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MECHANISM OF MECHANISM OF DISEASE(SLE)DISEASE(SLE)
นพนพ..สุ�รสุฤษดิ์สุ�รสุฤษดิ์ ขาวละออขาวละออ11/11/200911/11/2009
outlines GENETIC AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC FACTORS AUTOANTIBODIES IN LUPUS SOURCE OF AUTOANTIGENS IN LUPUS TISSUE DAMAGE BY AUTOANTIBODY ROLE OF T CELLS CYTOKINES IN LUPUS IMPLICATION FOR TREATMENT
Genetic & epidemiologic factors1. Female hormones
-90% are female
-unclear how sex hormone promote
2. Drug-induced lupus
-best known : procainamide,
hydralazine, quinidine
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Genetic & epidemiologic factors3. Antecedent viral-like illness : EBV
4. Ultraviolet radiation
5. Gene : 8 susceptibility loci
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
GENETIC
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
GENETIC
Abul K. Abbas. Cellular and molecular immunology 6th edition 2007
GENETIC
Mary K Crow.Developments in the clinical understading of lupus.Arthritis Research & Therapy 2009;11:245
GENETIC
Mary K Crow.Developments in the clinical understading of lupus.Arthritis Research & Therapy 2009;11:245
Autoantibodies in lupus1. Anti-dsDNA : highly specific for lupus
70% of pt. with lupus
< 0.5% of healthy/other
2. Mannik et al. detected IgG for
-Ro(ribonucleoprotein complex)-La(RNA-binding protein)
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Autoantibodies in lupus-C1q
-Sm(nuclear particle)
3. Anti--actinin : kidney disease
4. Anti-nucleosome : kidney, skin disease
5. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA) Rc
6. Antiplatelet Ab
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Autoantibodies in lupus
Autoantibodies in lupus
Autoantibodies in lupus
การติดิ์สุ� fluorescein จากการติรวจ indirect immunofluorescent assay & specific autoantibodies ที่��เก��ยวข�อง
Autoantibodies in lupus
การติดิ์สุ� fluorescein จากการติรวจ indirect immunofluorescent assay & specific autoantibodies ที่��เก��ยวข�อง
Autoantibodies in lupus-not know why some anti-dsDNA Ab deposit preferentially in kidney-Is -Actinin a target for Pathogenic Anti-DNA Antibodies in Lupus Nephritis?-candidate Ag = 100-kd actin-binding & crosslinking protein, human -actinin 4 isoforms
Lesley J et al.Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50(3):866-70
Autoantibodies in lupus-ACTN1 : non muscle forms
-ACTN2 : limit to skeleton & cardiac m
-ACTN3 : limit to skeleton & cardiac m
-ACTN4 : non muscle forms
-in kidney -Actinin 4 localized in podocyte
foot processes & mesangial cells
Lesley J et al.Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50(3):866-70
Autoantibodies in lupus
Autoantibodies in lupus
Autoantibodies in lupus
Autoantibodies in lupus disruption of morphology of actin
cytoskeleton
Foot process effacement and fusion
proteinuria
Lesley J et al.Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50(3):866-70
Autoantibodies in lupus Result
-greater proportion of anti-dsDNA IgG
from pt. with renal dz bound to -actinin
than did those purified from sera of pt.
