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WINDOWS 2003 SERVER (MCSE) MCSE 2003 Written By: Jaya Prakash Reddy .K Total Papers 7 MCSE CORE Papers 5 Design and Implementation 1 Elective 1 Networking is for sharing resources, security, communication etc. Basic Requirements of Networking are

1) Two Systems 2) Operating System 3) Network Interface Card(NIC) 4) Media (Guided Media or Un Guided Media) 5) Connectors 6) IP Address

1) The two Systems can be any configuration e.g.: the two systems can be of Intel and AMD. 2) The Operating Systems can be of any Vendor e.g.: the Operating Systems can be Microsoft and Linux. 3) The NIC can be of different vendors. 4) Guided Media: - A physical connectivity between systems is called guided media. Un-Guided Media: - A logical connectivity between systems is called un-guided media. 16 bit ISA NIC (Old version) & 32 bit PCI (NIC) can communicate each other. 5) The Connectors are cable Dependent. 6) 2 types of IP versions are available. IP V.6 (Only in Japan) IP V.4 (other).

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IP ADDRESSING IP v.4 is 32 bit binary code (0, 1), divided into 4 octets and differentiated with dot. Each octet = 8 bits (8x4=32) IP Address TCP/IP is unique in that the network portion of the address has not been allocated a fixed address space. The number of bits that the network portion may use depends on the number of network that needs to be identified. Although a governing body allocates an original address, the network portion of the address can be extended. To identify how many of the address bits have been extended in the network portion of the address, a subnet mask is used. To find out the maximum and minimum number that the IP address lies between are by considering the first octet. 00000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 126 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 126 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 IP Addresses are classified into 5 classes: Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E * To identify the IP address which class does it belongs to the first octet is considered.

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Class A: 0 127 (128) Rule: The rule of Class A is the first bit of octet is reserved as 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 127

Total Networks = 126 Total Hosts = 16.77 millions 0 and 127 addresses are reserved. * 0.0.0.0 is reserved for Global IP Address * 127.0.0.0 is called as Loopback Address. Used for self testing purpose. All the networking services in the Operating System run on the loopback address. * Class A is used by the Large Organisations. Class B: 128-191 (64) Rule: The rule of Class B is the first 2 bits of octet are reserved as 1&0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 129 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 130 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 131 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 191

Total Networks = Total Hosts = The 1st valid IP Address is 128.0.0.1 to 128.0.255.254 in a single network (255 is reserved for broadcasting) * Non of the values are reserved in class B. * Used by the Large and Medium size Organisation.

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Class C: 192-223 (32) Rule: The rule of Class C is the first 3 bits of octet are reserved as 1, 1&0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 193 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 194 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 195 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 = 223

Total Networks = Total Networks = The 1st valid IP Address is 192.0.0.1 to 192.0.0.254 in a single network (255 is reserved for broadcasting) * Non of the values are reserved in class C. * Used by Smaller Organisations. Class D: 224-239 (16) Rule: The rule of Class D is the first 4 bits of octet are reserved as 1, 1, 1&0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 = 225 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 = 226 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 = 227 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 = 239

* Class D is reserved for News Groups & News agencies. Multicasting (one to group).

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Class E: 240-255 (16) Rule: The rule of Class E is the first 4 bits of octet are reserved as 1, 1, 1&1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 = 241 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 = 242 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 = 243 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255

* Class E is reserved for Research & Development. # To identify the IP address to which class it belongs, we need to consider the 1st octet only.

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TOPOLOGY Topology means Layout of network (architecture) 5 Types of Topologies 1). Bus 2) Mesh 3) Ring 4) Star & 5) Tree BUS Topology: In bus topology all the PCs in the network are arranged in serial order. And all the PCs in the network are connected to a single cable called as Backbone. At the end of the network Terminators are used. Coaxial cables, British Novell Connectors (BNC) & T connectors are used. Disadvantages: Even if a single PC fails the entire network goes down. It is very difficult to rectify the problem. CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance MESH Topology: In Mesh topology all the PCs in the network are directly connected to each other. In such a case huge amount of traffic is created. Advantages: Even a single PC fails, it doesnt affect the network. Disadvantages: Requires huge amount of investment. Twisted pair cable & RJ 45 connectors are used. RING Topology: In Ring topology all the PCs in the network are logically connected in a circular format. Only one PC at a point of time can transmit the data over the network and only when it receives the token. Advantages: For each and every data transmission over the network an acknowledgement is given. Disadvantages: If even a single PC fails the entire network goes down. Coaxial cable & BNC connectors are used. STAR Topology: In Star topology all the PCs in the network are connected to a centralised device (Hub/Switch). Differentiation of servers & clients can be quickly down. If any client machine fails doesnt effect to the network at all. Rectification of problems over the network can be easily solved. It is an ease for the network administrator. Twisted pair cables & RJ 45 connectors are used. TREE Topology: Combination of more then one topologies is called Tree topology. Tree Topology is also called as Hybrid Topology.

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WORKGROUP: In workgroup model all the PCs in the network are independent. Where there is no centralised database and centralised control. There is no concept of server & client relationship. There is lack of security. The administrative job is too high. DOMAIN: In domain model each PC is dependent in the network. Where there is centralised control & centralised database. There is a concept of server & client relationship. There is huge amount of security. The administrative job is too easy.

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Differences - Windows NT, 2000 & 2003

S No Windows NT 4.0 Windows 2000 Windows 2003 Server

1 Initially 16 bit OS, later it was enhanced to 32 bit

32 bit OS 32 bit as well as 64 bit

2 Launched in 1996 In 2000 (Feb 17) In 2003 (August) 3 Supports File System of FAT

16 & NTFS ver.4.0 Supports File System of FAT 16, FAT 32 & NTFS ver.5.0

Supports File System of FAT 32 & NTFS ver.5.0

4 Not Flexible OS Flexible OS Flexible OS 5 Not suitable for large size

networks Suitable for large size networks

Suitable for large size networks

6 No Active Directory concept AD concept Ver.1.0 AD concept Ver.1.1 7 There is SAM (Security

Account Manager) database NTDS.DIT (New Technology Directory Service)- Directory Information Tree)

8 Has PDC & BDC It has 4. DC Domain Controller ADC Additional Domain Controller CDC Child Domain Controller NDEF New Domain in the Existing Forest

9 NT Domain depends on WINS (Windows Internet Naming Service) server

Depends on DNS (Domain Naming Service)

10 NT Domain maintain NetBIOS names

A domain follows FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Names). .com structure

11 Hierarchical structure of domains is not possible

Possible

12 NT has IIS Ver 2.0 Service Pack 6 IIS 4.0

IIS Ver. 5.0 IIS Ver 6.0

13 NT has RAS services RAS available 14 No RIS (Remote Installation

Service) servers RIS servers available

15 No Terminal Service in NT 4.0, but separate package can be installed Win NT Terminal Service.

Terminal Service with OS

16 No Group Policies concept (System Policies)

There are Group Policies

17 There is no RSOP (Resultant Set of Policies)

No RSOP There is RSOP

18 No Forest concept Domains doesnt support Cross Forest Trust Relationship

Supports Cross Forest Trust Relationship

19 It has 56 bit password encryption for Domains

It has 128 bit password encryption for Domains

20 There is no Kerberos Protocol There is Kerberos Protocol 21 The Trust Relationship are The Trust Relationship are automatically done

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manually done for NT Domain within the Forest 22 No concept of Disk quota There is concept of Disk quota 23 No VSS (Volume Shadow

copying Service) No VSS VSS is available

24 Maximum of 40,000 users can be created in a single PDC

Successfully tested 16 millions users on a single domain.

25 No DFS (Distributed File System) concept

There is DFS concept

26 Backups in NT 4.0 is taken only on Tape Drives

Backups can be taken on any media

27 DHCP is available DHCP (Dynamic Host Controller Protocol) is available

28 Domain names cannot be changed to Domains

Cannot be changed Can be changed

29 NT is not a Plug & Play OS Supports Plug & Play 30 No concept of Dynamic Disks There is concept of Dynamic Disks 31 Allowing user to login onto the

server by giving a policy logon locally

Allowing user to login onto the server by giving a policy logon locally Run> secedit \refreshpolicy user_policy Run> secedit \refreshpolicy machine_policy

To Allow Logon Locally Start Prog Files Admin Tools Domain Controller Security Policies. Local Policies User rights assignment select allow logon locally. Click Add button to add user. OK. Run> gpupdate (to logon instantly)

32 No Distributed File System In single root DFS supports up to 1000 Links

In single root DFS supports up to 5000 Links

33 No DFS No Topology selection in DFS

Has Topology selection.

34 A maximum of 68 servers information can be specified in Windows 4.0 DHCP server.

A max. of 76 servers information can be specified in Windows 2000 DHCP server.

