microbiology veteriner1 pendahuluan

LOGO

MICROBIOLOGY VETERINER

PROGRAM KEDOKTERAN HEWANPROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN DOKTER HEWAN

Dr.Sri Murwani,drh,MP

04/11/23www.themegallery.com Company Logo

Dr.Sri Murwani, drh,MP

drh. Masdiana C. Padaga, M.AppSc

Program Kedokteran Hewan-UB, Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter Hewan

drh. Aldilla Noviantri

drh. Nurina Titisari


3rd SEMESTER 4th SEMESTER

MICROBIAL BIOLOGYBAKTERIOLOGY

VIROLOGYMIKOLOGY

3 credit points

IMMUNOLOGY3 credit points

MICROBIALINFECTION

3 credit points



Lecture meeting

Structured Program (Seminar)

Laboratory Practical

Evaluation:Middle assessment (25%Final assessment (25%)Presentation (15%)Quiz (10%)Lab.pract. Assessment (25%)



COMPULSARY ATTENDANCE

DICIPLINE

punctual

attendance > 80 %

proper wear

Hp silenced1 colour recent

Photo 3x4



A BRIEF HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY



Microbiology ????? Microorganisms

Bacteria

Virus

Fungi

Parasite ?? --- protozoa


Microscopic algae

www.themegallery.com Company Logo8

The branch of biology that deals with microorganisms and their effects on other living organisms

Microbiology


What the m.o function ?Balancing-Soil microbes-Photosynthetic m.o-Intestine bacteria-Commercial applications-Etc.


Pathogenic m.o Non-Pathogenic m.o

Opportunistic m.o

Microorganisms

Normal Flora m.o



Many branches of Microbiology :

- Environmental Microbiology

- Space Microbiology

- Marine Microbiology

- Agricultural Microbiology

- Food Microbiology … etc.

- Medical Microbiology

Vet. Microbiology



Contents

MODERN DEVELOPMENTS IN MICROBIOLOGY

THE BIRTH OF MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY : DREAMS OF A “MAGIC BULLET”

THE GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

THE FIRST OBSERVATION


THE FIRST OBSERVATION

1665 – An Englishman, Robert Hooke, reported to the world that life’s smallest structural units were “little boxes” or “cells” Using his improving version of a compound microscope he was able to see individual cells beginning of the cell theory that all living things are composed of cells

1673 – 1723, Antony van Leeuwenhoek The Dutch merchant and amateur scientist was the first to actually observe live microorganism through his simple single lens microscope the “animalcules” in rainwater, in liquid of soaked peppercorn, and in material scraped from his teeth the basic form of bacteria as coccus, rods and spiral Program Kedokteran Hewan-UB, Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter Hewan

04/11/23www.themegallery.com Company LogoProgram Kedokteran Hewan-UB, Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter Hewan


coccus

rods

spiral



THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

Until the second half of the 19th century many scientists and philosophers (Aristoteles, Samson, Virgil) believed that some form of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter spontaneous generation atau abiogenesis

People commonly believed that toads, snakes, and mice could be born of moist soil; that flies could emerge from manure; and that maggots could arise from decaying corpses



Evidence Pro and Con1668 – Fransesco Redi, the Italian physician, a strong opponent of spontaneous generation demonstrate that maggots do not arise spontaneously from decaying meat

cover tightly open no maggots maggots

Redi’s antagonists were not convinced; they claimed that fresh air was needed for spontaneous generation



Redi set up a second experiment three jars were covered with a fine net instead of being sealed. No larvae appeared in the gauze-covered jars

Many scientists still believed that small organisms (van Leeuwenhoek’s animalcules) were simple enough to be generated from nonliving materials

1745 : spontaneous generation seem to be strengthened, when John Needham, an Englishman, found that even after he heated nutrient fluid before pouring them into covered flasks, the cooled solution were soon teeming with microorganisms. Needham claimed that microbes developed spontaneously from the fluid



Twenty years later : Lazzaro Spallanzani, an Italian scientist, suggested that microorganisms from the air

probably had entered Needham’s solutions after they were boiled. Spallanzani showed that nutrient fluids heated after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growthNeedham responded by claiming the “vital force” necessary for spontaneous generation had been destroyed by the heat and was kept out of the flasks by the sealed

Laurant Lavoisier showed the importance of oxygen to life

Spallanzani’s observations were criticized on the grounds

that there was not enough oxygen in the sealed flasks to

support microbial life



The Theory of Biogenesis Rudolf Virchow challenged spontaneous generation with

the concept of biogenesis, he claim that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells

Arguments about spontaneous generation continued until 1861, when the issue was resolved by the French scientist Louis Pasteur . With a series of ingenious experiments, Pasteur demonstrate that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but air itself does not create microbes



Pasteur’s experiments disproving the theory of spontaneous generation

(1) Pasteur first poured beef broth into a long-necked flask. (2) Next he heated the neck of the flask and bent it into an S-shaped curve; then he boiled the broth for several minutes. (3) Microorganisms did not appear in the cooled solution, even after long periods



Pasteur showed that microorganisms can be present in nonliving matter on solids, in liquids, and in the air

He demonstrated that microbial life can be destroyed by heat form the basis of aseptic techniques

The debate of Spontaneous Generation disproved

However still have a problem of “spores” resistant to heat John Tyndall (1820-1893) TYNDALLIZATION Spontaneous Generation Theory totally finished



The Golden Age Of Microbiology1857 - 1914

Pasteur & Robert Koch, led to the establishment

of microbiology as a science Discoveries during these years included both the agents

of many diseases and the role of immunity in the prevention and cure of disease

Chemical activities m.o Improved the techniques for performing microscopy &

culturing mo Vaccination Surgical techniques



Fermentation & Pasteurization

A group of French merchants asked Pasteur to find out why wine and beer soured a method that would prevent spoiled ?

