mfashanyigisho mu gutunganya umusaruro wa kawa implementation... · intangiriro ni gute abahinzi ba...
TRANSCRIPT
ku Bahihinzi baciriritse mu Rwanda
Ishingiye ku mabwiriza yamamaza iterambera ry'ubuhinzi burambye
Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN)
Mfashanyigisho mu gutunganya umusaruro wa kawa
Gushimira
© 2011 Rainforest Alliance All rights reserved
Imfashanyigisho yanditswe na:Reiko Enomoto, Training Manager, Sustainable Agriculture Division, Rainforest Alliance
Abafashije mu rwego tekiniki:Jean Marie Irakabaho, Rwanda National Coordinator, Rainforest AllianceWinnie Mwaniki, East Africa Regional Manager, Rainforest AllianceMarc Monsarrat, Senior Manager (East Africa & South Asia), Rainforest AllianceSimon Martin Mvuyekure, Head of Coffee Program, Rwanda Agriculture Board (RAB)Jean Marie Sabato, Certification Project Coordinator, Coopac Ltd.Emmanuel Rwakagara Nzungize, President, Coopac Ltd.Gilbert Gatali, Managing Director, KZ Noir Karengera Coffee Ltd.Célestin M. Gatarayiha, Head of Coffee Division, National Agricultural Export Development Board (NAEB)Pierre Claver Gahakwa, Director of Certification, National Agricultural Export Development Board (NAEB)Mario Serracin, Rogers Family Company
Iyi Mfashanyigisho yanditswe hakoreshejwe inkunga y'amafaranga y' Ikigo cy'Ubwongereza Gishinzwe Iterambere Mpuzamahanga - Department for International Development (DFID), Food Retail Industry Challenge Fund (FRICH) na Taylors of Harrogate.
Ikigitabo kandi cyanditswe ku bufatanye n'inkunga byo mu rwego rwa tekiniki twatewe n'Ikigo cy'Igihugu Gishinzwe Guteza imbere Ubucuruzi bw'Umusaruro w'Ubuhinzi mu mahanga (NAEB), Ikigo cy'Ubuhinzi mu Rwanda (RAB), Kompanyi yo Gutunganya no Guteza imbere ibikorwa by'ubuhinzi n'Ubucuruzi bwa Kawa - Companie pour Organisation et la Promotion des Activités Café (COOPAC) na KZ Noir Karengera Coffee Ltd.
Karengera Coffee Ltd.
Amafoto yafashwe na:Reiko Enomoto, Rainforest Alliance
* Ndashimira by'umwihariko abahinzi bemeye kumfasha babikuye ku mutima mu myitozo-ngiro yakorewe mu mirima yabo kugira ngo nshobore gufata amafoto yakoreshejwe muri iyi mfashanyigisho.
Intangiriro
Umutwe wa 1:Uburyo bunyuranye bwo kurwanya udukoko n'indwara byangiza kawa
Umutwe wa 2:Imikoreshereze ihwitse y'imiti mva ruganda
Umutwe wa 3: Kurengera urusobekerane rw'ibinyabuzima
Umutwe wa 4:Kubungabunga amazi
Umutwe wa 5:Kubungabunga ubutaka
Umutwe wa 6:Gucunga imyanda
Umutwe wa 7:Gufata neza no korohereza abakozi mu kazi
Umutwe wa 8:Imitunganyirize y'isambu
1
ku Bahihinzi baciriritse mu Rwanda
Mfashanyigisho mu gutunganya umusaruro wa kawa
Inta
ngiri
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Ni gute abahinzi ba kawa baciriritse bakora kugira ngo
haboneke umusaruro wa kawa ku buryo burambye? yi
“Mfashanyigisho ku gutunganya umusaruro wa kawa”
irerekana tekiniki zigamije ubuhinzi burambye
zumvikana kandi zoroheje gushyira mu bikorwa mu
mirima ya kawa y'abahinzi baciriritse bo mu bihugu
by'Afurika. Ibikubiye muri iyi mfashanyigisho
bishingiye ku “Amabwiriza y'Ubuhinzi Burambye”
yatangajwe muri Nyakanga 2010 n'Urugaga Rugamije
Ubuhinzi Burambye. Aya mabwiriza akubiyemo inzego
z'ingenzi zigomba kwitabwaho mu rwego rwo guteza
imbere ubuhinzi burambye. Iyi ni inyandiko y'ibanze
ku muhinzi wifuza kubona icyemezo gitangwa na
Rainforest Alliance.
2
Imikorere mibi Imikorere myiza
Kawa ni kimwe mu bihingwa by'ingenzi muri Afurika gikomokaho umusaruro woherezwa mu
mahanga kandi ikaba ari ikintu abahinzi baciriritse batagira ingano bakomoraho amafaranga.
Nyara ariko, mu gihe haba hakoreshwa uburyo butanoze mu mitunganyirize ya kawa, byazangiza
ibidukikije, bikangiza amazi cyangwa ubutaka bityo bikanangiza n'ubuzima bw'abahinzi baciriritse.
Ibintu kandi bikomeje bityo ntabwo umusaruro wa kawa wakwizerwa kuboneka ku gihe kirekire.
Mu rwego rwo gutuma umusaruro wa kawa uboneka ku buryo buhoraho mu bihe biri imbere,
tugomba gushyira hamwe mu guteza imbere ku rwego rw'umuhinzi uciriritse uburyo bw'imihingire
bwatuma haboneka umusaruro mu burambye. Ni ngombwa ko buri muhinzi yumva ko gukora
hagamijwe umusaruro wa kawa ku buryo burambye ari inshingano ye.
