measuring access to clean household energy · 5/19/2017 · measuring access to clean household...

Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use 1 |

Measuring Access to Clean Household Energy

Heather Adair-Rohani

Measuring Access to Clean Household Energy

Heather Adair-Rohani


Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline

� Defining clean for health: WHO Guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion

� Survey Harmonization – Outcomes & Outputs

� Measuring the transition to clean household energy use


Importance of Monitoring Household Energy Use

Importance of Monitoring Household Energy Use


Exposure to household air pollution

3.1 billon people

How does WHO use national survey data?How does WHO use national survey data?


Exposure to household air pollution

3.1 billon people

Disease burden from household air pollution

~4 million deaths per year


Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health | 21 July 20166 |

Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and mo dern energy forall

Indicator

7.1.2

Percentage of population with primary reliance on clean fuels andtechnologies at the household level*

Measuring “CLEAN” Household Energy Fuels & Technolo gies for SDGs

• Excludes kerosene (a nonsolid fuel)

• Emission rates drive innovation in renewable technologies Currently there are no widely-available biomass stoves that can be considered ‘clean’, however with further innovation in new affordable and efficient home technologies (e.g. low-emission cookstoves), the articulation of this indicator allows for such innovations to be positively counted toward this target and others (e.g. Target 3.9)

Clean HHE

Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health | 21 July 20167 |

SDG 11.6.2: Annual urban mean

concentration of particulate matter

(PM2.5), population-weighted

Country consultation on air pollution dataCountry consultation on air pollution data

SDG 3.9.1: Mortality from air pollution

SDG 7.1.2: Percentage of population with

primary reliance on clean fuels and

technologies at the household level

•Survey data (input data)

•Modelled country data,

urban/rural (reporting)

•PM in situ measures

(input data)

•Modelled country data,

urban/rural (reporting)

•Country deaths, DALYs and YLLs,

by disease (reporting)


Historical Perspective: National Household SurveysA story of the good, the bad and the ugly...

The good... The less good (bad)...

The ugly...


The good... The less good

(bad)...

The ugly...

Usually able to use one question:

What is your main cooking fuel?

Historical Perspective: National Household SurveysA story of the good, the bad and the ugly...

Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 19 May 201710 |

WHO IAQG define “clean” for health ?

Normative guidance found in the WHO Guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion provide:

• Provides emission rate targets for PM2.5, and CO that determine whether fuel and technology combinations are “clean” for health

• Provides guidance on the policy in transition to the sustained adoption of clean fuels (e.g. LPG) and technologies

• Recommendations made against kerosene and unprocessed coal use

• Emphasizes importance of addressing all main household energy end uses for health benefits

Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 19 May 201711 |

Risk

PM2.5 Exposure

O/Fire‘ChimneyRocketLPG

3

1

125 200 300 µg/m325

Fan

2

WHO air quality annual

guideline:10µg/m 3

IT1 : 35 µg/m 3

Child pneumonia

Leaves ~80% of burden untouched

Can we get here?

Exposure -response relationship


Review of Multi-Stakeholder Survey Harmonization Process

Review of Multi-Stakeholder Survey Harmonization Process

Two stakeholder meetings (GACC 2013 & PAHO 2015)

Development of enhanced HHE survey instrument in multiple formats

Piloting, refinement and alignment

Finalization, dissemination & capacity-building in countries (Current/Future)


Capturing the Full Picture: Expanded Survey Questions Needed

Capturing the Full Picture: Expanded Survey Questions Needed


WHO’s Clean Household Energy Solutions Toolkit (CHEST):Tools and Resources for Developing & Implementing Clean Home Energy Policies & Programmes


WHO Household Energy DatabasesWHO Household Energy Databases

• The WHO HHE database currently houses data on the main energy source for:

• Cooking: >900 surveys, 161 countries, 1970-2014• Lighting: 174 surveys, 75 countries, 1963-2014• Heating: 42 surveys, 23 countries, 1980-2012

… updates in process, and new data welcome


Challenges for Global Monitoring of Household Energy Use

� Harmonization–missing a systematic system of validated questions & response options

� Enhanced assessment – measure more than just main fuel for cooking

• Include heating, lighting• Assess all fuels used

� Time, resources & questionnaire space (PRACTICALITY)

� Country support – countries need to be better understand the value of this information, have the capacity to capture this information and the resources to do so


Survey Harmonization GoalsSurvey Harmonization Goals

� Goals– Enhance and harmonize household surveys to

ensure same essential data is captured by all surveys

– Facilitate monitoring of SDGs– Account for all fuels and technologies used for

cooking, heating, lighting

• Ideally, provide data on household energy use

impacts on health, gender, environment, etc.

– Ensure alignment with MTF of SE4All GTF

� Multi-stakeholder household energy survey harmonization process is led by WHO in cooperation with Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves and World Bank


Household Energy Use QuestionsHousehold Energy Use Questions

� Priority questions for SDG monitoring – 10 essential questions and additional priority questions

• 7 questions for SDG 7.1.2, 3 questions for SDG 7.1.1 – Primary fuels and technologies for cooking, heating, lighting– Questions structured to capture use of clean solid fuel technologies– Target audience: national surveys, censuses– For discussion today

� Additional questions that capture more details – Frequency of use, expenditures / prices– Characterization of wood biomass stoves and fuels– Target audience: surveys focused on energy use– For discussion on future call

*


Products of Survey Harmonization Process

Products of Survey Harmonization Process

� Survey documents , in multiple formats

� Household Energy Use Questionnaire Guide , explains the importance of each question, and calculations for constructing indicators

