matja e madhËsive karakteristike tË valËve

7/21/2019 MATJA E MADHSIVE KARAKTERISTIKE T VALVE

1/21

Praecdtdc4

`smt gritc

Vclc blbktrhacnobtikb

Zpbktri blbktrhacnobtik

Actdc b acgmsivb kcrcktbristikb t

Urdbtct hptikb

Prjcktiai i ndctsis vclhrb t grits ab rrdbt hptikb-

Prjcktiai i ndctsis vclhrb t grits ab co t uoczcvb t Oduthoit

Prjcktiai i iogbksit t tmyrdbs ab co t kogit t gbvidcjihoit t prizait

Obsmqip.elhnspht.jha
http://www.neshqip.blogspot.com/http://www.neshqip.blogspot.com/http://www.neshqip.blogspot.com/


2/21

Hptikc

Hptikc smt gbnc b fiziks b jilc b stugiho vbpriaio gmb vbtit grits prmcpdbo gmb ogrvbpriaio b scd ab

logo. Prvbq vbtivb gmb ogrvbpriait t scd hptikc stugiho bgmb ogrtiaio gmb prghriaio b iostruabotbvb q

b prghrio hsb b zeulhdo ct. Zmua fbohabob hptikb auog t llhncritbo ab co t prsmkriait klcsik

blbktrhacnobtik t grits. Phr prsmkriabt b trsismab blbktrhacnobtikb t grits dco vsmtir pr tu cplikucr

o prcktik. Gbrisc hptikc ndbhabtrikb grito b trcdtho si od khlbksiho t rrbzbvb q ugmthdo onc liodct b grbdtcgmb tmymbo kur kclhdo prabs siprfcqbvb hsb pcsqyrhmbo, hptikc fizikb smt odb onc ahgblbt ab t plhtc t

grits b jilc prfsmio bfbktbt b vcls si t tillc si gifrcksihoi iotbrfbrbojb btd. W dcpia vbta od smpdbnia t

smkurtr sc i prkbt lindbvb t zeulucrc o fusmo b hptiks ndbhabtrikb q ligmbo ab actdbt b acgmsisvb

kcrcktbristikb t vclvb. Lindi i prmcpdbs grbdtvizhrb s grits i jili tmht4 o adbgisio mhahndbo rrbzbt b grits

prmcpbo o aoyr grbdtvizhrb.

Lindi i pcvcrsis s tufcvb t rrbzbvb t grits4 Osb od tuf b grits gbprtho opr tufo tdbtr, ouk gh t

ogikhd o odrctdbtro.

Lindi i rbflbktiait t grits4 ndct roibs s rrbzbvb s grits o oghod pcsqyr t rrcfsmt, rrbzbt rosb trbflbktucrc qogrhdo o t oddtio rrcfsm vbrtikcl ogcd rrcfsmit t pcsqyrs gmb fhrahdo kogb t oddtc ab

ohraclbo b lsmucr o piko b rbflbktiait


3/21

O fin. 3.: rrbzdc rosb r0rbflbkthmbt onc siprfcqdc kufitcrb PP gmb ab ohraclbo o piko 0 aeyll kogio .

Bgmb rrbzdc b rbflbktucr r3ab t oddto ohraclb aeyll ph csmtu t oddtio kog gmb qogrho o t oddtio rrcfsm

vbrtikcl, sikursb rrbzdc rosb. Urcfsmi vbrtikcl qumbt rrcfsm i roibs, kursb rrcfsmi mhrizhotcl PP qumbt rrcfsm i

rbflbktiait, prkctsismt rrcfsm kufitcr.

Prcogcd, kogi i roibs smt i ecrcecrt ab kogio b rbflbktiait.

Lindi i tmybrdbs s grits4 Urbzdc rosb o siprfcqbo kufitcrb t gy adbgisbvb qogrho o t oddtio rrcfsm ab

rrbzbo b tmybr, kursb rcphrti i siousbvb t kogbvb q cth fhrahdo ab ohraclbo smt acgmsi khostcotb. Osb

adbgisi o t jilio prmcpbt rrbzdc rosb r0b kc iogbksio b tmybrdbs o3, kursb adbgisi o t jilio prmcpbt rrbzdc b

tmybr b kc iogbksio b tmybrdbs o5, ctmbr, onc fin. 3.:, lindi i tmybrdbs smprbmbt o fhrao4

Osb adbgisi i pcr smt vckua, kursbjsmt smpbdtsic b prmcpdbs s grits o t, ctmbr acgmsic4 o-qumbt

iogbks ceshlut i tmybrdbs.


4/21

Onc smprbmdc (3.3) smhmia sb vdbo4

(3.5)

o-q qumbt iogbks rblctiv i tmybrdbs, prcogcd o5/o31o pcrcqbt iogbksio rblctiv t tmybrdbs s ctyrb gy

adbgisbvb.

Zi smimbt, iogbksi rblctiv i tmybrdbs smprbm rcphrtio b smpbdtsis s grits o adbgisio b pcr gmb t gyt. Iogbksi

ceshlut i tmybrdbs smt ouar i jili nditmaho smt a i acgm sb 3,

prcogcd kur gritc kclho onc vckuuai o adbgis t gbogur nditmaho tmymbt gukb iu cfrucr ohraclbs, q gh t

tmht sb o kth rcstb smt nditmaho (c?).Osb gritc kclho onc adbgisi i gbogur o adbgis t rrcll, ndct tmybrdbs gh t lcrnhmbt onc ohracldc gmb ctmbr

(c < ).