Intangiriro kugira ngo tugere ku buhinzi burambye
1. Kuzuza ku kigero cya 80% ibisabwa byose.
(Muri rusange hari ibintu 99 bigomba kuzuzwa.)
2. Kubahiriza ku kigero cya 50% buri hame
(Hari amahame 10 agomba kubahirizwa.)
3. Kuzuza ibisabwa by'ingenzi byose
(Hari ibintu by'ingenzi 15 bigomba kuzuzwa.)
Kugira ngo uhabwe icyemezo gitangwa na Rainforest Alliance, dore nibura ibyo
ugomba kuba wuzuje.
Byinshi mu bigomba kuzuzwa ntabwo bisabwa abahinzi baciriritse. Muri iyi
mfashanyigisho, turibanda ku bintu by'ingenzi bireba abahinzi baciriritse. Ni
ngombwa kuzirikana ko iyi mfashanyigisho idakubiyemo ibisabwa byose
cyangwa amahame yose akubiye mu mabwiriza y'ubuhinzi burambye, kandi
nta n'ubwo ikubiyemo ibisabwa ku bahinzi bafite imirima minini.
Iyi mfashanyigisho igizwe n'imitwe 8 ikurikira, buri mutwe ukaba urebana n'ihame mu mahame
akubiye mu mabwiriza y'ubuhinzi burambye.
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Ibisabwa kugira ngo hatangwe icyemezo
Ibikubiye muri iyi mfashanyigisho
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Inta
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Umutwe wa 1:Uburyo bunyuranye bwo kurwanya udukoko n'indwara byangiza kawa
Umutwe wa 2:Imikoreshereze ihwitse y'imiti mva ruganda
Umutwe wa 3: Kurengera urusobekerane rw'ibinyabuzima
Umutwe wa 4:Kubungabunga amazi
Umutwe wa 5:Kubungabunga ubutaka
Umutwe wa 6:Gucunga imyanda
Umutwe wa 7:Gufata neza no korohereza abakozi mu kazi
Umutwe wa 8:Imitunganyirize y'isambu
Isomo rya 1
4
Kufumbira neza igihingwa ni ingenzi mu kugira ngo ibiti bigire ubuma
buzira umuze, bibe bishobora kurinda indwara n'ibyonyi. Uburyo bwiza
bwo kugeza ibyunyunyu ku gihingwa cya kawa n'ugukoresha ifumbire.
Ugomba gukoresha ibiro bitanu (5kg) buri mwaka ku giti gito, n'ibiro
bigera kuri cumi (10kg) by'ifumbire y'imborera buri mwaka ku giti
gisarurwa.
Kinyarwanda: Ifumbire y'imborera ivuye mu bishishwa by kawa ishobora
kuboneka ku ruganda rw'ikawa. Ushobora no kwitunganiriza ifumbire
y'imborera ukoresheje imyanda n'ibishingwe.
Uburyo bunyuranye bwo
kurwanya udukoko Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ntabwo ari bwo buryo bwonyine bwo kurwanya
udukoko n'indwara. Ibiti by'ikawa byitaweho kandi bimeze neza ntibishobora gufatwa
n'udukoko n'indwara ku buryo bworoshye. Iyo bigifatwa n'udukoko n'indwara, hari
uburyo butandukanye bwo kubirwanya bitabaye ngombwa ko hakoreshwa imiti
mvaruganda. Muri iki gice, mugiye kwiga uburyo bwo kurwanya no gukumira
udukoko n'indwara mu buryo burambye.
Ibiro 7-10 by'imborera ku giti
Igihe mukoresha ifumbire y'imborera, mujye
muyishyira iruhande rw'igihimba atari ku
gihimba neza. Kuyishyira ku gihimba bituma
igiti kitabasha gufata ibigitunga uko bikwiye.
Mugomba gushyira ifumbire mu nsi y'ibibabi
by'igiti ari naho haba haherereye imizi
ikigaburira.
Nyuma yo gufumbiza ifumbire y'imborera,
mugomba gutwikiriza ifumbire itaka cyangwa
amababi. Iyo ifumbire igerwaho n'umuyaga
cyangwa imvura, ibitunga ibimera bitwarwa
n'umwuka cyangwa bigatembanwa n'imvura.
Iyo mutwikiriye ifumbire y'imborera, muba muzi
neza ko igiti kizatungwa n'ibiri muri iyo fumbire.
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Gukoresha ifumbire y'imborera
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Ibisambo n'amashami ya kabiri
nabyo byangize ibyunyunyu
biva ku giti kandi bigatuma mu
mashami y'igiti haba nk'igihuru,
ibi noneho bigatuma indwara
n'ibyonyi byiyongera. Gukata
ibyo bisambo n'amashami ya
kabiri bifasha kongera
umuyaga unyura mu mashami
y'igiti, imirasire y'izuba
igashobora kugeramo, kandi ibi
ni ingezi kugirango igiti kirabye.
Kwicira ni ingenzi kuko bituma imyaka duhinga imera neza kandi igatanga umusaruro. Iyo amashami
yapfuye akiri ku biti aba ariho udukoko n'indwara kandi bishobora no gufata amashami mazima.