A max. of 77 servers information can be specified in Windows 2003 DHCP server.

35 No DHCP server backup in NT No DHCP backup Yes, there is backup for DHCP server.

36 NAT not available NAT Available but Secures up till 3rd layer only

NAT available which comes with an option called as basic Firewall such that it secures all the 7 layers

37 There is no PPPOE (Point to Point Over Ethernet Protocol)

There is no PPPOE (Point to Point Over Ethernet Protocol)

There is PPPOE (Point to Point Over Ethernet Protocol)

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Installation Steps for Windows 2003 Server

1. Insert the Windows 2003 server CD into the CDROM and restart the System 2. Press Del button on the keyboard to enter into BIOS. 3. Change the booting sequence to CDROM, Save & Restart. 4. While booting Prompts to Press Any Key on the keyboard. Press it within 6 seconds. 5. The initialization of Hardware starts. 6. Gives 3 options. { Press Enter to install, { Press R to repair & { Press F3 to Quit. 7. License Agreement appears. Accept the License Agreement by pressing F8. 8. Displays the partition table. Press C to create new partition. 9. Enter the Partition size by deleting the default size. 10. The partition table appears again, select the partition and press Enter 11. Displays the File System 12. Select NTFS and press Enter. 13. The format starts and copies the files into the partition. 14. Restart for the first time. 15. Enters into the second phase of installation. 16. Displays a window to choose the Keyboard and Language click the Next button. 17. Specify the Name and the Organisation Name in the text box and click the Next

button. 18. Specify the 25 Digit Product key and click the Next button. 19. Specify the Computer Name and the Administrator Password and click the Next

button. 20. Select the Licensing Mode and click the Next button. 21. Select the Date, Time, Location, and click the Next button. 22. The installation continues. 23. Select Typical settings in Network Settings Window and click the Next button. 24. Select the Workgroup in the Next Window and click the Next button. 25. The Installation Continues and Finishes.

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ACTIVE DIRECTORY Active Directory is a Directory service that contains information regarding User Accounts, Computers and resources, resources are optional. Active Directory is a centralized database and maintains hierarchical structure of Domains. Before 1974 each vendor were using their own Protocols to design the software. In such case communication between the vendors was not possible. In 1974 an organisation called ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) has released OSI model (Open System Interconnectivity). OSI contains 7 layers. For the directory Service DAP (Directory Access Protocol) was introduced. Which was designed by using OSI Model? The DAP protocol was very huge in size, which was very difficult for the administrator to manage. Later LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) was introduced, which was designed using TCP/IP Model. LDAP was designed by taking the best features of DAP and essential features and also some new features were added, such that it suits the latest requirements. NT 4.0 works on LDAP, even Active Directory works on LDAP. NT 4.0 has a database size of 40 MB i.e. SAM database (Security Account Manager). Each user created occupies 1KB of information in SAM. A maximum of 40,000 change users can be created in a single PDC. More than 40,000 change users can be created on a single PDC, but the server performance goes down. Because the SAM database size is fixed. Windows 2000 as well as 2003 database size of Active Directory (NTDS.DIT) has 16 and 12 MB. Successfully tested 16 million user accounts on a single DC, because the database size is not fixed. Win NT 4.0 used a password encryption for the domains as 56 bit encryption, which is easy to break. (007 software available). Windows 2000 & Windows 2003 use 128 bit password encryption, which is very difficult to break the password. The protocol that is used to encrypt the password is Kerberos protocol. All the domains in NT 4.0 are individual. The administrator has to manually create the Trust Relationship, where as 2000 & 2003 the trust relationships between the Domains are automatically done with in the Forests.

Trust relationship between the domains with in the Forest accepts. But cross forest relationship is not possible in Win 2000 (trust). Between two forests.

Windows 2003 supports cross forest trust relationship. Requirements for Active Directory installation.

1. Stand alone server 2. Static IP address 3. Require 200 MB free space with NTFS partition 5.0 4. Require Windows 2003 Sever CD

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To Install Active Directory Start -> Run -> dcpromo

] A wizard appears click next A compatibility option appears click next 2 options appear { create a new domain controller { create an additional domain controller

Select 1st option & click next. Displays 3 options { Create a new DC in the New Forest { Create a Child DC { Create a new Domain in the existing forest

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Select 1st option & click next Specify the DNS domain name (eg: ccna.com) click Next

Displays the NetBIOS name click next

Displays the path for NTDS folder. (C:\windows\NTDS) Click Next

Displays the path for Sysvol folder (* All the replication information done with the help of sysvol. * Sysvol folder will exists only on NTFS partition Ver 5.0)

Next OK

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Displays 3 options { Perform the DNS Diagnostic { Install DNS & Config { Install DNS & dont config

Select default and click Next Select Permission compatible with Windows 2000 and 2003.

Click the Next button. Prompts to give a password ( only for AD) Next

Click the Next button. Displays the summary

Click Next The installation starts.

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RESTART

Typical setup of Domain Controllers Domain Controller (DC) -Preferred DNS same as IP Address

192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0

PreDNS 192.168.1.1

Additional Domain Controller (ADC)

192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0

PreDNS 192.168.1.1

Child Domain Controller (CDC)

192.168.1.3 255.255.255.0

PreDNS 192.168.1.1

New Domain in the Existing Forest (NDEF)

192.168.1.4 255.255.255.0

PreDNS 192.168.1.1 AddiDNS 192.168.1.4

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Roles of Active Directory There are 6 Roles for Active Directory.

1. Domain Naming Operation Master 2. Global Catalogue Server 3. Schema Master 4. RID Relative Identifier 5. PDC Immolator 6. Infrastructure Master

1. Domain Naming Operation Master (DNOM): It maintains the uniqueness of domain name

in the entire forest. By default the DNOM is present on the root. At any point of time there can be only one DNOM in the entire forest. To view the DNOM

Start Prog Files Admin tools Active Directory Domains & Trusts To change the role of DNOM Start Prog Files Admin Tools Active Directory Domains & Trusts Right click ADDT and select Connect to another Domain Click the browse button to select another domain to transfer the roles. Then click

2. Global Catalogue Server (GCS) : It maintains the total information of its Domain and partial information of the other domains in the entire forest. By default the GCS is available on the root (DC). There can be more than one GCS in the entire forest.

To view GCS

Start Prog Files Admin tools Active Directory Sites & Services Open sites (folder) Default First Site Name Open Servers Open Computer Name Right click on NTDS Settings. Go to properties. Displays the G.C. with check box.

3. Schema Master (SM) : It maintains the total information of classes and attributes in the entire forest. By default the schema master is available on the root (DC). At any point of time there can be only one schema master in the entire forest.

To view SM Start Run and type regsvr32 schmmgmt.dll - press enter Go to Start Run type mmc (Microsoft Management Console) The console window opens Click the file option Select Add & Remove snapin. A Window appears Click the Add button. In the list select AD Schema. Click ADD button and click the close button OK button and OK again.

Forest wide Roles

Domain wide Roles

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4. Relative Identifier Master (RID): Relative Identifier consist of pool of addresses. For every newly created object an address will be specified by the RID master. SID = RID + DID (Security Identifier) (Domain Identifier) By default the RID are available on the domains. At any point of time there can be only one RID master on the entire domain. (Parent /

Client) 5. Primary Domain Controller Immolator (PDCI): It immolates BDC as PDC through the domain controller when it is Mixed Mode (Pre windows 2000 mode). PDCI also takes care of password changes made by the users. At any point of time there can be only one PDCI in the entire domain. (Parent / Child).

6. Infrastructure Master (IM): It maintains the updations that are done to groups. Any user added, deleted or moved the updation is going to be maintained by IM. At any point of time there can be one IM in the entire domain. (Parent / Child).

To see the three roles (RIDM, PDCI & IM) go to Start Programs Admin Tools Active Directory Users and Computers Right click on the Domain Name and Select Operations Master. Displays the Roles * Start Run net accounts To Run Services service.msc

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Joining Client to the Domain To convert work group to a client (windows XP)

Login as administrator in Win XP.

Right click on My Computer Properties In the options select Computer Name

Click the Change button.

Select the Domain option and specify the Domain Name. Click apply, OK.

Prompts for Domain Administrator User & Password.

Gives the configuration that it has successfully connected.

Restart the Machine. To convert work group as Member Server

Login as Administrator in Windows 2003 server operating system.

Right click on My Computer Properties In the options select Computer Name

Click the Change button.

Select the Domain option and specify the Domain Name. Click apply, OK.

Prompts for Domain Administrator User & Password.

Gives the configuration that it has successfully connected.

Restart the Machine.

A Member server can act as a server as well as client. If the user login it behaves as a client. If Administrator logs in, it behaves as a server.

