mechanism of sle

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MECHANISM OF MECHANISM OF DISEASE(SLE) DISEASE(SLE) นน นน . . นนนนนนนนน นนนนนนนนน นนนนนนน นนนนนนน 11/11/2009 11/11/2009

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Page 1: Mechanism of SLE

MECHANISM OF MECHANISM OF DISEASE(SLE)DISEASE(SLE)

นพนพ..สุ�รสุฤษดิ์สุ�รสุฤษดิ์ ขาวละออขาวละออ11/11/200911/11/2009

Page 2: Mechanism of SLE

outlines GENETIC AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC FACTORS AUTOANTIBODIES IN LUPUS SOURCE OF AUTOANTIGENS IN LUPUS TISSUE DAMAGE BY AUTOANTIBODY ROLE OF T CELLS CYTOKINES IN LUPUS IMPLICATION FOR TREATMENT

Page 3: Mechanism of SLE

Genetic & epidemiologic factors1. Female hormones

-90% are female

-unclear how sex hormone promote

2. Drug-induced lupus

-best known : procainamide,

hydralazine, quinidine

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 4: Mechanism of SLE

Genetic & epidemiologic factors3. Antecedent viral-like illness : EBV

4. Ultraviolet radiation

5. Gene : 8 susceptibility loci

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 5: Mechanism of SLE

GENETIC

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 6: Mechanism of SLE

GENETIC

Abul K. Abbas. Cellular and molecular immunology 6th edition 2007

Page 7: Mechanism of SLE

GENETIC

Mary K Crow.Developments in the clinical understading of lupus.Arthritis Research & Therapy 2009;11:245

Page 8: Mechanism of SLE

GENETIC

Mary K Crow.Developments in the clinical understading of lupus.Arthritis Research & Therapy 2009;11:245

Page 9: Mechanism of SLE

Autoantibodies in lupus1. Anti-dsDNA : highly specific for lupus

70% of pt. with lupus

< 0.5% of healthy/other

2. Mannik et al. detected IgG for

-Ro(ribonucleoprotein complex)-La(RNA-binding protein)

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 10: Mechanism of SLE

Autoantibodies in lupus-C1q

-Sm(nuclear particle)

3. Anti--actinin : kidney disease

4. Anti-nucleosome : kidney, skin disease

5. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA) Rc

6. Antiplatelet Ab

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 11: Mechanism of SLE

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 12: Mechanism of SLE

Autoantibodies in lupus

Page 13: Mechanism of SLE

Autoantibodies in lupus

Page 14: Mechanism of SLE

Autoantibodies in lupus

การติดิ์สุ� fluorescein จากการติรวจ indirect immunofluorescent assay & specific autoantibodies ที่��เก��ยวข�อง

Page 15: Mechanism of SLE

Autoantibodies in lupus

การติดิ์สุ� fluorescein จากการติรวจ indirect immunofluorescent assay & specific autoantibodies ที่��เก��ยวข�อง

Page 16: Mechanism of SLE

Autoantibodies in lupus-not know why some anti-dsDNA Ab deposit preferentially in kidney-Is -Actinin a target for Pathogenic Anti-DNA Antibodies in Lupus Nephritis?-candidate Ag = 100-kd actin-binding & crosslinking protein, human -actinin 4 isoforms

Lesley J et al.Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50(3):866-70

Page 17: Mechanism of SLE

Autoantibodies in lupus-ACTN1 : non muscle forms

-ACTN2 : limit to skeleton & cardiac m

-ACTN3 : limit to skeleton & cardiac m

-ACTN4 : non muscle forms

-in kidney -Actinin 4 localized in podocyte

foot processes & mesangial cells

Lesley J et al.Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50(3):866-70

Page 18: Mechanism of SLE

Autoantibodies in lupus

Page 19: Mechanism of SLE

Autoantibodies in lupus

Page 20: Mechanism of SLE

Autoantibodies in lupus

Page 21: Mechanism of SLE

Autoantibodies in lupus disruption of morphology of actin

cytoskeleton

Foot process effacement and fusion

proteinuria

Lesley J et al.Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50(3):866-70

Page 22: Mechanism of SLE

Autoantibodies in lupus Result

-greater proportion of anti-dsDNA IgG

from pt. with renal dz bound to -actinin

than did those purified from sera of pt.