`smt gritc 8


5/21

O fizik gritc smt rrbzctia blbktrhacnobtik ogcd s jils syri i odbriut smt adcft i ogdbsma. Gukb b

stugiucr kbtb fbohabo ab smbkud fizikcott brgmo o prfuogia sb gritc smt pdbs b vhnl b spbktrit

blbktrhacnobtik. Cdh prembt onc odsi vierubsb t bobrndis (kucotb) q trcosabthmbt onc euriai i grits o

vcl. gh ndctsi vclhrb smt b pbrjcktucr ab od spbktr t jcktucr ondyrcsm. Zpbktrio b grits s gibllit b

preo kcliai i prmbrsma onc vclt b smkurtrc vdhlljb, elu, dbsmilb gmb t phrthkclltc gbri tb vclt b ndctc t

kuqb. Dcsmt ktid vcrnu syri i odbriut ouk auog t smhm rrbzbt ncac, ], ultrcvdhlljb sikurs bgmb rrbzbt iofrc tkuqb ouk dco t guksmab. Khmc b jilc i gumbt grits pr t kclucr onc hedbkti gbri tb syri i vzmnubsit

prjckthmbt ab smpbdtsio b grits. Fizikcoti frcojbz Lbho Fhujcult o vitio 3=90 o ayr bkspbriabotclb

prjckthi scktsismt smpbdtsio b grits 5.9= x 30=a/s. Tckhoismt pr smpbdtsio b grits o vckua gmb cdr

prghrbt vlbrc b rruaeullcksucr :x30= gatm :00 000 ka/s.

Gritc vierubsb prembt onc tufct vierubsb cph kucotbt b bobrindis gmb gcllhmbt onc llhdbt tdbrc t rrbzctiait

blbktrhacnobtik vbta prabs ndctsis vclhrb. Vclt b grits kco ndctsi vclhrb smua t vhnl sb sc psm vclt

b rcgihs cph t rcgcrit ab bobrndi a t ult. Ndctsic vclhrb actbt ab ocohabtr. Ocohabtri smt b gmdbtc

pdbs b ailihot b jbotiabtrit (30-9).

Zht prghrbo gy tbhri o smpdbniaio b vbpriabvb gmb priojipbvb t grits4 tbhric khrpuskhlcrb b grits sipcs Isck

Oduthoit i jili tmbkshi sb odsit b bobrndis s grits o aoyr liobcrb prmcpbo onc euriai i grits. Gmb tbhric

vclhrb b grits b Kristico Mcdnbos sipcs t jilit gritc lviz o aoyr t ondcsmab sikursb bgmb zri. Kco kclucr

a sb 300 vdbt gmb smkbojtcrt ouk ph auogbo t eibo gckhrg sb jilc tbhri smt b sckt. Zht t gy tbhrit

prghrbo o smpdbniaio b grits.


6/21

Vclc blbktrhacnobtikb

Pcrc sb t smqyrhda acgmsit kcrcktbristikb tb vclbvb ti eda od smqyrtia sb `smtb vclc blbktrhacnobtikb

gmb spbktri blbktrhacnbotik. W nditm b gia sb euria i dbts o thk smt gritc t jilo b acrria onc Giblli

gmb kdh bobrndi onc giblli o thk trcosabthmbt o fhra t vclvb blbktrhacnobtikb. Vbhric krybshrb b ktyrb

vclvb smt sb cth auog t prmcpbo oprabs mcpsirs ehsmb gmb prcogcd gritc onc giblli crrio tbk ob. Phr

odbriu smpiku od ouar t euriabvb t lbmtc t grits pr tc zvogsucr grito b gibllit, psm ndct octs. Prcogcd

euriabt b grits auog t ogcmbo o octyrhrb gmb crtifijiclb.

Gritc smt od fhra b bobrndis qb kridhmbt onc oghod euria psm giblli, llcapc btd, gmb b gia q bobrndic

trcosabthmbt, prmcpbt onc od vbog o vbogio tdbtr o gy fhrac4 hsb prabs lvizdbs s nriajcvb hsb prabs

lvizdbs s vclvb. Prcogcd tmumbt q gritc kc bgmb octyr nriajhrb bgmb vclhrb.Gritc prc onc cspbkti niajhr

prembt onc od ouar i acgm i nriajcvb tb vhnlc t jilct i qucda fhthob gmb kdh smt vrtbtucr onc od

ouar i acgm i bkspbriabobtbvb ob fizik. Phr t smhmia sb fcr ookupthmbt ab fdclio sb gritc smt vcl

blbktrhacnobtikb. Ob b gia sb pr bkzistbojo b od vclb smt b obvhdsmab euriai i vcls b jilc lviz o

aoyr pbrihgikb. Phr cdh q b auogsho prmcpdbo b vcls blbktrhacnobtikb smt fusmc blbktrikb gmb

acnobtikb b jilc ilustrhmbt ob finuro b aphsmtab.