� Household Energy Use Catalog , with detailed descriptions of all answer options for survey questions, including pictorial guides (can be used in training)

� Interviewer Manual , for training and a reference tool


A Closer Look at the “NEW”Priority HHE Use QuestionsA Closer Look at the “NEW”Priority HHE Use Questions

� 7 essential questions

� Designed for use at national, local or project level

� Main fuels and technologies for heating and lighting

� Captures multiple fuels and technologies for cooking

� Cooking location

� More exhaustive and detailed list of fuels and technology options

� Provided in multiple formats


Digging Deeper: Extended -Version HHE Use Questions


� All of “Priority” HHE questions AND…




� All of “Priority” HHE questions AND…

� Supplementary fuels & technology for heating & lighting

� Includes questions related to time use for collecting fuel (introduced in roster)

� Assess health & livelihood

impacts, disaggregated by sex & age

� Captures other end uses (e.g. incense)

� Time spent cooking & space heating

� Household roles


A Closer Look at the “NEW”Household Energy Use Questions

A Closer Look at the “NEW”Household Energy Use Questions

� Available in 3 Formats

List MatrixDHS/MICS

Concise Matrix


Showing progress: measuring the transition

Showing progress: measuring the transition

� For reporting SDG 7.1.2, WHO will report:– Primary reliance on clean cooking fuels and technologies– Primary reliance on clean lighting fuels and technologies– Primary reliance on clean heating fuels and technologies– Composite indicator: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for

cooking AND heating AND lighting– Historical indicator: Primary use of solid fuel for cooking

� WHO will also calculate and report:– Household use of clean , transitional , and polluting fuels

for cooking, heating and lighting – Will be available from WHO Global Health Observatory and in World Health

Statistics annual report


How are indicators calculated?How are indicators calculated?

� WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Household Fuel Combustion

– How clean is clean enough (fuel + device)

– What fuels shouldn’t be used

– All end-uses (e.g. cooking, heating,

lighting) need to be clean

– Transition to clean will take time & vary

across settings


Review of Pilot EffortsReview of Pilot EffortsN Preferred

Survey Format

Survey Length

Avg. Min.

Cameroon – Daniel Pope, Nigel Bruce, Eliza Puzzolo, Nganda Malea, U. Liverpool, GLPGP

1500 List Short 12

Paraguay – Karin Troncoso, PAHO 250 Matrix Long 15

Benin - Herve Lanwin, MSF 58 List Short 20

Peru – Stella Hartinger, Daniel Maeusezahl, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute

174 List Short 20

Ghana – Kwaku Poku Asante, Martha Abdulai, Ghana Health Services

200 Both Both 20

Peru – Kendra Williams, William Checkley, Johns Hopkins University

Belize – MICS

Costa Rica - MICS

Tanzania - Edmund Bell-King, Colalight


MICS 6 IndicatorsMICS 6 Indicators

HOUSEHOLD ENERGY USE

13.1 Access to electricity HC Number of household members with access to electricity Total number of household membersSDG

Indicator 7.1.1

13.2Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking, space heating and lighting

EUNumber of household members with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking, space heating and lighting

Total number of household membersSDG

Indicator 7.1.2

13.3Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking

EUNumber of household members with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking

Total number of household members

13.4Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for space heating

EUNumber of household members with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for space heating


13.5Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for lighting

EUNumber of household members with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for lighting


� MICS 6 includes 9 household energy questions

� Questions ask about primary fuels and technologies for:– Cooking, heating, lighting and ventilation

� Appreciate MICS team for testing and incorporating these questions!

� http://mics.unicef.org/tools


Lessons from PilotingLessons from Piloting

� All pilot partners but one stated that length was reasonable

� When secondary source of fuel is considered, clean fuel households decrease from 82 to 47 percent (MICS, Belize)

– Without information on frequency of use of secondary source, hard to use secondary source information

� Emphasize who answers the questionnaire (Peru)

� Training manual is needed (Peru)

� Skip heating section if not applicable in country (many)


Pilot Results from Cameroon: Survey Length

Pilot Results from Cameroon: Survey Length

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

DHS/MICSLong

DHS/MICSShort

Matrix Long Matrix Short List Long List Short

Min

utes

(av

erag

e) p

er s

urve

y

Format strongly preferred by field

team


Main Cookstove / Cooking DeviceMain Cookstove / Cooking Device

*

*


Fuel Used in Main Cookstove / Cooking Device

Fuel Used in Main Cookstove / Cooking Device

� Main Fuel

� Cooking Location

*


Main Space Heating DeviceMain Space Heating Device

*

*


Main Space Heating FuelMain Space Heating Fuel

*


Main Lighting DeviceMain Lighting Device

*


Electricity SectionElectricity Section

� No comments submitted – Discussion?

*

*

*


Time Use and Health (Recommended)Time Use and Health (Recommended)


THANK YOU! ANY QUESTIONS?THANK YOU! ANY QUESTIONS?


Indicator Calculation (Cooking)Indicator Calculation (Cooking)


Indicator Calculation (Heating)Indicator Calculation (Heating)


Indicator Calculation (Lighting)Indicator Calculation (Lighting)


Manufactured StovesManufactured Stoves

� Manufactured stoves are produced in a centralized location and sold or distributed to the end user or household as a finished product.

– It is possible that, especially in the case of large stoves, specialized technicians come to the household to install the stove.

– Manufactured stoves are constructed from prefabricated materials or materials not easily available in the immediate community.



� Global population relying primarily on polluting & clean fuel and technologies (1980-2015)

measuring access to clean household energy · 5/19/2017 · measuring access to clean household...

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