qarTuli ena daliteratura

gamomcemloba `meridiani~

Tbilisi 2012

maswavleblis wigni

12

naTela maRlakeliZe, nana kucia

gamomcemloba `meridiani~, 2012

, n. kucia, n. maRlakeliZe

uak

qarTuli ena da literatura

XII klasi

maswavleblis wigni

nana kucia, naTela maRlakeliZeavtorebi:

nino Toduaredaqtori

daviT kutubiZedizaineri

ISBN

gamomcemloba `meridiani~,

Tbilisi, al. yazbegis gamz., #47. ( 39-15-22

E-mail: davideku1@mail.ru, info@meridianpub.com

N. Kutsia, N. Maglakelidze`Georgian language and literature~, the book of the teacher 12, in Georgian `Meridiani~ Publishing, Tbilisi _ 2012

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Sinaarsi:

miTiTebani maswavleblisaTvis

programa-silabusis nimuSi

literaturuli komentarebi:1) daviT kldiaSvili _ `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~

samanTan mdgari samaniSvilebiplaton samaniSvili

2) mixeil javaxiSvili _ jayos xiznebi3) konstantine gamsaxurdia _ didostatis marjvena

sveticxovlis kompleqsi`didostatis marjvena~ _romanis istoriuli foni

personaJebi:sveticxovlis xuroTmoZRvarimefe giorgi _ `or kurapalats Soris gamosresili~`Wuri TviTmoZravi~ _ farsmani`sevdiani, rogorc yinwvisis mWmunvare angelosi~_Sorenaqvegamxedvarni _ mamamze erisTavi, Savleg toxaisZe, Talagva kolonkeliZemelqisedekimariam dedofalizviad spasalari yveliscixis patroni _ girSeli

miTiTebani maswavlebelTaTvis

XII klasis saswavlo kompleqti Sedgeba ori komponentisagan: a) `qarTuli ena da litera-tura, moswavlis wigni da b) `maswavleblis wigni~.

a) moswavlis wigni _ qarTuli ena da literatura, XII klasi, Sedgenilia ganaxlebuli erovnu-li saswavlo gegmis mixedviT da cdilobs daicvas is moTxovnebi, rac gaTvaliswinebulia qar-Tuli enisa da literaturis sagnobrivi standartis mixedviT. sakiTxavi masalis ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT gaTvaliswinebuli savaldebulo literatura:

1. daviT kldiaSvili _ `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~2. mixeil javaxiSvili _ `jayos xiznebi~3. polikarpe kakabaZe _ `yvaryvare TuTaberi~ (I da IV moqmedeba)4. niko lorTqifaniZe _ `Selocva radioTi~5. galaktion tabiZe _ `Tovli~6. galaktion tabiZe _ `mTawmindis mTvare~7. galaktion tabiZe _ `mSobliuri efemera~8. galaktion tabiZe _ `Serigeba~9. galaktion tabiZe _ `me da Rame~10. galaktion tabiZe _ `silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi~11. galaktion tabiZe _ `qebaTa qeba nikorwmindas~12. konstantine gamsaxurdia _ `didostatis marjvena~ 13. tician tabiZe _ `leqsi mewyeri~14. tician tabiZe _ `ananurTan~15. giorgi leoniZe _ `yivCaRis paemani~16. giorgi leoniZe _ `ninowmindis Rame~17. guram rCeuliSvili _ `alaverdoba~18. ana kalandaZe _ `mkvdarTa mze var~19. jemal qarCxaZe _ `igi~ 20. guram doCanaSvili _ `kaci, romelsac literatura Zlier uyvarda~

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teqstebis nawili SerCeulia Cven mier. vecadeT, rom isini Tematurad da Janrobrivad dagve-kavSirebina savaldebulo sakiTxav masalasTan. es aris:

1. riunoske akutagava _ `rasiomonis karibWe~2. migel de servantesi _ `don kixoti~ (prologi da epilogi)3. riunoske akutagava _ `xina-Tojinebi~4. uiliam Seqspiri _ `66-e soneti~5. Sarl bodleri _ `Troba~6. eduard heili _ `usamSoblo kaci~7. hiugoZen daideZini _ (usaTauro)8. stefan malarme _ `gedi~9. alber sameni _ `saRamo~10. Tomas elioti _ `klde~11. horaciusi _ (usaTauro)12. xorxe luis borxesi _ `warsulis floba~13. givi gegeWkori _ `istoriuli saxelebiT Troba14. nugzar SataiZe _ `sveticxoveli~15. boris pasternaki _ (usaTauro)16. paolo iaSvili _ `unda ayvavdes male qviSnebi~17. giom apolineri _ `mirabos xidi~18. xalxuri _ `Semomeyara yivCaRi~19. goderZi Coxeli _ `me da yivCaRi~20. manana CitiSvili _ `yivCaRis kidev erTi gaxseneba~21. nunu janeliZe _ `unda Segyroda gzaze yivCaRi~22. iohan volfgang goeTe _ `fausti~23. tician tabiZe _ `alaverdi~24. ana kalandaZe _ `mas alaverdis didebul taZars~25. giorgi leoniZe _ `gombori~26. nikolai rerixi _ `vixilavT~27. miqelanjelo buonaroti _ `soneti~28. franc kafka _ `RamiT~29. Suamdinaruli eposi _ `gilgameSiani~ (amonaridi)30. virjinia vulfi _ `rogor wavikiTxoT wigni~31. uolt uitmeni _ `megobaro, es ar aris wigni~32. xorxe luis borxesi _ `kedeli~

es sakiTxavi masala, romelic moicavs qarTuli da sazRvargareTuli mwerlobis saukeTeso nimuSebs. maTi dalagebisas vixelmZRvaneleT Tematikur-budobrivi principiT.

teqstebis damuSaveba gaTvaliswinebulia interaqtiuri meTodebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac xels Seuwyobs, erTi mxriT, kiTxvis strategiebis srulyofas, meore mxriT ki _ moswavleTa Se-moqmedebiT aqtivizaciasa da saswavlo procesSi CarTulobas. meTodur aparatSi teqstis kiTxva-damuSavebasTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi mocemulia Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: gavigoT (eqsplici-turi _ faqtobriv masalaze orientirebuli), gaviazroT, SevafasoT (implicituri _ analizze, Sefasebasa da sinTezze orientirebuli).

literaturul teqstebTan mWidro kavSirSia metyvelebis stilis sakiTxebic, rac gulisxmobs rogorc mwerlis enobriv TaviseburebebSi garkvevas (es teqstis marTebulad aRqmis erT-erTi aucilebeli komponentia), aseve saTanado sametyvelo unar-Cvevebis dauflebas. saxelmZRvane-loSi am mizniTac aris mocemuli davalebebi da garkveuli rekomendaciebi. sagangebo yuradReba eqceva funqcionaluri stilis sakiTxebis gacnobasa da am kuTxiT sxvadasxva saxis teqste-bis ZiriTad TaviseburebebSi garkvevas. vamaxvilebT yuradRebas praqtikuli stilistikisa da funqciuri weris elementebze.

wignSi calke rubrikis saxiT vTavazobT moswavleebs amonaridebs cnobili kritikosebis naazrevidan (`Tvalsazrisi~), rac maT, Cveni azriT, gauadvilebs ama Tu im teqstis gaazrebas, ganuviTarebs kritikul azrovnebas da daexmareba sakuTari poziciis CamoyalibebaSi.

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b) `maswavleblis wigni~ warmoadgens erTgvar gzamkvlevs maswavleblisaTvis. aq warmodgeni-lia masala literaturuli komentarebis saxiT, romelic, Cveni azriT, daxmarebas gauwevs maswa-vlebels. misi gadasawyvetia, ra saxiT, ra moculobiT gamoiyenebs mas gakveTilze.

aqve vurTavT programa-silabusis nimuSsac. masSi miTiTebuli saaTebis ganawileba saorien-tacioa da misi Secvla maswavlebels SeuZlia sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr klasis saerTo donis gaTvaliswinebiT.

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programa-silabusi nimuSi sagani _ qarTuli ena da literatura

klasi _ me-12

pedagogi _

kursis moculoba _ 170 akademiuri saaTi (34 samuSao kvira, 5 kvireuli saaTi).

a) saswavlo kursis miznebia:

informaciis gageba, analizi da Sefaseba: sxvadasxva saxiszepiriteqstebis analizitonalobis, enobriv-gramatikuli struqtu-

risa da efeqturobis TvalsazrisiT; adekvaturad,gamarTuladdadamarwmunebladmetyveleba; wakiTxuliteqstiskonstruireba(enobrivianalizidasinTezi); teqstebissaxeebisamocnobadaganmartebamaTsstruqturul-gramatikulTustilis-

tur Taviseburebebze dayrdnobiT; teqstebSimocemuligramatikulikonstruqciebisgamoyofadamaTisaTanadointerpre-

taciiT warmodgena; sxvadasxvatipisadastilisteqstebisgamarTuladwera;gramatikis,orTografiis,punq-

tuaciis wesebis marTebulad gamoyeneba teqstis asagebad da dasaxvewad.

enis komunikaciuri aspeqtebis gageba-gamoyeneba:

imsakomunikaciounar-CvevebisadastrategiebisganviTareba,romlebicuzrunvelyofssocialur garemoSi pirovnebis adekvatur TviTgamoxatvas; saubris, diskusiis, debatebis, sxva-dasxva Temaze kamaTis warmarTvas;

sxvadasxvasaxiszepiridawerilobiTiteqstebisSefasebamaTisakomunikacioamocanisgaTvaliswinebiT;

wakiTxulis gadamowmeba da Sefaseba sandoobis, aqtualurobis, popularobisa da sxvakriteriumebis mixedviT;

konkretulisakiTxisSesaswavladinformaciismoZieba,kritikuladgadamowmebadamona-cemTa bankis Sedgena;

sxvadasxva mizniT, sxvadasxva auditoriisaTvis nebismieri tipis werilobiTi teqstisSeTxzva.

mxatvruli teqstis gageba da TviTgamoxatva:

argumentirebulimsjelobasxvadasxvaJanrismxatvrulteqstebSigamovlenilimsofl-mxedvelobrivi sakiTxebisa da literaturuli Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb;

literaturulnawarmoebzesubieqturimosazrebisCamoyalibebadawarmoCena; literaturulnawarmoebebSimxatvruliazrovnebisformebisidentificireba,Sedareba,

Sepirispireba, dakavSireba da analizi; sxvadasxvaepoqisliteraturulteqstebSiasaxulkulturulfaseulobaTagaazrebada

maT mimarT sakuTari damokidebulebis gamoxatva; sxvadasxvaJanrisliteraturuliteqstisSeqmnisprocesSicxovrebiseulidaSemoqmede-

biTi gamocdilebis realizeba; werilobiT teqstebSi sakuTari poziciisa da RirebulebiTi damokidebulebebis sxva-

dasxva literaturuli formiT warmoCena;

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qarTulidamsoflioliteraturuliprocesebisadauniversaluriliteraturuliTe-mebis urTierTkavSiris aRqma-gaazreba.

b) saswavlo kursis Sinaarsi (Temebisa da sakiTxebis CamonaTvali maTi damuSavebisaTvis gan-kuTvnili savaraudo saaTebis miTiTebiT):

1. teqsti _ d. kldiaSvili, biografia, samaniSvilis dedinacvali.ena _ mwerlis ena da stili; frazeologizmebi, imeruli dialeqtizmebi; metyvelebis tipebi:

Txroba; Txrobis saxeebi: gavrcobili da lakonuri.lit. Teoria _ literaturuli mimdinareobani: realizmi, naturalizmi; tragikuli da ko-

mikuri, maTi sinTezi mxatvrul teqstSi; literaturuli Janrebi; simbolo, alegoria, peizaJi, rogorc mxatvruli gamosaxvis saSulebebi. _ 8 sT.

2. teqsti _ akutagava, rasiomonis karibWe. _ 3 sT.

Semajamebeli gakveTili _ literaturuli paralelebi. _ 1 sT.

3. teqsti _ migel de servantes saavedra, don kixoti (nawyveti). _ 4 sT.4. teqsti _ m. javaxiSvili, biografia, jayos xiznebi.metyvelebis kultura _ funqcionaluri stilistikis sakiTxebi: oficialur-saqmiani stili

_ oqmi; samecniero stili _ referati.lit. Teoria _ literaturuli Janrisa da gvaris cneba, beletristika, romani, trilogia;

literaturuli mimdinareobani: modernizmi, simbolizmi, eqspresionizmi, futurizmi; tipi da prototipi, protagonisti. _ 10 sT.

5. teqsti _ riunoske akutagava, xina Tojinebi. _ 3 sT.

Semajamebeli gakveTili: literaturuli paralelebi _ 1 sT.

6. teqsti _ uiliam Seqspiri, 66-e soneti.ena _ mxatvruli Targmanis ena.metyvelebis kultura _ funqcionaluri stilistikis sakiTxebi: biografia, avtobiografia.lit. Teoria _ soneti, rogorc saleqso forma, misi specifika _ 2 sT.7. teqsti _ p. kakabaZe, yvaryvare TuTaberi.lit. Teoria _ literaturis Janrebi: drama, misi saxeebi da maxasiaTeblebi _ 7 sT.

Semajamebeli gakveTili: yvaryvarizmi _ sazogado movlena. _ 1 sT.

8. teqsti _ niko lorTqifaniZe, Selocva radioTi.ena: _ mwerlis enis stiluri Taviseburebani.lit. Teoria _ impresionizmi, rogorc literaturuli mimdinareoba; siuJeti da misi nawi-

lebi; epigrafi. _ 8 sT.9. teqsti _ Sarl bodleri, Troba.literaturis Teoria _ modernizmi, impresionizmi; eskizi, miniatura, novela. 2 sT.10. teqsti _ eduard heili, usamSoblo kaci. 6 sT.

Semajamebeli gakveTili. 1 sT.

11. teqstebi _ galaktion tabiZe, biografia, Tovli, mTawmindis mTvare, mSobliuri efe-mera, Serigeba, me da Rame, silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi, qebaTa qeba nikorwmindas; stefan malarme, gedi; horaciusi, Zegli avage...; tomas sternz elioti, klde (qoroebi poemidan).

lit. Teoria _ tropuli metyveleba, aliteracia, poeturi licencia, leqsis zoma, riTma, ritmi; literaturuli mimdinareoba _simbolizmi. 17 sT.

Semajamebeli gakveTili: me vxedav galaktions. 1 sT.

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12. teqsti _ konstantine gamsaxurdia, biografia, didostatis marjvena.ena _ mwerlis ena; gamsaxurdias enis stiluri Taviseburebani, leqsikuri da gramatikuli

arqaizmebi.lit. Teoria _ prologi da epilogi, winasityvaoba da bolosityvaoba, maTi funqcia; gmiris

portreti; saxe-simboloebi, ferTa simbolika. 15 sT. 13. teqstebi _ nugzar SataiZe, sveticxoveli; manana CitiaSvili, saRamo jvris monaster-

Tan; givi gegeWkori, istoriuli saxelebiT Troba.metyvelebis kultura _ proeqtis momzadeba da prezentacia, misi Sefaseba. 4 sT.