without renal dz

-pathogenic anti-dsDNA Ab cross-react

with -Actinin

Lesley J et al.Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50(3):866-70

Page 23: Mechanism of SLE
Page 24: Mechanism of SLE
Page 25: Mechanism of SLE

-Ag ที่��กระติ��น T cell จากผู้��ป่�วย lupus มั!กเป่"น histone-derived peptides ซึ่$�งไดิ์�จาก histone (protein core of nucleosome) แติ' Ag เหล'า

น�) ไมั'กระติ��น T cell จากคนป่กติ

-H2B10-33, H416-39, H471-94, H391-105,

H2A34-48, H449-63

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 26: Mechanism of SLE
Page 27: Mechanism of SLE

Autoantibodies in lupus NMDA (N-methyl-D-Aspartate)

-excitatory amino acid

-released by neurons

-lupus pt. who had serum Ab against

DNA & NMDA receptors caused

cognitive impairment & hippocampal

damage

Kowal C et al.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:19854-9

Page 28: Mechanism of SLE

Source of autoantigens in lupus1. cellular debris (as result of apoptosis)

-apoptotic bleb on surface of dying

cell

Ag within cell expose on surface of blebs

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 29: Mechanism of SLE

Source of autoantigens in lupus

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 30: Mechanism of SLE

Source of autoantigens in lupus2. Removal of apoptotic debris

-C1q play role in phagocytosis

-phagocytes from lupus pt. engulf less

than phagocytes from healty people

3. Deficiency of complement poor

“waste disposal”

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 31: Mechanism of SLE

Tissue damage by autoantibody-Two main theories1. extracellular dsDNA bind to autoAb

enter bloodstream

complexes settle in renal glomerular basement membrane

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 32: Mechanism of SLE

Tissue damage by autoantibody

2. Autoantibodies cross-react with proteins [Ag similar shape (shared epitopes) or similar charge]

direct pathogenic effect on cells

(-actinin)

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 33: Mechanism of SLE

The role of T cells B-cells are stimulated by T-cells as “T-lymphocyte help”

-B-cell division, switching Ab production -promote change in molecular sequence

of secreted AbT-cell help high affinity IgG autoAb

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 34: Mechanism of SLE
Page 35: Mechanism of SLE

The role of T cells-Autoantigen-specific B cells & T cells ที่�� ผู้ลติ injurious autoAb ไมั'พบในคนป่กติ เน-�องจาก

1.removal(deletion) of autoreactive B 2.inactivation of cells(remain in body

but anergy)3.change in light chain of Ab(from

autoreactive B cell) : receptor editing

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 36: Mechanism of SLE

The role of T cells Regular T cell

-suppress activation of helper T cell & B cells reduction number or function or both-But Treg with active lupus reduce ability this activity(เที่�ยบก!บ inactive

or control)

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 37: Mechanism of SLE

The role of T cells

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 38: Mechanism of SLE

The role of T cells

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 39: Mechanism of SLE

Cytokines in lupus1. TNF- : controversial

-ในหน�พบว'า ถ้�าให� TNF- จะสุามัารถ้ delay development of lupus

Jacob CO, McDevitt HO.Nature 1988;331:356-8

-in human with RA who treated with anti-TNF- Ab พบ anti-dsDNA Ab และ lupus develop บ�างในบางราย

Charles Pj et al.Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:2383-90

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 40: Mechanism of SLE

Cytokines in lupus-low TNF- activity associated with increase dz. Activity

Gabay C et al.J rheumatology 1997:24;303-8

-By contrast, level of TNF- messenger RNA was high in kidney-biopsy specimens from pt. LN

Herrera-Esparza et al.Lupus 1998;7:154-8

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 41: Mechanism of SLE

Cytokines in lupus-Aringer et al. ร!กษาผู้��ป่�วย lupus 6 คน ดิ์�วย infiximab(monoclonal Ab of anti-TNF- Ab) พบว'า

- 3 คน ลดิ์อาการป่วดิ์, บวมัของข�อ - 60% ลดิ์ urinary protein loss ใน LN

Aringer M et al.Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3161-90

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 42: Mechanism of SLE

Cytokines in lupus2. IL-10

-high level in lupus pt. correlate with

activity of disease

-stimulate of polyclonal populations of

B cells

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 43: Mechanism of SLE

Cytokines in lupus3. Interferon

-พบว'าระดิ์!บของ IFN- เพ�มัข$)นในผู้��ป่�วย lupus

-Baechler EC et al ไดิ์�รายงานเมั-�อป่/ 2003 ว'าพบมั� 13 gene ที่�� up-regulate in PBMC