without renal dz
-pathogenic anti-dsDNA Ab cross-react
with -Actinin
Lesley J et al.Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50(3):866-70
-Ag ที่��กระติ��น T cell จากผู้��ป่�วย lupus มั!กเป่"น histone-derived peptides ซึ่$�งไดิ์�จาก histone (protein core of nucleosome) แติ' Ag เหล'า
น�) ไมั'กระติ��น T cell จากคนป่กติ
-H2B10-33, H416-39, H471-94, H391-105,
H2A34-48, H449-63
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Autoantibodies in lupus NMDA (N-methyl-D-Aspartate)
-excitatory amino acid
-released by neurons
-lupus pt. who had serum Ab against
DNA & NMDA receptors caused
cognitive impairment & hippocampal
damage
Kowal C et al.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:19854-9
Source of autoantigens in lupus1. cellular debris (as result of apoptosis)
-apoptotic bleb on surface of dying
cell
Ag within cell expose on surface of blebs
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Source of autoantigens in lupus
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Source of autoantigens in lupus2. Removal of apoptotic debris
-C1q play role in phagocytosis
-phagocytes from lupus pt. engulf less
than phagocytes from healty people
3. Deficiency of complement poor
“waste disposal”
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Tissue damage by autoantibody-Two main theories1. extracellular dsDNA bind to autoAb
enter bloodstream
complexes settle in renal glomerular basement membrane
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Tissue damage by autoantibody
2. Autoantibodies cross-react with proteins [Ag similar shape (shared epitopes) or similar charge]
direct pathogenic effect on cells
(-actinin)
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
The role of T cells B-cells are stimulated by T-cells as “T-lymphocyte help”
-B-cell division, switching Ab production -promote change in molecular sequence
of secreted AbT-cell help high affinity IgG autoAb
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
The role of T cells-Autoantigen-specific B cells & T cells ที่�� ผู้ลติ injurious autoAb ไมั'พบในคนป่กติ เน-�องจาก
1.removal(deletion) of autoreactive B 2.inactivation of cells(remain in body
but anergy)3.change in light chain of Ab(from
autoreactive B cell) : receptor editing
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
The role of T cells Regular T cell
-suppress activation of helper T cell & B cells reduction number or function or both-But Treg with active lupus reduce ability this activity(เที่�ยบก!บ inactive
or control)
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
The role of T cells
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
The role of T cells
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Cytokines in lupus1. TNF- : controversial
-ในหน�พบว'า ถ้�าให� TNF- จะสุามัารถ้ delay development of lupus
Jacob CO, McDevitt HO.Nature 1988;331:356-8
-in human with RA who treated with anti-TNF- Ab พบ anti-dsDNA Ab และ lupus develop บ�างในบางราย
Charles Pj et al.Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:2383-90
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Cytokines in lupus-low TNF- activity associated with increase dz. Activity
Gabay C et al.J rheumatology 1997:24;303-8
-By contrast, level of TNF- messenger RNA was high in kidney-biopsy specimens from pt. LN
Herrera-Esparza et al.Lupus 1998;7:154-8
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Cytokines in lupus-Aringer et al. ร!กษาผู้��ป่�วย lupus 6 คน ดิ์�วย infiximab(monoclonal Ab of anti-TNF- Ab) พบว'า
- 3 คน ลดิ์อาการป่วดิ์, บวมัของข�อ - 60% ลดิ์ urinary protein loss ใน LN
Aringer M et al.Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3161-90
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Cytokines in lupus2. IL-10
-high level in lupus pt. correlate with
activity of disease
-stimulate of polyclonal populations of
B cells
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Cytokines in lupus3. Interferon
-พบว'าระดิ์!บของ IFN- เพ�มัข$)นในผู้��ป่�วย lupus
-Baechler EC et al ไดิ์�รายงานเมั-�อป่/ 2003 ว'าพบมั� 13 gene ที่�� up-regulate in PBMC
โดิ์ย IFN จากผู้��ป่�วย lupus เมั-�อเป่ร�ยบเที่�ยบก!น cell
เดิ์�ยวก!นของ control
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Cytokines in lupus-Studies of lupus-prone NZB/W F1 mice
พบ nephritis ในหน�ที่��ไดิ์� expose ก!บ IFN- ติลอดิ์
ติ!)งแติ'อาย�น�อยๆจนอาย� 15-20 สุ!ป่ดิ์าห2 มัากกว'ากล�'มั control
Mathian A et al.journal of immunity 2005;174:2499-506
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Cytokines in lupus4. B-lymphocyte stimulator
-member of TNF-ligand superfamily
-promote proliferation & survival of B
-detect overexpression of stimulator in
both lupus pt. & lupus-prone mice
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Cytokines in lupus-Stohl et al report
-elevated levels of soluble B-cell
stimulator in serum & on PBMC up
to 50 % of active lupus pt.
