meterology 101 class
TRANSCRIPT
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Meteorology TodayMeteorology Today
AG2 Vol. 1AG2 Vol. 1
AG2 Vol. 2AG2 Vol. 2
Forecasters HandbookForecasters Handbook
AG Mod 5AG Mod 5
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Cloud FormationCloud Formation
Heat Transfer in the AtmosphereHeat Transfer in the Atmosphere
Air MassesAir Masses
FrontsFronts
The Three CellsThe Three Cells
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Convective Lifting orConvection - ascending
air caused by strong heating at the Earth's
surface.
Orographic Lifting - air that is forced upward
by mountainous terrain.
Convergence - air that is forced upward by
convergence of air near the ground. A trough
line, depicted on a weather map as a dashed line,
identifies a line of convergence at the surface.
Frontal wedging - a process by which air is
forced upward by the displacement of one
airmass by a different airmass. This process
occurs near cold fronts, where cold air displaces
warm air and forces the warm air upward. Near
warm fronts, warm air ascends over cold surface
air that moves relatively little.
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AdvectionAdvection Horizontal movement of air, moisture, or heat.
ConvectionConvection
Vertical movement of air, moisture, or heat.
ConductionConduction Transfer of heat by molecular activity from one substance
another, or through a substance. Transfer is always from
warmer to colder regions.
RadiationRadiation The transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves.
Latent Heat TransferLatent Heat Transfer Heat that is released/ absorbed by a unit mass of a substance
when it undergoes a change of state, such as during evaporation,
condensation, or sublimation.
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Awidespread body of air that isapproximately homogeneous in its horizontal
extent, with reference to Temperature and
Moisture
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AIR MASS SOURCE REGIONSAIR MASS SOURCE REGIONS
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Transition zone between air masses with different weather
characteristics.
Criteria used to locate a Front on a Surface Weather map:
1. Sharp temp. changes over a relatively short distance.
2. Changes in the airs moisture content (as shown in marked changes in the dew point)
3. Shifts in wind direction
4. Pressure and pressure changes
5. Clouds and precipitation patterns
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A cold front is the leadingA cold front is the leading
edge of a cold air massedge of a cold air massthat is underthat is under--runningrunning
warm airwarm air
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Cold
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A
warm front is the lineA
warm front is the lineof discontinuity whereof discontinuity where
the forward edge of anthe forward edge of an
advancing warm airadvancing warm air
mass is replacing amass is replacing aretreating, relativelyretreating, relatively
colder air mass.colder air mass.
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Warm Cold
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A stationary front has essentially no movement.A stationary front has essentially no movement.
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Cold Warm
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An occluded front isAn occluded front isa composite of twoa composite of two
fronts. They formfronts. They form
when a cold frontwhen a cold frontovertakes a warmovertakes a warm
front and one offront and one of
these two fronts isthese two fronts islifted aloft.lifted aloft.
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A cold occlusion is the occlusion that formsA cold occlusion is the occlusion that formswhen a cold front lifts the warm front and the airwhen a cold front lifts the warm front and the air
mass proceeding the front.mass proceeding the front.
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A warm occlusion is the occlusion that formsA warm occlusion is the occlusion that formswhen the overtaking cold front is lifted by overwhen the overtaking cold front is lifted by over--
running the colder retreating air associated withrunning the colder retreating air associated with
the warm front.the warm front.
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Air Mass Modification
5 factors
Temperature
Surface Moisture Surface Topography
Trajectory
Age
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HIGHERHIGHER
ELEVATEDELEVATED
DUCTSDUCTS
LOWLOW
ELEVATEDELEVATED
DUCTSDUCTS
LOWLOW
ELEVATEDELEVATED
DUCTSDUCTS
HIGHERHIGHER
ELEVATEDELEVATED
DUCTSDUCTS
SUPERREFRACTIVESUPERREFRACTIVE
CONDITIONSCONDITIONS
OFFSHORE FLOWOFFSHORE FLOW
NEARNEAR
STANDARDSTANDARD
CONDITIONSCONDITIONS
NEAR STANDARDNEAR STANDARD
CONDITIONSCONDITIONS
PSBL SFCPSBL SFCBASED DUCTSBASED DUCTS
SUPEREFRACTIVESUPEREFRACTIVE
CONDITIONSCONDITIONS
STRONG SFCSTRONG SFC
BASED DUCTSBASED DUCTS
HH
STRONG SFCSTRONG SFC
BASED DUCTSBASED DUCTS
HH LL
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POLAR CELLPOLAR CELL Three-dimensional atmospheric circulation cell located at roughly 60 to 90
N and S of the equator.
Mid-latitude cells in both hemispheres are termed the Ferrel Cells.
Cold, dense air descends in a polar high-pressure system and moves toward the
equator.
FERREL CELLFERREL CELLNamed after the American meteorologist William Ferrel.
Three-dimensional middle latitude cell located at roughly 30 to 60 N and S
of the equator.
Reverse circulation in these cells results from the air flowing toward the
poles from the subtropical highs which collides with cold air flowing from the
Poles.
The zone of convergence is the polar front.
HADLEY CELLHADLEY CELLNamed after the 18th century English meteorologist George Hadley.
Low latitude air movement toward the equator that with heating, rises
vertically, with poleward movement in the upper atmosphere.
Forming a convection cell that dominates tropical and sub-tropical climates.
THE THREE CELLSTHE THREE CELLS
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Coriolis EffectCoriolis Effect The Coriolis effect was first introduced by a French mathematician named GaspardCoriolis in
the early 19th century.
Tendency for any moving body on or above the earth's surface to drift sideways from its course
because of the earth's rotational direction (west to east) and speed, which is greater for a surface
point near the equator than toward the poles.
In the N. Hemisphere the drift is to the right of the motion, with storms or cyclones rotating
counterclockwise.
In the S. Hemisphere the drift is to the left of the motion, with storms or cyclones rotating
clockwise.
Jet streams are bands of very strong upper level winds
which occur at limited altitudes.
They can be over 150m wide and 1000m long and can
travel at over 250mph.
Like most winds they occur where there is a contrast
between hot and cold.
Jet streams occur around the joins of tropical and
polar air.
Jet StreamJet Stream
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