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Active Directory Users & Groups There are 2 types of users 1) Local User and 2) Domain User

1. Local User: Local users are created on the client machines as well as on Member Server. A local user cannot access all the resources in the network. A local user cannot login onto multiple systems. He can login where account exists. A local user account is also called as the temporary account.

2. Domain User: The domain users are created on the domain controller. The domain user account can access any resources on the entire network. A domain user account can be created even on a Member Server, by login as Domain Administrator. To create Start Run dsa.msc A Domain User and Client window appears. Now you can create user accounts.

To create a Local User Account

Login as administrator on the client machine or on the member server. Right click on My Computers. Select manage. A System Management window appears. Open local Users & Groups folder. Right click on the user folder and select new user (same as groups)

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To create a Domain User Account

Login as Administrator on the Domain Controller. Start Programs Admin Tools Active Directory Users and Computers Right click on the user folder Select new option and select new user.

To create Domain User Accounts on Windows 2003 server. The minimum requirement is the password is must and should be minimum of 7 characters, which includes alphabets, special characters and numeric numbers). 3 Types of Group scopes are: 1) Domain Local Group 2) Global Group (Default) 3) Universal Group 1) Domain Local Group: Users and groups of the domain can be added as well as users and groups of the other domains also can be added but resources of the domain only can be accessed. 2) Global Groups: This is the default group. Users and groups of the domain can only be added into the Global Group but can access any resources in the entire forest. 3) Universal Group: Users and groups of the domain can be added as well as users and groups of the other domain can also be added into the Universal Group and also can access any resources any in the entire forest. The Universal Group is available in Windows 2000 and Windows 2003 Servers only. 2 Types of Groups 1) Security Group & 2) Distribution Group 1) Security Group: To a security group Permissions can be applied, in such a case certain mailing services will not function properly. 2) Distribution Group: To a Distribution Group Permissions can be applied, in such a case all mailing services will function properly.

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Permissions

Permissions are of 2 types. 1) Security Permissions & 2) Shared Permissions Shared Permissions are the permissions that are applied over the network. Security permissions are the permissions that are applied within a local machine.

Out of both these permissions Security plays major role. The permissions are of 2

Allow and Deny. Deny has highest priority rather than Allow. The Default Permissions in Windows 2003 Server is everyone with Read only

permission in both Security and sharing permission. The combination of permissions that are applied in both Sharing and Security will take

effect over the network. For example if Read and Write Permission are given in Security and Read Permission are given sharing then only Read Permission will apply over the network.

The permissions that are present in Sharing are: Access Deny

Full Control Change Read The permissions that are present in Security are: Access Deny

Full Control Modify List of Contents

Read & Exicute Read Write

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Assigning shares on FAT & NTFS partition

1. Select a folder 2. Right Click the folder Select Sharing

3. Select Share this folder option

4. Specify a Unique Share Name in the Share Name Dialog box

Assigning SHARE permissions on FAT & NTFS partition

1. After assigning a share click Permissions Button.

2. Click Add. 3. From the list Select the Users/Groups you want to assign Permissions

Click Add Click OK

4. In the Permissions window Select each User/Group and assign permissions

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Assigning NTFS permissions to a folder on NTFS partition

1. Right Click a Folder (on NTFS) Select Properties 2. Select the Security Tab

3. Deselect the check box at the bottom of the windows Allow inheritable

permissions from parent to propagate to this object and select Remove

4. Click Add

5. Select the Users/groups you want to assign permissions Click Add

Click OK

6. Highlight the User/Group and assign permissions individually

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PROFILES Profile is nothing but user personal information which consists of Desktop, Start menu, Application Data, My Documents etc. By default even an administrator cant view it on certain profile (Roaming Profile). There are 3 types of Profiles in Windows 2003 1. Local Profile 2. Roaming Profile 3. Mandatory Profile 1. Local Profile: By default each and every user has a local profile automatically created. A local profile will be saved on the local Hard disk of the PC. A local profile user cant carry his profile where ever he logs in the entire network. A profile will be available on the particular system itself. * A Local Profile can be upgraded to Roaming Profile user. A Local Profile can not be upgraded to Mandatory Profile directly. 2. Roaming Profile: A roaming profile user can carry his profile wherever he logs in the entire network. Because the profile is saved on the server. Whenever the user login on a particular machine in the network the profile is downloaded from the server. * A Roaming Profile user can be degraded back to Local Profile user. * Roaming Profile user can be upgraded to Mandatory Profile user. 3. Mandatory Profile: A mandatory profile user cant save any information in his profile. Because this profile has read-only permission. * A Mandatory Profile user can be converted to Local Profile user. * A Mandatory Profile user can be converted back to Roaming Profile user. To convert the user from a Local Profile to Roaming Profile: Create a shared folder on the Domain Controller (Server) Set the permissions as user with Full Control (i.e. Shared and Security) Go to Start Programs Administrative Tools Active Directory Users and Computers Select the User and right click Properties. Go to Profile tab and specify the profile path. \\computer name \share folder name\ user name. Apply, OK.

Log in as user on the client side to view the profile. Right click on the My Computer properties. In the options select Advance and click settings button in the user profile. Displays the type of profile.

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The profile will be updated only when the user logs off. To convert Roaming Profile to Mandatory Profile: Open the shared folder on the Domain Controller (Server) Right click on the user folder Properties. In the options select Securities click on Advance button. Select Owners in the list. Select Administrators Group Check the option Replace owners sub contents & objects. Apply, OK. Open a user folder. There is a hidden file called as NT USER.DAT. Rename it to NT USER.MAN.

Go back to the shared folder. Right click Properties. Select the security option. Click on Advance button and check the box Allow Inherit permission to all child. Click Apply, OK.

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Distributed File System (DFS) DFS brings all the shared folders in the networks which are required to a centralized location called as the root. Because shared folders are widely distributed across network, administrator face growing problems as they try to keep users connected to the data they need. The Distributed file system (Dfs) provides a mechanism for administrators to create logical views of directories and files, regardless of where those files physically reside in the network. Fault tolerance of network storage resources is also possible using Dfs. To a single server in Windows 2000 DFS only one root can exist, but in 2003 DFS on a single server multiple roots can exists. For each link in DFS a maximum of 31 targets (backup) can be created. Backup for the root is called as a root target. A maximum of 31 root targets can be created. The root as well as root targets can be created only on the servers operating system. Using the Dfs Administrator Tool This step-by step guide describes how to use the Dfs Administrator snap-in. Installation of the Dfs service takes place automatically during Windows 2003 Server Setup. How ever, You must configure Dfs in order for a Dfs share to be accessible to be accessible to clients. Domain Managing Root Link Link Root Controller Server Target Target

Move on to the Domain Controller. To create a Root

1. Click Start Programs Administrative tools Distributed file system 2. Select Distributed file system Right Click Distributed File System and select

New Root

3. On the Dfs Root Wizard Click Next 4. Select the type of Dfs Root you want to create (Domain / Standalone) click

Next(The Steps are based on Selecting the Domain Based Dfs).

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5. Select the Host Domain for the Dfs Root Click Next

6. Enter the Server Name that will Host the Dfs Root in the Domain Click Next 7. Specify the Dfs Root Name and Click Next

8. Enter the full path of the Shared Folder that is created and Click Next

9. Click Finish

To create Link

1. Click Start Programs Administrative tools Distributed file system

2. Right Click On the Existing Dfs Root Select New Link

3. In New Link window Enter the Name of the Link that appears to user

4. In Path to target(shared folder) text box give UNC path of the shared

folder that has to be linked to the above link name

5. Enter a comment for the Link

6. Specify the time until which the REFERRAL (Original location) of the link is cached by the client computer click OK

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To create the Root Targets (on DC) 1. Click Start Programs Administrative tools Distributed file system 2. Right Click On the Existing Dfs Root Select New Root Target

3. On the Host Server page, verify that your Servers name is listed and click

NEXT.

4. On the Specify the DFS root share page, click Create a new Share.

5. In the path to Share box, type the path for the shared folder you want to

create. And click NEXT.( A message appears indicating that the folder does not exist) click Yes to create the folder.

6. In the share name box, type the share name you want and then click Finish.

To create a Link Target:

1. Click Start Programs Administrative tools Distributed file system 2. Right Click On the Dfs link for which you want to create a new replica, and then

click New Replica

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3. In the Add a New Replica dialog box, Click Browse to select the shared folder for the new replica and click OK (Note: Each Dfs link can have upto 32 replicas).

Setting up Configure Replication Steps:

1. Open Distributed File System. 2. Right-click a Dfs root or Dfs link, and then click Configure Replication.

3. A Wizard appires click Next Select the Root path for the root and Link path for the link Click Next Select the Topology Click Finish.