Stohl W.Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:3475-86
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Cytokines in lupus-Level of B-lymphocyte stimulators
correlate with level of anti-dsDNA Ab in
serum & decreased in 9 pt. who were
treated with corticosteroids
Stohl W.Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:3475-86
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Cytokines in lupus
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Treatment of patients who had elevated serum BLyS levels with intensive courses of high-dose corticosteroids resulted in marked reductions in serum BLyS levels
Implications for treatmentAim at reducing autoantibody levels
1.corticosteroids reduced level of
anti-dsDNA Ab & reduced frequency
of severe flares of disease
*side effect of corticosteroids*Bootma H et al.Lancet 1995;345:1595-9
Tseng CE et al.Arthritis Rheum 2009;54:3623-32
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
Implications for treatment2.Rituximab : monoclonal Ab of CD20
-เป่"น Chimeric mouse/human
monoclonal IgG antibody
-กลไกของ Rituximab ในการที่3าลาย B cells
ย!งไมั'ถ้�กค�นพบแน'นอนแติ'จากการศึ$กษา in vitro
พบว'าการที่3าลาย B cells เกดิ์จาก 3 กลไกหล!กค-อ
Eisenberg R et al.Clin Immunol 2005;117(3):207-13 Thatayatikom A et al. Autoimmun Rev 2006;5(1):18-24
Implications for treatment1. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated
cytotoxicity (ADCC) และ apoptosis โดิ์ยเกดิ์การ engagement ของ FcγRIIIa (CD16) บน macrophages และ natural killer cells
2. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity 3. Intracellular signaling ที่3าให�เกดิ์ B cell
apoptosis
Eisenberg R et al.Clin Immunol 2005;117(3):207-13 Thatayatikom A et al. Autoimmun Rev 2006;5(1):18-24
Implications for treatment
Leandro MJ et al.Arthritis Rheum.2002 Oct;46(10):2673-7
Implications for treatment
Thatayatikom A et al. Autoimmun Rev 2006;5(1):18-24
Implications for treatmentCD20-35 Kd, non-glycosylated tetraspannin cell membrane-embedded phosphoprotein -พบเฉพาะใน B –lineage ติ!)งแติ'ระยะ pre-B cells, immature B cells, mature naive B cells, pre-germinal center mature B cells, GC mature B cells จนถ้$ง memory (GC) B cells-ไมั'พบใน plasma cells
Eisenberg R et al.Clin Immunol 2005;117(3):207-13 Thatayatikom A et al. Autoimmun Rev 2006;5(1):18-24
Implications for treatment
Implications for treatment-not known natural ligand
-CD20 functions as a Ca(2+)-permeable
cation channel and is involved in cell
activation and growth regulation of B cells Bubien et al, 1993; Tedder et al, 1985; Tedder and Engel, 1994
Leandro MJ et al.Arthritis Rheum.2002 Oct;46(10):2673-7
Implications for treatment3.Abtimus sodium (LJP 394)
-four DNA epitopes conjugated to pharmacologically inert triethylene glycol platform-can crosslinking of membrane Ig on surface of naïve B cell in absence of T cell help anergy or apoptosis
Alarcon-Segovia D et al.Arthritis Rheum.2003 Feb;48(2):442-54
Implications for treatment 3.Abtimus sodium (cont.)