Fin.5 Prmcpdc b vcls blbktrhacnobtikb


7/21

Zpbktri blbktrhacnobtik

Vclt blbktrhacnobtikb dco t nditmc cth vcl t jilct prmcpbo prabs grigmdbs (smqbtsiait) t fusms blbktrikb

gmb acnobtikb. B precsmkt b tyrb smt smpbdtsic b prmcpdbs prkctsismt smpbdtsic b grits gmb gcllhmbt

pr onc ndctsic vclhrb gmb frbkubojc. Urcgmitdbo b t nditmc ndctsivb vclhrb rbspbktivismt frbkubojcvb t vclvb

blbktrhacnobtikb b qucda spbktr. Gritc smt vbta od pdbs b vhnl b spbktrit t vclvb blbktrhacnoobtikb.

Kth dco cth ndctsi vclhrb gmb frbkubojc ogcd t jilcvb syri yo smt i ogdbsma (:=0 oa->60 oa).

Zpbktri i vclvb gmb rrbzctiait blbktrhacnobtik prembt onc4 rcgih vclt, aikrhvclt, rrbzbt iofrc t kuqb, gritc

guksmab, rrbzbt ultrcvdhllvb, rrbzbt ronbo, rrbzbt Ncac. O ilustriaio b aphsmta auog t smimbt spbktri i

rrbzctiait blbktrhacnobtik ku trbnhmbt sb jilcvb fusmc (zhoc) i prndindbo ndctsit gmb frbkubojct vclhrb.

Fin.: Zpbktri blbktrhacnobtik


8/21

Gisc vbhri t grits tb spbktri hptik

smt vrtbtucr sb gritc b guksmab prfsmio erbzio b vclvb blbktrhacnobtikb prbd :=0 oa gbri >60 oa gmb

prembt onc smtct ondyrc spbktrclb blbabotcrb, ndctsic vclhrb b t jilcvb smt si a phsmt4

Gritc b kuqb >60- 650 oa, gritc b phrthkcllt 650-290 oa, gritc b vbrgm 290- 260 oa

Gritc b ndbler 260 -200 oa, gritc b kcltr b aeyllt 200-7=0 oa, gritc b kcltr 7=0- 720 oa

Gritc b vdhlljb 720-:=0 oa

Kcrcktbristik b spbktrit t guksma smt sb auog t prfithmbt ab ogimao b tmybrdbs gmb ab gifrcksiho ab

`rcst prjcktiai i ndctsis vclhrb t grits gh t oc dcp t oddtio rbzultct o t gy rcstbt bgmb psb rbogitdc b

ondyrcvb gh t dbt b kuogrt.

Zpbktri hptik prfsmio erbzio b grits s guksmab grito ultrcvdhlljb si gmb grito iofrc t kuqb. Vbhri tdbtr b

spbktri hptik smt sbjilc ondyr blbabotcrb kc iogbks tdbtr t tmybrdbs o rcstio kur gritc b ab ondyr tc ecrgm

eib o od fcqb t prizait trbfcqshr t qblqit oo od kog t jcktucr, o kt rcst gritc gukb u tmybr opr

priza gh t smprfcqbt ab ondyrc blbabotcrb. Onc kdh tmybrdb iogbksio a t acgm b kc gritc ab ondyr vdhlljb

prcogcd kdh ondyr tmymbt a s smuati, b iogbksio a t vhnl t tmybrdbs b kc gritc ab ondyr t kuqb sbpsb cdh

a s pcku tmymbt.

Fin. 7 Zpbktri hptik


9/21

Fhraulc b Eclabrit o prjcktiaio b ndctsis vclhrb

Zmkbojtcri Eclabr o vitio 3==6 kc zeulucr o aoyr bkspbriabotclb spbktrio b cthait t migrhndboit q

prembt onc gisc vidc spbktrclb o erbzio b grits s guksmab.

Eclabri o aoyr bapirikb prjckthi ndctsio vclhrb t sbjils vid o sbrio b Eclabrit. Kdh fhraul smt

smkrucr o kt fhra4

ku4 0 1 :67.26- jhost.

o- or. i plht q abrr vlbrct :,7,2,6.

bgmb smkbojtcrt tdbr dco auogucr t prjckthdo bgmb vidct spbktrclb t blbabotbvb tdbrc b dh vbta t

cthait t migrhndboit. Fizijiboti subgbz Dhmcobs Uygebrn a 3=90 kc gmo od fhraul ab t jilo auog tllhncritbo vidct spbktrclb bgmb pr blbabotbt tdbrc. Fhraulc b till odimbt ab bario b Uygebrnut gmb kc kt

trcdt4

Ku4

UM1 309>6>2= a-3 ( khost. b Uygebrnut) ofauog t kbt ouar t plht, ogrsc

Oi 1 of +3, of+5, of+: btd.


10/21

Zpbktri i pcgukssma blbktrhacnobtik

Ucgihvclt-Bkzistiaio b rcgihvclvb pr mbr tc pcr o tbhri b kc vrtbtucr Acksubll ogrsc o aoyr

bkspbriabotclb b vrtbthi Mbiorijm Uughlf Mbrtz. Kth vcl auog t dbo t kriducrc onc octyrc hsb ab

iostruabotb tbkoikb. Zi vcl blbktrhacnobtikb cth qogrhdo erbogc od erbzi t frbkubojcvb q fillho onc gisc

kMT gri o : NMz. Ab ogimao b ktyrb vclvb embt prmcpdc cph ecrtdc b iofhractcvb tbkoikb. Tckhoismt

rcgihvclt prghro pc oghod ligmdb abkcoikb pr trcosabtia t zrit, fhthnrcfis. W gmoct q gumbt

trcosabtucr ab ogimao bb ahgulcthrvb futbo o od ecrts t vclvb gmb prbd ct o od cotbo smprogcrsb.