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GROUP POLICIES

Group Policies are nothing but allowing / denying policies to the users. There are more than 1000 policies that can be given to a single. These policies are divided in to 1) Computer configuration and 2) User configuration.

1) Computer Configuration: Though computer configuration the policies are given to systems. The policies will take effect in computer configuration only when the PCs are restarted.

2) User Configuration: In user configuration policies are given to users. The policies take effect only when the user logoff and login again.

To create an Organisational Unit (OU): Start Programs Admin Tools Active Directory Users and Computers

Right click on Domain Name and In the options select New Organisational Unit. A window appears. You have to specify the name for OU. Then click OK.

To apply a Group Policy object to Organisational Unit:

Right click on OU select Properties. In the options select Group Policy Click the New button to create a new policy Rename the default name with specific name. Select the Policy and click Edit button. The Group Policy edit window appears. Go to User Configuration and open Administrative Templates folder Open the Desktop folder (you can select which ever you want to set the policy) Select a policy on right side of the screen. Right click and go to Properties { Not configured { Enable { Disable Select Enable option and click Apply and OK.

To apply a Group Policy at Domain level:

Start Programs Admin Tools Active Directory Users and Computers Right click on Domain name and go to Properties. In the options select Group Policies

To do the Password policy: Select the default domain policy and click the Edit button Group Policy window appears Go to Computer configuration open Windows Settings Security settings Accounts Policies Password Policy Select the policy with the name Minimum Password length. Right click and go to Properties, change the value to 0. Click apply and OK. Select another policy with the name password must meet the complexity requirement. Right click and go to Properties. Select Disable option. Apply. OK.

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Start Run gpupdate To give a policy at the Site level:

Start Programs Admin Tools Active Directory Sites and Services Open Sites folder Right click on the default 1st site name & go to Properties In the options select Group Policy Click the New button to create a new policy Rename the default name with specific name. Select the Policy and click Edit button. The Group Policy edit window appears. Go to User Configuration and open Administrative Templates folder Open the Desktop folder (you can select which ever you want to set the policy) Select a policy on right side of the screen. Right click and go to Properties { Not configured { Enable { Disable Select Enable option and click Apply and OK.

Folder Redirection: Folder Redirection used to redirect a part of the users profile to the server. To do the folder redirection:

Create a shared folder on the server and set the permissions (Shared & Security). Start Programs Admin Tools Active Directory Sites and Services Right click on the OU and go to Properties. In the options select Group Policy Create a new policy by clicking on new button. Rename the policy as Folder Redirection (to understand easily) Select the created policy and click on Edit button. The Group Policy Edit window appears. Select User Configuration Windows Settings Redirection Folder (4 options: Application Data, Start Menu, My Documents & Desktop) Select Desktop folder and go to Properties, a window appears. Target Settings 2 list items (Basic Redirection-User) and Advance Redirection-Groups) Select Basic Redirection Another dropdown list box appears. Select Redirect to following location Specify the path (\\computername\share folder name\ user name) Apply. OK.

Scripts Scripts are used to intimate the users what tasks should be performed at regular intervals. These scripts can be given not only to users but also to systems. The scripts that are given to users are Login & Logoff scripts. The scripts that are given to computers are Start up & Shutdown scripts.

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To create a script:

Open Notepad and type Wscript.echo Welcome to . Save the file as *.vbs (Generally save the file in drives) Right click on the file and select copy. Start Programs Admin Tools Active Directory Users and Computers Right click on Organisational Unit and go to Properties. In the options select Group Policy. Create a new policy and give appropriate name and click on Edit button. Group Policy edit window appears. User Configuration Windows Settings open Scripts folder Select Login and go to Properties Click add button a window appears to open/select the script file. Click on browse in the open window paste the copied script file. Ok Apply, OK.

Software Deployment Software Deployment is used to deploy the software over the network through the server. Group policy doesnt support .exe extension softwares over the network. Because if an application is installed through an exe on a particular system each and every user in the network access the application. To deploy the software over the network through group policy the software extensions must be either .zap or .msi (Microsoft Installation). Through group policy the softwares can be deployed in 2 ways. 1. Publish and 2. Assign. There is also an additional option called as advanced. Through this option only service packs and patches can be deployed to already deployed software. Through advanced option new softwares cannot be deployed. To convert .exe to .zap:

Create a shared folder on the drive and set the permissions (shared and security). Past the exe software into shared folder. Open Notepad and type the following. [Application] Friendlyname = name of the software Setupcommand =\\computername\sharedfoldername\softwarename.exe Save the file in the shared folder, with the name .zap - .zap extension applications supports only publish in Group policy. Start Programs Administrative Tools Active Directory Users and Computers Right click on Organisational Unit and go to Properties. In the options select Group policy. Create New policy by clicking new button and rename with specific name. Select the policy and click on Edit button. The Group policy edit window appears. In User Configuration Software Settings. Right click on software installation select option New package

Select the .zap extension file through the network path. Click Ok 3 options will be shown. By default Publish will be selected. Click OK The entry will be available in the Software Installation file. Login as user Control Panel Add & Remove Programs Click on Add New Program. Displays the software to install.

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Click the Add button to install the software. To convert .exe to .msi To convert .exe to .msi is applications a third party tool is required. i.e. winstillle (Veritas). Install the winstillle software on the server machine. Create a shared folder on the server and set the permissions. Paste the exe file in the shared folder. Start Programs Varitas software. Select varitas discover By default before snapshot. A wizard appears click next Specify the relevant name to deploy the software. Specify the path where .msi file should be saved (shared folder) Click Next. Displays the drives. Select the drive where the Operating System is present. Generally C: Click >> button to add the drive to the right side of the box. Click Next. Displays all files and folders of the drive where it performs the scan. Click Next. Before the snapshot starts finally gives the confirmation completion of snapshot. A window appears, Select .exe file and click Open button and install the application. To perform after snapshot Start Programs Varitas software varitas discovers Click Next Select default before/after snapshot. The after snapshot starts. Click Ok. Finally gives the confirmation after snapshot. Now .msi file is available for deploying the software. --Deployment can be done as .zap

Start Programs Administrative Tools Active Directory Users and Computers Right click on Organisational Unit and go to Properties. In the options select Group policy. Create New policy by clicking new button and rename with specific name. Select the policy and click on Edit button. The Group policy edit window appears. In User Configuration Software Settings. Right click on software installation select option New package Select the .msi extension file through the network path. Click Ok 3 options will be shown. Select Assign. Click OK The entry will be available in the Software Installation file

To Change the Shutdown Event: Start Run gpedit.msc Computer Configuration Administrative Templates System Edit: Display Shutdown Event (On the right side)

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Printer

A printer device is an equipment that generates hardcopy from the softcopy. Printer device has become an essential equipment in the network. There are generally three flowers of printer devices available in the market they are

DOT Matrix INK-JET LASER Cost 7000/- 2,200/- 8,000/- Ribbon 20/- Cartridge 400/- Toner 2,500/- Print pages 1000 500 3000 Maintenance No Yes Yes Pages/Min. 3/4 10/12 16/18 Port LPT LPT/USB LPT/USB/IEEE 802.3 There are 2 types of Printer devices. 1. Local Printer Device & 2) Network Printer Device

1. Local Printer Device: These are connected to the PC directly and PC is connected to the network. That means the local printer devices are system dependent. A local printer devices are easily portable. These are easy to install and configure. These printers are connected through two ports of the machine, LPT/USB. The buffer size in the local printer device is less, around 2 to 8 MB.

2. Network Printer Device: These are directly connected the Hub/Switch. Because

these printer devices have inbuilt NIC card. That means they are system independent. The network printer devices are very huge in size, and they are difficult in order to transport. But the performance of these printers is excellent. The network printer devices are too costly. And they are difficult in installation and configuration. The buffer size in a Network Printer Device is huge, around 32MB, 64MB, 128MB.

Network printer device installation:

Start Run type \\ of the system where the printer device is connected. It displays all shared resources. Select printer icon and double the icon the network printer driver gets installed in the Machine.

Separator Page: The separator page gives an identity that the printout belongs to a particular department. And all the printer devices doesnt support separator page, only certain versions of printer devices supports. By default the separator Pages are available in the following path C:\Windows\system32\pcl.sep and more. For each and every printer device only one separator page can be set.

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To create new/own separator page:

Open notepad and type the following. \ \L\U IT Department \E Save the file with any name .sep in system32 folder.

To set the separator page:

Start Settings Printers & faxes Right click on the printer device and go to Properties. In the options select Advance. Click the Separator Page button Click the browse button. Select the Separate Page. Click OK, OK. OK

To set the Priority Level:

Start Settings Printers & Faxes Right click on Printer Devices and go to Properties. Select Advanced and Specify the Priority Level (default is 1) You can set the priority level from 1 to 99. Apply, OK

For each Printer Device only one Priority Level can be set. There are three different types of Printouts that can be taken through a Printer Device they are

1) Local Printout 2) Network Printout 3) Internet Printout

1. Local Printout: Local printouts are taken on the printer device to which the system is connected locally. To take a local printout there is no need of a Network.