Amashami ashaje atakera urubuto na rumwe atungwa n'ibyagatunze igiti ari na byo bituma igiti kigira
ingufu nke. Amashami yapfuye kandi atagitanga umusaruro agomba kuvanwa ku giti.
Kwicira
Kuvanaho amashami yumye
Kuvanaho amashami ahengamye kandi atagitanga umusaruro
Kuvanaho ibisambo byameze ku giti ca kawa
Kuvanaho ibisambo byameze ku mashami y'igiti ca kawa
Kuvanaho amashami yameze ku yandi mashami
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Gukuraho ibitumbwe byasigayeho ku isarura riherukaNyuma yo gusarura, ni ngombwa gusoroma ibitumbwe
bya kawa biba byarasigaye ku giti. Iyo birekewe ku biti
bitera udukoko n'indwara bitandukanye, ndetse utu
dukoko n'indwara biguma mu murima wanyu ndetse
bikazanduza ibitumbwe bishya byo ku isarura
rikurikiyeho.
Ibitumbwe bishaje byasigaye ku giti
Kuvanaho ibitumbwe bishaje
Kubiza ibitumbwe bishaje mu maze ashushe
kugira ngo indwara n'ibyonyi birimwo bipfe
Kugira ngo udukoko
n'indwara biri mu murima
bivemo ni ngombwa
gusoroma ibitumbwe
byasigaye ku biti, mukabiteka
mu mazi ashyushye, maze
mukabitaba mu butaka.
Ibi bituma mwizera ko
udukoko n'indwara byari ku
bitumbwe bitazaguma mu
murima kandi ntibigire
ingaruka ku musaruro wanyu
w'umwaka utaha.
Guhamba bya bitumbwe byabijijwe
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Applying Pyrethrum
Gukoresha piretereIcyitonderwa: iyo uri umuhinzi udakoresha ifumbire mvaruganda kandi wohereza umusaruro muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, iki gice ntikikureba.
Piretere ni izina ry'umutobe
ukomoka ku rurabo rwitwa
“African Chrysanthemum”
ukaba ukoreshwa nk'umuti
kamere wica udukoko. Iyo
"African Chrysanthemum”
itewe mu misozi miremire
nko mu Ntara
y'Amajyaruguru y'u Rwanda
bituma umutobe wayo uba
ufite ubukana bwinshi.
Indabo zitunganyirizwa mu
ruganda rwo mu Rwanda.
“African Chrysanthemum” Umuti wica udukoko w'umwimerere ukozwe mu bireti
Mililitiro 45 z'uwu muti ukozwe mu bireti
zivangwa na litiro 15 z'amazi (ni ku rugero rwa
pompe itera umuti yuzuye amazi). Ushobora
gupima mililitiro
45 mu kuzuza
agafundikizo
k'agacupa
kavamwo uwo
muti inshuro
ebyiri.
Iyo umupfundikizo
wuzuye neza biba
bihwanye na 20ml.
Agakoko gato kitwa “Antestia” gatuma kawa
yumvikanamo umuhumuro nk'uw'ibirayi, gatera
amagi yako mu nsi y'ibibabi. Kubera iyo
mpamvu, iyo dutera umuti wo kwica “Antestia”
tugomba kuwutera duhereye munsi y'ibibabi.
Agasurira
Amagi y'agasurira musi y'amababi
Gutera umuti uturutse musi y'amababi
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Umutego w'udukokoIcyitonderwa: Niba uri umuhinzi udakoresha ifumbire mvaruganda, iki gice ntikikureba
Imitego y'udukoko hakoreshejwe feromone ni uburyo bwiza bwo
kurinda cyangwa kurwanya Agakoko gafata imbuto z'ikawa kitwa
“Coffee Berry Borer”. Iyo mukoresha imitego y'udukoko mugomba
gutega umutego umwe kuri buri biti by'ikawa 100.
Umutego w'udukoko urimwo
impumuro ikurura udukoko
Umutego w'udukoko ukozwe muducupa twa plasitike
Iyo imitego y'udukoko itaboneka ku buryo bworoshye, mushobora
gukora imitego y'udukoko mukoresheje amacupa ya palasitiki.
Udukoko dufata imbuto z'ikawa dukururwa n'amabara y'umutuku;
kubera iyo mpamvu ni byiza gusiga imitego amabara y'umutuku.
Igihe dukoresha ubu buryo bwose butandukanye bwo kurwanya udukoko, bituma ibiti bya kawa zacu
bikomera kandi bigahorana ubuzima bwiza, bityo tukabirinda indwara n'udukoko bitabaye ngombwa
ko dukoresha imiti mvaruganda.
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Umutwe wa 2
Imikoreshereze ihwitse y'imiti mva ruganda
Icyitonderwa: Mugihe ukora ubuhinzi bw'umwimerere (agriculture biologique), iki gice ntikikureba.
Ni byiza kudatera kawa zacu imiti mvaruganda ahubwo tugakoresha ubundi buryo bwo
kurwanya indwara n'udukoko muri kawa. Nyamara igihe mugomba gutera imiti, cyangwa
gufata imiti, mugomba kurinda umubiri wanyu kugira ngo utangizwa n'iyo miti.
Imyenda irinda umuntu guhura n'imiti Iyo ugomba gutera umuti, usabwa kwambara imyenda
umubiri wose ukikwiza. Iyo myenda iba igizwe n'ingofero,
amadarubindi, masike iyungurura umuti, imyenda
y'amaboko maremare, ipantalo ndende, uturindantoki na
bote. Nta gice cy'umubiri umuti ugomba kugeraho.