-2 mechanism to reduce circulating
anti-dsDNA Ab
2.1.form small soluble complex
2.2.induce B cell tolerance by crosslinking
anti-dsDNA surface Ig Rc on B celltrigger
B cell anergy / apoptosis
Alarcon-Segovia D et al.Arthritis Rheum.2003 Feb;48(2):442-54
Implications for treatment4.Anti-CD22(Epratuzumab)-monoclonal antibodies that prevent CD22 binding to its natural ligands-มั�การศึ$กษาแบบ open-label, single-center study ในผู้��ป่�วย SLE 14 คนที่��มั�ความัร�นแรงแบบ moderate degrees ( BILAG >2) โดิ์ยไมั'มั� concomitant immunosuppressants หร-อ steroid พบว'าร�อยละ 93 ของผู้��ป่�วยมั�อาการดิ์�ข$)น, level B cell มั�จ3านวนลดิ์ลง ป่ระมัาณร�อยละ 35 ที่�� 18 สุ!ป่ดิ์าห2และความัร�นแรงของ โรคคงที่��ระดิ์!บติ3�าๆ จนถ้$ง 6 เดิ์-อน
Dorner T et al.Arthritis Research & therapy 2006;84:R74
Implications for treatmentCD22
-135kDa glycoprotein
-B-lymphocyte-restricted membrane of
immonoglobulin superfamily
-first expressed in cytoplasm of pro-B
& pre-B cells, then on surface as mature
, expression ceasing when diff. to plasma
Dorner T et al.Arthritis Research & therapy 2006;84:R74
Implications for treatmentCD22(cont.)
-cytoplamic tail contain ITIM
-inhibition of BCR signal
-key role in B cell development &
survival(def. enhanced apoptosis)
แติ'หน�าที่��ที่��แน'นอนย!งไมั'ชั!ดิ์เจน
Dorner T et al.Arthritis Research & therapy 2006;84:R74
Implications for treatment
Implications for treatment5. Anti-IL-10
-SLE pt. produce abnormally large
amounts of IL-10
-serum levels correlate with dz activity
-IL-10 inhibits Ag presentation & Th1
lymphocyte activation
Llorente L et al.Arthritis Rheumatism 2000;43:1790-1800
Implications for treatment-In vivo function of IL-10 poorly
understood
-Chernoff AE et al และ Huhn RD et al ไดิ์� ที่3าการศึ$กษาไว� ติ!)งแติ'ป่/ 1995-6 พบว'า IL-10
สุามัารถ้ย!บย!)งการผู้ลติของ proinflammatory cytokine
จาก mononuclear cell และย!บย!)ง T cell
proliferation ไดิ์�อ�กดิ์�วย
Llorente L et al.Arthritis Rheumatism 2000;43:1790-1800
Implications for treatment-Luis LLorente et al ไดิ์�ที่ดิ์ลองป่ระเมันความัป่ลอดิ์ภั!ย และป่ระสุที่ธิผู้ลของ anti-IL-10 monoclonal Ab เป่"นคร!)งแรกที่��ใชั�ในมัน�ษย2 โดิ์ยให�สุารน�)ในผู้��ป่�วย active SLE & steroid dependent dz . ในขนาดิ์ 20mg/d IV เป่"นเวลาติ'อเน-�องก!น 21 ว!น และติดิ์ติามัติ'ออ�ก 6 เดิ์-อน พบว'าผู้��ป่�วยที่�กคนสุามัารถ้ที่นยาไดิ์�ดิ์� และไมั'พบอาการข�างเค�ยงใดิ์ๆ โดิ์ยอาการที่างข�อ และผู้วหน!งดิ์�ข$)นอย'างเห:นไดิ์�ชั!ดิ์
Llorente L et al.Arthritis Rheumatism 2000;43:1790-1800
Implications for treatment-นอกจากน�)ผู้��ป่�วยที่�กคนย!งสุามัารถ้ลดิ์ขนาดิ์ของ prednisolone ลงไดิ์� -หล!งจากติดิ์ติามัติ'ออ�ก 6 เดิ์-อน ย!งสุามัารถ้ควบค�มัอาการของ โรคไดิ์�
Llorente L et al.Arthritis Rheumatism 2000;43:1790-1800
Implications for treatment
Llorente L et al.Arthritis Rheumatism 2000;43:1790-1800
Implications for treatment
Llorente L et al.Arthritis Rheumatism 2000;43:1790-1800
Implications for treatment5.Anti-TNF--TNF- is important proinflammatory cytokine with pleiotropic properties-activation of cascade of inflammatory events lead to tissue destruction-markeddly increased & appear to be bioactive in active SLE pt.
