measurement & verification ibpsa - usa 1. t he p ath to i mproved p erformance includes m&v...
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Measurement & Verification
IBPSA - USA
1
Modeling Fundamentals
Performance Rating Method Best Practices Inform Design Measurement &
Verification
IBPSA - USATHE PATH TO IMPROVED PERFORMANCEINCLUDES M&V ACTIVITIES
On-goingCommissioning
Energy Management
Comparison Against Predicted
Performance
The Path to Improved Performance
M&V is part of a performance feedback loop that benefits:• Facility Managers• Designers• Energy Modelers
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Modeling Fundamentals
Performance Rating Method Best Practices Inform Design Measurement &
Verification
IBPSA - USA
PREDICTED VS. ACTUAL
From NBI/USGBC, “Energy Performance of LEED for New Construction Buildings”, March 2008.
“ … a quarter of the new buildings that have been certified do not saveas much energy as their designs predicted ..”
“If you’re not reducing carbon, you’re not doing your job.” Scott Horst, Senior Vice President, USGBC
New York Times, August 31, 2009, Some Buildings Not Living Up to Green Label.
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IBPSA - USA
M&V RESOURCESDocument Description Links
IPMVP Volume I Basic concepts and methods, measurement, uncertainty, examples
http://www.evo-world.org
IPMVP Volume III – New Construction
Baseline definition, overview of methods
http://www.evo-world.org
FEMP M&V Guidelines, version 2.2
ESCO focus, owner support; application document, calibration methodology, sample selection
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/26265.pdf
FEMP M&V Guidelines, version 3.0
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/mv_guidelines.pdf
ASHRAE Guideline 14 – 2002
IPMVP concepts +, calibration criteria, instrumentation, data management, regression techniques, examples
http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?product_id=1645226
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Modeling Fundamentals
Performance Rating Method Best Practices Inform Design Measurement &
Verification
IBPSA - USAM&V – OPTION DACTIVITIES
Savings
Metering
Commissioning
Performance Data
As-Designed Model
Calibrated Model
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Modeling Fundamentals
Performance Rating Method Best Practices Inform Design Measurement &
Verification
IBPSA - USA
LEED M&VLEED NC EAc5 Measurement and Verification
Intent Provide for ongoing accountability of energy consumption over time
Requirements • M&V Plan – Option B, D savings method 2, Vol. III• 1 Year M&V Period• Process for corrective action
Reference Guide • M&V rigor and value• IPMVP Volume III overview• M&V activities timeline
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Modeling Fundamentals
Performance Rating Method Best Practices Inform Design Measurement &
Verification
IBPSA - USAM&V – OPTION DPROCEDURES
Develop M&V Plan
Ensure sufficient metering
Gather and check data
Calibrate
Calculate verified savings
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Modeling Fundamentals
Performance Rating Method Best Practices Inform Design Measurement &
Verification
IBPSA - USADEVELOP M&V PLANLEED NC CONSIDERATIONS
M&V Plan – General Considerations
√ Responsible party for implementing the M&V Plan
√ Activities addressing ongoing accountability
√ M&V option B or D
√ Baseline definition
√ One-year M&V period
√ Calibration of predicted performance analysis
√ Use of weather data coinciding with M&V period
√ Energy savings calculation
√ Metering requirements
See http://www.ibpsa.us/workshop/ for more detailed M&V Plan content outline and example LEED EAc5 M&V Plan
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Modeling Fundamentals
Performance Rating Method Best Practices Inform Design Measurement &
Verification
IBPSA - USADEVELOP M&V PLANBALANCE RISK OF SAVINGS WITH VALUE OF SAVINGS
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Modeling Fundamentals
Performance Rating Method Best Practices Inform Design Measurement &
Verification
IBPSA - USA
ENSURE SUFFICIENT METERING
Review CD documents and coordinate with Cx agent to ensure systems in place to monitor building energy performance• May not be monitoring energy usage directly• Monitor to ensure building is operating per its design intent
Prioritize what to monitor by considering• Owner’s needs• At risk “savings”• Confirmation of modeling assumptions
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IBPSA - USA
ENSURE SUFFICIENT METERING
SystemMeasure /
Verification Component
Verify Measure / Condition Monitoring Points
Hot Water
Variable-flow loop; hot water pumps equipped with VFDs.