Ni ngombwa ko wambara masike iyungurura umuti aho
kwiyambarira masike isanzwe yo kwirinda ivumbi.
Masike yo kwirinda ivumbi ntikurinda imiti ihumanya.
Masike ikingaivumbi
Masike ikingaivumbi
Masike igukingira imiti mva ruganda Icyitonderwa:
Kwambara ibya bugenewe bigukingira n'ingingo y'ingenzi cyane.
Mu gihe utera umuti mva ruganda, ni
ngombwa ko wambara udukingirantoke
“gants”. Wirinde gukora ku miti mva
ruganda n'amaboko yawe utikingiye.
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Kubika neza imiti mvarugandaIyo ubitse igikombe
cy'umuti mu nzu urugero
nko mu ruganiriro, mu
gikoni, cyangwa mu
cyumba cyo kuryamamo,
abana bawe bashobora
kuwubona bagakeka ko
ari icyo kunywa. Ni
ngombwa kwirinda ko
twakwicuza baramutse
bawunyweye. Imiti mva ruganda mu gikoni
Imiti mva ruganda musi y'igitanda
Imiti igomba kubikwa ahantu
hatari mu nzu kandi hiherereye ku
buryo abana badashobora
kuhagera. Ububiko bw'imiti
bugomba gufungwa kandi aho iri
hagomba kuba hari ikimenyetso
kiburira abantu.
Ububiko bugomba kuba busakaye
kuburyo imvura itageramwo. Ibyo
imiti iteretseho (“etagere”)
bigomba kuba bikozwe muryo
bidafata imiti.
Iyo urimo gutera imiti mu ikawa,
ugomba kubakira igipimo cyawe cya
kawa uruzitiro rukomeye kugira ngo
imiti iva mu gipimo cyawe idahumanya
abantu batuye hafi yacyo cyangwa
abantu barimo kugenda mu mihanda
yegereye igipimo cyawe cya kawa.
Uruzitiro rukomeyeUruzitiro hagati y'umurima n'inzu
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Isomo rya 3
Kurengera urusobekerane rw'ibinyabuzima
Niba umurima wanyu wegereye ibidukikije nk'ishyamba, igishanga, ikiyaga cyangwa uruzi,
mugomba gukora uko ushoboye kose mukabibungabunga neza. Mugomba gukora ku
buryo nta muntu ubyangiza. Umurima wanyu wa kawa ubwawo ushobora guhinduka
ibidukikije igihe muhanga uburyo bw'ubuhinzi bw'amashyamba arimo ibihingwa
bitandukanye haterwa ibiti bitanga igicucu. Muri uyu mutwe, muraza kureba uburyo
mwabungabunga ibidukikije biri mu murima wanyu cyangwa iruhande rwawo.
Iyo hari ibidukikije ibyo ari byo byose nk'urugero
ishyamba, ikiyaga cyangwa uruzi, biri mu
murima wawe cyangwa iruhande rwawo, ubwo
buso bugomba gufatwa nk'ububungabunzwe.
Mu buso bubungabunzwe, gutema ibiti
cyangwa gutera imyaka ntibyemewe.
Kudatema ibiti
Icyitonderwa: Kurengera urusobekerane rw'ibinyabuzima ni ibwiriza ry'ingenzi cyane
Gukoresha ronderezaMukeneye inkwi zo gutekesha ariko mushobora
kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'inkwi mukoresha imbabura
irondereza inkwi. Umuriro w'amashyiga utwara inkwi
nyinshi kandi uteka ahura n'ingaruka ziterwa n'imyotsi.
Imbabura irondereza ingufu igira ubushyuhe
bukomoka ku nkwi kandi iteka neza. Umutetsi ntabwo
ahura n'ingaruka ziterwa n'imyotsi.
Iyo dutema ibiti dushaka inkwi cyangwa kubera izindi
mpamvu zitandukanye, twakagombye no guhita
dutera umubare w'ibiti ungana n'uw'ibiti twatemye.
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Mushobora gutekereza ko ibiti bitanga igicucu bicuranwa ibibitunga n'ibiti bya kawa bityo bikaba
byatuma habaho umusaruro muke. Nyamara ibi ntabwo ari byo kubera ko ibiti bitanga igicucu bigira
akamaro kenshi mu gihe kirekire bikaba byatuma kawa yawe itanga umusaruro mwiza mu gihe
kirekire.
Ibiti bitanga igicucu
Iyo mutemye ibiti byose bitanga igicucu mu
murima wanyu, cyangwa ntimutere igiti gitanga
igicucu na kimwe, umusaruro wanyu ushobora
kuba mwiza mu myaka mike ya mbere, ariko
ntibishobora gukomeza gutyo igihe kirekire.
Iyo ibiti bya kawa n'ubutaka bihura n'imirasire
y'izuba birananirwa maze umusaruro
ugatangira kuba muke. Uretse igihe
hakoreshejwe ifumbire nyinshi mvaruganda
byagorana gukomeza kubona umusaruro
ungana mu gihe kirekire. Gukoresha cyane
ifumbire mvaruganda irimo azote bishobora
gutuma ubutaka bubamo ubusharire kandi
bigatuma umusaruro wa kawa ugabanuka. Umurima utagira igiti na kimwe gitanga igicucu
Kugira ngo ibiti bitanga igicucu bigirire
akamaro ibiti bya kawa, mugomba
kubicunga neza. Iyo ibiti bitanga igicucu
bidakonowe kandi bigakura cyane, igicucu
cyinshi cyane bitanga kibangamira kawa. Ni
ngombwa gukonora ibiti bitanga igicucu mu
buryo buhoraho kugira ngo mukomeze
mugire igicucu gikenewe mu gipimo cyanyu.