โดิ์ย IFN จากผู้��ป่�วย lupus เมั-�อเป่ร�ยบเที่�ยบก!น cell

เดิ์�ยวก!นของ control

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 44: Mechanism of SLE

Cytokines in lupus-Studies of lupus-prone NZB/W F1 mice

พบ nephritis ในหน�ที่��ไดิ์� expose ก!บ IFN- ติลอดิ์

ติ!)งแติ'อาย�น�อยๆจนอาย� 15-20 สุ!ป่ดิ์าห2 มัากกว'ากล�'มั control

Mathian A et al.journal of immunity 2005;174:2499-506

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 45: Mechanism of SLE

Cytokines in lupus4. B-lymphocyte stimulator

-member of TNF-ligand superfamily

-promote proliferation & survival of B

-detect overexpression of stimulator in

both lupus pt. & lupus-prone mice

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 46: Mechanism of SLE

Cytokines in lupus-Stohl et al report

-elevated levels of soluble B-cell

stimulator in serum & on PBMC up

to 50 % of active lupus pt.

Stohl W.Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:3475-86

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 47: Mechanism of SLE

Cytokines in lupus-Level of B-lymphocyte stimulators

correlate with level of anti-dsDNA Ab in

serum & decreased in 9 pt. who were

treated with corticosteroids

Stohl W.Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:3475-86

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 48: Mechanism of SLE

Cytokines in lupus

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Treatment of patients who had elevated serum BLyS levels with intensive courses of high-dose corticosteroids resulted in marked reductions in serum BLyS levels

Page 49: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatmentAim at reducing autoantibody levels

1.corticosteroids reduced level of

anti-dsDNA Ab & reduced frequency

of severe flares of disease

*side effect of corticosteroids*Bootma H et al.Lancet 1995;345:1595-9

Tseng CE et al.Arthritis Rheum 2009;54:3623-32

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 50: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment2.Rituximab : monoclonal Ab of CD20

-เป่"น Chimeric mouse/human

monoclonal IgG antibody

-กลไกของ Rituximab ในการที่3าลาย B cells

ย!งไมั'ถ้�กค�นพบแน'นอนแติ'จากการศึ$กษา in vitro

พบว'าการที่3าลาย B cells เกดิ์จาก 3 กลไกหล!กค-อ

Eisenberg R et al.Clin Immunol 2005;117(3):207-13 Thatayatikom A et al. Autoimmun Rev 2006;5(1):18-24

Page 51: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment1. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated

cytotoxicity (ADCC) และ apoptosis โดิ์ยเกดิ์การ engagement ของ FcγRIIIa (CD16) บน macrophages และ natural killer cells

2. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity 3. Intracellular signaling ที่3าให�เกดิ์ B cell

apoptosis

Eisenberg R et al.Clin Immunol 2005;117(3):207-13 Thatayatikom A et al. Autoimmun Rev 2006;5(1):18-24

Page 52: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment

Leandro MJ et al.Arthritis Rheum.2002 Oct;46(10):2673-7

Page 53: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment

Thatayatikom A et al. Autoimmun Rev 2006;5(1):18-24

Page 54: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatmentCD20-35 Kd, non-glycosylated tetraspannin cell membrane-embedded phosphoprotein -พบเฉพาะใน B –lineage ติ!)งแติ'ระยะ pre-B cells, immature B cells, mature naive B cells, pre-germinal center mature B cells, GC mature B cells จนถ้$ง memory (GC) B cells-ไมั'พบใน plasma cells

Eisenberg R et al.Clin Immunol 2005;117(3):207-13 Thatayatikom A et al. Autoimmun Rev 2006;5(1):18-24

Page 55: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment

Page 56: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment-not known natural ligand

-CD20 functions as a Ca(2+)-permeable

cation channel and is involved in cell

activation and growth regulation of B cells Bubien et al, 1993; Tedder et al, 1985; Tedder and Engel, 1994

Leandro MJ et al.Arthritis Rheum.2002 Oct;46(10):2673-7

Page 57: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment3.Abtimus sodium (LJP 394)

-four DNA epitopes conjugated to pharmacologically inert triethylene glycol platform-can crosslinking of membrane Ig on surface of naïve B cell in absence of T cell help anergy or apoptosis

Alarcon-Segovia D et al.Arthritis Rheum.2003 Feb;48(2):442-54

Page 58: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment 3.Abtimus sodium (cont.)