- variable-flow operation, to maintain pressure differential set point between supply and return heating water piping mains
- interlocked with boiler operation; two minute delay on boiler disable
- VFD speed- pump status- differential pressure between supply and return- water flow rate- heating water supply and return temperatures
Chillers Equipped with VFDs. Reset chilled water supply temperature to maintain air handler discharge air temperature.
- chiller efficiency (NPLV = 0.50)- chiller VFD operation- chilled water supply temperature
reset from 48ºF to maintain air handler discharge air temperature
- chiller power- chiller efficiency (calculated point)or/- CHWS/RT- CHW flow
See http://www.ibpsa.us/workshop/ for example LEED EAc5 M&V Plan with monitoring points
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Modeling Fundamentals
Performance Rating Method Best Practices Inform Design Measurement &
Verification
IBPSA - USAGATHER AND CHECK DATAAFTER BUILDING IS COMMISSIONED
Building Description Data
• Climatic data• Utility Data• As-built documents• Sequence of operations• Specs• Submittals
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IBPSA - USAGATHER AND CHECK DATAAFTER BUILDING IS COMMISSIONED
Survey and Audit Data
• Occupant feedback
• Operator interview
• Survey / audit forms
• TAB reports• Monitored
data
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IBPSA - USAGATHER AND CHECK DATACREATING CUSTOM WEATHER FILES
Parameters DOE-2 EnergyPlus
Dry Bulb √ √
Wet Bulb √ √
Dew Point √
Humidity DP RH
Atmospheric Pressure √ √
Horizontal infrared √
Total horizontal radiation √
Direct normal radiation √
Diffuse normal radiation √ √
Wind direction √ √
Wind speed √ √
Present weather codes Clouds √
Snow Depth Flag √
See simulation program documentation for more details on data requirements and processing tools
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Modeling Fundamentals
Performance Rating Method Best Practices Inform Design Measurement &
Verification
IBPSA - USAGATHER AND CHECK DATACREATING CUSTOM WEATHER FILES
1. Download the TMY .CSV file for Atlanta, GA (available from EnergyPlus site)
2. Request hourly data for 2007 from the EnergyPlus request site http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/weatherdata
_about.cfm
3. Fill any data gaps in 2007 .CSV files that you receive via email
4. Convert data to correct units for TMY version (if required)
Example Process:Create a custom weather file for 2007 for Atlanta, GA
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Modeling Fundamentals
Performance Rating Method Best Practices Inform Design Measurement &
Verification
IBPSA - USAGATHER AND CHECK DATACREATING CUSTOM WEATHER FILES
5. Convert Dry Bulb and Dew Point Temperature to % Relative Humidity using the relation:
Tdb = dry bulb temperature, Tdp = dew point temperature, RH = Relative Humidity
6. Copy the 2007 hourly data (including the calculated RH) to the appropriate columns in the TMY .CSV file.
7. Try to find hourly solar data…hopefully your site is included here: http://www.nrel.gov/midc/srrl_bms/
8. Copy the 2007 solar radiation values to the appropriate columns in the TMY file
9. Convert the altered .CSV file to the type of weather file required for a given energy modeling tool using various weather file converter tools
Create a custom weather file for 2007 for Atlanta, GA
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Modeling Fundamentals
Performance Rating Method Best Practices Inform Design Measurement &
Verification
IBPSA - USACALIBRATIONBOUND THE PROBLEM
• Strong parameters
• Range of probable values
Identify Values and Ranges
• Electric kWH• Electric kW• Gas
Visually compare
• As-built info• Operating
schedules • Plug loads• Controls
Revise Modeling Assumptions
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Modeling Fundamentals
Performance Rating Method Best Practices Inform Design Measurement &
Verification
IBPSA - USA
Run Building Simulation
Perform sensitivity analysis
Identify plausible solutions
Refine solution through
reconciliation with actual data
CALIBRATIONGUIDE THE INVESTIGATION
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Modeling Fundamentals
Performance Rating Method Best Practices Inform Design Measurement &
Verification
IBPSA - USACALIBRATIONRECONCILIATION WITH UTILITY DATA
Rough calibration of components• DHW from gas in summer• Cooling from electric in summer• Heating from gas in winter• Swing season for schedules, plugs
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Ele
ctri
c (k
Wh
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Gas
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Btu
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FY 2009 Elec
Modeled Gas
FY 2009 Elec
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Modeling Fundamentals
Performance Rating Method Best Practices Inform Design Measurement &
Verification
IBPSA - USACALIBRATIONRECONCILIATION WITH HOURLY DATA
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Modeling Fundamentals
Performance Rating Method Best Practices Inform Design Measurement &
Verification
IBPSA - USACALIBRATIONART VERSUS SCIENCE
“… a detailed simulation program involving numerous input parameters is a highly under-determined problem (i.e. , the presence of too many parameters is likely to result in any solution being non-unique. “
• Reddy T.A. and Itzhak Maor, 2006. “Procedures for Reconciling Computer-Calculated Results with Measured Energy Data, ” ASHRAE Research Project 1051-RP
“.. It seems like most of the world’s conventional wisdom is to treat the building simulation like it is some kind of academic exercise and as though it really doesn’t make any difference whether the model of a building accurately reflects reality, just as long as it looks good.”