Semajamebeli gakveTili: 1 sT.

14. teqstebi _ tician tabiZe, biografia, leqsi mewyeri, ananurTan; mogonebebi ticianze, boris pasternaki.

lit. Teoria _ tropuli metyveleba; simbolizmi, cisferyanwelebi. 5 sT. 15. teqsti _ paolo iaSvili, unda ayvavdes male qviSnebi. 2 sT.16. teqsti _ giiom apolineri, mirabos xidi. lit. Teoria _ kontrasti, refreni; siurealizmi. 2 sT.17. teqstebi _ giorgi leoniZe, biografia, yivCaRis paemani, ninowmindis Rame, xalxuri

Semomeyara yivCaRi; goderZi Coxeli, me da yivCaRi; manana CitiSvili, yivCaRis kidev erTi gaxseneba; nunu janeliZe, me da yivCaRi.

lit. Teoria: lirika, misi maxasiaTeblebi, tropuli metyveleba.metyvelebis kultura: diskusia, debatebi, kamaTi. 10 sT.

Semajamebeli gakveTili: 1 sT. 18. teqstebi _ guram rCeuliSvili, alaverdoba; iohan volfgang goeTe, fausti (amona-

ridi); tician tabiZe, alaverdoba; giorgi leoniZe, gomboridan; ana kalandaZe, mas, alaverdis didebul taZars. 10 sT.

19. teqstebi _ ana kalandaZe, biografia, mkvdarTa mze var; miqelanjelo buonaroti, sone-ti; nikolai rerixi, vixilavT. 4 sT.

Semajamebeli gakveTili _ 1 sT.

20. teqsti _ jemal qarCxaZe, igi. ena _ mwerlis ena, jemal qarCxaZis enis stiluri Taviseburebani. 6 sT.21. teqstebi _ franc kafka, RamiT. gilgameSiani (Suamdinaruli eposi). 3 sT.

Semajamebeli gakveTili: 1 sT.

22. teqsti _ guram doCanaSvili, kaci, romelsac literatura Zlier uyvarda. ena _ mwerlis ena, g. doCanaSvilis enis stiluri Taviseburebani. 10 sT.23. teqstebi _ uolt uitmeni, megobaro, es ar aris wigni; xorxe luis borxesi, kedeli da

wignebi; adelain virjinia vulfi, rogor wavikiTxoT wigni?metyvelebis kultura: diskusiis xelovneba. 5 sT.

g) wlis bolos mosalodneli Sedegebi _ am masalis gavlis Semdeg moswavles unda SeeZlos:

XII.1. saswavlo proeqtis warmodgena auditoriis winaSe. XII.2. TanaklaselTa mier warmodgenili saswavlo proeqtebis kritikulad gaanalizeba da Sefa-

seba. XII.3. saswavlo proeqtis prezentaciis Sesabamisi xerxebis amocnoba da gamoyeneba. XII.4. sxvadasxva strategiis gamoyeneba saswavlo proeqtis prezentaciisaTvis. XII.5. sxvadasxva epoqis, qveynisa da kulturis teqstebis gaanalizeba maTSi asaxuli informa-

ciis, Temebis, ideebisa da problematikis TvalsazrisiT. XII.6. sxvadasxva teqstSi asaxuli faseulobebisa da Sexedulebebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba.

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XII.7. gaaanalizos kulturuli, socialuri da istoriuli faseulobebis gavlena teqstsa da mis interpretaciaze.

XII.8. mxatvruli enis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis gaanalizeba. XII.9. gaaanalizos, ra gavlenas axdens avtoris enobrivi arCevani mkiTxvelze. XII.10. kiTxvis efeqturi strategiebis arCeva da gamoyeneba.XII.11. gamokvlevis (mcire moculobis samecniero naSromis) dawera winaswar SerCeul Temaze. XII.12. saswavlo referatis dawera ramdenime wyaros mixedviT. XII.13. mxatvruli nawarmoebis analizis dawera. XII.14. weris saTanado strategiebis gamoyeneba.

SeniSvna: silabusSi mocemuli masala ganawilebulia 31 samuSao kviraze (155 sT). 3 samuSao kviras _ 15 saaTs _ maswavlebels vutovebT gegmiuri weriTi samuSaoebisaTvis, agreTve _ damou-kidebeli muSaobisaTvis.

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1. daviT kldiaSvili _ `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~ (literaturuli komentarebi)

samanTan mdgari samaniSvilebi

`yvela didi mxatvari sastikia da ulmobeli, rogorc TviT cxovreba,~ _ werda leo qiaCeli daviT kldiaSvilis prozis arsis gaazrebisas.

`samaniSvilis dedinacvali~ istoriul samanTan _ feodalizmisa da kapitalizmis, ori for-maciis mijnaze mdgari qarTuli ojaxis tragedias warmoaCens. nawarmoebis Tema simamrTan, pavle maWavarianTan saubrisas `amosCenia~ daviT kldiaSvils.

simamri, Turme, exumreboda kidec siZes, ver yofilxar patiosani mwerali, TxzulebisaTvis unda migewera, `moTxroba pavle maWavarianisa da daviT kldiaSvilisao~.

rogorc mwerlis vaJi, sergo kldiaSvili igonebs, msgavsi ambavi gadahxdomia pavle maWava-rianis megobars, mezobel sofelSi mcxovrebs.

bekinas prototipi yofila maRali, gamxdari aznauri ivane avaliSvili, romelic, ufros Svil-Tan gamoyofis Semdeg, bednierad cxovrobda meore col-SvilTan.

simamris monaTxrobs daviT kldiaSvilis nawarmoebSi sruli transformacia ganucdia: mamis axirebiT SeZrwunebuli platoni Tavad eZebs da poulobs ornaqmrev da uSvilo sadedinacvlos, magram, bedis ironiiT, elene qvaSaviZe swored bekinas xelSi `gamoiCens Tavis qalobas~, Cndeba moziare-mowile, rac, sakmaod Raribi platon samaniSvilis aRqmiT, tragediis, ojaxis daqcevis tolfasia.

`platonis mier didi vai-vaglaxiT mignebul dedinacvals Svili eyola. wesiT da bunebiT, es sasixarulo, bednieri movlena unda yofiliyo, magram... uTuod SegzaravT moTxrobis bolos saSineleba da aqamde Rimmoreul saxes mogiqcevT Tavzardamcemi SiSi adamianisaTvis~ (l. qiaCe-li).

platonis odisea warmoadgens nawarmoebis siuJetur RerZs. es odisea imdenad saintere-soa, petre umikaSvils daviT kldiaSvilisTvis sayveduri uTqvams, zarmaci yofilxar, ra uceb moana xvine samaniSvils sadedinacvlo, qarTl-kaxeTic unda mogetarebinao (b. bardaveliZe).

jer kidev ilia wuxda, saqarTvelos istoria mefeTa istoriaao. daviT kldiaSvilis `samaniSvilis dedinacvlis~ personaJebi: bekina, marika, platoni, mela-

no, elene, dariko, kirile miminoSvili, ivane gverdevaniZe, aristo qvaSaviZe, jimSer saloberiZe, bregaZeebi `patara adamianebi~ arian, didi satkivar-sazrunavis mqoneni.

maka joxaZe wers: `kldiaSvilis tragizmi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom uaRresad didia gansxva-veba cxovrebasa da ideals Soris, xolo komizms is qmnis, rom am sxvaobas qarTveli aznaurebi la-manCeliviT ver xedaven. Suasaukuneobriv raindobas yavli gasvlia da konkretul mtrad mxolod qaris wisqvilebi darCenila~.

qarTul kritikaSi mravalgzis gamouTqvamT azri daviT kldiaSvilisa da servantesis mxatvrul samyaroTa msgavsebis Sesaxeb. `samaniSvilis dedinacvlis~ ganxilvisas Tamaz WilaZe aRniSnavda: `platon samaniSvilis patiosneba im garemoSi, sadac is cxovrobs, iseve sasaciloa, rogorc servantesis don kixotis, lamanCeli idalgos, abjari misi TanamemamuleebisaTvis. pla-toni siRaribisagan gamwarebulia, swored amitom, amayic. es siamaye ki ara, Tavdacvis iaraRia, faria, romliTac is SiSvel, daWril guls malavs. platons uyvars Tavisi axloblebi da, yvelaze metad, mama _ iseTive amayi, iseTive kudabzika, iseTive umweo. am umweobis dasafaravad orive xma-maRla laparakobs.

orivem kargad icis, rom amqveynad, erTmaneTis meti, aravin hyavT. umweobis SegrZneba, gan-wirulebis winaTgrZnoba saZirkvelSi Camdgari wyaliviT nel-nela aclis Zirs im Senobas, ro-melsac mamaSviluri siyvarulis saxli hqvia.

mamam ki ara, isev cxovrebam dascina platons, isev man gamohkra fexi: saymawvilo seni Seeyara baton bekinas sibereSi _ siyvarulis Jini. es normaluri vneba metismeti fufunebaa xelmokle ojaxisaTvis.

`samaniSvilis dedinacvals~ garegnulad araviTari msgavseba ara aqvs `don kixotTan,~ ma-gram misi sulic gamsWvalulia adamianisadmi usazRvro TanagrZnobiT, uxamsobis zRvaSi patio-sani sulis sanTeliviT frTxilad tarebiT~.

iqneb, kritikosi zedmetad mimtevebelia platonisadmi? gana `uxamsobis zRvaSi patiosani sulis sanTeliviT frTxilad matarebeli~ kaci, rogo-

radac warmoCenilia platoni, daundoblad moepyroboda mamas, sacemrad gaimetebda asakovan

11

dedinacvals, romelsac Svilosnobis bedniereba aRirsa ufalma, arad Caagdebda mSoblis sikvdi-liswina Txovnas da pawia naxevarZmas, `CiTisbluzian~ lamaz biWs, Robesa da saxls ar SearCenda?!

platoni saxels ufrTxildeba (`ratom mkvdari ara var axla!~ _ fiqrobs sasowarkveTili, rodesac kirile, saloberiZis ojaxSi stumrobisas, misi mogzaurobis namdvil mizans gaamJRav-nebs), magram ar ufrTxildeba suls, arRvevs RvTis mcnebebs, gawiravs mSobelsa da Zmas.

gana materialuri gaWirvebis gacnobierebiT aRZruli sasowarkveTa unda aRematos samyaro-Si axali sicocxlis movlinebiT gamowveul sixaruls?!

gacilebiT Semwynarebeli da mSvidia melano, meuRle platonisa.`uxamsTa modgmis~ tipur warmomadgenlad naTlavs Tamaz WilaZe platonis siZes, kirile mi-

minoSvils. kirile udardelobis gansaxierebaa: `Cven gaxlavarT miminaSvilebi! miminos Svilebi... mimi-

nos!... CvenTan ra unda mwuxarebas... Cven Tavs aravis davatyvevebinebT... gvarovnobiT varT ase, sa-dac siamea da molxena, iq Cvenca varT... oriode dRe vicocxlo, guli mwuxarebiT evivso, molxena davaklo da ise wavayrevino zed miwa?!~

`kiriles gaveSebuli Sevardna mamidamisis ojaxSi, sadac Zveli saalbomo suraTebiT jerac sunTqavs salonuri atmosfero, Cais faifuris finjnebiT miirTmeven, iseve, rogorc SafaTa-Zis qorwilSi atexili Sari, miminoSvilis usaqcielobis rigiTi gamovlenaa. dascina man ojaxs, romelSic gardasuli sidiadis SenarCunebas kedlebze suraTebad Camokonwialebuli winaprebis aCrdilebiT cdiloben... moCans igi am scenaSi mxolod fizikuri, mxolod Ripiani, sxeuliani, da arafriT _ sulieri~ (m. joxaZe).

`yoveli qarTvelis sulSi erTdroulad zis ori arseba _ daviT kldiaSvilis antipoduri wyvili: simwris oflSi gawuruli, sircxviliT ganawamebi platoni da TavzexelaRebuli, qveynis-damqcevi kirile,~ _ wers b. bardaveliZe.

mkvlevarni sagangebod usvamen xazs imas, rom nawarmoebSi warmoCenilia ganTqmuli imeruli zrdiloba: `arc erTi komikuri gamoxdoma, roca moxuci, `erTob gadapranWuli~ bekina colis SerTvas gadawyvets, arsad zedmeti xumroba da ironia, rodesac dedaberi patarZlad Semodis ojaxSi~ (Tu ar CavTvliT kiriles replikas, ramden dedabers sanatrels gavuxdiT uSvilobaso).

yofiT situaciebs, wvrilman sazrunavs Seupyria gawvalebuli, siduxWiriT gawamebuli pata-ra adamianebi. sizmaric ki ara aqvT. koSmari tanjavs platons: ezoSi gaSlilan mowriale qaTmebi, batebi, ixvebi, indaurebi. zogi dedinacvals misdevs, zogic _ gers. vin gamoagdo gareT sanaSene Rori, gamoalaga kodi, saceri, qoTnebi?! suli exuTeba samaniSvils, moesmis SemaZrwunebeli Za-xili: `Suaze! `Suaze!~

(sizmris moTxrobad gadakeTeba kondrate mxeiZes urCevia daviT kldiaSvilisaTvis). `omis meti, veraferi uSvelis qveyanas, xalxi ise momravlebulao,~ ivane gverdevaniZesTan

saubrisas wamoscdeba platons... mkiTxvels SeaZrwunebs `Tavzardamcemi SiSi adamianisaTvis~ (l. qiaCeli).

tkiviliT wers tician tabiZe daviT kldiaSvilis samyaros Sesaxeb:`aq doRia gamarTuli _ vin vis moatyuebs, vin vis rames wahglejs, vin vis moaswrebs da Tvals

dasTxris. da es aznaurebi STamomavalni arian im gulzviadi feodalebisa, romelTa romantiuli TavgadasavlebiT savse iyo winaT imereTi. am feodalebis naSTebs ukve gamoclili aqvT niadagi. naturaluri meurneobis mospobam, kapitalizmma da erovnuli funqciis moSlam welSi gatexa es xalxi. raRac stiqioniviT ibrZvis igi sikvdilis win da es sikvdilis Jruanteli, es agonia aqvs aRwerili daviT kldiaSvils. is aris misi meistorie, aq TiTqos TviTon istoria wers kldiaSvi-lis xeliT~.