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BACKUP

Backup is nothing but creating copies for the existing data. This backup varies depending upon the organisations. Backups can be taken not only on folders and files but even of Active Directory. The general media that is used and specifically designed for backup is Tape Drives. In Windows NT 4.0 backups can be taken only on tape drives, where there is no alternatives to take backup. This problem is solved in Windows 2000 and 2003 backups, where backup can be taken on any media. Eg: CD, HDD, Tape Drive, Pen Drive, Zip Drive etc. Backups are of 5 types:

1. Normal Backup 2. Copy Backup 3. Incremental Backup 4. Differential Backup 5. Daily Backup

1). Normal Backup: Through Normal Backup it takes each and every file as backup. Even though the files are already been taken backup takes all files. Once the normal backup is taken it uncheck the Archive bits for the files. Normal backup is a time consuming backup as well as restoring also. Generally the normal backups are taken either on the 1st day of the week or the 1st day of the month. 2). Incremental Backup: Though Incremental Backup it takes newly created files and modified files only. The incremental backup is generally used by the banking & financial sector where the accounts closed at the end of the day. These backups are taken every day separately. Incremental backup is not a time consuming process. Restoring multiple incremental backup is a time consuming process. Once the incremental backup is taken it unchecked the Archive bits for the file. 3). Differential Backup: Through differential backups newly created files, modified files and previous differential backup files are taken. Taking differential backup is a time consuming process as duration exceeds (day by day). But the restore is done faster. Differential backup is generally used by general sector where they close their accounts at the end of the month. Differential backup is used when multiple copies exists in the last backup. Once the differential backup is taken it doesnt uncheck the Archive bit. System State Backup: System state backup is backup of Active Directory. Taking system state backup is as same as the previous topics. The difference is restoring in system state backup. There are 2 types of restores for system state backup. 1) Authoritative 2) Non-authoritative

1) Authoritative: Authoritative restore is done when there is replication between the domains. The Authoritative restore is used to Update Sequence Number (USN). For every object create or delete, it updates USN value.

2) Non-authoritative: Non-authoritative restore is done when there is no replication between the domains.

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To restore the system state backup: Restart the machine and press F8 after the POST (Power On Self Test) operation is over. A menu appears. In the menu select Directory service Mode (Active Directory restores Mode). The Login screen appears. In the login screen type Administrator as User name and password of Active Directory. After you have done restore the backup first. After the backup is restored it prompts whether to restart the machine or not. If you click Yes button indicated that it is a Non-authoritative and by clicking No button indicates that it is authoritative mode. After clicking No button, go to command prompt. Start Run type cmd :ntdsutil :authoritative restore :restore subtree cn=username,ou=Organisation Name,dc=Domain Name,dc=com Asks for the confirmation whether to authoritative or not. Click Yes button Finally gives the confirmation, one entry is successfully updated. OR To restore entire database for Active Directory :restore database Click Yes & restart.

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NETWORK ADMINISTRATION

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) DHCP server is used to assign dynamic IP address to the client machine (not to servers). Assigning multiple systems with static IP addresses, the 4 major problems are:

1) IP Conflict 2) Different network IP address 3) Not assigning IP address to a client machine 4) Time

DHCP server is also present in Windows NT 4.0, but the major drawback of security feature in Windows NT 4.0 DHCP is no authorisation concept. As this concept is used in Windows 2000 and 2003 DHCP server. Only the root administrator can do the authorisation in DHCP server. Without authorising the DHCP severs it cannot issue the DHCP IP address. The features of DHCP server are:

1) Scope 2) Super Scope 3) Multicast Scope 4) Reservations 5) Scope & Server options 6) DHCP Backup & Restore

Scope: Scope consists range of IP addresses belonging to a single network. A scope cannot have multiple network IP addresses. We can have multiple scopes in DHCP servers. Range: Range is nothing but pool of IP addresses. Super Scope: Clubbing more than one scope into a super scope such that different network IP address can be issued. Multicast Scope: Multicast Scope is used to assign to a range of IP addresses from Class D networks. Reservations: Reservations are nothing but assigning dynamically static IP addresses. To do the Reservations in DHCP we require the clients NIC cards MAC (Media Access Control) address. To assign the Reservations.

Start Programs Administrative tools DHCP Open the scope. Right click on Reservations and select New Reservations. Specify the name to the Reservations. Specify an IP address. Specify the default option. Click Next. (0. both 0. 0. ) Finish.

Scope & Server Options: Specifying the information of the servers present in the network. It is specified for a particular scope it called as Scope Option. If it should specified to entire DHCP specify it in the server options. DHCP Backup & Restore: The configurations that are done to DHCP can be taken as backup through the DHCP server itself and also it can be restored through the DHCP server itself. Right click on the Computer Name (in DHCP). Select Backup option

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Requirement of DHCP Server.

1) Standalone Server (DC and Member server) 2) Static IP Address for Server.

To Install DHCP server:

Start Settings Control Panel Add Remove Programs Add Remove Components Scroll down the list select Networking Services and click details and select DHCP.

To authorise DHCP: Start Programs Administrative Tools DHCP Right click on the Computer Name and Select Authorise.

Arrow in upward in Red in color is not authorise Arrow in upward in Green in color is authorise

To configure Scope:

Start Programs Administrative Tools DHCP Right click on Computer name and Select Scope. A wizard appears, Click Next. Specify a name to Scope and Click Next Specify a range of IP addresses with a single network, Click Next. Specify an exclusion range if required, Click Next. Displays the least period with duration of 8 days, Click Next. Gives 2 options. { To Configure scope options Now { To Configure scope options Later Select the default Click Next. Specify the Router information if present, Click Next. Specify the DNS server information, Click Next. Specify the WINS servers information if required, Click Next. Displays 2 options. { Activate Scope Now { Activate Scope Later Select the default Click Next. & Finish

To Configure Super Scope:

Start Programs Administrative Tools DHCP Right click on computer name and Select Super Scope. A Wizard appears, Click Next. Specify a name to Super Scope, Click Next. Select the Scopes and Add Click Next & Finish.

If an Administrator is sitting on client side go to the command prompt and type, : ipconfig /release

0.0.0.0 : ipconfig /renew

the new dynamic IP address displays.

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DNS (Domain Naming System)

DNS is used to resolve the host name to IP addresses and IP addresses back to host name. DNS servers has 2 types of zones. 1) Forward Lookup Zone & 2) Reverse Lookup Zone Forward Lookup Zone: It is used to resolve the host name to IP addresses. There can be multiple Forward Lookup Zones on a single IP address. Forward Lookup Zone consists of SOA (Start of Authority), NS (Naming System), Host, Alias etc. (And resource records are available only on the domain zone)

Service Records: Service records consist of LADP, Kerberos, Global Catalogue, Domain Name, TCP, UDP etc. (6 folders in 2003). These resource records are available only for the domain zones.

Reverse Lookup Zone: It is used to resolve IP addresses back to host names. There can be only one Reverse Lookup Zone to the entire network. But it can consist of multiple pointers. Forward Lookup Zone: There are 3 types of zones in Forward Lookup Zone. 1) Primary Zone 2) Secondary Zone & 3) Stub Zone. Primary Zone: A Primary Zone is a master copy created in the DNS. NOTE: Primary Zone can be created either with Active Directory integrator or without Active Directory integrator. With Active Directory integrator: If a primary zone is created with Active Directory integrated the zone file is saved in the Active Directory Data Store. The Administrator cannot make any modifications to the zone. Without Active Directory integrator: If a primary zone is created without Active Directory integrated the zone file is saved in the DNS folder. The Administrator can make the modifications to the zone file.

Root

ISP - DNS

Local - DNS

User Browser

Yahoo

Com Org Net

Sify

Mail Chat

ROOT

TOP LEVEL DOMAINS

SECOND LEVEL DOMAINS

SUB DOMAINS

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Secondary Zone: Secondary Zone is a copy (backup) and is used to copy the Primary zone. There can be multiple Secondary Zones to a single Primary Zone, but the Secondary Zone must not exist where Primary zone already exists. Secondary Zone maintains the total information of the Primary zone. Stub Zone: Stub Zone is also a copy of Primary zone but Stub Zone maintains only 3 records information of the Domain zone or 2 records of the other zones. The 3 records are 1) SOA, 2) NS and 3) Host. Stub Zone is available only in windows 2003 DNS server. Requirements for DNS server:

1. Standalone server (Domain controller / Member server) It is recommended to install in Member server for load balancing.