• Waltz, James, 1999. Computerized Building Simulation Handbook, Fairmont Press, Liburn, GA.
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Modeling Fundamentals
Performance Rating Method Best Practices Inform Design Measurement &
Verification
IBPSA - USACALIBRATIONHOW GOOD IS GOOD ENOUGH?
Check if Calibration Criteria are MetMean ERRmonth (+/- 15%) =100 * (M-S) / MMean ERRyear (+/- 10%) = ∑ ERRmonth / 12CV(RMSEyear ) (+/- 10%) =(∑ [(M-S)2 / 12])0.5
From FEMP M&V Guidelines v. 2.2
The mean bias error may be influenced by offsetting errors
Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec0
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Model Utility Bills
Ele
ctr
ica
l U
sa
ge
(k
Wh
x00
0)
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Modeling Fundamentals
Performance Rating Method Best Practices Inform Design Measurement &
Verification
IBPSA - USACALCULATE ENERGY SAVINGS• Make baseline model adjustments (schedules, setpoints,
variable dependent on operation, conditions beyond the control of ESCO)
• Calculate Savings
Savings = Adjusted Baseline Energy – Actual Energy (Option D, Method 2)
Savings = Adjusted Baseline Energy – Modeled Actual Energy (Option D, Method 1)
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Measurement & Verification
M&V CASE STUDYCALIFORNIA OFFICE
BUILDING
IBPSA - USA
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IBPSA - USAHIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLELEED NC 2.1 M&V IMPLEMENTATION
New Construction
Size: Approx 400,000 ft2
Principal Use: Office, Cafe, Parking Garage, Fitness Center, Data Center
Energy Costs: $2.35/ft2-year
Source Energy Use: 209 kBtu/ft2 year
Site Energy Use: 69 kBtu/ft2 year
Awards: LEED NC 2.1 Gold
Efficiency Features:• Under-floor air distribution• Chiller efficiency, 0.51 kW/ton• Variable-speed chiller• Low lighting power, <0.7W/ft2
• Daylighting controls• Efficient glazing, SHGC 0.24
$0.22 $0.24
$1.79 $1.38
Budget Case Design Case
Predicted Energy Cost ($/ft2-yr)
Electricity
Gas
19% savings
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IBPSA - USAHIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLELEED NC 2.1 M&V IMPLEMENTATION
• Project used IPMVP Option D, Method 1
• Current LEED requires Method 2
Design CaseUsing design parameters
Budget Case Using Title 24 parameters
Verified Design Case Actual operating parameters
Verified Budget Case Title 24 performance & actual operating schedules
Calibration
Savings
Verified Savings
Adjustments
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IBPSA - USAHIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLEPREDICTED VS. ACTUAL
Step #1• Compare design model to utility bills Not very close (details on following slides)
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Electricity (kWh)
Predicted Actual
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Peak Electric Demand (kW)
Predicted Actual
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Natural Gas (therms)
Predicted Actual
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IBPSA - USAHIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLEPREDICTED VS. ACTUAL
Electricity
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Electricity (kWh)
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IBPSA - USAHIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLEPREDICTED VS. ACTUAL
Peak Electric Demand
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Peak Electric Demand (kW)
Predicted Actual
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IBPSA - USAHIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLEPREDICTED VS. ACTUAL
Natural Gas
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Natural Gas (therms)
Predicted Actual
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IBPSA - USAHIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLEPREDICTED VS. ACTUAL
Step #2 • Dig deeper…• Data sources in this case
– Building automation system (BAS)
– Separate Energy monitoring system (EMS)
– Short-term monitoring• Chiller kW
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tric
Dem
and
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Actual Predicted
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CHW
Loa
d (B
tu/h
r)June 2010 - Typical Week