`samaniSvilis gaZvaltyavebuli merani imereTis rosinantia,~ _ swamda ticians.kanonma, iqneb, miakuTvnos kidec kuTvnili patara samaniSvils, romelmac arc ki icis, ra

davidaraba gamoiwvia misma dabadebam.mTavari ukve damsxvreulia _ dakargulia siyvaruli, Tanalmoba da Sewyaleba.`qveteqstis didi poeziaa~ (T. WilaZe) `samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi~.`daviT kldiaSvilma iSviaTi siZlieriT dagvixata bindnakravi qveyana. am qveyanaSi imdeni

sevdaa, mowyena da martooba, rom mkiTxvels bolos aRarc axalisebs personaJTa sasacilo uxer-xulobani... personaJebi hgvanan Semodgomis naSuadRevs anazdeulad movardnili qaris mier ve-lidan maRla atacebuli foTlebis oromtrials. qarma imZlavra da naRvliani qveynis ukanaskne-li mgzavrebic waiyvana~ (ak. Gawerelia).

12

platon samaniSvilidaviT kldiaSvils miaCnda, rom garemoeba aRviZebs rogorc cuds, ise kargs mxares adamianis

bunebisas. usargebloa adamianis ise sinjva, TiTqos igi iyos damTavrebuli tipi~.platon samaniSvili `samaniSvilis dedinacvlis~ mTavari personaJia, `erTob gadapranWuli~

bekina samaniSvilis vaJi.nawarmoebis dasawyisSive vecnobiT platons, moridebul, mokrZalebul kacs, romelsac mamis

gadapranWulobisa da medidurobisa rcxvenoda. axalgazrda samaniSvili uflis madlieri iyo, mowile rom ara hyavda. sawyenad colis, melanos, xSiri SvilosnobaRa hqonda. mama xarxariT agu-lianebda, RmerTs surs, samaniSvilebi moamravlos, rCeulTaTvis unda qveyanao.

samanTan mdgars vxedavT platons, rodesac asakovani bekina colis SerTvas aixirebs.xaTriani, moridebuli platoni cdilobs, mSobels azri Seacvlevinos. rad mRupavo, mudariT

ekiTxeba, magram, raki veras gaawyobs, gadawyvets, sakuTar gasaWirs Tavadve uwamlos _ ornaqm-revi, uSvilo sadedinacvlo ipovos.

`qarTuli andazaa: gaWirveba maCvene da gaqcevas gaCvenebo. platon samaniSvili qarTveli kaci iyo da, amasTan, aznauri~.

naTxovari, zurggadaRletili cxeniT gaeSura sadedinacvlos saZebnelad. tician tabiZe platonis `merans~ `imereTis rosinantad~ naTlavs.

`sxvis Sesaxedavad~ wayvanili, ilajgawyvetili cxenis aRviris xSiri qaCva nervebs uSlis pla-tons, gagulisebuli uRrialebs gasacodavebul pirutyvs: `Senc jinaze midgebi, Se oxero? Sen mainc mogerevi, sxvasTan Tu veraferi gavawyve!~

saSinlad aRizianebs ivane gverdevaniZesTan Sexvedrac (`yoveli moxuci kacis danaxva ejavreboda Tavisi mamis gamo~), Tumc swored soflis advokatisagan Seityobs bregaZeTa ornaqm-revi, uSvilo dedinacvlis Sesaxeb.

gverdevaniZesTan saubrisas ityvis, omis meti, veraferi uSvelis qveyanas, xalxi isea momrav-lebulio. Tumc mainc dasZens: `nametan usaSvelobaSi varT Cavardnili. gasakvirvelia, rom kidev ase xalisianad varT... Tavs Tu ar miveZaleT, guli Tu ar gavimagreT, sul wavxdebiT~.

platons, sadedinacvlos mZebnels, aekideba siZe, kirile miminoSvili, romelic jimSer sal-oberiZis ojaxSi saxalxod wamoayrantalebs platonis mogzaurobis namdvil mizezs. mkvdari vi-yoo, natrobs nirwamxdari samaniSvili.

saloberiZeTa stumari, aristo qvaSaviZec rom auwyebs Tavisi ornaqmrevi, uSvilo mamidis, elenes, Sesaxeb, platoni amas ukve gangebis nebad aRiqvams (qvaSaviZis mamida igiv bregaZeTa de-dinacvalia).

samaniSvilebi qorwils gadaixdian. ojaxSi siamtkbiloba manam grZeldeba, sanam melano (pla-tonis meuRle) orsulobis niSnebs SeamCnevdes dedinacvals.

SeZrwunebuli platoni `gaciebuli TvalebiT misCerebia am uRvTo, SeCvenebul, dawyevlil dedakacs, romelTanac arc pativiscema gauvida, arc siyvaruli, arc samsaxuri~.

saSinel sizmars xedavs dazafruli samaniSvili: mobajbajebs misken damZimebuli elene, amaod uyviris geri, gamecaleo. ezoSi gaSlilan mowriale qaTmebi, batebi, ixvebi, indaurebi. zogi de-dinacvals misdevs, zogic _ platons. vin gamoagdo gareT sanaSene Rori, gamoalaga kodi, saceri, qoTnebi?! suli exuTeba samaniSvils, suli exuTeba; moesmis SemaZrwunebeli SeZaxili: `Suaze! Suaze!~

`meicadeT! egeb mkvdari deibados!~... yovelive iSleboda, nawildeboda. platonis Zaxili ara-vis eyureboda, mxolod elenes brZanebas misdevdnen: `male! male! yvelaferi gahyaviT!~

uRono, gulCaTuTquli, gawiwmatebuli platoni moswyda adgils, moindoma wyeuli dedinacv-lis mixrCoba, magram iqve daeca uZluriviT atirebuli, bavSviviT aRrialebuli...

gamoRviZebulma, sizmriT SemkrTalma platonma pirjvari gadaiwera.mowilis gaCenam SeaZrwuna: `ra daaSava, ra awyenina ufals amisTana, rom aseTi sasjeli mie-

saja?!kaci ar mouklavs, ar gauqurdavs, aravisTvis araferi waurTmevia.wixlis Cakvra, muclis moSla moundoma gamxecebulma germa dedinacvals. `platoni axla

swored mxeci iyo, Seubralebeli, sisxlismsmeli~. roca ukanaskneli imedic gauqra, vaJi daibada, mSobels gaeyara platoni. mamis mudaras, Se-

mibraleo, gulgrilad upasuxa: `me Semibrala vinmem?!~gulamRvreuls arc unaxavs saZulveli Cvili. colsac aukrZala.Svilis sisastikem sicocxle mouswrafa bekinas. sikvdilis win Seemudara platons, `epatiebi-

na uWkuoba,~ Seevedra, Serigeboda Zmas, moevlo misTvis.

13

mamis Txovnis miuxedavad, platonma aRarc Robe SearCina mcirewlovan Zmas, aRarc alagi; iZulebuli gaxada dedinacvali, yovel kviras sasamarTloSi iwanwalos...

platon samaniSvilis pirovnebas qarTulma kritikam jerovani yuradReba miapyro. leo qiaCeli werda: `platonis mier didi vai-vaglaxiT mignebul dedinacvals Svili eyola.

wesiT da bunebiT, es sasixarulo, bednieri movlena unda yofiliyo, magram... uTuod SegzaravT moTxrobis bolos saSineleba da aqamdis Rimmoreul saxes mogiqcevT Tavzardamcemi SiSi adami-anisaTvis~.

Tamaz WilaZis azriT, `platon samaniSvilis patiosneba im garemoSi, sadac is cxovrobs, iseve sasaciloa, rogorc servantesis don kixotis, lamanCeli idalgos, abjari misi Tanamemamulee-bisaTvis. platoni siRaribisagan gamwarebulia, swored amitom, amayic. es siamaye ki ara, Tavdac-vis iaraRia, faria, romliTac is SiSvel, daWril guls malavs. platons uyvars Tavisi axlobelni da, yvelaze metad, mama _ iseTive amayi, iseTive kudabzika, iseTive umweo. am umweobis dasafa-ravad orive xmamaRla laparakobs. orivem kargad icis, rom amqveynad, erTmaneTis meti, aravina hyavT. umweobis SegrZneba, ganwirulebis winaTgrZnoba saZirkvelSi Camdgari wyaliviT nel-nela aclis Zirs im Senobas, romelsac mamaSviluri siyvarulis saxli hqvia.

mamam ki ara, isev cxovrebam dascina platons, isev man gamohkra fexi: saymawvilo seni Seeyara baton bekinas sibereSi _ siyvarulis Jini. es normaluri adamianuri vneba metismeti fufunebaa xelmokle ojaxisaTvis~.

kritikosi, albaT, metismetad mimtevebelia platonisadmi. gana `uxamsobis zRvaSi patiosani sulis sanTeliviT frTxilad matarebeli~ kaci, rogoradac is axasiaTebs samaniSvils, daundob-lad moepyroboda mamas, sacemrad gaimetebda asakovan dedinacvals, romelsac Svilosnobis bedniereba aRirsa ufalma, arad Caagdebda mSoblis sikvdiliswina Txovnas da pawia naxevarZmas, `CiTisbluzian~ lamaz biWs, Robesa da alags ar SearCenda?!

platoni ufrTxildeba saxels, magram ar ufrTxildeba suls, arRvevs RvTis mcnebebs, gawi-ravs mSobelsa da Zmas.

gana materialuri gaWirvebis gacnobierebiT aRZruli sasowarkveTa unda aRematos samyaroSi axali sicocxlis movlinebiT gamowveul sixaruls?!

gacilebiT mSvidi da Semwynarebelia melano, meuRle platonisa.yofiT sazrunavs Seupyria platoni, sizmaric ki ara aqvs.`yoveli qarTvelis sulSi erTdroulad zis ori arseba _ daviT kldiaSvilis antipoduri

wyvili: simwris oflSi gawuruli, sircxviliT ganawamebi platoni da TavzexelaRebuli, qveynis-damqcevi kirile,~ _ wers b. bardaveliZe.

maka joxaZis azriT, kanonma, iqneb, miakuTvnos kidec kuTvnili patara samaniSvils, magram mTavari ukve damsxvreulia _ dakargulia siyvaruli, Tanalmoba da Sewyaleba.

`lamis mkvlelad iqces ukeTilSobilesi pirovneba _ platon samaniSvili...saSinelma ekonomiurma siduxWirem sulmokleoba dabada, sulgrZelobas daupirispira..~. (j.

Rvinjilia).`sikeTes, lmobierebas, TanagrZnobis niWs platonis arsebaSi umowyalod axSobs sisastike da

Seubralebloba, gaborotebul sulSi ibadeba daundobeli kiTxva: `me Semibrala vinmem?~platons ar SeuZlia Serigeba, daTmoba, beds damorCileba. mJRavndeba xasiaTis mTlianoba, ucnauri naTesaobiT kvlav tragikul gmirTan rom anaTesa-

vebs kldiaSvilis prozaul personaJs. xasiaTis mTlianobis, Seurigeblobis safasuri pirovnebis zneobrivi sikvdilia~ (T. va-

saZe).adamians rCeba ufleba _ siduxWirem da xelmokleobam ver aqcios sulmokled...

14

2. mixeil javaxiSvili _ `jayos xiznebi~ (literaturuli komentarebi)

1933 wels, rodesac saqarTvelos mweralTa federacia daiSala da, mis nacvlad, mweralTa kavSiri daarsda, sxva mwerlebTan erTad, mixeil javaxiSvilma amgvari anketa warudgina saqarTve-los sabWoTa mweralTa kavSiris saorganizacio komitets: `(warmo)gidgenT saTanadod Sevsebul anketas, gTxovT, CamricxoT saqarTvelos sabWoTa mwerlobis kavSiris wevrad.

anketa

saxeli, mamis saxeli da gvari _ mixeil sabas Ze javaxiSvililiteraturuli fsevdonimi _ adamaSvili (uwindelia)lit. muSaobis dargi _ beletristiTqveni literaturuli nawarmoebebi _ `arsena~, `jayo~, `kvaWi~ da sxv.dabadebis dro da adgili _ 1880w. sof. weraqvi, borCalos mazraZiriTadi profesia _ literaturaerovneba _ qarTveliganaTleba _ umaRlesipartiuloba amJamad _ upartioromel partiaSi muSaobdiT winaT, ra droidan ra dromde _ feder. _ 1903-7w. da erovnul-

demokr. _ 1917-1923romel literaturul organizaciaSi iricxebodiT dRemde _ `arifionSi~ mis daSlamde da

federaciaSi.ojaxuri mdgomareoba _ coli, 2 Svili, sidedrisad da ra Tanamdebobebze muSaobT _ `mnaTobis~ salit. redaqtori.socialuri warmoSoba _ glexiromeli profkavSiris wevri xarT da ra droidan _ 1921 w-dan. Tanamdebobebi salit. organi-

zaciaSi, profkavSirSi an part. organizaciaSi _ arsad, araviTari.romel beWdviTi organoSi TanamSromlobdiT an TanamSromlobT _ `mnaTobi~.romeli wlidan beWdavT samxatvro salit. gamocemebSi _ 1903-8 da 1923-danmisamarTi _ elbaqiZis daRmarTi, #21me vizrdebodi, iseT ojaxSi, sadac patiosnebisa da zneobis margalitebi uxvad iyo, sadac

ufrosumcrosoba, urTierTis pativiscema da morideba sufevda. arsebobda normebi, romlis ga-dalaxva ar SeiZleboda. me ar vicodi, ra iyo TaRliToba, vinmes motyueba an tyuilis Tqma. zo-maze metad arasodes manebivrebdnen, miuxedavad imisa, rom 15 wlamde ojaxSi marto vizrdebodi.

valdebuli viyavi, Tvalyuri medevnebina Cemi saubrisaTvis, moqmedebisaTvis, mixvra-moxvrasa da CacmulobisaTvis. etiketi yovelmxriv unda yofiliyo daculi. maSin Cveni inteligencia ase-Ti normebiT cxovrobda. keTilSobileba da inteligentoba dafasebuli iyo.

mTeli yuradReba sulier sazrdoze iyo gadatanili. didi dro eTmoboda wignebis kiTxvas, azrTa gaziarebas, sazogadoebaSi, kinoTeatrebSi siaruls, erTmaneTTan stumrobas da urTier-Tobas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mama bunebiT Tbili da alersiani adamiani iyo, amasTanave _ mkacri da momTxovnic. siTamame ar moswonda da Tavazian damokidebulebas moiTxovda.

adamians esaWiroeba rwmena, umagisod is ver iarsebebs. unda swamdes bunebis Zala, romelic mas warmarTavs. gaWirvebis dros adamiani mouxmobs mas da daxmarebas SesTxovs. es mas Svebas aZlevs. samyaros warmoSobisa da zebunebrivi Zalebis Sesaxeb saubari dilamde SeiZleba da mainc gadawyvetiT verafers vityviT. aseTia es saidumloebiT moculi saintereso sfero~.