Ibiti bitanga igicucu iyo byitaweho neza
bigira inyungu zikurikira
Igipimo kirimo ibiti bihagije bitanga igicucu
Bituma ibiti bya kawa bidahura n'imirasire ikaze y'izuba.
Bituma mu butaka habamo ubukonje bityo biganatuma ubutaka buhora buhehereye.
Imizi yabyo irwanya isuri
Ibibabi byahanutse n'amashami yakaswe bitunga ibimera biri ku butaka.
Bituma ikirere cy'aho umurima uherereye kidahindagurika kandi birinda ibiti bya kawa guhura n'ibihe by'impeshyi n'ubushyuhe bukabije.
Ibiti bimwe na bimwe, nk'urugero “Calliandra”, ni ibinyamisogwe kandi ishyira nitorojene mu butaka.
Ibiti bimwe na bimwe bitanga imbuto n'imbaho nk'umusaruro w'inyongera ubyara amafaranga.
Bitewe no kurinda ibiti bya kawa n'ubutaka, umusaruro uriyongera kandi ugahora ari mwiza mu gihe kirekire.
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LeuceanaMarkhamiaCalliandraAlnusIngaFicus/UmuvumuPolycias fulva/UmwungoCordina AfricanaMaesopsis
Leuceana
Markhamia
Alnus
Calliandra
Ibiti bitanga igicucu bigomba guterwa kuri 6m X 6m. Ntibigomba guterwa byegeranye hirengangijwe
ibi bipimo bivugwa hejuru. Niba mudafite ibiti bihagije bitanga igicucu mu murima wanyu, mutangire
mubitere buri gihembwe kugeza igihe mugize umubare w'ibiti usabwa.
Ibi biti biri kuri lisiti haruguru,
ni ibiti gakondo cyanwa
byaturutse muri Africa.
Bishobora guhingwa mu
murima wa kawa atakibazo.
Birabujijwe gutera ibiti
bidasanzwe nk'inturusu
ugamije igicucu cyayo mu
murima wanyu wa kawa.
Inturusu ibangamira ikawa
n'indi myaka.
Ibiti byemewe ko bitanga igicucu
Inga (Payipayi)
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Cordia Africana
Ibiti bya Makadamiya bishobora kuvangwa na kawa. Nyamara
ariko ibindi biti by'imbuto nk'umwembe, avoka, itsina n'ipapayi
ntibiremezwa ko bishobora kuvangwa na kawa mu Rwanda.
Polycias fulva / Umwungo
Umuvumu
Umuhumuro
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Umutwe wa 4
Kubungabunga amaziAmazi ni ingenzi mu buzima. Isoko yanyu y'amazi iramutse yanduye, byagira ingaruka
zikomeye ku buzima bwanyu no ku buzima bw'amatungo yanyu. Amafi yatangira gucika.
Isoko yanyu y'amazi iramutse ikamye, ubuzima bwanyu n'ubw'amatungo yanyu ntibishobora
kuramba. Muri uyu mutwe mugiye kureba uko mwabungabunga amazi.
Koza ibikoreshoNyuma yo gutera imiti, ntimugomba koza ibikoresho
mu kiyaga, mu ruzi cyangwa mu mugezi. Imiti
ihumanya amazi kandi bigira ingaruka ku buzima
bw'inyamaswa ziba mu mazi; urugero: amafi. Igihe
mwoza ibikoresho byanyu mu migezi, muba
mwangiza ubuzima bw'abantu n'ubw'inyamaswa
kandi bishobora gutuma n'amafi acika.
Amazi yakoreshejwe mu koza ibikoresho
byakoreshejwe mu gutera imiti agomba gusukwa
mu cyobo cyuzuye amakara. Amakara asukura
amazi yanduye.
Iyo mumesera imyenda mukanogereza amasahani mu kiyaga, mu ruzi cyangwa mu mugezi,
isabune na omo bihumanya amazi. Mujye mucukura icyobo kiriho amabuye kugira ngo mwirinde
kumena amazi yanduye mu buryo butaziguye mu migezi.
Amazi y'imyanda yo mu rugo
15
Kubungab
unga
amaz
i
Stream dried up
Inturusu ziri hafi y'utugeziInturusu ntabwo ari igiti gikomoka muri Afurika kandi
mbere na mbere yatewe mu rwego rwo kurwanya ibihe
by'izuba. Ku bw'ibyo, iyo iteye hafi y'umugezi, yitwarira
amazi ku buryo wa mugezi ushobora gukama.
Mugomba kwitondera gutera inturusu kandi ntizigomba
guterwa hafi y'imigezi. Iyo muretse ibiti by'inturusu biri
hafi y'umugezi, mushobora gutakaza wa mugezi mu gihe
kizaza ugakama.
Kugira ngo murinde imigezi, mugomba kurimbura
inturusu ziteye hafi y'imigezi. Ibi byatuma mwizera ko
muzakomeza kubona amazi mu migezi mu gihe kiri
imbere.