Cotboc prcoubsb i abrr kth vcl ab t oddtct lkuogdb t jilct ab od prfhrjia i prjdbll gbri tb

gbahgulcthri. Prpcrsit b rcgihvclvb dco t smuatc si psm oxbmdcb tmcrdc b qlliab t tdbrc smogbtshrb.

Aikrhvclt-Dco erbzi i vclvb ab ndctsi gbjiabtri, jbotiabtri gmb ailiabtri. Ab aikrhvcl kupthmbo vcl

blbktrhacnobtikb ndctsic b t jilcvb ndbogbt Erbogc 3 a gmb 3 aa q i prndindbt od erbzi t frbkubojs prbd

:00 AMz gbri :00 NMz. Pr smkck t ndctsis s aikrhvclvb dco t airc pr oncjaiaio b giphliaio gmb

lkuogdbvb t ahlbkulcvb. Pcsi q aikrhvclt dco vcl blbktrhacnobtikb ctmbr cth mydo o fhraulo b

Acksubllit. Kdh ookuptho sb cth ondcsma si gritc tmbmbo b dco rbflbktubsb gmb kco vbtio ceshreiait.

Urbzbt iofrc t kuqb-Erbzi o spbktrio blbktrhacnobtik o abs t grits s guksma bgmb vclvb t ndctc t

aikrhvclvb q I prndindbt ndctsivb vclhrb prbd >=0 oa gbri 3 aa odimbo si rrbzb iofrc t kuqb. Urbzctiai Iofrc

t kuq smt pcrcqitur onc Isck Oduthoi kursb Vilica Mbrsmbl ndbo bobrndio rblctivb t ktyrb rrbzbvb gukb

vboghsur od priza hptik oo rrbzbt b gibllit. O ndumo b prgitsmab th rrbzb odimbo si rrbzbt b oxbmtsis. Pr

t vrtbtucr bkzistiaio b rrbzbvb o tr erbzio b ktyrb vclvb prghrbo gbtbkthr tbraik. O dbto b prgitsmab

kth rrbzb ndbdo zectia prcktik si o adbksi, o tbkohlhndit b cuthaheilcvb, ct usmtcrckb, o tbkohlhndio b

abtclbvb

Gritc b guksmab-Urbzctiai blbktrhacnobtik ab odb ndctssi vclhrb q smt b guksmab pr syt b odbriut.trb

pracsct tmbablhrb t grits dco4 gbogsic cph ndbrsic q kc t ed ab rrhkdbo odbrzhrb t ogriubsmaris

s grits, ndctsic b vclsq kcpbt onc odbrzit si onmyc b grits gmb phlcriziai hsb kogi i grigmdbs q o rrbtmcoc

t roghatc smt i pckcpsma pr odbrzit.

Urbzbt ultrcvihlbt- smt erbz i rrbzctiait o spbktrio blbktrhacnobtik q ndbogbt o abs t rrbzctiait t grits

s guksmab gmb vclvb rotnbo. Ky rrbzctia pr syrio b odbriut smt i pcguksma. Zi t tillc kth rrbzb kco

piko b tmybrdbs gmb ceshrehmbo. Ndctsic vclhrb b ktyrb rrbzbvb smt onc >=9 tbrc mbrj gbri (:=0 oa) gbri o

:00 PMz ( 3 oa). Ky rrbctia smt zeulucr onc D.V. Uitbr.


11/21

Gisc kcrcktbristikc t vclvb

Ndctsic vclhrb

O fizik ndctsc vclhrb hsb ndctsic b od vclb sioushgclb smt pbrihgc b vcls rbspbktivismt gistcojc aei t

jilo fhrac b vcls prsritbt. Ndctsic b vcls dbpbt zckhoismt onc smkrhodc nrbkb lcaegc (). Ph t acrria

pcrcsysm sb od vcl siousihgclb lviz ab od smpbdtsi t jcktucr, ndctsic b vcls smt o prhphrjiho t zmgrbdt

a frbkubojo4 vclt ab frbkubojc a t lcrtc kco ndctsi a t smkurtr, vclt ab frbkubojc a t ultc kco

ndctsi a t ndct. Zi smbaeud t fbohabobvb vclhrb kbai vclt b zrit, grito gmb vclt udhrb . Wbk gritc gmb

vclt blbktrhacnobtikb kbai hsmiliab t iotbositbtit t fusms blbktrikb gmb fusms acnobtikb.

Ndctsic b vcls smt od actdb b gistcojs o abs prsritdbs s gy tipcrbvb uoikb t vclbs, si p.sm aigis gy

krbsmtcvb, prc ndctsic vclhrb ouk act sc lcrn od tmraid lviz.

FrbkubojcO fizik, frbkubojc smt od acgmsi fizikb b jilc smprbm ouario b lkuogdbvb o od iotbrvcl

khmhr t jcktucr. Od cspbkt i rogsisma i octyrs s grits smt frbkubojc, Frbkubojc b vcls smt ohrac b

scd lkuogsb b jilc actbt ab mbrj, ku od mbrj smt i ecrcecrt ab od lkuogdb pr od sbkhog.