Aringer M et al.Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50(10):3161-69
Implications for treatment-find TNF- in renal tissue in all types
of lupus glomerulonephritis and ass.
with renal disease activity
-NZB/NZW mice application high dose
TNF- shown to delay dz onset in this
lupus-prone mouse
Aringer M et al.Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50(10):3161-69
Implications for treatment-but in kidney MRL/lpr Lupus-prone
mice contain high levels of TNF and
serum levels of TNF in these mice
correlate with disease activity, similar
to finding in human
Aringer M et al.Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50(10):3161-69
Implications for treatment-In human RA & Crohn’s disease : TNF blockage lead to formation of ANA 30-40%, anti-dsDNA 15% of pt., which occasionally ass. with transient drug-induced lupus-like syndrome-because of controversy data, blockage of TNF not be considered to be option ; trial
Aringer M et al.Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50(10):3161-69
Implications for treatment-Aringer M et al ไดิ์�รายงานการให�ยา TNF- 4300 mg infliximab (chimeric anti-
TNF- Ab)ในผู้��ป่�วย 6 คน ที่��เป่"น active SLE(4
with nephritis, 3 with arthritis
ที่��ดิ์-)อติ'อการร!กษาดิ์�วยวธิ�อ-�นๆ) เพ�มัเข�าไป่จากการร!กษาเดิ์มัที่�� มั�อย�'แล�ว เชั'น ร'วมัก!บ azathioprine or MTX
Aringer M et al.Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50(10):3161-69
Implications for treatment-Aringer M et al. ไดิ์�สุร�ป่ว'า infliximab ไมั'ที่3า ให�เพ�มั adverse event ที่��สุ!มัพ!นธิ2ก!บ SLE
activity แมั�ว'าจะพบระดิ์!บของ anti-dsDNA และ ระดิ์!บของ anti-cardiolipin จะเพ�มัข$)นก:ติามั
ที่!)งน�)ย!ง ไดิ์�เสุนอแนะให�มั�การศึ$กษาเพ�มัเติมัในระดิ์!บ large
controlled trials ติ'อไป่
Aringer M et al.Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50(10):3161-69
Implications for treatment6.Anti-CD40 ligand
-phase I/II studies in humans with LN
demonstrated reduction of anti-
dsDNA Ab but not of protective Ab
Sidiropoulos PI.Lupus 2004;13(5):391-7
Implications for treatment-reduction of anti-DNA associated
with increase serum complement
levels & reduce glomerular inflammation
Sidiropoulos PI.Lupus 2004;13(5):391-7
7.CTLA-4-Ig
Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939
CONCLUSION1. Genetic & many factors link to lupus2. Lupus-associated genes contribute to
one or more mechanisms of lupus pathogenesis
3. At the present we find many autoantibodies which have different prevalence in SLE
CONCLUSION4. Most studies of autoantibody-mediated
tissue damage have focused on
role of anti-dsDNA Ab in pt. with LN
5. Antigen-driven is process which Ag
binds Ig on surface o B cells and can
occur only in B lymphocytes that are
being stimulated by T cells(T lymph.help)
CONCLUSION6. Apoptotic blebs are source of
autoantigen
7. Many cytokines that found in SLE
and new treatment which correlate
with these cytokines may use for
treatment SLE pt. in future
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