2. Static IP address 3. Windows 2003 Server CD

To Install DNS: Start Control Panel Add / Remove Programs Add/Remove Windows components. Scroll down the list and Select Networking components. Select details and Check DNS OK (Insert Windows 2003 Server CD, when prompted. - Finish) To Configure Primary Zone (with Active Directory integrated) Start Programs Administrative Tools DNS Right Click on the Forward Lookup Zone and select New Zone. A wizard appears Click Next 3 Options will be displayed. { Primary Zone { Secondary Zone { Stub Zone At the bottom ; With Active Directory Select default Click Next. Specify a Host Name to Zone (eg: ccna.com, mcse.com etc.) Click Next Specify a name to the Zone Click Next 3 Options will be displayed: ~ Dont dynamic update { Allow dynamic update secure { Allow dynamic update secure & non-secure Select default and Click Next & Finish. If the service records are not viewable in the domain zone: Start Programs Administrative Tools Services (need to restart 2 services) 1) Net logon 2) DNS server service Now you can find 6 Folders / Service Records If the Domain Zone is created without Active Directory integrated. (DC system) Open My Computer C (where the OS is existing) Windows System32 open Config folder. Select and open netlog.dns file in the Notepad. Copy the entire content and close Notepad. Now (In DNS system) Open My Computer C (where the OS is existing) Windows System32 open DNS folder select the zone file and open in Notepad and paste the content at the bottom of the notepad, save & close.

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Start Programs Administrative Tools Services (need to restart 2 services) 1) Net logon 2) DNS server service Creating a Secondary Zone: Move on to different PC where DNS is installed. Start Programs Administrative Tools DNS Right Click on the Forward Lookup Zone Select New Zone. A wizard appears Click Next. In the Options select the Secondary Zone, Click Next Specify the Zone Name. Click Next (Same name) Specify the IP Address where the Primary Zone exists, click Add button. Click Next & Finish. Move back to Primary Zone PC. Right click on zone and go to Properties. In the options select Zone Transfer and check it. Apply and OK. To get the Resource Records of the Domain Zone on the Member Server. First share the Config Folder in the DC. Restart the Net logon service on Dc & DNS server service on the Member server. To Create a new Reverse Lookup Zone

Start Programs Administrative Tools DNS Right Click on Reverse Lookup Zone and Select New Reverse Lookup Zone A wizard appears, Click Next. Displays 3 Options: Select Primary Zone (default) Click Next. Gives 3 Options again, Select 2nd option (default) Click Next Specify the Network ID (192.168.1) Click Next & Finish.

To Create a Pointer in Reverse Lookup Zone

Right Click on the newly created Reverse Lookup Zone and Select New Pointer Specify the Host ID. Click the browse button to select the zone in the Forward Lookup Zone host file. OK

To find out the out put, type at command prompt - : nslookup 192.168.1.1 Six Important Roles of DNS: 1) Disable Recursion 2) Bind Secondary 3) Secure Cache against Pollution 4) Round robin 5) Net mast Ordering 6) Fail on Load if bad zone data.

1) Disable Recursion: If a query is passed on to the DNS server, the DNS server tries to resolve the query by searching multiple number of times. By default this option is unchecked. If this option is checked then the DNS server tries to resolve the query once.

2) Bind Secondary: If a query is passed on to the primary zone, if it is unable to solve it sends the query to the secondary zone. On certain circumstances if this option is unchecked, it doesnt even allow to create a secondary zone. By default this option is checked.

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3) Secure Cache against Pollution: When a website is visited we find multiple link sites

getting opened. By default DNS cache saves all the information where pollution is created. And also if a website is visited enough it saves the information in C:. After certain duration the same site is visited again, in such a case the NS makes 2 entries where pollution is created. To solve this problem check the option.

4) Round robin: When there are multiple web servers with a single host name but different IP addresses. The DNS server send the query to all the web serves till any one of the server resolves the query. By default this option is checked. If the option is unchecked sends the query to the 1st web severs only.

5) Enable Net mast ordering: If a single sever have multiple network adaptors then the DNS sends the query to the respective NIC card only. Because by default this option is checked. If this option is unchecked then it functions in Round robin format.

6) Fail on Load if bad zone data: If a zone has multiple records if any one of the record is bad, it doesnt stop the functioning of the zone. Because by default this option is unchecked. If this option is checked if any one of the zone file is bad then it disables the entire zone itself.

To find out these six roles: Start Programs Administrative Tools DNS Right Click on the computer Name & go to Properties. In the options select the advance. Displays the 6 Roles. There are 2 types of queries in DNS 1) Recursive Query 2) Interactive Query Recursive Query: If a client sends a query to DNS it is called as Recursive Query Interactive Query: If a DNS sends a query to another DNS server is called as Interactive Query

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IIS v 6.0 Kernel Mode: Kernel Mode is a mediator between the user mode and hardware. A kernel mode is directly interactive with hardware. IIS v 6.0 is Kernel Mode. IIS server is user to host Websites and FTP sites generally. IIS server in Windows 2003 comes with version 6.0. Whereas in Windows 200 IIS v. 5.0. Rather in Windows NT 4.0 IIS by default is 2.0 and if install Service pack 6.0 IIS server is 4.0. IIS v 6.0 works on directly on Kernel Mode. Where as previous versions work on the User mode. As IIS 6.0 works on Kernel Mode it is faster to host websites. Websites can be hosted in a windows 98 operating system also by using PWS (personal web server). But there are lot of disadvantages compare to IIS v. 6.0 on server. IIS is installed by default in Windows 2000 server. Whereas in 2003 IIS server is not installed by default. We call IIS as ISM (Internet Service Manager) in Windows 2003 server. Whereas in Windows 2000 we call as IISM (Internet Information Service Manager). Websites: We can be hosted on a IIS server by using the default port number 80. Website on an IIS server can be configured using a different port also. There are a total 65,535 ports out of that 1023 ports are reserved. FTP: File Transfer Protocol is specifically used for uploads and downloads. FTP site can be configured on IIS server with a default port number 21. In Windows 2003 IIS by default the administrator is allowed to download and denied to upload. The only one user can do both of them, i.e. the Power User of IIS. He is calls as iuser (Internet). The administrator has to take permission by himself in order to upload any data through the FTP site. Once IIS server is configured the DNS server should be configured with zones. IIS is totally integrated with DNS server. By default in Window 200 IIS server there are 2 default websites. 1) Default website and 2) Administrative Website. Default website consists of help regarding IIS server. Administrative website is not available in Windows 2003 IIS server. Requirements for IIS server to host:

1. Standalone Sever (Can be installed in Domain Controller, Member Server or Work Group).

2. Member server is recommended 3. Static IP Address 4. Windows 2003 server CD 5. DNS Server 6. Web content (html files).

To Install IIS Server: Start Setting Control Panel Add/Remove Programs Add Remove Windows Components. Select the Application services, Click the details button. Check the IIS. (by default FTP site is not selected). So select IIS and click on Details again and check the FTP. Then OK OK Finish. Insert Windows 2003 server CD when prompted. After installation click Finish. To configure website in IIS server:

Start Programs Administrative Tools IISM

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Open websites folder and Right Click. Select New Website. A wizard appears Click Next Specify a name to the website (this name is available only in the IIS server) Click Next Specify the servers IP address. Leave the default port number and specify Host Header name (eg: www.yahoo.com) Click Next Specify the path where web contents exist by clicking the Browse button. Click Next Displays the certain options. Check the Browse option and Click Next and Finish. Configure DNS with a Zone in the Forward Lookup Zone with same Header name (newly created site in IIS). Once the zone is configured with Host and Alias go to the Command Prompt and ping with the Host header name. If an error occurs while pinging flush DNS. To flush the DNS type the following command. C:>ipconfig \flushdns. Once the DNS is flushed again ping with the host header name.

To Set the Home Page for the Website: In IIS server, Right Click on the website which is created, go to Properties. In the options select Documents. Click the add button and specify the Home Page file name (eg: index.html). Click OK. Delete if the default home page specified. Apply, OK.

To configure the Sub Domain for the existing website. Right Click on the website which is created. Select New Website. Follow the same steps as for website.

To configure the Sub Domain in DNS server in the Forward Lookup Zone. Right Click on the Forward Lookup Zone which is created and Select New Domain Specify the Sub Domain Name only (eg: mail). Press OK, Sub Domain will be created. Create Host and Alias for the Sub Domain. Now go to Command Prompt and ping (www.mail.yahoo.com)

1) A maximum of 13 Sub Domains can be created and configured. www.mail.yahoo.com www.yahoo.com/ Virtual Directory.

To Create Virtual Directory

Right Click on the website and select New Virtual Directory. Specify a name to the Virtual Directory (mail). Next follow the same steps as previous.