Actual Predicted
From BAS
From EMS
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IBPSA - USAHIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLEMODEL CALIBRATION
Step #3 Calibrate Model• Verify system performance - chillers & air handlers
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Cooling Load (tons)
Chiller Efficiency (kW/ton)
Actual Model
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Supply Air Flow (cfm)
Fan Power (W/cfm)
Actual Model
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IBPSA - USAHIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLEMODEL CALIBRATION
Step #3 (continued)• Verify system performance – computer room air conditioners
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CRAC Power (watts)
CRAC 1 (representative of 1 - 8) CRAC 9
3333
IBPSA - USA
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CHW
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Actual Model
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June 2010 - Typical Week
Actual Model
HIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLEMODEL CALIBRATION
Step #3 (continued) • Make adjustments
– Data center & CRACs– Parking garage
nighttime lighting– Telecom/electrical
room loads– Off-hour plug loads– Exterior lighting– Outdoor air ventilation
rate
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IBPSA - USAHIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLEMODEL CALIBRATION
Step #3 (continued)• Monthly calibrated
model results
0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000700,000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Electricity (kWh)
Calibrated Model Actual
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Natural Gas (therms)
Calibrated Model Actual
Elec kWh Gas
Min ERRmonth -1% 64%
Max ERRmonth -7% 13%
ERRyear -4% 16%
CV(RMSEmonth) 6% 51%
Meet Criteria? Yes No
Criteria:Mean ERRmonth +/- 15Mean ERRyear +/- 10% CV(RMSEmonth ) +/- 10%
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IBPSA - USAHIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLECALCULATE SAVINGS
Step #4 • Adjust budget model
– Add data center, other loads…– Match schedule adjustments– Match OA ventilation rate
Step #5• Calculate verified savingsStep #6• Think about results…
$2.01
$1.62
$2.85
$2.35
Budget Case
Design Case
Verified Budget
Case
Verified Design
Case
Energy Cost ($/ft2-yr)
19% savings 17% savings
$1.53
$1.15
$1.63
$1.13
Budget Case
Design Case
Verified Budget
Case
Verified Design
Case
"Regulated" Energy Cost ($/ft2-yr)
25% savings 31% savings
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Measurement & Verification
M&V CASE STUDYBETHKE ELEMENTARY
SCHOOL
IBPSA - USA
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IBPSA - USABETHKE ELEMENTARY CASE STUDYDESIGN THROUGH OCCUPANCY
Owner: Poudre School District
Location: Timnath, COPrincipal Use: 10-month school with classrooms, gym, media center, office
School Capacity: 525
Completion Date: Aug 2008
Cost: $151/sq ft
Size: 63,000 sq ftEnergy Costs: $0.58/ft2 yearEnergy Use: 47 kBtu/ft2 yearAwards: LEED for Schools Gold, 3 of 4 Green Globes, Energy Star Label of 99
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IBPSA - USA
2010 Fiscal Year (July 2009 - June 2010)
Floor AreaMax Peak Demand
Energy Cost Energy Use
[ft2] [W/ft2] [$/ft2 Year] [kBtu/ft2 year]Operations Office 2002 8,753 3.4 0.44 19.0 99Zach Elementary* 2002 67,412 1.7 0.54 42.6 96Bacon Elementary 2003 65,299 1.6 0.54 45.7 97Fossil Ridge High School 2004 296,375 2.3 0.56 40.9 94Kinard Middle 2006 112,735 2.6 0.39 21.6 98Rice Elementary 2007 62,691 1.4 0.75 41.5 99Bethke Elementary 2008 62,691 1.5 0.58 41.7 99*Includes 7,200 sq.ft. of modular classrooms
Energy Star
RatingBuilding
Year Constructed
BETHKE ELEMENTARYDESIGN APPROACH – USE OF PROTOTYPES
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IBPSA - USABETHKE ELEMENTARYM&V – EAC5 M&V PLAN
BUDGET CASE DESIGN CASE
(using ASHRAE 90.1 (using design paramters)standards)
BUDGET CASE VERIFIED CASE
(using ASHRAE 90.1 (using actual buildingstandards) operational/performance
parameters)
difference = "savings"
difference = "verified savings"
3 Cooling tower (CT -1)
VFD. Occupied / Unoccupied mode. - cooling tower fan operation interlocked with cooling water pump operation.