`jayos xiznebi~ (1924) impulsi `jayos xiznebis~ Seqmnisa _ 1924w 29 agvistos ajanyeba (iseve, rogorc konstantine

gamsaxurdias `dionisos Rimilisa,~ gr. robaqiZis `lamarasi~).

mixeil javaxiSvili, gamoCenil adamianTa cxovreba, Tb. , 1987

sainteresoa mixeil javaxiSvilis mogoneba, Tu rogor Seiqmna `jayos xiznebi~, ra cocxalma

15

STabeWdilebam misca biZgi mwerals am romanis dasawerad da erT-erTi mTavari gmiris, jayos saxis gamosakveTad:

`jayo sul sxvanairad warmoiSva. 30 wlis winaT javis xeobaSi ucnauri vinme Semomxvda _ brge, banjgvliani, cbieri, xarbi, amave dros, mardi da moxerxebuli. misi saxeli aRar maxsovs. 10 wlis Semdeg inJinerma fido yazbegma qarTul klubSi aseTi anekdoti gviambo:

`naymevma Tavis kneinas ZRveni miarTva._ gamarjoba, jayo!_ kneinas gaxlavar._ rasa iqm, rogora xar?_ Zalian kargad brZandebi, Seni Wirime._ col-Svili rogorRa gyavs?_ sul kargaTa xar, genacvale._ ramdeni Svili gyavs, jayo?_ Tormeti gyavs, genacvale mag TvalebSia._ rogor moaxerxe magdeni, jayo?_ maS, maS! agre vicis jayoma! _ miugo naymevma~.ukanasknel sam sityvaSi amaze ufro mwvave pilpili eyara. anekdoti Cems xsovnaSi xuTiode

wuTze mets ver sZlebs, magram am uwmawur anekdots javeli osi CaexlarTa da am saxem Cemi xsov-nis erT-erT kunWulSi daibuda.

kidev gavida aTiode weliwadi da igi moulodnelad gacocxlda, gaSiSvlda da Tvalwin wamoi-Wra. ai, zogjer ra ucnaurad ibadeba tipi~ (m. javaxiSvili, `rogor vmuSaob~).

ase gaucocxlda mwerals mexsierebaSi CarCenili saxe, rodesac moumwifda sazogadoebrivad da mxatvrulad mniSvnelovani saTqmeli. viRac javeli osis garegnulma ierma da erTma ubralo anekdotma gamosca is naperwkali, romelmac daanTo adamianuri vnebis didi xanZari `jayos xiznebSi~.

romanSi Teimuraz xevisTavis da jayo jivaSvilis saxeebia mTavari, swored isini ganasax-iereben or sawyiss, romlebic, Tumca sruliad gansxvavebulia erTmaneTisagan, magram, dimitri benaSvilis TqmiT, Tanabrad saSiSi wylulia eris sxeulze da erTianad daundoblad sWirdeba mokveTa, am wylulebis arss da maTi mokveTis istoriul aucileblobas gvixsnis mwerali. aris kidev erTi mTavari gmiri, margo, romelic romanis tradiciul samkuTxeds kravs nawarmoebSi, magram es gmiri mwerals Teimurazisa da jayos gaxsnisaTvis sWirdeba. amdenad, Tumca es saxe metad xorcsavsea da cocxali ferebiTacaa daxatuli, mas, SeiZleba iTqvas, damoukidebeli fun-qcia ar akisria.

mixeil javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebi~ Tumca mwerlis TviTmyofi Semoqmedebis nayofia, mra-vali paralelis gavlebis uflebas da saSualebas gvaZlevs msoflio klasikur nawarmoebebTan da TviT qarTul mxatvrul saxeebTanac. pirvel rigSi, swored es ukanasknelia saintereso am nawarmoebSi, romliTac naTlad Cans mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi damokidebuleba qarTul kulturul tradiciebTan.

Teimurazi ufro luarsab TaTqariZis xvedrs iziarebs, maTi bed-iRbali bevrwilad msgavsia. es garemoeba sworad SeniSna dimitri benaSvilma, rodesac Tavis mravalmxvriv sayuradRebo wign-Si `mixeil javaxiSvilis cxovreba da Semoqmedeba~ gagvicxada: `aris raRac sulieri naTesaoba luarsab TaTqariZesa da Teimuraz xevisTavs Soris~ (gv. 79). da iqve dasZina: `ra Tqma unda, maT Soris gansxvavebac didia da swored es garemoeba migviTiTebs mixeil javaxiSvilis originalo-baze, TviTmyofobaze, samwerlo Temis sxvaobaze. magram yovelive amaSi mxolod mwerlis piradi Tvisebebi ki ar TamaSobdnen gadamwyvet rols, aramed droca da pirobebic, romlebmac mimarTeba misces ara marto gmirTa xasiaTebs, aramed mwerlis esTetikur koncefciasac~.

erTi SexedviT, TiTqos Znelia paralelis gavleba ilia WavWavaZis am rablesebur cxovrebas mowyurebul loyaRaJRaJa luarsabsa da daCiavebul, gamofitul Teimurazs Soris, magram maTi ufro Rrmad mdebare sulieri naTesaobis sawindari isaa, rom cxovrebisaTvis zedmeti bargi gamxdaran, arafris Seqmna aRar SeuZliaT, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebis ulmobeli logikis ZaliT ganwirulTa xvedri rgebiaT da ukvalod unda wavidnen ara marto asparezidan, TviT cxovrebidanac. amitom gamoutanes ilia WavWavaZemac da mixeil javaxiSvilmac TavianT gmirebs mkacri, magram istoriulad samarTliani da mravlismetyveli ganaCeni, rodesac arc lu-arsabsa da arc Teimurazs Ze ar misces da amiT simbolurad migvaniSnes maTi gadaSenebis aucile-blobaze. esaa upirvelesi msgavseba maTi, xolo, Tu erTbaSad maTi mimsgavseba ar xerxdeba, es imitom, rom luarsabi Tavisi epoqis Svilia da batonymobis sasikvdilo agonias gamoxatavs, xolo

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Teimurazi feodaluri aristokratiis ukanaskneli naSieris, inteligentis meoce saukunis, revo-luciebis epoqis mier gariyuli da ganwiruli adamianis gansaxierebaa.

mixeil javaxiSvils qarTveli mwerlebidan Tavis did winaprad, upirvels yovlisa, ilia WavWavaZe miaCnda. iliasadmi, rogorc mwerlisa da mamuliSvilisadmi Tavis damokidebulebaze mixeil javaxiSvils bevri ram aqvs didi siyvaruliTa da mowiwebiT naTqvami. maTi SemoqmedebiTi paralelebi, motivebis, problemebis, saxeebis msgavseba adrec yofila miniSnebuli. yvelaze Zli-er da TvalnaTliv es memkvidreobiToba swored `jayos xiznebSi~gamoCnda. romanis gamoqveynebi-sTanave, pirvelsave recenziebsa da werilebSi gavlebul iqna paraleli ilias SemoqmedebasTan.

kritikosi ivane gomarTeli 1925 wels Jurnal `axal gzaSi~ (#16, 17) dabeWdil werilSi `jay-os xiznebi~ da Cveni cxovreba~, romelSic maRal Sefasebas aZlevs romans da, ZiriTadad, sworad aanalizebs mas, paralels avlebs Teimuraz xevisTavsa da arCils Soris.

damarwmunebuli Cans es Sedareba, miT umetes, Tu gavixsenebT im adgilebs, sadac arCili kesosTan saubarSi giorgisTan SedarebiT axasiaTebs sakuTar Tavs da erTmaneTs upirispirebs Tavadebsa da glexebs.

`Cven raca varT, _ ambobs arCili, _ gakeTebulni varT, isini ki Seqmnilni. Cven dablandulni varT, isini ki _ gviristiT Sekerilni, im gviristiT, romelic marto bunebam icis da buneba _ xom ici, ra ostatia. isini Cakirulni arian, Cven dondloni, duneni~. da Semdeg ganagrZobs:

`cxovreba mainc imaTSia: iq hduRs ZarRvebSi moaruli sisxli, iqa scems TviTon sicocxlis ZarRvica. rac sTqvi, eg WuWyia, qafia mduRare cxovrebisa, Tavzed mogdebuli. ZirSi ki wmindaa. maS, ra swnavs imisTana kacur kacs, rogorc giorgi iyo, an imisTana dedakacs, rogorc oTara-anT qvrivia? magisTana puri marto imaTs ToneSi-Ra hcxveba, Cveni Tone ki marto CvenisTana kut purs acxobs~.

arCilis am gulwrfel sityvebSi gamxelili sakuTari nakli ukve migvaniSnebs tragediis da-sawyiss, rac Teimuraz xevisTavSi mTlianad aris gamovlenili. dondlo, dune, dablanduli, kuti puri _ es epiTetebi, romlebic mkvaxed da TiTqos gadaWarbebulad JReren ganaTlebul da moq-medebis JiniT savse arCilTan dakavSirebiT, metad rbilad da TiTqmis saalersod gaismian Teimu-raz xevisTavisTanaTaTvis. magram aq saqme marto imaSi ar aris, rom, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis istoriis TvalsazrisiT, arCili Tavisi socialuri fenis ganwirulebis pirvel safexurs gamox-atavs, Teimurazi ki _ ukanasknels. mTavari is aris, rom ilia WavWavaZem da mixeil javaxiSvilma nawarmoebebi sruliad gansxvavebul problemebsa da suliskveTebas miuZRvnis.

ilia WavWavaZe, batonymobis Semdegdroindeli qarTuli yofis warmosaxvisas ufro imediani TvaliT Sehyurebda ganaTlebul, progresul ideebs naziarev Tavadaznaurul inteligencias. arCilma SeigrZno, rom Tavadaznaurobasa da glexobas `Sua xidia Catexili: isini iqiT napiras dahrCnen, Cven aqeT. Sori-Sorsa varT da Tvali erTmaneTisaTvis veRar migviwvdenia, Tvali mar-Tali da utyuari~. mwerali TiTqos erTgvari imediT Sehyurebs am Catexili xidis gamrTelebis SesaZleblobas da am saqmeSi arCils da misTanebs Tavis daniSnuleba aqvT. amdenad, avtoris TvalsazrisiT, misi gmiri didi istoriuli da erovnuli misiis matarebelia, amitomac misdami ilia WavWavaZis damokidebulebac naTeli, Tbili, imediania. Catexili xidis gamrTelebis Sesaxeb mwerlis iluziebis srul damsxvrevas sami-oTxi aTeuli welic ki ar dasWirvebia.

mixeil javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebi~ maSin daiwera, roca Tavad istoriam, sazogadoebis gan-viTarebam, revoluciebma gadawyvites wodebaTa urTierToba da maTi bedi. amdenad, misi Tval-sazrisi iluziebiT veRar gamoikvebeboda da mweralmac realuri cxovrebis utyuari suraTebi dagvixata. Tumca, cxadia, mxatvrulad gazviadebulad, gamZafrebulad. aseT viTarebaSi Teimu-raz xevisTavTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba arCilic gavixsenoT, rogorc es gmiri javaxiSvilisa uTuod luarsab TaTqariZes ufro gvagonebs. luarsabi batonymobis epoqis dasasrulis tipuri gansaxierebaa, Teimurazi _ feodaluri monarqiis dacemis gamomxatvelia. orive amTavrebs Tavisi socialuri fenis arsebobas, mis sasikvdilo agonias gviCvenebs da gvixsnis. am didi saTqmelis, mniSvnelovani azris da mxatvruli siZlieris wyalobiT orive romani, ilia WavWavaZis `kacia-adamiani?!~ da mixeil javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebi~, qarTuli literaturis klasikas ganekuT-vneba, xolo maTi gmirebi, luarsab TaTqariZe da Teimuraz xevisTavi, garda konkretuli epoqebis garkveuli socialuri fenis tipuri saxeebisa, saerTod adamianuri dacemisa da gadagvarebis zogadi gamoxatulebis mimniSnebel saxelebad iqcnen.

mixeil javaxiSvilis romanSi `jayos xiznebi~ meoce saukunis ociani wlebis cxovrebaa war-mosaxuli. aq gmirTa da personaJTa mTeli galereaa warmodgenili, romelsac sxvadasxva so-cialuri fenisa da sazogadoebrivi Zalis gamoxatva ekisreba, magram ZiriTadi mizandasaxuloba nawarmoebisa mainc Zvelis, warmavlis da axal cxovrebas mitmasnuli bneli Zalis arsis gaxsnaa.

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romanis analizic swored aqedan unda iqnes dawyebuli.mwerali Tavidanve apirispirebs romanis or mTavar gmirs, Teimuraz xevisTavsa da jayo

jivaSvils, romlebic portretuladac, xasiaTiTac, socialuri mdgomareobiTac upirispir-debian erTmaneTs. mixeil javaxiSvili romanis pirvelsave furclebze gvixatavs Tavis gmirebs da gvixsnis maT bunebas.

Teimurazi xan religiaSi eZebs xsnas, Tumca adre gandgomili iyo sarwmunoebisagan, xan liax-vis talRebSi surs erTxel da samudamod povos simSvide. xan ras epotineba, xan ras, magram misi xsna arsad aris, Tavis mokvlasac ver SeZlebs da ganwiruli ebRauWeba fuW imedebs, misakedleb-el adgils Tu pirovnebas eZebs da aseTad isev margo esaxeba, is margo, vinc jer TviTon gaaube-dura Tavisi uniaTobiT, da mere romelmac Tavadac aRar daindo da pirutyv jayoSi gacvala mamakacuri janisa da maZRrisi cxovrebis mosapoveblad.

jayo jivaSvili socialurad sayuradRebo tipia mixeil javaxiSvilis romanSi. Tu Teimuraz xevisTavs arc sikeTisa da arc borotebis mosamoqmedeblad ar gaaCnia unari, jayo Tavisi bneli ZaliTa da mozRvavebuli energiiT socialurad uaRresad saSiSi pirovnebaa sazogadoebisaTvis. igi Teimurazis antipodia da mis ganaTlebul umoqmedobas sakuTar mtaceblur moqmedebas up-irispirebs. Tu Teimurazs ara aqvs drois gagebis unari, jayo pirutyvis ynosviT grZnobs yovel siaxles da Tavis cxovrebas mtaceblis instinqtiT warmarTavs. jayo yovelTvis sargeblobs viTarebiT da misi aqtiuri buneba mxolod gamorCenisaken, mxolod borotebisaken miiswraf-vis. jayo mudam ama qveynis ZlierT etmasneba da erTi mizani amoZravebs _ rac SeiZleba, mets gamorCes maT. aseTi bunebis adamianisaTvis Teimurazi sanatreli kaci iyo da jayomac nela-nela miiTvisa xevisTavis mamulic, ganZeulobac da, roca arc es ikmara _ misi lamazi colic. axal viTarebaSi jayo mSromelTa klasis warmomadgenlad asaRebs Tavs da erTxans kidec inarCunebs Zveli mouravisa da mamasaxlisis faqtiur uflebebs.

mTeli romani Teimurazisa da jayos dapirispirebazea agebuli. mwerali usvams xazs am ori gmiris garegnulsa Tu Sinagan kontrastulobas. bneli da uxeSi Zala, romelsac jayo ganasax-ierebs, imarjvebs Teimurazis uvnebel da morCil bunebaze, radgan pirvels cxovrebis konkre-tuli amocana aqvs, meores ki _ oden fuWi ocnebebi da cxovrebis ararealuri SegrZneba.

