Medical Laboratory Instrumentation

2011-2012Third Year

Dr Fadhl Alakwa

www.Fadhl-alakwa.weebly.com

UST-Yemen

Biomedical Department

Course Description: المقرر توصيف

• This course provides an introduction to the fundamental principles of chemical measurement used in medical diagnosis, quality assurance and control, and research studies. We will focus on understanding the fundamental principles underlying instrumental methods and their realization in modern instrumentation for analysis.

Purpose: ) هذا ) من الهدف الغايةالمقرر

• The purpose of this course is to expand the student’s knowledge with new instrumental analysis technology, advantage, disadvantage, troubleshooting and the future technologies.

TOPICS COVERED: المغطاة المواضيع

• UV/visible and infrared spectrophotometry• Flame atomic spectrometry• Colorimeter• Blood gas analyzer• Cell counter• Pulse Oximeter• Chromatograph• PCR• Electrophoresis

STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES المقرر أهداف

• FIRST WHAT IS THE PROGRAM OUTCOMES: SEE THE PAPER INFRONT OF YOU.

STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES المقرر أهداف

1. Appreciate the connectivity between math, physics, chemistry, and biology in this course. )Program Outcome a(.

2. Demonstrate mathematical and basic computer skills, and discover the impact of science and technology. )Program Outcome a, k, h(.

3. Understand the proper use and importance of measurement statistics. )Program Outcome b(.

4. Understand the theory and design of the instrumental instruments. )Program Outcome c(.

STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES المقرر أهداف

5. Understand how the instrument actually makes the measurement. )Program Outcome c(.

6. Work with his group in any clinical laboratory to complete the project.)Program Outcome d(

7. Uses ethical conduct in communication )using citations, acknowledging sources of info(. )Program Outcome f(.

8. Conveys information effectively in written and oral presentations. )Program Outcome g(.

STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES المقرر أهداف

9. Understand and appreciate the role of instruments in solving problems in the physical, chemical and biological sources. )Program Outcome h(.

10. Search pertinent, professional literature, use other information resources and evaluate how sources contribute to knowledge. )Program Outcome i(

11.Understand the chemical and/or physical principles exploited during the measurement. )Program Outcome j(.

12. Understand the theoretical concepts behind each instrument. )Program Outcome j(.

STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES المقرر أهداف

13. Operate, manipulate, and generate data for each instrument. )Program Outcome j(.

14. Solve chemical problems quantitatively and qualitatively by making appropriate choices among the various instruments. )Program Outcome k(.

15. Appreciate the complexity of each instrument, its strength, and its limitation. )Program Outcome k(.

16. Explore the use of Internet )Netscape( as an educational source in instrumentation. )Program Outcome k(.

17. Develop an understanding of the analytical capabilities of a number of instrumental methods. )Program Outcome k(.

OUTCOMES COURSE MATRIX [ كيفيمكنللبرنامج األصلية المخرجات يخدم إن [للمقرر

H : 50% contribution to the outcome.M: 25-50% contribution to the outcome.L: 10-25% contribution to the outcome.

COURSE POLICIES

• Class Attendance: الفصل حضور سياسة• Tardy: التأخير حاالت• Exams االمتحانات• االمتحان عن الغياب حاالت في المتبعة السياسات• Assignments & Projects: والمشاريع التكاليف• التكاليف تسليم تأخير حاالت في المتبعة السياسات

األستاذ إلى تسلم أن يجب ومتى والمشاريع• The PROJECT is due on 01/03/2012.

COURSE POLICIES• Exam Attendance/Punctuality: وحضور االنتظاماالمتحان

• الطالب تأخر حاالت في المتبعة السياسة توصيفاالمتحان عن

• Plagiarism: االنتحال• المتبعة واإلجراءات وحاالته االنتحال تعريف يحدد

حدوثه حالة .في• Plagiarism is defined as “copying or stealing someone else’s words

or ideas and claiming or presenting them as if they were your own.”

GRADING SYSTEM نظام التقييم• Term Exam: 60 points

• Midterm Exam: 15 Points

• Homework assignments: 5 Points

• Project: 15 Points

• Other )quizzes, class participation etc.(: 5 points

Project

• Students will be organized into teams of four and each team search for the principle of operation of instruments which exist in the clinical laboratory. The format of the project is like below:

Parameter

DiseaseInstrument

Principle of operation

Example commercially

Distributor In Yemen or KSA

Project Evaluation

• Oral Presentation Grading:Criteria                              Points Organization                   2Clarity of presentation 2Effectiveness                   2Technical Accuracy & grasp of the subject           2Engineering versus biology content                        2Total                                10

RESOURCES: المراجع

• Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 5th Edition, Douglas A. Skoog, Brooks Cole, 1998

• Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis, Sixth Edition, James W. Robinson CRC Press, 2004

http://fadhl-alakwa.weebly.com/

Blood )Purpose and components(

• Blood is the fluid that circulates trough the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries carrying nourishment, electrolytes, hormones, vitamins, antibodies, heat and oxygen to body tissues and taken a way waste matter and carbon dioxide.

• Blood is composed of cells and plasma.

Blood cell Portion

• Red blood cells

• White blood cells

• Platelets

Red blood cells

• Disc-shaped cells

• Contain no nucleus

• Live 120 days

• Number 4.5 to 5.5 million cells/mm3

• Each RBC contains 4 iron atoms in a structure known as the hemoglobin

White blood cells

• Amoeba like cells

• Contain a nucleus

• Live 20 days

• Number 6 to 10 thousands cells/mm3

• They are present in the lymph fluid and engulf invading bacteria and foreign substances to destroy the invaders’ effect.