- VFD will modulate fan speed to maintain chilled water supply at 60°F (adj.)
4 Cooling water circulation loop (P -4)
Pump interlocked with chilled water pump.
- pump operation interlocked with chilled water distribution pump operation.
Savings Calculations
Operation Verification
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IBPSA - USABETHKE ELEMENTARYM&V – IMPLEMENTATION
2010 Fiscal Year (July 2009 - June 2010)
Floor AreaMax Peak Demand
Energy Cost Energy Use
[ft2] [W/ft2] [$/ft2 Year] [kBtu/ft2 year]Operations Office 2002 8,753 3.4 0.44 19.0 99Zach Elementary* 2002 67,412 1.7 0.54 42.6 96Bacon Elementary 2003 65,299 1.6 0.54 45.7 97Fossil Ridge High School 2004 296,375 2.3 0.56 40.9 94Kinard Middle 2006 112,735 2.6 0.39 21.6 98Rice Elementary 2007 62,691 1.4 0.75 41.5 99Bethke Elementary 2008 62,691 1.5 0.58 41.7 99*Includes 7,200 sq.ft. of modular classrooms
Energy Star
RatingBuilding
Year Constructed
PSD Approach• Commission building• Compare actual against anticipated
• Compare actual against other prototypes
OK
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IBPSA - USABETHKE ELEMENTARYM&V – IMPLEMENTATION
Option D Approach• Collect performance data*• Update proposed-design energy model• Adjust baseline model for independent
variables such as occupancy, schedules, ..• Calculate energy savings* Assumes building is operating as intended
Risk versus value?
0
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Fiscal Year 2009
Ele
ctr
ic (
kW
h)
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MB
tu)
Modeled Elec
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Modeled Gas
FY 2009 Elec
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IBPSA - USABETHKE ELEMENTARYM&V – CALIBRATION
0
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An
nu
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s (
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IBPSA - USA
05,000
10,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,000
050100150200250300350400450
Bethke Elementary Modeled Elec
Actual Elec
Modeled Gas
Actual Gas
Fiscal Year 2009
Ele
ctri
c (k
Wh
)
Gas
(M
Btu
)
BETHKE ELEMENTARYM&V – CALIBRATION
0
5,000
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15,000
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050100150200250300350400450
Bethke Elementary Modeled Elec
Actual Elec
Modeled Gas
Actual Gas
Fiscal Year 2008/2009
Ele
ctri
c (k
Wh
)
Gas
(M
Btu
)
Original model
Improved Gas Modeling Assumptions
OriginalElec Gas Total Cost
kBtu/ft2 year $Modeled 15.7 12.0 27.7 34,590
FY 2009 Actual 13.1 26.0 39.1 36,387 Error 20% -54% -29% -5%
Improved GasElec Gas Total Cost
kBtu/ft2 year $Modeled 17.2 24.9 42.1 42,900
FY 2009 Actual 13.1 28.6 41.7 36,387 Error 32% -13% 1% 18%
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IBPSA - USA
Checking calibration criteria (monthly data)*• Mean ERRmonth +/- 15% 100 * (M-S) / M• Mean ERRyear +/- 10% ∑ ERRmonth / 12• CV(RMSEyear ) +/- 10% (∑ [(M-S)2 / 12])0.5
* From FEMP M&V Guidelines v. 2.2 and ASHRAE Guideline 14 2002
Example calculations for gasCALIBRATION DATA Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Year Average Model (MMBtu) 254 229 213 131 93 31 7 15 47 99 189 253 1,560 130 Utility FY 2009 (MMBtu) 320 216 181 146 42 4 10 20 33 111 185 363 1,631 136 Mean ERR 21% -6% -18% 10% -124% -658% 27% 24% -41% 11% -2% 30% 4%MSE 366 14 84 19 221 60 1 2 15 12 1 1,002 RMSE 42 CV(RMSE) 31%
Elec GasMin ERRmonth 5% -2%Max ERRmonth -66% -658%Mean ERRyear -32% 4%CV(RMSEmonth) 40% 31%
BETHKE ELEMENTARYM&V – CALIBRATION
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