1926 wlis dasawyisSi mixeil javaxiSvili Salva dadianisadmi miweril werilSi, sxva sakiTxebT-an erTad, `jayos xiznebis~ Sesaxebac gvawvdis cnobebs. rogorc Tavad mwerali wers, romani mas ar miaCnia arc srulad da arc dasrulebulad, aklia ramdenime moqmedi (Teimurazis antipodi) piri da meoTxe nawili. mixeil javaxiSvili wers: `ise ar movkvdebi, rom sruli `jayo~ ar davwe-ro. darwmunebuli var, a. w. Semodgomas ukve waikiTxavT namdvils da sruls. dasrulebuli sul sxvanairi iqneba... ninika margos waarTmevs, xolo jayos saqarTvelodan gadaasaxleben. rac didma iliam ver gahbeda _ da verc gahbedavda _ me unda gavbedo da Tavad-glexTa Soris Catexili xidi unda gavamTelo~.

es ganzraxva mixeil javaxiSvils Seusrulebeli darCa. Zneli savaraudoa, ratom, magram, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom Tavad aRar moewona sakuTari gadawyvetileba da SemoqmedebiTi gegmebi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, marto mouclelobiT es ver aixsneba, radgan ise yofila amas mowadinebuli, rom dros uTuod gamonaxavda, imav wels Tu ara, SemdgomSi mainc, kadnierebaa imaze fiqri, Tu ra gamovidoda, mwerals es ganzraxva rom ganexorcielebina, etyoba, romani safuZvlianad Seicv-leboda. magram imisi ufleba yvelas aqvs, rom ukve arsebul romanze sakuTari azri gamoTqvas. im saxiT, romliTac Cven vicnobT `jayos xiznebs~, romanSi Teimurazis antipodis, anu epoqis dadebiTi gmirebis arsebobis aucilebloba ar igrZnoba... Teimurazic, jayoca da margoc klasi-kuri siZlieris mxatvrul saxeebad warmogvidgeba.

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3. konstantine gamsaxurdia _ didostatis marjvena(literaturuli komentarebi)

`mcirericxovani eri yvelaze mZafrad grZnobs eradyofnis... misterias~.TanamemamuleT Seaxsenebda mwerali mTavars: `saqme is ki ar aris, patara kaci iyo da did sam-

Soblos eZebde. saqme is aris, didi kaci iyo da patara samSoblo giyvardes~ ( werili `prof. al. cagareli~).

eradyofnis misteriis gacnobierebis aucilebloba gamZafrda meoce aswleulSi, romelic galaktionma `mefistofelis saukuned~ monaTla.

k. gamsaxurdiac werda: `Cveni Tanamedroveobis vizioneruli (xilvadi) saxe me warmodgenili maqvs meduzas (meduza _ berZnul miTologiaSi sam gorgonaTagan erT-erTi. Tmis nacvlad, Tavs gvelebi exveodnen. misi mzera yovels qvad aqcevda) sisxlian Tavad, SeSlili, demoniT Sepyrobi-li adamianis TvalebiT... TiTqos samudamJamod gamqrala sxivi imedisa da saTnoebisa, Semogvclia Saravandedi RmerTismoyvarebisa~ (`dante~) . sxvagan XX saukunes `mewvrilmaneebisa da diacebis saukuned~ uxmobda mwerali (`goeTe~).

mnaTe oqopiriviT grigalSi zarebis damrisxebelia mwerali.Tormeti wlisa pirvelad Camosula TbilisSi. guli daswvia, rom qarTuli warwerebi mxolod

Toneebsa da saxaSeebze uxilavs. wuxiliT werda: `saSineli STabeWdileba datova Cemze Tbilisma. rkinigzis sadgurze

grZelulvaSebiani Jandarmebi daZrwodnen; riyis qviT mokirwylul quCebSi Cabalaxiani kazakebi daajiriTebdnen TavianT nasuqal cxenebs~.

novelaSi `didi iosebi~ aris sityvebi: `bavSvobidanve miyvarda raWveli mekurtneebi (mebar-gulebi). mxolod eseni ar Takilobdnen... Tbilisis quCebSi rusTvelis enaze laparaks... qarTul iers aZlevdnen Cvens dedaqalaqs~... (ioseb griSaSvilsac sayvedurebda kinto-yaraCoxelebiT aR-tacebas _ `amgvar saqarTveloSi saxrCobela gveqneboda sanatrebelio~).

igiv tkivili awerinebda giorgi leoniZes Tbilisze:`aq adidebdnen dampal kintos, TaTrul muxambazs,Suabazris koriantelsa...aq iviwyebdnen firosmanis mzian muSambas, beqa opizars~....mwerals aZrwunebda is, rom `Tbilisi kargavs rasobriv saxes. ena kvdeba, qalaqi usisxlod

iTmoba. 1910 wels TbilisSi 125000 somexi, 79000 rusi da mxolod 54000 qarTveli cxovrobda. ba-stardi (aRreuli) eri faseuls verafers qmnis. TviT uniWieres ellinTa eri dakninda, roca sisx lSi ucxo elementi SeeWra da sityva `barbarosma~ dakarga mniSvneloba. elinuri kulturis suls evropa hamletis mamis aCrdiliviT daeZebs. romis imperiam rRveva maSin daiwyo, roca kei-sar adrianes ediqtiT (ax. w. II s.) romaelebs afrikel monebTan SeuRlebis ufleba daerToT... qar-Tuli eklesia meoTxe saukunidanve daadga nacionalizaciis gzas, evropaSi es moZraoba mxolod meTxuTmete saukuneSi daiwyo.

1801 wlidan ganuwyvetliv gvereva ucxo Tesli...rasis Tvisebebi geografiuli garemoTic ganisazRvreba. udabnom ganapiroba aRmosavlelTa sizante da monotonuroba; zRvam, okeanem _ ingliselTa

avantiurizmi... erebi midian urasobidan rasisaken. adamiansa da erSi yvelaze xmamaRla sisxli metyvelebs~ (Zvel aRTqmaSi xazgasmulia, rom suli sisxlSia (levitelTa 17, 11)). amitom fiqrobs `dionisos Rimilis~ personaJi, konstantine savarsamiZe, amdens Tavisi `bneli sisxlisaTvis~ (sisx lze).

werilSi `eri Tu rassa~ k. gamsaxurdia aRniSnavda: `qarTuli rasa ruseTis imperiisagan da-moukideblad unda ganviTardes. qarTvelTa rassiuli vinaoba bneliTaa moculi. odesme didi rassis natexi qarTveli eri dResac sasowarkveTili dgas wyvdiadiT mocul warsulTan~ (Sdr. leo qiaCelis `sisxli~).

werilSi `kavkasia msoflio omSi~ vkiTxulobT: `pirvel msoflio oms saqarTvelo aRtace-biT ar Sehgebebia. man erTaderTi Sedevri Sehmata qarTul poezias _ vaJas `fSaveli jariska-cis werili,~ magram am oms mainc ukavSirdeboda garkveuli patriotuli miznebi _ saqarTvelo ibrunebda TurqeTisagan mitacebul provinciebs, dgeboda Jami erTiani saqarTvelos xilvisa. mokavSired saqarTvelos germania miaCnda, magram germania damarcxda... saqarTvelos Svilebi ki ruseTis qartexilebis saTaveSi dganan (1917 w. irakli CxeiZe, irakli (kaki) wereTeli, 1924 _ sta-lini...). lozanaSi, erTa samSvidobo konferenciaze, mxolod qarTvelebi dahpirispirebian erT-maneTs, mxolod qarTvelebs dauyenebiaT partiuli interesebi erovnulze maRla (monarqist m.

19

wereTels dahpirispirebia social-demokrati Tevzaia) _ amis mizezia Cveni istoriulad gaorebu-li buneba. istoriuli mtrebi qarTvelebisa iseve qarTvelebi iyvnen, qarTveliTa qarTvelisa dam-Trgunvelni... sul sxvagvari damokidebuleba aqvT erTmaneTTan somxebs~.

wlebis ganmavlobaSi k. gamsaxurdia social-federalistTa partiis wevri iyo. partia miz-nad isaxavda, saqarTvelo ruseTis saxelmwifoSi federaciul subieqtad qceuliyo, magram 1918 w. qveyanam damoukidebloba gamoacxada (razec federalistebi verc iocnebebdnen) da, bunebri-via, mweralma partia datova (partiis lideri iyo arCil jorjaZe, wevrebi: daviT kldiaSvili, Salva nucubiZe, dimitri uznaZe, terenti graneli... isini ilias mrwamss iziarebdnen da miaCndaT, rom ers mxolod konsolidacia, wodebaTa erTianoba ixsnida; gansxvavebuli mrwamsi hqondaT so-cial-demokratebs, romelnic federalistebs `ujaro generlebs~ uwodebdnen. bedis ironiiT, swored social-demokratebi movidnen damoukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifos saTaveSi).

rogorc Tavad werda, k. gamsaxurdia bunebiT sazogado moRvawisa da revolucioneris ki ara, ideologisa da mxatvris tipi iyo. swamda, rom `Tu eri politikur damoukideblobas kar-gavs, man kulturiT unda uzrunvelyos arseboba~. amitomac Camoayaliba TanamoazreebTan erTad `akademiuri asociacia~. p. ingoroyva, v. kotetiSvili, al. abaSeli, k. gamsaxurdia gamoscemdnen `promeTes,~ `ilions,~ `lomiss,~ `saqarTvelos samreklos,~ iRvwodnen qarTuli universitetis dasaarseblad _ sxva mamuliSvilebTan erTad.

k. gamsaxurdia werda: `saqarTvelo ruseTisaTvis mxolod egzotikuri qveyanaa. mxolod erovnuli universiteti ixsnis ers bastardobisagan (aRrevisagan, gadagvarebisagan). ruseTis ganaTlebis ministrma CaTrevas Cayola amjobina, dauSva TbilisSi universitetis gaxsnis SesaZ-lebloba, oRond universiteti rusulenovani unda yofiliyo. ministrisaTvis mxari dauWeria niko mars da wamouyenebia winadadeba kavkasiuri universitetis Seqmnisa.

es idea konstantine gamsaxurdiam `kulturul kontrabandad~ monaTla da berZnebis mier troaSi xis cxenis motyuebiT Setanas Seadara ( werili `troaneli cxeni~). niko mars, `tomiT qarTvels,~ `rusis nafic profesorad~ moixseniebs mwerali da wers: `kavkasiis universiteti bastarduli cnebaa. qarTvelebi da somxebi rasobrivadac gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. TviT SveicariaSic ki, sadac sami saxelmwifo enaa, universiteti ixsneba kantonSi gabatonebul enaze~.

ivane javaxiSvilis, petre meliqiSvilis, giorgi wereTlisa da sxvaTa ZalisxmeviT, 1918 wlis 26 ianvars (8 Tebervals), daviT aRmaSeneblis xsenebis dRes, TbilisSi gaixsna qarTuli, qarTule-novani universiteti _ fazisis (IVs.), iyalTos, gremis, gelaTis akademiebis (XI-XIIs.s.) memkvidre.

k. gamsaxurdia mweralTa kavSiris erT-erTi damaarsebelTagani iyo.organizacia izrunebda qarTul sityvaze, gamoscemda da daicavda qarTul wigns. 1917w. 4

aprils Seiqmna saorganizacio biuro. nihilistebi ambobdnen, am gagania omis dros ra dros mweralTa kavSiriao. k. gamsaxurdia werda: `roca germaniis zarbaznebi angrevdnen safrangeTs, nicSe qmnida `tragediis warmoSobas mistikis sulidan~. erSi Sesataniao wignierebis sinaTle, Sesasrulebelia Targmanebi, Sesadgenia leqsikonebi.

mweralTa kavSiris Tavmjdomared airCies kote mayaSvili (1921w. TebervalSi, wiTeli armiis SemoWrisas qarTvel iunkerebTan erTad daRupuli maro mayaSvilis mama).

mweralTa kavSiris konferenciaze (1917w. 7 oqtombers) wamouyenebia k. gamsaxurdias wina-dadeba, golovinis prospeqtisaTvis ewodebinaT rusTavelis saxeli. amave konferenciaze dah-pirispirebia cisferyanwelTa mosazrebas, misasalmebeli sityva gaegzavnaT ruseTSi irakli wereTelisaTvis, konstantin balmonti ki mweralTa kavSiris erT-erT Tavmjdomared aerCiaT. mwerals uTqvams, `erebi erTmaneTs eomebian ara mxolod iaraRiT, kulturiTaco~.

irakli wereTelze (ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis Sinagan saqmeTa ministri) k. gamsaxurdia werda: `is adamiani, romelic TviTve aRiarebs, rom misi samSoblo didi ruseTia, is, vinc weli-wadSi erTxel ar axsenebs sityvas saqarTvelo,~ romlis guls ar swvavs mSobeli eris siyvaruli, renegatia da araa imis Rirsi, qarTvel mweralTa kreba miesalmos mas~.

`suliT provincieli rusebi~ uwoda cisferyanwelebs, romelTac rus poetebTan megobrobiT Tavi mohqondaT.

1926 w. saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris pirvel yrilobas sabWos wevrebad ar aurCevia k. gamsaxurdia, m. javaxiSvili, v. barnovi, g. tabiZe.

jer kidev 1919 w. berlinis universitetis kursdamTavrebuli sadiplomo namuSevarSi `sa-qarTvelos mefe erekle meore~ (naSromi dakargulia.) cdilobda, kritikulad gaeazrebina 1783-1801 ww. movlenebi.

tkiviliT aRniSnavda mogvianebiT: `XIX saukune erovnul saxelmwifoTa Seqmnis niSniT aRi-beWda msoflioSi, CvenSi ki _ piriqiT... qarTulma kritikam ver dainaxa sandro yazbegi, vaJa...

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CvenSi modaSia wregadasuli epigonoba balmont-briusovebisa... tragediaa, gyavdes ukulturo kulturtregeri... qarTvelebi iseTi gatacebiT kiTxuloben CerniSevskis, gercens, TiTqos arc arsebobdnen kanti, Sopenhaueri, lesingi..~.

1917w., rodesac daisva sakiTxi voroncovis Zeglis aRebisa, uTqvams, davtovoT, ers unda axsovdes Tavisi dampyroblebio.

1918 w. ebrZoda Turq askerebs general mazniaSvilTan erTad.1918 w. 3 martis brest-litovskis zaviT leninma TurqeTs gadasca baTumi, arTvini, yarsi _

teritoriebi, romlebic 1878w. san-stefanos zaviT (ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 ww. omi) saqarTve-los ukve dabrunebuli hqonda...

TurqeTma aiRo baTumi, qobuleTi, ozurgeTi, axalcixe, axalqalaqi, safrTxe daemuqra Tbi-liss.

germaniis winadadebiT 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelom damoukidebloba gamoacxada da germa-nia aSkarad daexmara TurqTaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevaSi.

