medical applications of particle physics · medical applications of particle physics sparsh navin...
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Medical Applications of Particle Physics
Sparsh Navin
CERN – Knowledge Transfer
Medical Applications Section
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Knowledge transfer – X-rays
Wilhelm Röntgen
Radio waves Microwave Infrared Visible Ultraviolet X-Ray Gamma Ray
Energy, E10 neV 10 μeV 1 meV 10 meV 1 eV 10 eV 100 eV 100 keV 1 MeV 1 GeV 1 TeV
Source: ESA
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8/11/1895 22/12/1895 1901
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Nobel prize in medicine
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
First human body scan
First clinically useful image
Nobel prize in physics and first image
NMR
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Tools of the trade
Accelerators Detectors Computing
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Hospitals
Imaging centres
Research institutes
Academic institutes
Industry
Funding agencies
Biologists
ICT
DoctorsPolicy makers
Physicists & Medical physicists
Epidemiologists
4th pillar of technology - collaboration
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Cancer – a growing challenge
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More than 3 million new cancer cases in Europe each year and 1.75 million
associated deaths
Increase by 2030: 75% in developed countries and 90% in developing countries
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Surgery
Treatment options
X-ray, IMRT, Brachytherapy, Hadrontherapy
Hormones; Immunotherapy; Cell therapy; Genetic treatments; Novel specific targets (genetics..)
AIM:Survival, Quality of life
Chemotherapy (+ others)Radiotherapy
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First step: Detection
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Antimatter – science fiction?
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PET
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• Drug is labeled with positron(β+) emitting radionuclide.
• Drug localizes in patient according to metabolic properties of that drug.
• Trace (pico-molar) quantities of drug are sufficient.
• Radiation dose fairly small(<1 rem = 0.01 Sv).
PET: how it works
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PET – How it works
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PET Scan
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The detector challenge
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Similar challenges
• New materials
• Compact
• low noise electronics
• Algorithms
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HEP Calorimeter
PET Camera
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Multimodal imaging
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Proposed by David Townsend
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Crystal Clear
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ClearPEM
Extremely sensitive to small tumourmasses
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MEDIPIX
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Towards digital imaging
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Accelerators for cancer treatment
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Use of accelerators today
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~ 9000 of the 17000 accelerators operating in the World today are used for medicine.
Copyright © Nobel Media AB 2013
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Conventional radiotherapy
• least expensive cancer treatment method• most effective• no substitute for RT in the near future• rate of patients treated with RT is increasing
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30% of patients cancer comes
back in the same location after
RT
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Single beam of photons
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80 3050
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2 opposite photon beams
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110 110100
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Alternative – Hadron Therapy
• 1946: Robert Wilson
Protons can be used clinically
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Robert Wilson
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Photons
Carbon
Protons
Why hadron therapy
Depth in the body (mm)
Tumours near critical organsTumours in childrenRadio-resistant tumours
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Carbon ions: pilot project in Europe
GSI & Heidelberg
– 450 patients treated
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HIT - Heidelberg
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Ion source
LINAC
Synchrotron
Treatment rooms Siemens Medical
Beam transport line
Quality control
Gantry
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CNAO – Italy (Pavia)
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Challenges
• In-beam PET @ GSI (Germany)
• MonteCarlo simulations
• Organ motion
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MC simulated measured
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ISOLDEisotopes for detection & treatment
In collaboration with
University Hospital Geneva
1.4 GeV protonsfrom PSBooster
HRS Target station
HRS separator(90, 60 deg)
Beam lines
GPS
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Computing for medical applications
Mt. Blanc(4.8 Km)
Concorde(15 Km)
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The Grid
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Data and Resources
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Mammogrid - a grid mammography database
• Second Opinion• Cancer Screening• Education and Training• Reference Database / Repository
From: David MANSET, CEO MAAT France, www.maat-g.com
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Simulation
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cern.ch/virtual-hadron-therapy-centre
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References
• cern.ch/crystalclear• cern.ch/enlight• cern.ch/knowledgetransfer• cern.ch/medipix• cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/AXIALPET• cern.ch/medaustron• cern.ch/fluka/heart/rh.html• www.fluka.org/fluka.php• cern.ch/wwwasd/geant• cern.ch/wwwasd/geant/tutorial/tutstart.html