Inturusu ziteye hafi y'umugezi
16
Kutema inturusu ziteye hafi y'umugezi
Kubungab
unga
amaz
i
Icyitonderwa:
Tugomba kudahinga hafi y'amasoko y'amaziIyo muteye kawa cyangwa imboga hafi y'ikiyaga,
uruzi cyangwa umugezi, ubutaka buri hafi y'umugezi
buzatwarwa n'isuri maze bwanduze amazi. Igihe
mutera kawa umuti, uwo umuti uzinjira mu mazi
kandi uzanayahumanya.
Ntabwo mugomba gutera imyaka hafi
y'imigezi. Niba mwarahinze imyaka hafi
y'imigezi ntimuzayitere umuti. Guhera
umwaka utaha, ntimuzagire ikintu mwongera
kuhahinga.
Kubika amazi y'imvura
Imvura ni inkomoko
ikomeye y'amazi. Iyo
mushyize hamwe
amazi y'imvura igwa
ku bisenge by'amazu
yanyu mushobora
kubika amazi menshi
mu rugo. Ibi bituma
mudatakaza igihe
mujya kuvoma kandi
binatuma mushobora
kubona amazi mu gihe
cy'izuba.
Mugomba kutajugunya imyanda mu masoko y'amaziNtimukajye mujugunya imyanda iyo ari yo yose mu masoko y'amazi. Mugomba gukora ibyo mushoboye byose kugira ngo amasoko y'amazi yanyu ahore asukuye.
Kutanduza amazi no kwirinda kuyajugunyamo imyanda ni ikintu kigomba kwitabwaho cyane.
17
Kubungab
unga
amaz
i
Kubungabunga ubutakaUmutwe wa 5
Ubutaka ni ishingiro ry'ubuhinzi. By'umwihariko ubutaka bwo hejuru bukize ku bitunga
ibimera no ku tunyabuzima dutuma ibintu bibora. Ubutaka bwo hejuru kandi bufitiye
akamaro kanini imyaka yanyu. Nyamara ariko iyo ubwo butaka butegejwe umuyaga
ndetse n'amazi, ibitunga ibimera birigendera kandi butwarwa n'amazi ku buryo
bworoshye. Muri uyu mutwe mugiye kwiga uburyo bwo kurinda ubutaka isuri.
Ibyatsi bitwikiriye ubutakaIgihe ubutaka bwambaye ubusa bukomeza gutwarwa
n'isuri n'umuyaga. Amaterasi y'indinganire ashobora
kandi kuriduka cyangwa agateza inkangu.
Kubagara ukoresheje isuka no gucukura ubutaka
bishobora nabyo gutuma ubutaka bwo hejuru
butwarwa n'umuyaga bikaba byateza isuri.
Nimureke ibimera biri ku butaka bibugumeho mu rwego rwo kuburinda isuri. Aho gukoresha amasuka
ni byiza gukoresha imihoro igihe cyo kubagara kugira ngo mudahungabanya ubutaka cyangwa ngo
mukureho ibibutwikiriye byose.
18
Temeda
CalliandraElephant grassNapier grassThemeda triandraTripsacumCalliandra
Gutera ibyatsiAhahanamye mujye muhatera ibyatsi kugira ngo
bifate ubutaka. Niba murimo gukora amaterasi
y'indinganire, gutera ibyatsi ku mpande z'amaterasi
Uretse no kurwanya isuri kandi, ibyatsi
bishobora gusarurwa maze bigakoreshwa mu
gusasira. Ibyatsi bimwe na bimwe bishobora
no kugaburirwa amatungo.
Ibyatsi bidufasha kurinda isuru
(Icyitonderwa: Calliandra ntabwo ari icyatsi, ariko ushobora kujya ugikata kikaguma ari gito kuburyo kigufasha kurinda isuri. Amababi yaco ni meza nk'ibiryo by'amatungo.)
GusasiraGusasira imyaka ni ingirakamaro mu kurwanya isuri. Ibyatsi byakoreshejwe mu gihe cy'isasira
birabora maze bigahinduka ifumbire y'ubutaka. Isaso ituma ibyatsi bibi bitamera. Isaso ituma ubutaka
buhehera. Dushobora gusasira ubutaka twifashishije amashami twakase, ibyatsi twasaruye,
ibigorigori n'ibibabi. Isaso nziza ntigomba kurenza 5cm z'umubyimba
19
Gutera imyaka itwikira ubutakaGutera imyaka itwikira ubutaka y'ibinyamisogwe nka Mimosa na Vetch na bwo ni ubundi buryo bwo kurwanya isuri. Ibi bimera ntibikura cyane kandi bikura birandaranda ku butaka maze bigatwikira ubutaka bwose. Iyo imyaka itwikira ubutaka yakwiriye ku butaka bwose, ibindi byatsi bibi ntibishobora gukura, bityo kubirwanya bikoroha.
Ibyatsi bifata ubutaka byo mu bwoko bw'ibinyampeke bifite ubushobozi bwo kongera “azote” mu butaka.
Umurama wa “Mimoza” Umurama wa “Vetch”
Mimoza iriho urakura igenda ikwira kubutaka hose
“Vetch” iriho urakura igenda ikwira kubutaka hose
Mimoza imaze gukwira kubutaka hose
Mimoza imaze gukwira kubutaka hose
Guca imiyoboroMu rwego rwo kuyobora
amazi y'imvura mu
murima umuntu
atagombye gukora
ikidendezi kinini cy'amazi,
dushobora guca
imiyoboro ica mu mikingo.