1921 wlis 25 Tebervals, roca mavanni wiTel armias egebodnen fexqveS, konstantine gamsa-xurdia beTanias asula da Tamaris freskasTan dauCoqia.

1923-1924 wlebSi myofs emigraciaSi darCena SesZlebia, magram emigracias Secdomad Tvlida.TanaugrZnobda 1924 wlis 29 agvistos ajanyebas, romelsac kote andronikaSvili da qaquca

ColoyaSvili xelmZRvanelobdnen. xeli ar moawera `qarTvel xelovanTa gancxadebas,~ romelSic `dagmobili~ iyvnen `avantiuristebi~.

Sav CoxaSi gamowyobili dadioda, `iglovda~. sergo orjonikiZisaTvis, romelsac yvelgan da yvelaferSi (Coxis tarebaSic ki) SeTqmuleba elandeboda, uTqvams, Cemi Coxa Sen xom ar giWers welzeo.

1924 wlis SeTqmulebis impulsma SeaTxzvevina k. gamsaxurdias `dionisos Rimili,~ m. ja-vaxiSvils `jayos xiznebi,~ gr. robaqiZes `lamara~.

1921w. afxazeTis avtonomiis Seqmnasa da aWaris mier avtonomiis moTxovnas `saqarTvelos kvarTis danawileba~ uwoda, Tavad saqarTvelos ki _ `wiTelyabalaxiani~.

Ria werili miuweria leninisaTvis: `CemSi laparakobs qarTveli mwerali, CemSi laparakoben tkivilebi qarTveli xalxisa.

...nacionalur StrixTa waSla SeuZlebelia, yvelaferi SeiZleba waarTvan pirovnebasa da ero-vnebas, magram Tavisuflebis SegrZnebas veravin waarTmevs... sanam savsebiT uzrunvelyofili ar iqneba saqarTvelos politikuri damoukidebloba, kezmentebi da marksveinebi (irlandieli pa-triotebi, 1917 w. ajanyebis meTaurebi) ar dailevian~.

rodesac, am werilis gamo, Sovinistad moixsenies, pasuxad uTqvams: `mcirericxovani eris wiaRSi Sovinizmi SeuZlebelia. Sovinizmi imperiis parolia. Soviniz-

mia swored rusuli kulturis gavrceleba im qveyanaSi, romelic rusis ers ar ekuTvnis~.didmpyrobeluri ruseTis siZulvili xels ar uSlida mwerals, Tayvani eca tolstois Semo-

qmedebisaTvis.gulistkiviliT werda, wminda adgilebi (taZrebi, universitetebi) cotaa, cixea bevrio.warsuls aidealebda, awmyos simrumis mzirali. dimitri yifianisadmi miZRvnil eseSi aRniS-

navda: `amboben, dimitri yifiani saqarTvelodan Sors, stavropolSi imeorebdao napoleonis si-tyvebs, egviptis piramidebis pirispir rom uTqvams: ori aTasi weliwadi dagcqeriT Tqven!... mar-to am SegnebisTvis didi pirovnebaa dimitri yifiani. Sercxves is Taoba saqarTveloSi, romelic ver Seignebs am ori aTasi wlis simZimes da mniSvnelobas... (magram) is eri, romelsac ufro maRali panTeonebi aqvs, vidre awmyo, degeneratis samarcxvino epiTets Tavidan ver aicilebs, is Taoba, ro-melic gmirebis akldamebis Crdilebs efareba, Rirsi ar aris arsebobisa~ (`tragediis gmiri).

ilia erovnuli moRvawis idealad esaxeboda. werda: `magondeba darialis xeobaSi gaburZgv-nil, tyapuWian moxevesTan molaparake ilia WavWavaZe. man yvelaze ukulturo egzemplars qarT-velTa Soris aTqmevina is didi sityva, romelSiac ocdaaTi wlis kamaTis Semdeg Zlivs gaerkva qarTveli inteligencia...

arian sityvebi, romelnic velis yayaCosaviT sul male, meore-mesamejer xmarebaze Wknebian da cvdebian; samagierod, arian sityvebi, romelnic, zecis varskvlavebiviT, arasodes daberde-bian. aseTi dauZvelebeli sityvebiT Semovida ilia saqarTveloSi.

Cveni Tavi Cvenadve unda gveyudnodeso!aq vxedav me did analogoss _ ilia _ mose.aq aris gzaabneuli eris vulkanur mTasTan miyvana. aqedan unda gadaSliliyo qarTuli rasis

winaSe didi sanaxebi nebos mTisa da axali cxovrebisa~ (`ilia WavWavaZe~).

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eseSi `qarTveloba da ucxoeTis genia~ k. gamsaxurdia wers (davimowmebT vrcel amonarids): `Cveni teritoria xalxTa xidi~ iyo. Cveni istoriuli misia: Seurigebel ukiduresobaTa da kon-trastTa Serigeba-Segueba, ori didi samyaros _ evropisa da aziis sulis Sexameba...

`vefxistyaosani~ erTaderTi qmnilebaa, romelSiac qarTuli suli savsebiT gansaxierda... es diadi sarke qarTuli kulturisa iseTive sinTezia zemoT naxseneb samyaroTa, rogorc goeTes `fausti~ _ ellinizmis da qristianizmis. `vefxistyaosanSi~ ipoviT rogorc wminda upaniSade-bis, vedanta filosofiis, sakuntalas, mahabharatas, sparsuli poeziis, ise neoplatonikosebis, homerosisa da RvTaebrivi plato(ni)s sunTqvas.

gana marto `vefxistyaosani~? yvelaferi, rasac qarTuli kultura ewodeba, ariTmetikul saSualos warmoadgens ellinur-bizantiursa da sparsul-aRmosavlur eqstremebs Soris. vidre musulmanuri sparseTi da qristianuli bizantia daemxobodnen, Cven usaSvelod vRebulobdiT am kulturul golfStrimebs... Cveni istoriuli roli SemaerTeblisas hgavs _ sparsul-mcirea-ziul kulturas ellinur-bizantiurTan vakavSirebdiT da Cvens erovnul, specifiur qarTul saxesa da xats vaZlevdiT xolme.

sakuTar niadagze mdgarni or ZuZusa vwovdiT, Cveni samSoblo ori kulturuli nakadis SemrTvel auzs warmoadgenda.

...religia da misi gageba erTgvari gamocdaa kulturuli erisa. yoveli kulturuli eri re-ligiuri iyo. yovel maRalxarisxovan kulturas religiur fuZeze hqonia saZirkveli.

Tumc qristianuli religia CvenTvis sruliad ara naTesav da ucxo rasis Seqmnili iyo, magram eris SemoqmedebiT Zalis Tavisebureba da misi siZliere aqac gamoixata. arc erT ers qristia-nizmi ise ar gaugia, rogorc Cven. CvenTvis qristianizmi poezia iyo. waikiTxeT pavle ingoroyvas gamocemuli `qarTuli sasuliero poezia,~ romeli (martin) liuTeris, an francisko asizelis sagalobelni Seedaros mas... arc erT evropel qristian ers ar ucdia da ar SesZlebia Cvenebr reli-giis gaSuqeba poeziis optikiT.

arc espanuri fanatizmi, arc romaul-kaTolikuri asketizmi da dogmatizmi Cvens sarwmu-noebriv cxovrebas ar hxlebia. Cven ar gvaxsovs arc barTlomes Ramis saSinelebani, arc hugonotebi, arc autodafe.

Cveni berebi monastris kedlebSic eriskacebad rCebodnen, erisTvis, `soflisTvis~ zrunavdnen. moigoneT grigol xanZTeli da misi mowafeni~...

sveticxovlis kompleqsi

(saqarTvelos istoriis da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, w. V, Tb., 1990, gv. 261-269)legendis mixedviT, mcxeTeli ebraeli, eliozi, ierusalimSi qristes jvarcmas daswrebia,

kvarTi uflisa Camoutania saqarTveloSi. mcxeTaSi, qalaqis bWesTan, eliozs dahxvedria da, sidonia. ZmisaTvis kvarTi gamoutacnia da iqve suli ganutevebia. kvarTiTurT daukrZalavT, radgan qristes perangi micvalebulisaTvis ver gamourTmeviaT.

sidonias saflavze amosula libanis kedari (kviparosi).IV saukuneSi mirian mefem irwmuna qristes mier naqadagevi sarwmunoeba, brZana sidonias

saflavze eklesiis ageba.mokveTes didi kedari da misgan Svidi sveti daamzades. eqvsi sveti aRmarTes, meSvide haerSi

gaCerda, adgilidan ver daZres. wminda ninom mTeli Rame locvaSi gaatara. diliT moxda sas-wauli _ ninos locvis ZaliT `sveti ZirTave misTa zeda daemyara da mtkiced Seerwya Seuxeblad xelisagan kacTasa~.

sveti gaifoTla. misgan dena daiwyo mironma, romelic mswrafl kurnavda sneulT.svets uwodes `cxoveli~ _ sveti, sicocxlis momniWebeli.aqedan warmosdga TviT taZris saxelwodebac. pirveli sveticxoveli Zelisa (xisa) iyo.mexuTe saukunis dasasruls, vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis dros, pirvandeli xis nagebobis

nacvlad, aages qvis bazilikuri eklesia, romelmac XI saukunemde iarseba.1010-1029 ww., melqisedek kaTalikosis TaosnobiT, xuroTmoZRvarma arsukisZem aago svetic-

xovlis axali taZari.sveticxoveli iyo da aris saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis rezidencia saukuneebis man-

Zilze igi warmoadgenda msxvil saeklesio-feodalur samflobelos da mefe-didebulTagan uxv Sesawiravs iRebda. misi yma-mamuli mimofantuli iyo saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi.

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sveticxoveli iyo farTo saganmanaTleblo-samecniero centri, taZarSi arsebobda umdidre-si biblioTeka, qarTvel mefeTa da didebulTa saZvale.

1283 wels taZari miwisZvram daaziana. XIV s-Si giorgi brwyinvalem (1314 -1346) aRadgina taZris gumbaTi. XIVs-is bolos igi `iavarhyves spaTa lang-TemurisaTa~ _ moangries dasavleTis mklavis burjebi, gumbaTis yeli, magram mTeli Senobis dangreva mainc ver moaxerxes.

XV s-Si mefe aleqsandre didma(1412-1442) taZari kapitalurad SeakeTebina. 1656w. gumbaTis yeli kvlav aRadgines rostom mefem (1632-1658) da mariam dedofalma.

XIX s-is pirvel naxevarSi `jerovani keTilmSvenierebis~ misaniWeblad (egzarqosebis brZane-biT) samxreTisa da CrdiloeTis fasadebze mospes Zveli stoa, aafeTqes samarxebi taZris garSemo da interierSi SeaTeTres freskebis didi nawili...

1950w. taZris gumbaTqveSa ori burjis qveS aRmoCnda Vs-is bazilikis ornamentiani bazisebi (daculia minis qveS).

sveticxoveli jvargumbaTovani nagebobaa (gare zomebi 57,7m-27m; simaRle _ 49 m).taZris mSeneblobis moTave kaTalikosi melqisedeki da xuroTmoZRvari arsukisZe moxseniebul-

ni arian taZris warwerebSi _ aRmosavleT fasadze, Sua dekoratiuli TaRis qvemoT, Tormet diskoze (`adiden RmerTman qristes mier melqizedek qarTlisa kaTalikozi. amen~.

`aReSena ese wmidai eklesiai xeliTa glaxakisa monisa maTisa arsukisZisaiTa. RmerTman ganusu-ene sulsa missa~).

warweraa CrdiloeTis fasadze, mTavari sarkmlis zemoT, or qvaze (`xeli monisa arsukisZisai, r-Ta SeundveT~), romelTa Soris Casmulia mesame qva xelisa da gonios reliefiT. savaraudoa, rom am reliefma da warweram warmoSva legenda (rom sveticxovlis ostatma ajoba maswavlebels, risT-visac mas xeli mohkveTes) da xalxuri leqsi (`xekorZulas wyali misvams, mcxeTa ise amigia, damiWi-res, mklavi momWres, ratom kargi agigia~).

taZari nagebia kargad gaTlili rbili nacrisfer-moyviTalo da momwvano tonis qviSaqvisa da tufis kvadrebiT. zogierTi arqiteqturuli elementis xazgasmis mizniT, wyobaSi gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva feris qvebi (Rvinisferi da mwvane).

taZris gegmas safuZvlad udevs jvari aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken wagrZelebuli mkla-vebiT. oTx burjze damyarebulia maRalyeliani, Teqvsmetsarkmliani gumbaTi.

taZris dasavleT nawilSi koSkisebri nagebobaa. es sakuTriv `sveticxovelia~, sadac saswaul-moqmedi sveti inaxeboda. amJamindeli koSki XVII s-Sia agebuli.

taZris interierSi, samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi, kedelTan dgas mcire zomis eklesiis modeli-samlocvelo, romelic ierusalimSi macxovris saflavze aRmarTul taZars unda gamoxatavdes.

sveticxovelSi arian dakrZalulni vaxtang gorgasali, erekle meore, giorgi XII.XIs-Si taZari mTlianad moxatuli iyo. am xanis mxatvrobis mcire fragmentebia SemorCenili

(qriste da samariteli qali, mcenareuli ornamenti...). koloriti naTelia (mowiTalo da oqros-feri oqra, cisferi da Ria mwvane). danarCeni moxatuloba gviandelia (sameba, qriste gadaSlili saxarebiT, Tormeti wlis qristes qadageba eklesiaSi, xareba....).

moxatulobaSi Warbobs muqi lurji, yavisferi, monacrisfro-cisferi, TeTrnarevi yviTeli, monacrisfro-TeTri... es muqi da mRvrie koloriti gacocxlebulia muqi wiTeli feriT (ume-tesad, wmindanTa samosi). gamosaxulebaTa umetes nawils axlavs TeTri saRebaviT Sesrulebuli qarTuli da berZnuli warwerebi.

`sveti~ 1678-1688 ww-Si mouxatavs grigol guljavaraSvils (mefe miriani da dedofali nana, wminda nino...).

sveticxovlis taZari, ise, rogorc epoqis sxva wamyvani kaTedralebi (oSki, bagrati, alaverdi) gamoirCeva Tavisi absoluturi zomebiT _ igi Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos yvelaze didi nagebobaa.

* * *mkvlevar revaz siraZis mosazrebiT, `dawerilobiTac unda ganvasxvavoT `sveti-cxoveli~

(RvTa ebrivi naTlis sveti) da `sveticxoveli~ (taZari) (qristianuli kultura da qarTuli mwer-loba, I, Tb., 1992, gv. 111).