Iotbrfbrbojc-Osb gy vclt dco o t oddtio vbog o t oddto khm, cth khaeiohmbo ab odri-tdbtrio pr t

prhgmucr od vcl rbzultctb o prputmdb ab pcriaio b aeivboghsdb. Ky bfbkt smt qucdtur iotbrfbrboj.

Fin. 2 Iotbrfbrbojc


12/21

Gifrcksihoifbohabo kur vclt b grits smaconbo onc grbdtiai i prmcpdbs s tyrb ab rcstio b kcliait opr

vriac cph crdb smua t onusmtc cph ab rcstio b kcliait rrbtm tbmbvb cph fidbvb smua t mhllc.

Fin .6 Gifrcksihoi

Phlcriziai i grits- Gritc smt od vcl blbktrhacnobtikb. Vclc blbktrhacnobtikb nditmcsmtu smt bgmb vcl

trcosvbrzclb. Gimbt sb gritc octyrhrb smt dh b phlcrizucr. Osb gritc octyrhrb eib o oghod phlcrhig i jili smt i

ogrtucr o ct aoyr q lbdho lkuogdbo b vbkthrit t fusms blbktrikb vbta o od grbdtia psm vbrtikcl ctmbr

opr t auog t kclhdo vbta cth vcl blbabotcrb onc tufc b rrbzbvb rosb q plhtshdo kt kusmt. W nditmc

vclt tdbrc blbabotcrb gh t zmgukbo gmb pcs coclizcthrit aebtbo vbta vclt q lkuogbo o rrcfsmio vbrtikcl.

Vclt b tillc dco phlcrizubsb. Phlcriziai i grits smt od fbohabo q trbnho octyro vclhrb t grits, phr

odkhmsismt trbnho sb gritc smt od vcl trcosvbrzclb.

Fin. > Phlcriziai


13/21

Bobrndic b od vclb blbktrhacnobtikb

Bobrndic o od vcl blbktrhacnobtikb smt b ligmur ab fusmct blbktrikb gmb acnobtikb. O prnditmsi, bobrndic

pr odbsi vblliai o od fusm blbktrikb smt gmo onc 4

Gbositbti i bobrndis o od fusmb blbktrikb smt 1

0B

5

Kursb o od fusm acnobtik bobrndic pr odsi vlliai wsmtw

Gbositbti i bobrndis o od fusm anobtikb 1

E5 /0

Od vcl blbktrhacnobtikb kc gy fusmct blbktrikb gmb acnobtikb , ksmtu q gbogsic b prnditmsmab b bobrndist ligmur ab od vcl blbktrhacnobtikb smt 4

R1

0B

5+

E5 /0


14/21

Actdc b acgmsivb kcrcktbristikb t vclvb

Prjcktiai i ndctsis vclhrb t grits ab rrdbt hptikb

Urdbti hptik (i gifrcksihoit) zckhoismt smt od pllck qblqi cph acsb plcstikb o t jilct ab od tbkoik smua

t prshsur dco nrvismur ouar i acgm i vidcvb pcrclblb o gistcoj t oddtc vbta o grbdtia t pllcks.

Wufc b rrbzbvb pcrclblb t grits pcsi t kclhd opr rrdbt hptikb vczmgho si tuf pcrclblb, phr vbta o

grbdtiabt t jilct b plhtshdo fhraulo4

Zio z

Ku smt kogi pr t jilo smt zmvboghsur tufc b grits pcsi kc kclucr opr rrdbt,

z1 0,3,5,:.., smt ndctsic vclhrb b grits, kursb g- smt mcpi i rrdbts hsb lcrnsic o abs t vidcvb o

rrdbt. Zipcs kusmtbvb t gifrcksihoit o rrdbto hptikb iotbositbt a t acgm kc rrbzdc girbktb gatm. cdh q

vczmgho o t oddtio grbdtia(z10). Pcstcd o t gy cot b scd rrbzbdb rbogito rrbzbt b rbogti t pcr

(z13), b rbogit t gyt (z15) b ksmtu ab rrcgm .Zc a I acgm t dbt rbogi I rrbzbs s gifrcktucr cq a I acgm

gh t dbt kogi I smaconibs , kursb iotbositbti I tid a I vhnl.

Onc fhraulc a sipr auog t jckthmbt ndctsic vclhrb b grits ahohkrhactikb, osb actbt kogi I smaconibs

gmb jckthmbt rbogi I rrbzbs s smaconur prabs mcpit t odhmur t rrdbts . Gritc ahokrhactikb kc

rrbzb vbta t od ndctsib vclhrb pr ogrysmia onc gritc b ecrgm q i praeco t nditmc ndctsit vclhrb o

iotbrvclio b guksma (: 600 -> =00 C). Gritc ahohkrhactikb prfithmbt a s lbmti onc llcaec b octriuait,

gritc b s jils kc vbta ndctsi vclhrb smua t cfrtc o spbktrio b vbrgm, prcogcd auog t khosigbrhmbt

prcfrsismt si ahohkrhatikb. Nditmcsmtu auog t prfithmbt grit ahohkrhactikb ondyrcsm t ogrysmab, kur

lsmhmbt gritc b ecrgm opr filtrc t ogrysma, prc ondyrc b grits vcrbt onc filtri q prghrbt. Cpcrcturc pr

actdbo b ndctsis vclhrb t grits ab rrdbt hptikb smimbt o fin. =


15/21

Fin.=

Nypi K (khliacthri) kc o odrio skcd od crdb t onusmt gmb o skcdio tdbtr kc od tmdbrrz praelbgmsb.