Imiringoti ikingiwe n'ibyatsi
Ni byiza gutera ubyatsi ku nkengera z'imiringoti kugira ngo tuzikingire.
20
Gucunga imyandaUmutwe wa 6
Mu murima yanyu hari imyanda ikomoka ku
bimera n'idakomoka ku bimera. Iyo iyo myanda
icunzwe cyangwa itwitswe nabi ishobora kwangiza
ubuzima bwanyu no guhumanya ibidukikije. Ku
rundi ruhande iyo imyanda icunzwe neza ibera
umurima wanyu umutungo w'ingirakamaro.
Muri uyu mutwe, murareba uburyo bwo gucunga
imyanda ikomoka ku matungo no ku bimera
n'imyanda idakomoka ku bimera.
Imicungire y'imyanda ya palasitiki
Palasitiki ntizibora
ngo zihinduke
ubutaka, bityo rero
ntimugomba
kuzijungunya ku
butaka.
Zigomba gushyirwa
mu mufuka maze
zikabikwa kugeza igihe
zijyaniwe
n'ababishinzwe ku rwego rwa Leta cyangwa
n'umuyobozi wanyu.
Imicungire y'imyanda ikomoka ku matungo no ku bimera Imyanda yo mu gikoni, amase y'inka, imyanda ikomoka ku bigori, insina
no ku mboga ni ibintu by'ingenzi mu gukora ifumbire y'imborera mu
rugo. Iyo bikozwemo neza ifumbire maze bigashyirwa mu murima
bishobora kongera cyane umusaruro wa kawa zacu
Gutwika imyanda birabujijwe
amasashe yajugunywe ku butaka
Gukusanyiriza amasashe mu mufuka
21
Gucu
nga
imyan
da
Uko bakora ifumbire y'imboreraMbere na mbere nimukore ikimpoteri. Ikimpoteri kigomba kuba
kiri mu nsi y'igicucu. Iyo gihura n'izuba n'imvura, ibitunga ibimera
bishobora kujyanwa n'umwuka cyangwa gutembanwa n'imvura.
Ku bw'iyo mpamvu mugomba kubaka igisenge cyoroheje hejuru
y'ikimpoteri. Ikimpoteri kigomba kandi kuba hejuru y'ubutaka ku
buryo umwuka uva mu nsi yabwo utemberamo.
Mushobora gusakarisha ibyatsibyumye nk'ibigorigori, amashami
yakonowe ku biti n'ibibabi byumye.
Mushobora gukoresha ibibabi nk'ibibabi by'imyaka yasaruwe, Titoniya
n'ibijumba cyangwa ibibabi by'inzuzi z'ibihaza. Ni ngombwa kubikatakatamo
uduce duto cyane kugira ngo bishobore kubora ku buryo bworoshye.
Ni ngombwa cyane gushyira mu ifumbire y'imborera Titoniya n'imigozi
y'ibijumba cyangwa ibibabi by'inzuzi z'ibihaza kubera ko bikize ku bitunga
ibimera bya ngombwa byitwa zenke (zinc) na baroni (boron). Zinke na baroni
bifasha ibiti byarabije kugumana ururabo no kudahunguka kw'imbuto
(ibitumbwe) kabone n'iyo ibiti bifite ururabo cyangwa uruteja rwinshi. Bityo
rero, ibi bitungabimera bifite akamaro kanini mu kuzamura umusaruro wanyu.
Incenga z'ibigori
Ikimoteri gisakaye
Amashami yakaswe kw'ikawa
Ibisigazwa
by'imyaka bisigara
mu murima uze
gusarura
Titoniya
“Pumpkin” cyangwa
ibijumba
Gukata ibikoresho mu duce dutoduto
22
Gucu
nga
imyan
da
Shyiramo umwanda n'ivu byo mu gikoni. Bikize cyane ku bitunga ibimera nka potasiyumu,
kalisiyumu, sodiyumu na manyeziyumu
Ivu ryo mu gikoni
Imyanda iva mu gikoni
Mushyireho amase y'inka, ubutaka bwo hejuru cyangwa ifumbire y'ibyatsi, n'ibindi bintu ufite. Ibi
bintu bikize tunyabuzima dutuma ibintu bibora.
Mugende mukora iyo mvange y'ibintu bivuzwe
hejuru kugeza mugize ikirundo kinini mu kimpoteri.
Mugomba kugenda muhindura imborera ibiri hasi
bijya hejuru n'ibyari hejuru bikajya hasi buri
byumweru bibiri kugira ngo bishobore kubora ku
buryo bworoshye. Iyo ukubora birimo kuba,
ubushyuhe bw'ibiri mu kimpoteri bugomba
kuzamuka. Mushobora gushinga inkoni mu
kimpoteri kugira ngo mubashe kumva ingano
y'ubushyuhe.
Ifumbire y'imborera iba ibonetse mu gihe kiri
hagati y'amezi abiri n'atatu. Iyo itunganye
igomba kuba nta mpumuro ifite, ari umukara
kandi yumye. Ifumbire nziza igirira akamaro
ubutaka bwanyu kandi ituma ibiti bya kawa
yanyu bitanga umusaruro mwiza kurushaho.
23
Gucu
nga
imyan
da
Uburyo bwo gutunganya ifumbire y'amazi ukoresheje TitoniyaIyo mudafite ibikoresho bihagije cyangwa umwanya wo gukora ifumbire y'imborera, mushobora
kwikorera ifumbire mvaruganda y'amazi mukoreheje gusa Titoniya.