* * *revaz siraZe, sveti-cxoveli _ aqsiologiuri niSani qarTuli kulturisa `literaturuli saqarTvelo~ (26 dekemberi, 1997)

(aqsiologia _ berZn. `aqsia~ _ Rirebuleba, `logos~ _ moZRvreba; aqsiologia _ moZRvreba, rome-

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lic Seiswavlis Rirebulebis raobas (ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni, Tb., 1989, gv.64)`sveti-cxoveli RvTaebis simboloa da misi saxelobisaa sveticxovlis taZari. es emyareba

pavle mociqulis sityvebs: `jer-ars saxlsa Sina RmrTisasa slvai, romel ars eklesiai RmrTisa cxovelisai, sueti da simtkice WeSmaritebisai~ (I tim. 3, 15).

sveti-cxoveli sabolood amkvidrebs da aSinaarsebs qarTul qristianul kulturas.sveti-cxoveli aris simbolo mama-RmerTisa, Ze-RvTaebisa da suliwmidisa... samebis erTarse-

bisa. yovelive es imTaviTve gacxadda `moqcevai qarTlisaisa~ da `wm. ninos cxovrebaSi~, magram sagangebo ganmartebebi gadmocemuli aqvs nikoloz gulaberisZes, did qarTvel RvTismetyvelsa da filosofoss.

revaz siraZe wers, rom sveti-cxoveli maradiuli cxovrebis momniWebeli naTlis svetia da amitom ewoda mas `ganmacxovelebeli~, amitomac ismis mis saxeldebaSi sityva `cxoveli~, romliTac qarTulad saxeldebulia macxovari.

sveti-cxoveli sveticxovlis taZarSi arsebuli is sulieri naTelia, romelic qarTul enas akavSirebs RvTaebriv zecasTan.

sveticxovlis taZari samjer aSenda: pirvelad mefe mirianis dros (IVs.), meored _ vaxtang gor-gaslis dros (Vs.), bolos _ giorgi I-is mefobis Jams (XIs.). icvleboda taZris saxe, magram rCeboda cxoveli sveti _ RvTaebrivi naTlis sveti.

sveti-cxoveli sulia sveticxovlis taZrisa. igi saRvTo sulierebiT gaaSinaarsebs sveticxov-lis taZars...~

`didostatis marjvena~(romanis istoriuli foni)

romanis istoriuli foni warmoCenilia TxzulebebSi `matiane qarTlisa~ da sumbat daviTis Zis `cxorebai da uwyebai bagratonianTa~ (XIs.-s pirveli naxevari) (qarTuli proza, t. 3, Tb., 1982; Zv. saistorio mwerlobis Zeglebi, t. VIII, Tb., 1990).

sumbat daviTis Ze, `cxorebai da uwyebai bagratonianTa~Txzulebis mixedviT, axali welTaRricxvis meeqvse saukuneSi, umefobis Jams, qarTlSi mo-

dis daviT winaswarmetyvelis STamomavlis, solomon danis Zis oTxi vaJi (danarCeni sami somxeTs mieSureba), romelTagan erT-erTi, guarami, `ganaCines~ qarTlis erisTavad. sumbatis mixedviT, am guaramiT iwyeba qarTlSi bagrationTa uwyveti mmarTveloba. mematiane qveynisaTvis umniSv-nelovanesad miiCnevs erTmTavrobis princips, radgan mxolod erTi mefe alagmavs calkeul `az-naurTa borotTa saqmeTa~.

bagrationTa qarTlSi mosvlis TariRze gansxvavebul mosazrebas iZleva `mefeTa cxovreba~, `moqcevai qarTlisai~ da `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~.

giorgi merCulis mixedviT, pirveli bagrationi aSot I didi kurapalati iyo (VIII-IX ss.), rac gaziarebuli mosazrebaa qarTul istoriografiaSi.

X s-is bizantieli istorikosis, imperator konstantine porfirogenetis `administrando imperio~-Si miTiTebulia, bagrationTa ierusalimidan wamosvlisa da qarTlSi damkvidrebis droidan oTxasi an xuTasi welia gasulio.

Cans, ukve X s-Si Tavs bagrationebi qarTlSi V-VI ss-Si mosulebad miiCnevdnen. saqarTvelo-bizantiis mWidro politikuri da kulturuli kavSirebis wyalobiT, es cnoba bizantiaSic SeaR-wevda, rasac porfirogenetic adasturebs.

sumbatis `cxovreba~ damoukidebeli saxiT ar Semonaxula. igi daculia matianeebis krebulSi `qarTlis cxovreba~. bolo winadadebebi, romlebSic giorgi pirvelis meuRlis, mariam dedoflis bizantiaSi stumrobaa aRwerili, badebs eWvs, rom teqsti naklulia.

CvenTvis saintereso xana (romanis istoriuli foni) moicavs giorgi pirvelis mefobis Jams (1014 wlis 7 maisidan (bagrat III kurapalatis gardacvalebidan) 1027 wlis 16 agvistomde).

giorgi I Svilia bagrat III-isa, `SviliSvili~ daviT kurapalatisa (romelsac eSvila bagrati, Ze gurgen magistrosisa (ix. komentarebi akaki wereTlis `Tornike erisTavisa~)).

matianeSi vkiTxulobT: `gardaicvala daviT didi kuratpalati (matianeSi swored es transkrifciaa daculi), Ze adarnase kuratpalatisai qronikonsa ska (1001w.) da ara esua Ze. da aoxrda imier tao. da gamovida basili berZenTa mefe (basili II _ 976-1025 ) da miscnes mas cixeni aznaurTa ama daviTisTa, da daipyra basili mefeman mamuli daviT kuratpalatisai. da mivides mis

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winaSe bagrat afxazTa mefe (bagrat III _ 1001-1014) da mamai misi gurgen. da mosca maT basili mefe-man pativi, gurgens magistrosobai da bagrats kuratpalatobai~ (gv. 52). bizantiis imperators am xerxiT mama-Svils Soris mtrobis Camogdeba surda (kurapalati magistross aRmatebuli xarisxi iyo), magram `gurgen WeSmariti da marTali iyo da vera aRZra guli misi zakviTa~.

gurgeni 1008 w. gardaicvala. bagrat didi kurapalati eufla taos mamulsa Tvissa, da daipy-ra yoveli kavkasia jiqeTiTagan vidre gurgenadmde, xolo adarbadagani da Sarvani moxarke yo, somxiTsa xelmwifebiTa nebierad ganagebda. mefe sparsTa megobrad da erTgul yo sibrZniTa da ZlierebiTa TvisiTa ufros saxleulTa TvisTasa, berZenT mefesaca SiSi aqunda amisi yovladve~. sakuTari mamis disSvilebi (Tavisi mamidaSvilebi), klarji xelmwifeni, sumbat da gurgen, bagrat artanujelis vaJebi darbazobaze iwvia fanaskertis cixeSi, Seipyra, `aRixuna queyanani da cixeni maTni~ da Tmogvis cixeSi gamohketa, sadac gardaicvalnen kidec 1011 da 1012ww...

bagratma `movlo yoveli samefo Tvisi, afxazeTi, hereTi da kaxeTi, movida da daizamTra xe-vTa taosaTa. da mo-ra-iwia zafxuli, movida masve cixesa fanaskertisasa da mun gardaicvala ese bagrat qronikonsa sld (1014w.), TTuesa maissa z (7 maiss), dResa paraskevsa~ (sumbat daviTis-Zis cnobas avsebs `qarTlis cxovrebis~ monacemi: `da warmoiRo guami misi zvadman erisTavT-eri-sTavman da damarxa b e d i a s~ (`qarTlis cxovreba,~ I, gv. 283)).

bagratma `dauteva Ze Tvisi giorgi da dajda igi mefed wlisa ie (18 wlisa). matianis mixedviT, giorgis mefoba sakmaod rTul periods daemTxva. oriod gverdzea aRwe-

rili giorgi pirvelis ToTxmetwliani mefoba.`xolo dajda ra ese giorgi mefed, gandga amas qveyana hereT-kaxeTisai da RadrobiTa (dau-

ndoblobiT _ saba) aznaurTaTa Sepyrobil iqmnnes erisTavni. maT queyanaT kualadve euflnes maTni ufalni, romelTa pirvel aqunda igi~ (`didgvarovani aznaurebi aujanydnen mcirewlovan mefes da kaxeT-hereTi saqarTvelos CamoaSores~ _ qse, t. 3, gv. 159).

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ monacemiT (rac sumbatis matianeSi ar dasturdeba), giorgi pirvelma isargebla imiT, rom 1014-1016ww_Si bizantiis imperatori basil II bulgarelebs eomeboda, gada-laxa bizantiis sazRvrebi da tao daibruna.

sumbat daviTis Ze mogviTxrobs: `amis giorgis mefobisa meSvidesa welsa gamovida basili berZenTa mefe amas giorgis mefesa zeda. xolo ese giorgi ganvida laSqriTa didiTa (es 1021 w. xdeba, rodesac basilim bulgarelebTan brZola daamTavra da sadavo teritoriebis dacla moi-Txova (`zemoni queyanani~ _ ix. `Tornike erisTavis~ komentarebi _ n.k.)) da daibanakes queyanasa ba-sianisasa orTave mraval dRe, da ara mivides brZolad erTmanerTsa zeda, aramed moerida giorgi da dawua qalaqi olTisi... gamoudga kualsa da moudga ukana mefe berZenTa~. giorgi mefis arier-gardi (jaris ukana nawili) da basili mefis jaris avangardi (wina frTa) erTurTs Seeba `sofelsa Sina, romelsa ewodebis SirimTa.

(Sirimnis brZola _ 1021 _ brZola saqarTvelosa da bizantiis laSqars Soris SirimnTan (axl. TurqeTis teritoriaze). bizantiis imperias ar akmayofilebda saqarTvelosagan misi si-uzerenobis formaluri aRiareba da cdilobda, realurad ganemtkicebina Tavisi mdgomareoba, risTvisac XIs. dasawyisSi samxr. taos teritoriaze daviT kurapalatis yofili samflobeloebi-dan iberiis Temi Seiqmna. bizantia cdilobda, SeeCerebina saqarTvelos gaerTianebis procesi da xelSi Caegdo mosazRvre miwebi.

1014-1018 ww_Si, roca bizantia bulgareTTan omiT iyo dakavebuli, saqarTvelom brZola dai-wyo samxr. taos miwa-wylis dasabruneblad. qarTvelebs mxarSi amoudgnen somxebic. giorgi pir-velma daikava bizantiis mier mitacebuli cixesimagreebi, magram bizantiam, bulgarelTa damar-cxebis Semdeg, giorgi pirvels dakavebul simagreTa dacla mosTxova. aristakes lastivertecis cnobiT, giorgim ar Seasrula basilis moTxovna. ganrisxebulma basilim saqarTveloze gamoi-laSqra. giorgim laSqari Sekriba, magram, mowinaaRmdegis didi ricxobrivi upiratesobis gamo, Sebma mizanSeuwonlad CaTvala da ukandaxeva daiwyo. mtris moZraobisaTvis rom xeli SeeSala, giorgi I-ma gadawva olTisi.

bizantielebi 1021w. palakacios (Cildiris) tbis maxloblad, SirimnTan Seebnen saqarTvelos laSqris ariergards. qarTvelebma ukuaqcies mteri, magram mopovebuli upiratesobis SenarCu-neba ver SeZles, ukan daixies. aman mteri gaaaqtiura. bizantielebma gaanadgures kola-artaan-javaxeTi, TrialeTSi SemoiWrnen. giorgi pirvelma kaxeT-hereTis Zalebi moiSvelia da brZo-lis ganaxleba gadawyvita. zamTris moaxloebisa da qarTvelTa jaris gaZlierebis gamo basilim brZola aRar gaagrZela, ukuiqca da ukuqcevisas `kualad uborotesadre Suris-gebiT moaoxra queyanani~...

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brZolaSi daiRupnen didi feodalebi _ kldekaris erisTavi _ rati lipartis Ze da xursi (qse, t. 11., 1987,gv. 8)).

ukuqceulma basilim `daizamTra queyanasa xaldiasa, qalaqsa trapizontas. da vidodes moci-qulni orTave amaT mefeTani zavisaTvis erTmanerTisa winaSe da mSvidobisa..~.

Semoqceuli basili movida basians. da iTxovda igi giorgi mefisagan cixe-queyanaTa da aRuT-qumida zavsa da mSvidobasa. xolo giorgi mefeman ganavlina zviadi laSqariTa didiTa uwinares Tvissa (zviadi, igive zviad maruSiani, bagrat IV-isa da giorgi I-is spasalari (`matiane qarTli-sa~), romelic 1024 _ 1027 ww. Soris Sepyrobil iqna giorgi I-is mier (gomareTis warwera) (sumbat da-viTis Ze, cxovrebai da uwyebai bagrationTa, Tb., 1990, gv. 66). da dailaSqra zviadmanca amier kidesa basianisasa... xolo TviT giorgi mefe ukana isre ganvida zavad wadier laSqriTa didiTa, garna... mzakuarni igi aznaurni ara mieSunes giorgis yofad zavisa, rameTu ara undoda mSvidobai...~.

sumbatis cnobiT, giorgisa da basilis Soris dadebuli zavi `mzakvarma aznaurebma~ daarR-vies. ganrisxebulma basilim giorgis zavis werili Subis wverze wamoago da RmerTs SehRaRada: `ixile, ufalo, werili ese maTi da saqme, romelsa aw iqmen~.

mefe giorgisa da mTavari jaris misvlamde basilim gaanadgura qarTvelTa mcirericxovani spa, romelmac, mefis daukiTxavad, zavis darRveva da bizantielebTan Sebma gabeda.

basilis mainc afrTxobda qarTvelTa `gandgomileba~ da giorgisTan dazaveba amjobina (qse-s monacemebiT, trapizons gadasuli basili Zneli amocanis winaSe dadga _ bizantiaSi imperatoris winaaRmdeg ajanyeba daiwyo nikifore fokasa da qsifes meTaurobiT. giorgi miemxro ajanyebulebs da uari ganacxada bizantiasTan araxelsayreli zavis dadebaze, magram ajanyeba damarcxda. ba-silim kvlav gamoilaSqra saqarTveloze. Tavdapirvelad upiratesoba qarTvelTa mxareze iyo, magram saboloo gamarjveba bizantielT darCaT. giorgi iZulebuli gaxda, dasTanxmeboda mZime sazavo pirobebs (qse, t. 3, Tb., 1978, gv. 158-159)).