-2 mechanism to reduce circulating

anti-dsDNA Ab

2.1.form small soluble complex

2.2.induce B cell tolerance by crosslinking

anti-dsDNA surface Ig Rc on B celltrigger

B cell anergy / apoptosis

Alarcon-Segovia D et al.Arthritis Rheum.2003 Feb;48(2):442-54

Page 59: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment4.Anti-CD22(Epratuzumab)-monoclonal antibodies that prevent CD22 binding to its natural ligands-มั�การศึ$กษาแบบ open-label, single-center study ในผู้��ป่�วย SLE 14 คนที่��มั�ความัร�นแรงแบบ moderate degrees ( BILAG >2) โดิ์ยไมั'มั� concomitant immunosuppressants หร-อ steroid พบว'าร�อยละ 93 ของผู้��ป่�วยมั�อาการดิ์�ข$)น, level B cell มั�จ3านวนลดิ์ลง ป่ระมัาณร�อยละ 35 ที่�� 18 สุ!ป่ดิ์าห2และความัร�นแรงของ โรคคงที่��ระดิ์!บติ3�าๆ จนถ้$ง 6 เดิ์-อน

Dorner T et al.Arthritis Research & therapy 2006;84:R74

Page 60: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatmentCD22

-135kDa glycoprotein

-B-lymphocyte-restricted membrane of

immonoglobulin superfamily

-first expressed in cytoplasm of pro-B

& pre-B cells, then on surface as mature

, expression ceasing when diff. to plasma

Dorner T et al.Arthritis Research & therapy 2006;84:R74

Page 61: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatmentCD22(cont.)

-cytoplamic tail contain ITIM

-inhibition of BCR signal

-key role in B cell development &

survival(def. enhanced apoptosis)

แติ'หน�าที่��ที่��แน'นอนย!งไมั'ชั!ดิ์เจน

Dorner T et al.Arthritis Research & therapy 2006;84:R74

Page 62: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment

Page 63: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment5. Anti-IL-10

-SLE pt. produce abnormally large

amounts of IL-10

-serum levels correlate with dz activity

-IL-10 inhibits Ag presentation & Th1

lymphocyte activation

Llorente L et al.Arthritis Rheumatism 2000;43:1790-1800

Page 64: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment-In vivo function of IL-10 poorly

understood

-Chernoff AE et al และ Huhn RD et al ไดิ์� ที่3าการศึ$กษาไว� ติ!)งแติ'ป่/ 1995-6 พบว'า IL-10

สุามัารถ้ย!บย!)งการผู้ลติของ proinflammatory cytokine

จาก mononuclear cell และย!บย!)ง T cell

proliferation ไดิ์�อ�กดิ์�วย

Llorente L et al.Arthritis Rheumatism 2000;43:1790-1800

Page 65: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment-Luis LLorente et al ไดิ์�ที่ดิ์ลองป่ระเมันความัป่ลอดิ์ภั!ย และป่ระสุที่ธิผู้ลของ anti-IL-10 monoclonal Ab เป่"นคร!)งแรกที่��ใชั�ในมัน�ษย2 โดิ์ยให�สุารน�)ในผู้��ป่�วย active SLE & steroid dependent dz . ในขนาดิ์ 20mg/d IV เป่"นเวลาติ'อเน-�องก!น 21 ว!น และติดิ์ติามัติ'ออ�ก 6 เดิ์-อน พบว'าผู้��ป่�วยที่�กคนสุามัารถ้ที่นยาไดิ์�ดิ์� และไมั'พบอาการข�างเค�ยงใดิ์ๆ โดิ์ยอาการที่างข�อ และผู้วหน!งดิ์�ข$)นอย'างเห:นไดิ์�ชั!ดิ์

Llorente L et al.Arthritis Rheumatism 2000;43:1790-1800

Page 66: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment-นอกจากน�)ผู้��ป่�วยที่�กคนย!งสุามัารถ้ลดิ์ขนาดิ์ของ prednisolone ลงไดิ์� -หล!งจากติดิ์ติามัติ'ออ�ก 6 เดิ์-อน ย!งสุามัารถ้ควบค�มัอาการของ โรคไดิ์�

Llorente L et al.Arthritis Rheumatism 2000;43:1790-1800

Page 67: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment

Llorente L et al.Arthritis Rheumatism 2000;43:1790-1800

Page 68: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment

Llorente L et al.Arthritis Rheumatism 2000;43:1790-1800

Page 69: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment5.Anti-TNF--TNF- is important proinflammatory cytokine with pleiotropic properties-activation of cascade of inflammatory events lead to tissue destruction-markeddly increased & appear to be bioactive in active SLE pt.

Aringer M et al.Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50(10):3161-69

Page 70: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment-find TNF- in renal tissue in all types

of lupus glomerulonephritis and ass.

with renal disease activity

-NZB/NZW mice application high dose

TNF- shown to delay dz onset in this

lupus-prone mouse

Aringer M et al.Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50(10):3161-69

Page 71: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment-but in kidney MRL/lpr Lupus-prone

mice contain high levels of TNF and

serum levels of TNF in these mice

correlate with disease activity, similar

to finding in human

Aringer M et al.Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50(10):3161-69

Page 72: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment-In human RA & Crohn’s disease : TNF blockage lead to formation of ANA 30-40%, anti-dsDNA 15% of pt., which occasionally ass. with transient drug-induced lupus-like syndrome-because of controversy data, blockage of TNF not be considered to be option ; trial

Aringer M et al.Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50(10):3161-69

Page 73: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment-Aringer M et al ไดิ์�รายงานการให�ยา TNF- 4300 mg infliximab (chimeric anti-

TNF- Ab)ในผู้��ป่�วย 6 คน ที่��เป่"น active SLE(4

with nephritis, 3 with arthritis

ที่��ดิ์-)อติ'อการร!กษาดิ์�วยวธิ�อ-�นๆ) เพ�มัเข�าไป่จากการร!กษาเดิ์มัที่�� มั�อย�'แล�ว เชั'น ร'วมัก!บ azathioprine or MTX

Aringer M et al.Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50(10):3161-69

Page 74: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment-Aringer M et al. ไดิ์�สุร�ป่ว'า infliximab ไมั'ที่3า ให�เพ�มั adverse event ที่��สุ!มัพ!นธิ2ก!บ SLE

activity แมั�ว'าจะพบระดิ์!บของ anti-dsDNA และ ระดิ์!บของ anti-cardiolipin จะเพ�มัข$)นก:ติามั

ที่!)งน�)ย!ง ไดิ์�เสุนอแนะให�มั�การศึ$กษาเพ�มัเติมัในระดิ์!บ large

controlled trials ติ'อไป่

Aringer M et al.Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50(10):3161-69

Page 75: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment6.Anti-CD40 ligand

-phase I/II studies in humans with LN

demonstrated reduction of anti-

dsDNA Ab but not of protective Ab

Sidiropoulos PI.Lupus 2004;13(5):391-7

Page 76: Mechanism of SLE

Implications for treatment-reduction of anti-DNA associated

with increase serum complement

levels & reduce glomerular inflammation

Sidiropoulos PI.Lupus 2004;13(5):391-7

7.CTLA-4-Ig

Page 77: Mechanism of SLE

Anisur Rahman.mechanism of disease systemic lupus erythematosus.NEJM 2008;358;9:929-939

Page 78: Mechanism of SLE

CONCLUSION1. Genetic & many factors link to lupus2. Lupus-associated genes contribute to

one or more mechanisms of lupus pathogenesis

3. At the present we find many autoantibodies which have different prevalence in SLE

Page 79: Mechanism of SLE

CONCLUSION4. Most studies of autoantibody-mediated

tissue damage have focused on

role of anti-dsDNA Ab in pt. with LN

5. Antigen-driven is process which Ag

binds Ig on surface o B cells and can

occur only in B lymphocytes that are

being stimulated by T cells(T lymph.help)

Page 80: Mechanism of SLE

CONCLUSION6. Apoptotic blebs are source of

autoantigen

7. Many cytokines that found in SLE

and new treatment which correlate

with these cytokines may use for

treatment SLE pt. in future

Page 81: Mechanism of SLE

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