crdc b onusmt ndbogbt o fhkus t tmdbrrzs, ksmtu rrbzbt pcsi t gclio onc crdc prmcpbo o aoyr

givbrndbotb prcpc tmdbrrzs gb fhrahdo tufo pcrclblb. Precll kscd tufb rrbzbsm pcrclblb smt b vboghsur

rrdbtc hptikb U. O coo tdbtr t rrdbts ndbogbt gyleic G b jilc auog t rrhtullhmbt rrbtm ehsmtit vbrtikcl. Kogi

i rrhtulliait t gyreis auog t lbxhmbt o smkcllo rrbtmhrb Z.

O hkulcr t gyleis dco vboghsur od hsb gy smbdzc vbrtikclb. Bjuric b actdbs embt o kt aoyr. Euriai

ahohkrhactik i grits, ndctsic b s jils actbt vboghsbt prpcrc khliacthrit cph crdbs s onusmt. crdc b

onusmt si gmb crdbt tdbrco rrdbto hptikb gumbt t dbo pcrclblb. Gyleic vboghsbt prcfrsismt o t oddtio

grbdtia ab khliacthrio gmb gukb smikucr prabs tid vrbmbt rrbzdc girbktb b jilc smimbt o gylei si vid vbrtikclb

prc kdh smt fytyrc b crdbs s onusmt t khliacthrit. Gukb b rrhtullucr hkulcrio prshsbt qcrtsic b kscd fyryrb.

Pcstc prabs rrhtulliait oncgclsucr t gyleis fytyrc edbo pikrismt o smbdz. Osb o gylei smt vbta od

pbdz, ctmbr rrbnullhmbt q cdh t kclhd prabs vids s ogritsmab, prc fytyrs. Osb hkulcri i kc gy smbdzc t

cfrtc, ctmbr udgisbt q fytyrc t qogrhd scktsismt o abs t smbdzcvb. Phzitc b prvbtsucr b fytyrs o

krcmcsia ab smbdzct gumbt aecdtur abog gmb prpdbkur q bgmb actdbt b tdbrc atutdb t embo o t odtdo

aoyr.


16/21

Wcoi o smkcll rrbtmhrb lbxhmbt phzitc b gyleis. Pcsi t dbt smoucr kdh phzit, gyreic rrhtullhmbt nditmod

gbrisc t pcrcqitbt fytyrc b rbogit t pcr. Prcp o t oddto aoyr embt prsmtctdc b smbdzs gmb lbxhmbt

phzitc b gyleis.

Ogrysmiai o t lbxucr o fillia pr rrbzb girbktb gmb pr kt rrbzb t rbogit t pcr. Prcp o t oddto aoyr

embt prsmtctdc b smbdzs gmb lbxhmbt phzitc b gyleis. Ogrysmiai o t lbxucr o fillia pr rrbzb girbktb gmb pr

kt rrbzb t rbogit t pcr dbp kogio 3. Gyleic bgmba tutdb rrhtullhmbt o t oddto kcmdb gbrisc t smimbt

rrbzdc b rbogit t gyt gmb o t oddto aoyr t fithmbt kogi 5, i jili nditmaho actbt onc phzitc fillbstcrb, prc

rrbzdc girbktb. Bjuric prsritbt gbri tb rrbzdc b rbogit a t lcrt t jilio bogb kbai auogsi tc vrbda o gylei.

Pr gh lbxia tcoi jckthmbt ndctsic vclhrb sipcs fhrauls (7.3) gmb abrbt vlbrc absctcrb. Wr bjuric auog t

prsritbt ab grit q kc ndctsi tdbtr vclhrb.


17/21

Prjcktiai i ndctsis vclhrb t grits ab co t uoczcvb t Oduthoit

Ph t vboghsbt od tmdbrrz plcokhovbksb o pdbso sfbrikb aei od pllck t rrcfsmt gmb ph t smogritbt ab grit

ahohkrhactikb q eib ncti pionul o plcoio b tmdbrrzs, o grito b rbflbktucr onc tmdbrrzc gmb pllckc gh t

smfcqbo uoczc khojbotrikb t brrtc cph t smogritsmabt csmtuqucdturc uoczc t Oduthoit. Cpcrcturc pr actdbo

b ndctsis vclhrb t grits ab co t uoczcvb t Oduthoit gukbt sio fin.=.3

Fin.=.3

Oo hedbktivio b aikrhskhpit A smt vboghsur pllckzc plcopcrclblbb tbdguksmab P gmb tmdbrzc plcokhovbksb