To Configure FTP site:

Start Programs Administrative Tools IISM. Open FTP Folder and Right Click and select New FTP site (This name is available only in the list of IIS server) Click Next Specify the servers IP address. Leave default port (21), Click Next Displays options: 0) Do not isolate users 0) Isolate Users 0) Isolate users over internet. Select default, Click Next Specify the path where the web contents are, by clicking the Browse button. Click Next Displays 2 options: 0) Read 0) Write

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Check Write option, Click Next & Finish. Create the following folders.. C:\ Root MCSE

Administrator Username Public

Giving the right to the Administrator to upload the information in to the FTP site: Right Click on the FTP site which is created. Go to properties select the 2nd option. It displays the iuser account. Change to Administrator by clicking the Browse button. Apply. OK. Refresh for 1/2 minutes.

We cannot make any changes directly on the FTP site. To make changes- Download the file makes necessary changes and then uploads.

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Software Router Router is used to establish connectivity between 2 different networks. 192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1 There are 2 types of Routers:

2) Software Router and 3) Hardware Router.

Software Router: A software router is used to establish connectivity between 2 different networks within a local LAN (preferred). Hardware Router: A hardware router is used to establish connectivity between 2 different geographical locations. Eg: WAN. Differences between a Software Router & Hardware Router: Sl Hardware Router Software Router 1 A Hardware Router has one task to

perform i.e. Routing A Software Router can be used to perform multiple tasks

2 It can be configured only by professional

It can be configured by any person with a simple knowledge

3 There are fixed series of routers are available in hardware routers

There are no fixed series in software routers

4 It is easily portable It is difficult for portable 5 It is costlier It is cheaper 6 It is required a third party devices

for connectivity and configuring. Eg: Transceiver, DB9

No need to use any third party devices for software routers.

RTL (Routing Table List): An RTL is present within the router. RTL maintains the information of directly connected networks to the router and also indirectly connected networks to the router. NAT (Network Address Translator): NAT is used to differentiate between private networks (IP address), Such that the public network cannot access the private network but the private network can access the public network. The NAT is implemented on the router. NAT is a layer 3 security, but with an option called as Basic Firewall it functions in all the 7 layers. 192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1 DHCP Relay Agent: DHCP Relay Agent is used to assign different network IP addresses dynamically of one network to another. The DHCP Relay Agent takes the request from the client machine passes through router and delivers at to the DHCP server present on the other network. Takes the IP addresses from the DHCP server passes through the router and assign the dynamic IP address to client.

192.168.1.2 192.168.2.2

Router

192.168.1.2 192.168.2.2

NAT Router

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4) Without configuring the DHCP Relay Agent on the router the DHCP server cannot

assign a dynamic IP address to a different network. Once the DHCP Relay Agent is configured on the router no need to configure any Super Scope in the DHCP server.

192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1

The routers information must & should be specified in the scope options for the server options on the DHCP server.

Requirement for Software Router:

1. Standalone Sever (Can be installed in Domain Controller, Member Server or Work Group).

2. Member Server is recommended 3. Requires at least 2 NIC cards.

Each and every interface of the router must & should be configured with a different

network IP addresses. To install the Software Router: The software router is by default installed with Operating System. To Configure the Software Router:

Start Programs Administrative Tools Routing & Remote Access Right Click on Computer Name & Select Configure & Enable Routing & Remote Access A wizard appears Click Next. In the options select connectivity between 2 private networks. Click Next. Displays 2 Options: { Either to configure Dialup ~ Not to configure Dialup Select the No option. Click Next & Finish.

To configure NAT in Software Router:

By default the NAT is installed with the router in Windows 2003 software router with an option of Basic firewall. If NAT is not installed, then

Start Programs Administrative Tools Routing & Remote Access Right Click on General Folder and select New Routing protocol. In the options select NAT/Basic Firewall. Click OK button. Appears in the list.

To configure the NAT:

Right click on NAT/Basic Firewall and Select New Interface. In the Interface select an Interface, Click OK In the options displays: Private & Public. Select the default option, Click Ok Again Right Click on the NAT & select New Interface Select the other Interface, Click OK. Displays Public & Private. Select the Public option & check NAT. Click OK. (Can select ; Basic format)

192.168.1.2 192.168.2.2

DHCP Relay Agent

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To configure DHCP Relay Agent:

To install the DHCP Relay Agent, on the Router remove NAT from the Router. Because NAT requires both the interfaces with Static IP addresses.

To Install DHCP Relay Agent: Start Programs Administrative Tools Routing & Remote Access. Right click on General & Select New routing Protocol. In the options select DHCP Relay Agent and Click OK DHCP Relay Agent appears in the list.

To Configure: Right Click on DHCP Relay Agent and Select New Interface. In the Interfaces Select an Interface and Click OK button. Select the default options & OK Add the other Interface also in the same procedure.

o Right click on the DHCP Relay Agent, go to Properties. o Specify the DHCP servers IP Address, Click OK.

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Remote Access Service (RAS) RAS is used to establish connectivity between the client and the server remotely, by using the 3rd vendor in the middle (Telephone Department).

Each and every network is by default an unsecured network. Because in an unsecured network the data travels in a pure text format over the network. It can be hacked by any person once the data is over the network.

In RAS concept the client machine uses the Dial-up connection to get connected to the RAS server. In such case the client PC uses PPP (Point to Point) protocol or PPMP (Point to Point Multi-link Protocol) to establish connectivity. PPMP protocol is used when we require huge amount of bandwidth to connect to the RAS server. It clubs multiple lines such as ISDN, X.25 and Digi (Digital) link to get huge amount of bandwidth. An unsecured network is also called as a physical connectivity between two nodes. To connect the unsecured network to a secured network VPN (Virtual Private Network) connections are used.

To have a secured network we must and should have an unsecured network first. A secured network cannot be directly established. A secured network logical connectivity between 2 nodes to have secured network 2 protocols is utilised. PPTP (Point to Point Tunnelling Protocol) and L2TP (Layer 2 Tunnelling Protocol).

Initially PPTP was the industrial standard protocol for VPN connection. Later L@TP has become the industrial standard for VPN connection. By default Microsoft Windows Server 2003 supports PPTP protocol. A network is called as secured network because data travel in an encrypted format over the network and will be decrypted only at the destination end.

By default 2 single unsecured networks (dial-up) a maximum of 5 VPN connections can be established using PPTP protocol.

Digital Digital Dial-up Point to Point Over Ethernet (PPPOE): To have a huge bandwidth over point to point connection has Ethernet technology a protocol is used on the RAS server is called as PPPOE. Microsoft Remote Access Service Protocol (MRASP): When there are multiple RAS servers able to communicate each other then MRASP protocol is used to establish that connectivity.

Analog

Windows 2000 (Prof)

Windows 2003 Server

Modem Modem

VPN

PPP PPMP

PPTP L2TP

PPPOEMRASP

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Requirement for RAS Server: 1. Standalone Sever (can be installed in Domain Controller, Member Server or Work

Group). Member Server is recommended 2. Static IP Address 3. Modem 4. Telephone Line 5. Telephone Number

To Install RAS Server: By default RAS server is installed with operating system. To Configure RAS Server:

Start Programs Administrative Tools Routing & Remote Access Select Configure & Enable Routing and Remote Access. A wizard appears Click Next Select the option Remote Access (by default it is selected) Click Next Displays 2 options: VPN & Dial-up; Check Dial-up & Click Next Gives 2 options again: { Assign IP address through DHCP server ~Manually Select Manual option and Click Next Specify the range of IP Addresses by clicking Add button; Click Next Gives 2 options: { To configure Radius ~Not to configure Radius Select No Click Next & Finish.

To configure Modem both on Server and Client:

Start Settings Control Panel Phones & Modems Double click on Phones & Modems, Select Modem in the options. Click Add button. A wizard appears with check box indicating Manually select the Modem Driver. Check the option and Click Next. In the next options select the Communication cable between 2 computers Click Next Select the COM port Click Next & Finish.

To Configure Dial-up Connection: (On the Client Side Only)

Start Settings Network Connections. Double click Make new connection A Wizard appear, Click Next In the options select Advanced Click Next 2 options appears. In the options select Connect Directly to Another Computer Click Next Displays 2 options: (Host & Guest), select Guest option, Click Next Specify the Computer name of the RAS server Click Next Select the Modem Click Next 2 Options displays: (Everyone & Myself), select any one option Click Next & Finish

To Configure the VPN Connection: (On the Client Side Only)

Start Settings Network Connections. Double click Make new connection A Wizard appear, Click Next In the options select Connect the network to the Workplace, Click Next Select VPN option, Click Next Select the Unsecured network Connection option, Click Next Specify the RAS servers PPP adaptors IP Address, Click Next 2 options appear: (Everyone & only myself) select any one option Click Next & Finish

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By default the Administrator himself is denied to use the Dial-up connection. To make his account Allow access: Start Programs Administrative Tools Active Directory Users & Computers. In the users folder, Right Click on the Administrator account, go to Properties. In the options select Dial in and click Allow option. Click Apply & OK. The same applies ever for the user also.