`yues maSin mSvidobai da daizavnes. da misca giorgi mefeman mZevlad Ze Tvisi bagrat, samisa wlisai yrma Cvili, da misca cixe aTormeti da queyanani daviT kurapalatisani naqonebni taos, basians, javaxeTs da SavSeTs~.

basilim Tan waiyvana sami wlis bagrati da giorgis Svilis sami wlis Semdeg dabruneba aRuT-qva.

sami wlis Semdeg basilim konstantinepolidan marTlac warmogzavna bagrati, romelsac ka-tabani (bizantiis samefo karis moxele) gamoayola. `da moiwia bagrat taos da Semovida Tvissa mamulsa banas..~.

katabani ukan gabrunda. gzad bizantiis axali imperatoris _ basilis Zmis _ konstantines de-spanni Semoxvdnen.

basili gardacvliliyo. konstantine mZevali bagratis ukan dabrunebas ubrZanebda katabans, magram katabanma es ver moaxerxa:

`devna uyo mas, garna ver ewia, rameTu Tvissa mamulsa Semosrul iyo igi (bagrati) da ganZ-lierebul laSqariTa, romlisa brZolad verRara eZlo katabansa mas... eha, didi da sakvirveli mowyalebai RmrTisai! viTar-Ra ganera marTali xelTagan SempyrobelTa da mterTa misTasa, qo-ronikonsa sme (1025w.).

da movida bagrat saberZneTiT winaSe mamisa Tvisisa giorgi mefisa da dedisa Tvisisa ma-riam dedoflisa (mariam dedofali _ vaspurakanis somxuri samefos ukanaskneli mefis, seneqerim arwrunis asuli (sumbat daviTis Ze, cxorebai da uwyebai bagratonianTa, Tb., 1990, gv. 67) qalaqsa maTsa quTaTiss, da esreT Sekrbes igini mSvidobiT da misces didebai da madlobai RmerTsa mo-madlebisaTvis maTda eseviTarisa mis keTilisa. da Semdgomad amissa, ra gardaxdes welni orni, gardaicvala giorgi, mamai amis bagratisi, TrialeTs, adgilsa mas, romelsa ewodebis myinvarni, qoronikonsa smz, TTuesa agvistosa iv (1027w. 16 agvisto).

giorgis Semdeg gamefda cxra wlis bagrati (IV). ganudgnen taoeli aznaurebi vaCe kariWisZe, baneli episkoposi ioane...

konstantinemac iseve moaoxra samxreTi saqarTvelo, rogorc adre _ basilim.sumbati konstantines sikvdils ase aRwers: `ewia risxua umsjavrosa mas mefesa konstantines,

msgavsadve ivlianes usjulosa, uwyaloebisTvis bagrat mefisa Cuenisa, mooxrebisaTvis mamulisa misisa...

...sanatrelman dedofalman mariam, dedaman bagrat mefisaman, Seimosa simxne da axovnebai, rameTu naSobi iyo brwyinvaleTa maT ZlierTa da didTa mefeTa arSakunianTa da warvida konstan-tinepolad winaSe mefisa, vedrebad missa, raTa mSvidoba-yos aRmosavleTisaTvis da raTa arRara iyos brZola berZenTa da qarTvelTa da glaxakni dawynarebul da myudro iyunen, da raTa miuTx-

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res pativi Zesa Tvissa bagrats mefesa wesisaebr saxlisa (maTisa). romanis istoriul fons warmoaCens roin metreveli werilebSi `saqarTvelos istoriis erTi

furceli~ (bizantia-bulgareTis 1014-1018 ww. omi da saqarTvelo) da `didostatis istoriuli foni~ (ix. wignSi r. metreveli, `da movides varangni,~ Tb., 1988, gv. 157-174).

`ra Zalebs eyrdnoboda giorgi I, roca mrisxane mbrZanebels qedi ar mouxara? qarTveli me-matianeebis cnobiT, kaxeT-hereTi aRar emorCileba saqarTvelos mefes (sumbatis cnobiT, dajda ra ese giorgi mefed, ganudga amas queyana hereT-kaxeTis (gv. 54)). `matiane qarTlisa~ uTiTebs, rom hereTi da kaxeTi bizantiis winaaRmdeg saqarTvelos samefos gverdiTaa. giorgi I-s udgas mxarSi anisis samefo...

iahia antioqelis cnobiT, giorgi I-ma saidumlo molaparakeba daiwyo egviptis xalifa al-haqimTan. saqarTvelos samefo karis winadadeba iTvaliswinebda bizantiaze Tavdasxmas erTdrou-lad egviptisa da saqarTvelos mxridan, e. i., samxreTidan da CrdiloeTidan am taqtikuri gegmis ganxorcielebas SeeZlo bizantiis imperia did safrTxeSi Caegdo saqarTvelo-egviptis molapa-rakebas praqtikuli Sedegi ar mohyolia, radgan 1021 w. al-haqimi gardaicvala.

`didostatis marjvenis~ epoqa etapobrivad daviT aRmaSeneblis moRvaweobamde swvdeba da ami-tom mwerali sruliad bunebrivad iyenebs XI-XII saukunis wyaroebs (sumbat daviTis Ze, `cxovrebai da uwyebai bagratonianTa~; `matiane qarTlisa;~ daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi...).

`didostatis marjvenis~ epoqa etapobrivad daviT aRmaSaneblis moRvaweobamde swvdeba da ami-tom mwerali sruliad bunebrivad iyenebs XI-XII saukunis wyaroebs (sumbat daviTis Ze, `cxovreba da uwyeba bagrationianTa~; `matiane qarTlisa;~ daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi...).

sumbat daviTis Zis garda, XI s-is dasawyisis ambebi moTxrobilia anonimi avtoris `matiane qarTlisaSi~ (qarTuli proza, t. 3, 1982).

`bagratsa da ganZis~ (ganjis) amiras, fadlons Soris zavi daido.bagratma _ `didman mefeman aRaSena saydari bediisa da Seqmna saydrad saepiskoposod.amanve akurTxa eklesia quTaTisisa (bagratis taZari) gangebiTa didiTa da miuwdomeliTa...

ese bagrat (III) afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefe waremata yovelTa xelmwifeTa yovliTa gangebiTa... Semdgomad didisa mefisa vaxtang gorgaslisa aravin gamoCenil ars sxva msgavsi misi didebiTa da ZaliTa da yovliTa gonebiTa. eklesiaTa maSenebeli iyo, glaxakTa mowyale da samarTlis mo-qmedi..~.

svimon kaTalikosis gardacvalebis Semdeg bagratma kaTalikosad `didebulTa kacTa Svili (Sdr. `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~ _ grigoli _ Svili warCinebulTa mama-dedaTai~), Tavisi na-Tesavi da `gazrdili~ melqisedeki daniSna.

bagrat mesame konstantinopols Cavida basilisTan, `raTa Seewios~ (daxmarebis saT xovnelad) (es is basilia, romelmac adre Tavad sTxova daxmareba daviT III ku ra palats (ix. akaki wereTeli, `Tornike erisTavi~). (`droni icvalnen..~.).

ucnobi mematiane gviambobs sveticxovlis Sesaxeb (`matiane qarTlisa~): `didi ese kaToli-ke samociqulo eklesia sveticxoveli, romeli vaxtang gorgasals aReSena, daZvelebul iyo da JamTa SlilobiT gareSemo stoani daqceul iyo da aRaravin iyo mwe aRSenebad da arcara vis Zale-dva aRSeneba misi. da mivida (bagrat III basilisTan) da miuTxra yoveli SeuZlebloba qarTvelTa da saTxoveli Tvisi.

maSin mefeman basili mosca monasteri kestoria... ganZi da Sesamkobelni eklesiaTani, xatni da jvarni, da yovelive samRdelmTavro da samRdelo samkauli. da warmovida da moiwia qveyanasave Tvissa qarTlad da sameufod qalaqad mcxeTad. da iwyo Senebad gareTiTa bWiTa da gareSemoTa stoiTa moqmniTa da zeda daburviTa. da yoveli ganasrula. da mimadla RmerTman ganaxleba mcxe-Tis qalaqisaca da Seamko didi kaTolike samociqulo eklesia sveticxoveli yovliTa samkaule-biTa, oqroTa da vercxliTa, TvaliTa da margalitiTa...

`Semkobili mxciTa (mxce _ WaRara) SuenieriTa~ bagrati taos garda cvlila. `warmoiRo gvami misi zviadman erisTavT-erisTavman da damarxa bedias.

(erTiani saqarTvelos pirveli mefis, bagrat mesamis saflavi bediaSia, oCamCiris raonSi).samxreT kedlis aRmosavleT nawilSia gamosaxuli qtitori _ bagrat mesame eklesiis mode-

liT xelSi.saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumSi daculia bediis barZimi. barZimis zeda nawil-

Si erTstriqoniani asoTmTavruli warweraa _ afxazeTis mefe bagrati da misi deda guranduxti barZims swiraven maT mierve axlad aSenebul bediis monasters.

barZimis gare zedapiri 12 TaRadaa dayofili. TiTo TaRis qveS TiTo figuraa _ erT mxares taxtze mjdomi qriste, meores _ RvTismSobeli yrmiT xelSi. aqeT-iqiT _ fexze mdgari wmindane-

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bi... (qse, t. II, Tb., 1997, 266)).`matiane qarTlisa~ mogviTxrobs:`Semdgomad (bagratisa) mefe iqmna Ze misi giorgi. da iyo igica savse yov liTa sikeTiTa. xolo

ese giorgi eufla yovelsa mamulsa da samefosa Tvissa Jamsa oden siyrmisa da siWabukisa misisa-sa, rameTu iyo, raJams mefe iqmna, wlisa aTormetisa (sumbatis mixedviT, Tvrametisa).

...axovan iyo da uSiSi yovliTurT, viTarca uxorco..~.ucnobi mematiane imav ambebs hyveba, rasac sumbat daviTis Ze. gardacvlil giorgis igi ase

axasiaTebs: `savse yovliTa keTiliTa... aravin gamoCenil iyo msgavsi misi mamaTa Soris misTa axo-vanebiTa, WabukobiTa da siqveliTa, taniTa da saxiTa, cnobiTa, da savse yovliTa gangebiTa sa-xelmwifoTa... iglovdes yovelni sikeTisa da siWabukisa da axovnebisa misisaTvis.

(giorgis gardacvalebis adgilad, iseve, rogorc sumbatis matianeSi, aqac dasaxelebulia TrialeTi, adgili, `romelsa ewodebis myinvarni, gina iwroni~).

esxnes Svilni oTxni: Zeni bagrat da demetre da asulni guranduxt da kata. mexuTe Svili maTi marTa micvalebul iyo...

...sxuaca Ze darCa giorgi mefesa anakofias Sina, ovsTa mefisa asulsa meoresa colsa Tana... saxeliT demetre (romelmac mimarTa berZenTa mefesa da warutana Tana anakofia da mieriTgan waruxda anakofia afxazTa mefesa moaqJamamde~ (matiane qarTlisa, qarTuli proza, t. III, Tb. , 1982, 95).

(es demetrea winapari daviT soslanisa).

personaJebi

sveticxovlis xuroTmoZRvari(konstantine arsakiZis daxasiaTeba)

qorsatevelas cixeSi kiviliT Semosuli Sorenas mklavi konstantine arsakiZes epyra, uwver-ul Wabuks. Zlier waagavda Sorenas, fxovuri Coxa ecva da Jangisferi Tori. mis danaxvaze es gai-fiqra giorgi mefem, Zma xom ar ariso es vaJi Sorenasi. gaaxsenda, mxolodSobili rom iyo Sorena.

kolonkeliZis amboxi daiwyo...xevis siRrmeSi sacalfexo biliks Sesdgomoda Toriani Wabuki cxeniT. fxovuri WrelaWruli

kaba ecva tankenars, fxovuri qudi exura Tavze. miimReroda: `kai yma, mgeli, arwivi _ arc erTi ar gaiwvrTnebis...mgeli ar moSlis mglobasa, kai yma _ mamacobasa, arwivi _ arwivobasa~.fxovelma dedakacma macned afrina Wabuki, Seevedra, `oCanis cixeSi ambavi daagde, mefis ja-

rebi modian-Tqo., mere kvetarisken mousvi~.kolonkeliZis dasjis Semdeg, `xelebi gaukres konstantine arsakiZes, Sorenas ZuZumtes, ro-

melic pirveli mivida kvetaris cixeSi mefis spaTa Semosvlis macned~.mcxeTaSi misvlisTanave irmis jogi sasaxlis ezoSi daabinaves, Sorena da misi Simunvarebi Ca-

ketes RarTiskaris cixeSi, xolo konstantine arsakiZes erTi sakani miuCines mTavarTa sanaTlois ubanSi, Zveli bazilikis nangrevebs gadaRma, sadac farsman sparsi cxovrobda.

nadirobisas Sexvda pirvelad mefe arsakiZes. lazuri wesiT nadirobda miminoze konstantine. misi Coxa birkas daexunZla, Tma gahburZgnoda.kvetaris erisTavis, Talagva kolonkeliZis, kiriTxuros vaJad gaecno mefes. mamamisi cixis

aRebisas moeklaT `samefois spaTa~.erT dros, Turme, eklesiebs aSenebda arsakiZis mama, magram mas Semdeg, rac kolonkeliZem

cixeebis Seneba ubrZana, dahyva amayi erisTavis nebas.mcxeTaSi tyveobisas yvavili moexada konstantines, amad swiravda mamals RvTaebas. kiriTxuro arsakiZe farsmanis xeldasxmiT Sromobda. roca mefem azri hkiTxa sparsze, lazma

daufaravad miugo: `Cinebuli ostatia farsmani, magram Tavnebaa friad. sxvaTa TaTbirs Cirad ara sTvlis. Znelia masTan muSaoba~.

cxakarisa da iTvalisis eklesiebi aego Wabuks. mefes Zalze moswonda es taZrebi, mitomac Seigula `glaxuna avSanisZem~ sveticxovlis xuroTmoZRrad swored arsakiZe, sasaxleSi iwvia, mefesTan wargadgeno, Sehpirda.

mefis xeldasxmiT, arsakiZem Seqmna naxazi sveticxovlis, ostats miutana _ giorgis ebrZane-bina, farsmanma gadahkraso Tvali.

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melqisedek kaTalikoss Tavisi gaetana _ taZari samnaviani unda yofiliyo, sami eklesia ga-marTuliyo masSi: olTisis eklesia, qarTuli laSqris mier gadamwvari, oric _ samcxisa, farsma-nis nagebi. simaRle siganeze orjer meti unda yofiliyo.

xuroTmoZRvris xarisxTan erTad, sarkinozebTan gaqceuli xursi abulelis saxlTuxucesis, ratis sasaxle miuboZa giorgim arsakiZes. mxevali nonaiRa cxovrobda ratiseul darbazebSi. SviliviT Seiyvara konstantine.

mamiseul ojaxSi nebierad aRzrdils, meurnis niWi ar mosdgamda arsakiZes. ganadgurebis pirs mimdgariyo ratiseuli sasaxle.

dReniadag xaraCoebze dabobRavda arsakiZe. mTel saqarTveloSi daexeteboda, cixeTa da ek-lesiaTa mSeneblobas Tvals adevnebda. daqanculi, kirSi amoTxvrili brundeboda nasamxralze Sin, zezeulad waixemsebda, kvlav samuSaos miujdeboda. Tavad xazavda gegmebs, asworebda sxvis mier daxatul detalebs, ar endoboda xelosnebs, xanac saWreTels waavlebda xels, aqandakebda bareliefebs, CuqurTmebs sWrida udrek lodebze, safreske naxazebs amzadebda Tavad. itanje-bod