Platelets

• They are cell fragments

• Contain no nucleus

• Number 200 to 800 thousands cells/mm3

• Blood coagulation and clotting

Blood plasma

• Plasma proteins

• Plasma nutrients-energy-storing

• Regulatory and protective substances

• Plasma electrolytes

• Metabolic waste substances

Plasma proteins

• Albumins

• Fibrinogen and prothrombin

• Globulin

Plasma nutrients-energy-storing

• Glucose )blood sugar(

• Lipids )fats(

• Amino acids )Proteins for tissue growth(

Regulatory and protective substances

• Enzymes

• Hormones

• Antibodies

Plasma electrolytes-acid-base

• Na+

• K+

• Cl-

Metabolic waste substances

• Urea

• Uric

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_common_blood_tests

Purpose of M. L. I.

The purpose of medical laboratory instrumentation is to provide a means of measuring required substances and metabolic waste products in urine and blood.

Instrumental Analysis is the Base for All the Modern Sciences

Instrumental Analysis will give quick answers on (1) what species is a

certain system (qualitative) and (2) How many of them (quantitative).

Analytical chemistry is critical to our understanding of biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, geochemistry, environmental science, atmospheric chemistry, materials science, metallurgy,biology, pharmacology, agricultural science, food science, geology, and other fields.

Qualitative analysis• Qualitative analysis is the branch of analytical

chemistry that is concerned with questions

• such as “What makes this water smell bad?”, “Is there gold in this rock sample?”, “Is this sparkling stone a diamond or cubic zirconia?”, “Is this plastic item made of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene or polycarbonate?”, or “What is this white powder?”

Quantitative Analysis• When qualitative analysis is completed, the

next question is often “How much of each or any component is present?” or “Exactly how much gold is this rock?” or “How much of the organochlorine pesticide dieldrin is in this drinking water?”

• The determination of how much is quantitative analysis.

undergraduate instrumental analysis page 9,10,11,12

Stimulus Response

Basics of Instrumental Analysis

Analytical InformationEnergy Source Sample

Input transducer Data domain ofTransduced information

Informationprocessor Readout

Basics of Instrumental Analysis• All instruments measure some chemical or physical

characteristic of the sample, such as how much light is absorbed by the sample at a given wavelength, the mass-to charge ratio of an ion produced from the sample, or the change in conductivity of a wire as the sample passes over it. A detector of some type makes the measurement and the detector response is converted to an electrical signal. The electrical signal should be directly related to the chemical or physical property being measured and that should be related to the amount of analyte present.

Selecting Analytical Instruments

In order to select an analytical method intelligently, it is essential to define clearly the nature of the analytical problem. Such a definition requires answers to the following questions:

1. What accuracy is required?

2. How much sample is available?

3. What is the concentration range of the analyte?

4. What components of the sample will cause interference?

5. What are the physical and chemical properties of the sample matrix?

6. How many samples are to be analyzed?

Precision and Accuracy

Not preciseBut accurate

Not preciseNot accurate

PreciseAnd accurate

PreciseBut not accurate

Concentration Unit

• Many analytical results are expressed as the concentration of the measured substance in a certain amount of sample. The measured substance is called the analyte.

• Commonly used concentration units include molarity )moles of substance per liter of solution(, weight percent )grams of substance per gram of sample 100%(, and units for trace levels of substances.

• One part per million )ppm( by weight is one microgram of analyte in a gram of sample, that is, 1 x 10-6 g analyte/g sample. µg/g

• One part per billion )ppb( by weight is one nanogram of element in a gram of sample or 1 x 10-9 g analyte/g sample.

• parts per trillion of the element, that is, picograms of element per gram of sample )1 x10-12 g analyte/g sample(.

Concentration Unit?

• To give you a feeling for these quantities, a million seconds is 12 days )11.57 days, to be exact(. One part per million in units of seconds would be one second in 12 days.

• A part per billion in units of seconds would be 1 s in 32 years, and one part per trillion is one second in 32,000 years.

Terminology

• A sample may be homogeneous, that is, it has the same chemical composition everywhere within the sample. Like the salt water.

• Many samples are heterogeneous; the composition varies from region to region within the sample.

Medical laboratory department

• Facilities

• Personnel

• Equipment

Facilities

• Must includes a clean, safe surrounding with a special area for sterilization of contaminated blood urine samples and equipment

• Sufficient storage and cleaning areas must be designated

Personnel

• Physician

• Medical technologist )equipment operator(

• Supervisor

Equipment

• Glassware, centrifuges, suction devices

• Colorimeter

Is an optical devise that measures the color concentration of a substance in solution

• Flame photometer

Is an optical electronic devise that measures the color intensity of substance that have been aspirated into a flame )sodium and potassium(

Equipment

• Spectrophotometer

Is optical device that measure light absorption at various wavelengths for a given liquid sample.

• Blood cell analyzer

Is a device to measures the number of red and white blood cells per scaled volume.

The aperture impedance and flow cytometery

Equipment

• Ph/ blood gas analyzer

Is a device which measure blood Ph, Po2, Pco2• Chromatograph and Autoanalyzer

Is a electromechanical device used to separate, identify, and measure the concentration of substances in a liquid medium.

• Computer based record and operation system