frangi enciklopedistebis naSromis gverdiT ayeneben (enciklopedistebi _ frangi moazrovneebi: didro, ruso, helveciusi, dalamberi...).

sulxan-saba orbelianisa da vaxtang VI-is epoqas ivane javaxiSvilma qarTuli mwerlo-bis ènciklopediuri xana~ uwoda (ivane javaxiSvili, qarTuli samarTlis istoria, w. I, gv. 116).

pirveli redaqcia sabas berad Sedgomamdis ganusrulebia, meore _ 1715 wels, mesame _ 1721 wels.

leqsikonze muSaobisas sabasTvis didi daxmareba gauweviaT Zmas, zaal-zosimesa da mefes, vaxtang meeqvses. saxelic _ `sityvis kona~ _ vaxtangs SeurCevia.

1719 wels Sahma vaxtangi qarTls gamoistumra. vaxtangma Tavis gamahmadianebul Zmas, ieses, apatia danaSauli: daviT kaxTa mefesTan erTad Seutia aRlaRebul lekebs.

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saba politikur asparezs daubrunda da vaxtangis mrCeveli gaxda. 1722 wels Sahma vaxtangs Sirvans galaSqreba da iqidan lekTa gandevna ubrZana.imave, 1722 wels, petre pirvelma, ruseTis xelmwifem, vaxtangs elCad boris Turqes-

tanaSvili gamougzavna da sparselTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mokavSireoba sTxova.vaxtangma guliT gaixara, uaryo islami, qristes sjuls daubrunda da petre I-s erT-

guleba Sehfica.SeTanxmebisamebr, Tavisi jarebi ganjisaken daZra vaxtangma. rusebs derbendi da baqo

unda aeRoT, qarTvelebs _ Semaxa. qarTuli da rusuli jarebi unda gaerTianebuliyvnen, magram petre I-s CrdiloeTis frontze, SvedebTan, problemebi Seeqmna da iranis winaaRm-deg dagegmili operacia gadado.

vaxtang meeqvse martodmarto darCa gamZvinvarebuli sparseTis pirispir. orgulo-bisTvis Sahma taxti CamoarTva da qarTlic kaxeTis mmarTvel konstantines gadasca.

vaxtang VI-m ojaxi gors gaxizna, Tavad Tbilisis dasacavad gaaCaRa brZola.konstantinem Tbilisi lekTa daxmarebiT aiRo. vaxtangi iZulebuli gaxda, gaqceu-

liyo. imav droulad, qarTls moadga osmalTa (TurqTa) jari, romelsac vaxtangis Zma da Svili _ iese da baqari mohyvebodnen...

Turqebma Tbilisi 1723 wels uomrad aiRes, konstantine kaxTa mefe gaaZeves, taxti jer baqars, Semdeg ieses gadasces.

1724 wels iese TurqTa jariT daupirispirda vaxtangs da daamarcxa. vaxtangi iZule-buli gaxda, ruseTs gaxiznuliyo aTas orasi erTguli mxlebliTurT, romelTa Soris sabac iyo.

kavkasions gadaRma vaxtangs CerqezTa batoniSvili daxvda(vaxtangis meuRle, rusu-dani, CerqezTa mTavris asuli iyo).

solaRSi dabanakebulma vaxtangma elCioni wargzavna moskovs.moskovSi ukve arsebobda qarTuli saTvistomo _ sabas mamidaSvilis, arCilis mier

daarsebuli (1685). qarTvel mefeTagan pirveli moskovs Teimuraz pirveli swvevia (1658).arCilis vaJi, aleqsandre, petre pirvelis uerTgulesi TanamebrZoli iyo.gadaxvewil qarTvelTa samkvidrod iqca sofeli vsexsviatskoe (qarTvelTa gamoTqmiT,

`sesencka~). sainteresoa, rom SvedebTan gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavi nadimi petrem swored vsexsviatskoeSi daiwyo, arCilis asulis, darejanis sasaxleSi.

asakovanma, jangatexilma sabamac darejanis sasaxleSi daivana, sadac 1725 wlis 26 ian-vars (6 Tebervals) gardaicvala.

sulxan-sabas Zmis, dimitris sityviT, `friad maSvrali muSaki mokvda, daefla rusT velsa.~

saba dakrZalulia vsexsviatskoes taZarSi (Tanamedrove metro `sokolis~ midamoebSi).rogorc qarTveli poeti wers, `moskovma STanTqa Zvalni misni satanZieni~ (m. maWavari-

ani). igive poeti ityvis tkiviliT:`ori cremlidan saqarTvelos gahyurebs saba _ ver gaamarTla, vaglax, mermisma...…~

sulxan-saba orbelianis nawarmoebebis qronologiuri nusxa:`sibrZne sicruisa~ _ 1686-1695w.w.;`sityvis kona~ (leqsikoni) _ pirveli redaqcia 1698w.-mde, saboloo _ 1721w.;`mogzauroba evropaSi~ _ 1712-1715;`swavlani~ (46 qadageba) _ 1698-1703;`qilila da damana~ (teqstis redaqtireba) _ 1716-1719.

maswavleblis wignieprints.iliauni.edu.ge/1973/1/qartuli me_10 klasi maswavleblis.pdfsabuti unda iyos...

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