E. Wmdbrzc gmb pllckzc ndbogbo o stctivio b lvizsma O, q auog t lvizio prabs vigs aikrhabtrikb o

grbdtiaio mhrizhotcl. Kdh lvizdb auog t lbxhmbt o vigo aikrhabtrikb hsb o smkcll ab ohoius. Pllckzc

tdbtr plcopcrclblb b tbdguksmab N smt b vboghsur ogradbt tmdbrrzs gmb hedbktivit t aikrhskhpit oo

kogio prbd 72 . Gritc onc euriai Z pcsi t kclhd opr tmdbrz kclho od tuf pcrclblb gmb pcsi t kclhd opr

filtr F (ahohkrhactik) eib o pllckzo N. Od pdbs b kscd gritb ahohkrhactikb rbflbkthmbt onc pllckzc

vbrtikclismt tbphsmt gmb eib o tmdbrrz. Kdh grit pdbsrismt kclho opr tmdbrrz gmb opr pllckzo P gmb

pdbsrismt rbflbkthmbt vbrtikclismt prpdbt gmb smkho grbdt o hedbktivio b aikrhskhpit. Ubflbktiai i grits embt

onc t gy siprfcqbt b tmdbrrzs gmb t pllckzs P. Urbzbt q rbflbkthmbo onc siprfcqdc b phsmtab (sfbrikb) b

tmdbrrzs gmb onc siprfcqdc b siprab b pllckzs P auog t iotbrfbrhdo o abs vbti, sbpsb eurhdo


18/21

onc b oddtc rrbzb gmb kclhdo opr rrun t ogrysmab. Ky ogrysmia i rrunvb pcrcqitbt si lcrnsi b gyfismt

vbrtikclb o abs t siprfcqbs s phsmtab sfbrikb t tmdbrrzs gmb t siprfcqbs s siprab t pllckzs

plcopcrclblb P. Pcsi q kdh lcrnsi rritbt onc qbogrc b tmdbrrzs kcm pbrifbric, ctmbr opr gisc rrctm

pcrcqitboo mbr kusmtbt b prfhrjiait acksiacl (uoczct b brrtc t Oduthoit). Kth uoczc smimbo o aikrhskhp

ab pbdz o hjulcr, q smt vboghsur ohracl o grbdtia t lvizdbs s eczs q b aeco pllckzo P gmb

tmdbrrzo. Ubflbktiai i prsmkrucr i grits ahohkrhactikb onc siprfcqdc b siprab b pllckzs P embt onc

caeiboti hptikismt i gbogur, prcogcd o kt rcst vclc b grits b ogrrho fczo pr 3=0, kursb rrbzdc o

siprfcqbo b phsmtab t tmdbrrzs rbflbkthmbt onc caeiboti I rrcll gmb ouk b ogrrho fczo. O kt rcst pr

smiritc t iotbrfbrbojs ab trcsmsi t ecrcecrt vlbo

5og 1 z -pr smiritct b brrt

5og 1 (5z+3)

pr smiritc t ogritur

g

- trcsmsic b mcpsirs s cdrit

o1 3iogbksi i tmyrdbs s cdrit

z-ouar i plht

-ndctsic vclhrb b grits

U- rrbzdc b lckubsmaris s siprfcqbs sfbrikb t tmdbrrzs gmb

r- rrbzdc b uoczs s Oduthoit

r5 1 U z

Pcsi ouari rboghr z i uoczs s Oduthoit (odbmsucr onc qbogrc) vsmtir prjckthmbt pr smkck t rrbtmcocvb t

pcprsmtctsmab o qbogr t uoczcvb vzmnhmbo gy uoczc4 uoczc ab ouar rboghr z gmb uoczc ab ouar

rboghr z+s,

Ku s smt oghod ouar i plht. Ogrysmiai i kctrhrvb t rrbzbvb tcoi smt

r5 z+sr5z1 Us


19/21

prbd onc smt

1 (r5z+sr5

z )

Prbd kogbd prjckthmbo ndctsic vclhrb , gukb actur rrbzbo b uoczcvb rz+s gmb rz , rrbzbt b lckubsmaris s

tmdbrrzs U gmb gukb ouarucr s ogradbt rz+s gmb rz.

Bjuric b actdbs s ndctsis vclhrb ab cot t uoczcvb t Oduthoit embt o kt aoyr. Ogizbt euriai i grits

gmb rrhtullhmbt q t smimbo qcrt uoczct o aikrhskhp. Gukb lvizur tmdbrrzo gmb pllckzo rrbnullhmbt

smbdzc t tconhd od uocz t brrt b jilc ndbogbt a cfr qbogrs. Lbxhmbt phzitc o smkcll. Wcoi eczc lvizbt

o ct aoyr q qbogrc t kclhd opr smbdzo gmb rrbnullhmbt q t tconhd t oddto uocz, phr onc coc tdbtrb qbogrs. Ogrysmiai i t lbxucrit o smkcll dbp gicabotrio b uoczs 5rz. Pr t vrtbtucr sb actdc si onc odrc

co csmtu bgmb onc coc tdbtr embt o t oddto uocz, ouarhmbt ouari rboghr z onc qbogrc. Urbtmi i brrt o

qbogr t uoczs oghgm q ouk smt uoczc b pcr pr smkck t gbfhraiabvb blcstikb o piko b aesmtbtdbs

hsb t piks s plumurit aei t. Prcogcd z ouk kc obvhd t dbt b ecrcecrt ab z. Ky ahsecrczia ouk ogikho o

actdb. Osb tmdbrrzc odmbrit smt b vboghsur aei pllckz gmb sb phzitc b scd ouk ogrrho ctmbr z ouk

ogrrho gmb sb od uocz kc pr t pcsur nditmod t oddtio ouar z, pc acrr pcrcsysm sb onc jilc co b qbogrs

embt ouariai i tid. Kdh b eo t auogsma khotrhlliaio b prabogur, q actdc rz t embt au o t oddto

uocz. Wcoi abrrbt uoczc tdbtr q smt a cfr pbrifbris b q kc ouario rboghr z, prc pr Z a t acgmb s

Roczc b apcrsmab ksmtu o t oddto aoyr prjckthmbt rz+s.Osb rrbzdc b sfbrs s tmdbrrzs ouk smt b

gmo tcoi kdh auog t prjckthmbt prabs rblcjihoit (7.5) osb gimbt ndctsic vclhrb b grits q prghrbt. Wcoi

filtri F auog t ogrrhmbt gmb o t oddto aoyr prjckthmbt ndctsic vclhrb b ondyrs tdbtr t grits.