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Terminal Service Terminal Service is used to deploy the server environment on to the client machine. The applications that are installed on the server can be accessed from the client machine with lesser configuration by using Terminal Service. Eg: 3D Max, Maya etc. Terminal Services are very widely used in the software designing and corporate sectors. One of the other reasons why Terminal Services are used is to reduce the infrastructure cost. Terminal Service in Windows NT 4.0 is not integrated with operating system. Where as in Windows 2000 and Windows 2003 the Terminal Service is integrated. To have Terminal Service in Windows NT 4.0 a separate edition should purchased called as Windows NT Terminal Service server. Terminal Service uses a protocol called as RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol). Windows 2000 Terminal Service has 2 modes: 1) Remote Administrative Mode 2) Application Service Mode.

1) Remote Administrative Mode: Through Remote Administrative Mode only Administrator allowed to login. The administrator cant access any applications in this mode, but can configure the Terminal service.

2) Application Service Mode: Through Application Service Mode both users and administrator are allowed to login. Both of them can access any application on Terminal Service. The administrator can even configure the Terminal Service.

In Windows 2003 Terminal Service are 2 models: 1. Full Security Mode & 2. Relaxed Security Mode.

1. Full Security Mode: Through Full Security Mode by default only administrators are allowed to login by giving permissions to users in Terminal Service even the users can login in this mode. In Full Security Mode certain application will not work properly and also critical registry options cant be changed nor modified in this particular mode.

2. Relaxed Security Mode: Through this mode by default only administrators are allowed to login by giving permissions to users in Terminal Service even the users can login in this mode. In this particular mode all applications will work and also critical registry options can be changed or modified. By default the Terminal Service will be running on Windows server 2003 in this particular mode.

Terminal Service has 2 important features: 1) Remote Control & 2) Environment. 1) Remote Control: Through Remote Control option the administrator can view the users

terminal service session. There are 2 modes in Remote Control option. 1) View Mode & 2) Interactive Mode. In View Mode the administrator can view the users Terminal Service session. Trough Interactive Mode the Administrator can interact with the use through this particular mode. There is an option is checked once the Remote Control is applied to the users Terminal Service either to accept or deny. If this option is unchecked once the Remote Control is applied to a user and no intimation will be sent to him and forcibly takes the users Terminal Session.

2) Environment: Through Environment option only one application can be deployed to the user when the user in the Terminal Service. If we need to deploy more than one application, create a .bat file. Open Notepad type the applications that are required on the other and save it in the drive with some name.

To give these options to a single user:

Start Programs Administrative Tools Active Directory Users & Computers. Right click on user account and go to properties. In the options select Remote Control or Environment.

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If these options should be given to all the users:

Start Programs Administrative Tools Terminal Service Configuration. Right click on RDP on the right side of the screen and go to properties. In the options select Remote Control or Environment.

To give permissions to users to login into Terminal Service: Start Programs Administrative Tools Terminal Service Configuration Right click on RDP and go to properties. In the options select Security. Add the user name and specify the permissions.

In Windows 2000 Terminal Service a user can open multiple Terminal Service sessions. But in 2003 Terminal Service a user can login / open only one Terminal Service session.

By default Relaxed Security Mode will be installed with Operating System itself. But in Windows 200 Terminal Service should be manually selected in Control Panel.

Requirement for Terminal Service:

1. Standalone Server (Domain Controller or Member Server) 2. Static IP address & 3. Windows 2003 CD.

To install Terminal Service in Full Security Mode: Start Settings Control Panel Add/Remove Programs Add/Remove Windows Components. Scroll down the list & check Terminal Service, Click Next The information of Terminal Service window appears, Click Next. Displays 2 options { Relaxed Mode ~ Full Security Mode. Select the Full Security Mode, Click Next Provide Windows 2003 server CD when prompted. Click Finish & Prompts to Restart. To share the Terminal Service Client Software (on the server): Open folders My Computer C: Windows System32 Clients TSclients Win32 folder. Share Win32 folder. On client side open the share folder (on Server) and installed the application.

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RIS RIS Service is used to deploy the Operating System from the server to the client system directly. This service is been introduced in Windows 2000 Server and also available in Windows 2003 Server. To do this deployment we require either Hardware support or Software support on the client system. Through RIS we can deploy certain Operating Systems like Windows 2000(P), Windows 2000(S), Windows XP (P), and Windows 2003(S) but can not deploy Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT 4.0 and Datacenter Servers of Windows 2000 and 2003 will not work. RIS Services reduces the work load of an administrator by automatically installing the Operating System from the server to the client. To install the Operating System we require the installation CD of the Operating System, CD-Rom on each and every system and also the administrator as to manually answer each and every question to complete the installation process. Through the RIS Services there is no need to have CD-Rom on each and every system, no need to have the installation CD of the Operating System and the administrator job is also less compared to the installation Process. There are two methods in RIS Service through which we can deploy the Operating System they are

1. Attended Installation 2. Un Attended Installation

1) Attended Installation: The default processor in RIS is the Attended Installation. Through this process the administrator has to answer certain question while the installation is going on like 25 digit product key, organisation name, etc. 2) Un Attended Installation: Through this process the installation is done totally automatic. No question will be asked while the installation is going on. To do this process the administrator has to modify the .sif. The hardware requirement on the client system is the PXE (Preboot Execution Environment) Boot Room. The PXE Boot Rom is available on the client NIC cards. But Windows 2003 RIS service supports only 10 vendors NIC cards with PXE Boot Rom, in Windows 2000 RIS service it supports 3 Vendors NIC cards with PXE Boot Rom. If the Hardware is not available we can use the Software Process. We can use the RIS Bootable CD or Floppy to start the RIS installation Process.

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Disk Management Disk management is a utility in windows 2003 server which is used to manage the Hard Disk. Through disk management we can create partitions, create volumes and formatting the partitions. There are two types of disks

1. Basic Disk 2. Dynamic Disk

1) Basic Disk: By default each and every hard disk is a basic disk. In basic disk we can create partitions. There are two types of partitions they are

Primary Partition Extended Partition In basic disks partitions can be done in Dos and Windows, but there is a huge difference between Dos partitions and Windows partitions. In Dos we can create only one primary Dos partition and one Extended Dos partition because in the Partition table which is located in MBR (Master Boot Record) out of the 64 bytes 32 bytes are allocated for the Primary Dos Partition and the rest of the 32 bytes are reserved for Extended Dos Partitions. The size of the Partition table is 64 bytes and is available in the MBR; the MBR is available on the first sector of the Hard Disk. In Windows we can create a maximum of four Primary Partitions or Three Primary and one Extended Partitions. This will happen because the Partition table is managed by Windows, in such case each Primary Partition created occupies 16 bytes from the Partition table, so a maximum of four Primary Partitions can be created. There are four major problems in a Partition, they are

Partition can not be extended (with out loosing the data) Drive Letter Dependent(C to Z) Does not support fault tolerance Multiple Hard Disk can be clubbed for a single partition

These four problems can be over come through Dynamic Disk. A Basic Disk can be converted to Dynamic Disk directly with out loosing the data. In Windows NT 4.0 there is no concept of Dynamic Disk 2) Dynamic Disk: Through Dynamic Disk we can create volumes. These volumes over come the four major problems of Partitions. In Windows NT 4.0 there are Sets but not volumes. There are five types of volumes, they are

Simple volume Spanned volume Striped volume Mirror volume RAID 5 volume

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Simple volume: A Simple volume is created on a single Hard Disk. A Simple volume can be extended. A simple volume does not support fault tolerance. A Simple volume is independent of drive letters. Once the Partitions are converted to volumes they become simple volumes Spanned volume: A Spanned can be created with a minimum of two Hard Disks and a maximum of 32 Hard disks. Spanned volume can be extended. A Spanned volume does not support fault tolerance. A Spanned volume is independent of drive letters. There is a unique feature in Spanned volume that is individual drive spaces can be selected. After the first Hard Disk is filled with data its moves on to the second Hard Disk. It does not write the data on multiple Hard Disks simultaneously. If any of the Hard Disk fails the entire data in the volume is lost. Striped volume: A Striped volume can be created with a minimum of two Hard Disk and a maximum of 32 Hard disk. Striped volume can not be extended. A Striped volume does not support fault tolerance. A Striped volume is independent of drive letters. The Striped volume is the fastest volume. It writes the data simultaneously into multiple hard disks. The data is divided into 65KB. If any hard disk is f