Titoniya
Gukata titoniya mu duce
dutoduto
Gudushira mu ndobo
Kuzuza ya ndobo n'amazi
Kuvanga buri misi ibiri
Nyuma y'byumweru bibiri, umuti uzaba ushoboragukoreshwa
Muyungurure ibyatsi mwifashishije umufuka
Ifumbire itunganyije24
Gucu
nga
imyan
da
Uburyo bwo gutunganya ifumbire y'amazi ukoresheje amase y'inka
Amase y'inka
Mushyire amabasi atanu y'amase y'inka mu mufuka
Kumanika umufuka mu ingunguru (cyangwe indobo) ukoresheje igiti hanyuma ukuzuza amazi ya ngunguru
Gufundikira ya ngunguru
Mucuguse wa mufuka buri minsi ibiri
Iyo fumbire y'amazi
izaba yahiye mu
byumweru bibiri
Mukure wa mufuka
mu ngunguru
Ifumbire
Mu kuyitera, ushobora kuvanga ifumbire
yakozwe muri titoniya n'iyakowe mu mase
y'inka mugihe zombi uzifite
Mufumbize igikombe kimwe iruhande rw'igiti mugisuka
hafi y'aho igiti gitereye mu butaka25
Gucu
nga
imyan
da
Umutwe wa 7
Icyitonderwa:
Gufata neza no korohereza abakozi mu kazi
Iyo muhaye akazi abakozi mu gihe cy'isarura cyangwa akandi kazi, mugomba kubafata neza.
Imirima yacu igomba kubera abayikoramo ahantu hashimishije.
Guha abakozi amazi meza yo kunywa
Abana bagomba kujya ku ishuri mu gihe cy'amasomo yo mu cyumweru. Hatitawe ku bwinshi bw'akazi mwagira mu gihe cy'isarura, ntimugomba guhagarika abana kwiga ngo baze kubafasha mu murima. Nyamara abana bashobora kudufasha akazi koroshye mu mpera z'icyumweru cyangwa mu biruhuko.
Abana ntibashobora guhabwa akazi mu murima. Abana bashobora gusa kudufasha nyuma yo kuva ku ishuri kandi ntibagomba gukora mu murima amasaha menshi yashobora kugira ingaruka ku myigire yabo. Abana ntibagomba gukoreshwa mu murima imirimo ikomeye ishobora kubatera ibibazo cyangwa kugira ingaruka ku buzima bwabo.
Kudaha akazi abana bari mu nsi y'imyaka 15 n'ihame ridakuka.
Abana biga
Gufa
ta n
eza
no
ko
roher
eza
abak
ozi
m
u k
azi
Abakozi bakora mu mirima yanyu bagomba
kubona amazi meza yo kunywa igihe cyose
baje gukora mu mirima yanyu. Mugomba
kubategurira amazi meza yo kunywa maze
akazanwa mu murima.
26
•••••
••
Umurima
Itariki
Izina ry'igihingwa
Uko umusaruro ungana
Igipimo cyo gutera imiti
wakoresheje
Izina ry'uruganda
Ibikoresho wifashishije
utera imiti
Itariki
Isomo ryatanzwe
Uwahuguye
Amazina y'abahuguwe
Umukono cyangwe
igikumwe cy'abahuguwe
•••••
Itariki
Izina
Umurimo wakozwe
Amasaha y'akazi
Umushahara
•••••
•••
Igikorwa
Ingengabihe
Umuntu ubishinzwe
Igihe mutegura ibikorwa byanyu, ikarita yoroheje y'umurima wanyu ni igikoresho cy'ingirakamaro cyane. Mushobora kwerekana ku ikarita aho mugomba gukorera ibikorwa byo kurwanya isuri, aho mugomba gutera ibiti cyangwa ibyatsi, ahari amasoko y'amazi mugomba kubungabunga n'aho mugomba kubaka uruzitiro rukomeye.
Ni ibiki byingenzi bikubiye muri gahunda y'ibijkorwa
Gushyingura inyandiko
Nyuma yo gukora igikorwa, mugomba kubika inyandiko. Iyo mubika inyandiko, mushobora gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda y'ibikorwa mukanahamya ko ibikorwa byateganijwe byakozwe. Nibura ibikorwa bikurikira bigomba kwandikwa.
Gutera imiti (mugihe hari iyo utera)
Gutera Ifumbire y'imborera / mvaruganda
Gutera ibiti / ibyatsi
Gusarura
Amahugurwa y'abakozi (mu gihe ufite abakozi
bakeneye guhugurwa)
Gutanga akazi nyakabyizi (niba bikorwa)
Ibyangombwa byo kwandika muri raporo yo gutera imiti
Ibyingenzi byandikwa muri raporo y'amahugurwa
Ibyingenzi byandikwa muri raporo yo gukoresha abakozi
Imitunganyirize y’isambuUmutwe wa 8
IteganyamigambiIbintu byose mwabonye muri iyi Mfashanyigisho bigomba gushyirwa mu bikorwa mu mirima yanyu.
Kugira ngo bishyirwe mu bikorwa, mbere na mbere mugomba gukora igenamigambi ryabyo. Muri
gahunda y'ibikorwa, mugomba kwandika ibikorwa, igihe bigomba gukorerwa n'umuntu ushinzwe
ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryabyo.
Imitungan
yir
ize
y’isa
mbu
27