20/21

Prjcktiai i iogbksit t tmyrdbs ab co t kogit t gbvidcjihoit t prizait

Ublcjihoi o abs t iogbksit t tmyrdbs o t actbriclit prbd t jilit smt prer prizac, kogit aioiacl t

gbvidiai t prizait aiogmb t kogit t prizait smt gmo o fhraulo

Prbd kogbd gukb actur aio gmb auog t jckthmbt o. Kdh fhraul smt prcfria o t jilo airrbt sb iogbksi i

tmybrdbs s cdrit smt ecrcs ab od. Pr actdbo b iogbksit t tmybrdbs o prghrbt cpcrcti spbktrcl q kc gylei t

lvizsmab gmb smkcll mcrkhrb fin. 7.3-:, phrsb ktu smt b ghahsghsmab q stctivi ab priza auog t

rrhtullhmbt rrbtm ehsmtit t oddt vbrtikcl, q rrhtullhmbt bgmb gyleioi. Nypi i khliacthrit K o odrio skcd b kc

od crdb t onusmt. O skcdio tdbtr t nypit smt tmdbrrzc praelbgmsb. Ndctsic b nypit t khliacthrit smt

csmtu b rrbnullucr q t dbt b ecrcecrt ab lcrnsio fhkclb t tmdbrrzs. Prpcrc crdbs vboghsbt prizai i grits

ahohkrhactikb s jils i jckthmbt iogbksi i tmybrdbs. Prcpc crdbs rrbzbt prmcpbo o aoyr givbrndbotb q

pcsi t tmbmbo opr tmdbrrz vczmghdo pcrclblblismt.

O rrun t kscd tufb rrbzbsm pcrclblb t grits vboghsbt prizai I ogrtucr onc actbricli pr t jilo ph kkrhmbt

iogbksi i tmybrdbs. Pcs tmybrdbs opr priza rrbzbt aebsio pcrclblb gmb eido o gylei. O hkulcr t gyleis

kridhmbt fytyrc b crdbs, prc vidc b ogritsmab. O hjulcr t gyleis ndbogbt smbdzc. Kdh auog t dbt vid vbrtikclb

b tmdbsmt hsb gy vidc vbrtikclb t cfrtc gmb prghrbo pr rrbnulliaio b sckt t gyleis o grbdtia t tufs s

rrbzbvb pcrclblb. Ztctivi aei t jilo vboghsbt prizai auog t rrhtullhmbt rrbtm ehsmtit vbrtikcl.


21/21

Fin. =.5

Bjuric b actdbs s iogbksit t embt o kt aoyr4 ogizbt euriai i grits ahohkrhactikb gmb o gylei smikhmbt

vidc b ogritur pc b pctur prizaio o cpcrct. Urbnullhmbt bgmb a crtsic b vids gukb b zmvboghsur hkulcrio pcrc

prcpc si gmb phzito b gyleis o smkcll. O kt rcst fithmbo rrbzbt girbktb, ndbndsismt pc u tmybr opr

priza, gmb pr kt gyreic gumbt t qogrhd o ogcrdbo zbrh t smkclls. Osb kdh ouk smt scktsismt b

plhtsucr tcoi gukb b rrhtullucr smkcllo kdh embt hsb s pcku smaconic smohmbt gmb airrbt pcrcsysm kur t

lbxhmbt kogi I gbvidiait. Pr gh t lbxucr obvhditbt a pcr t rrbnullhmbt q vidc b ogritur t eib scktsismt

aei smbdzo. Osb hkulcri i kc gy smbdzc t cfrtc, tcoi rrbnullhmbt q vidc t eib o abs t tyrb o lcrnsi t

ecrcecrtc gatm q smbdzct t dbo siabtrikb ogc vids s ogritur.

Wcoi vboghsbt prizai gmb gyreic rrhtullhmbt nditmod gbrisc o hjulcr t smimbt vidc b ogritur g.a.tm. gbrisc

gyreic t vboghsbt o grbdtia t tufs s rrbzbvb pcrclblbgmb t tmybrc. Gukb er rrhtulliaio pcrcllbl t prizait

crrimbt kogi aioiacl i gbvidiait. Pr rrbnulliaio a t lbmt gumbt t kbai pcrcsysm sb pr kogio aioiacl t

gbvidiait, kogi i roibs smt i ecrcecrt ab kogio b gcldbs, gatm kcliai i rrbzbs opr prizac o kt rcst

smt siabtrik ogcd prizait. Gyleic vboghsbt o phzito b prsmkrucr t vids s ogritur ogcd smyzs gmb lbxhmbt

kogi aei smkcll. Pr lbxiab sc a t scktc prghrbt ohoiusi mcrkhr.

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