Many scientist believed that air converted the sugars in these fluids into alcohol

Pasteur found instead that microorganisms called yeasts convert the sugars to alcohol in the absence of air. This process, called fermentation, is used to make wine and beer

Souring and spoiled are caused by different micro-organisms called bacteria. In the presence of air, bacteria change the alcohol in the beverage into vinegar (acetic acid)



The Germ Theory of Disease

Before the time of Pasteur, effective treatments for many diseases were discovered by trial and error, but the causes of the disease were unknownThe realization that yeasts play a crucial role in fermentation was the first link between the activity of a microorganism and physical and chemical changes in organic materialsThis discovery alerted scientists to the possibility that microorganisms might have similar relationships with plants animals - specifically, that microorganisms might cause disease. This idea was known as the germ theory of disease




1840 – Ignaz Semmelweis a Hungarian physician, had demonstrated that physician, who at the time did not disinfect their hands, routinely transmitted infections (puerperal or childbirth fever) from one obstetrical patient to another1860 – Joseph Lister an English surgeon, applied the germ theory to medical procedure. Disinfectants were not used at the time, but Lister knew that phenol (carbolic acid) kills bacteria, so he began treating surgical wounds with a phenol solution1876 – Robert Koch, a German physician, proved that bacteria actually cause disease discovered rod-shaped bacteria now known as Bacillus anthracis in the blood of cattle that had died of anthrax




Koch’s research provides a framework for the study of the etiology of any infectious disease Koch Postulates :

1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of disease 2. The pathogen must be isolated from the disease host and grown in pure culture 3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal 4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism



VACCINATION

1796 – Edward Jenner, a young British physician, embarked on an experiment to find a way to protect people from smallpox :

- A young milkmaid informed Jenner that she couldn’t get smallpox because she already had been sick from cowpox - Jenner scrapings from cowpox blisters inoculated to a healthy 8-year-old volunteer by scratching the arm with a pox-contaminated needle in a few days, the volunteer became mildly sick but recovered and never again contracted either cowpox or smallpox the process was called vaccination (vacca=cow) - The protection from disease provided by vaccination is called immunity



VACCINATION

1880 – Pasteur discovered why vaccination work. He found

that the bacteria that causes fowl cholera lost its ability

to cause disease after it was grown in the laboratory for

long periods. However it – and other microorganisms with

decreased virulence – was able to induce immunity against

subsequent infections by its virulent counterpart. Some vaccines are still produced from avirulent microbial

strains that stimulate immunity to the related virulent strain. Other vaccines are made from killed virulence microbes,

from isolated components of virulent micoorganisms, or by genetic engineering techniques



The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy :Dreams of a “ Magic Bullet “

After the relationship between microorganisms and disease was established, medical microbiologists next focused on the search for substances that could destroy pathogenic microorganisms without damaging the

infected animal or humanTreatment of disease by using chemical substances is

called chemotherapyChemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in

the laboratory are called synthetic drugsChemicals produced naturally by bacteria or fungi to act against other microorganisms are called antibiotics



The First Synthetic Drugs

Paul Ehrlich, a German physician, was the imaginative thinker who fired the first shot in the chemotherapy revolution. Ehrlich speculated about a “magic bullet” that could destroy pathogen without harming the infected hostIn 1910, he found a chemotherapeutic agent called salvarsan, an arsenic derivative effective against syphylisBy the late 1930s, researchers had developed several other synthetic drugs, mostly were derivatives of dyes that could destroy microorganisms In addition, Domagk (1935) discovered that prontosil had dramatically effect against streptococcal infections in the body was changed into sulfanilamide that analog with PABA



A Fortunate Accident - Antibiotics

The first antibiotic was discovered by accident

1928 – Alexander Fleming, a Scottish physician and bacteriologist, looked at the curious pattern of growth on the contaminated plates. There was a clear area around the mold where the bacterial culture had stopped growing

The mold was later identified as Penicillium notatum, and Fleming named the mold’s active inhibitor as penicillin.

The enormous usefulness of penicillin was not apparent until the 1940s Florey & Chain

1939 – Rene´ Dubos, a French microbiologist, discovered two antibiotics called gramicidin and tyrocidine. Both were produced by a bacterium, Bacillus brevis, cultured from soil.


Modern Development in Microbiology

Bacteriology

Mycology

Parasitology

Immunology

Virology

Recombinant DNA technology



VIROLOGY

The study of virus, actually originated during the Golden Age of Microbiology

1892 – Dmitri Iwanowski reported that the organism that cause mosaic disease of tobacco was so small that it passed through filter fine enough to stop all known bacteria

1935 – Wendell Stanley demonstrated that the organism, called tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), was fundamentally different from other microbes and so simple and homogeneous that it could be cristallized like chemical compound

1940 – Since the development of the electron microscope, microbiologists have been able to observe the structure of viruses in detail.



Mycology

Eukaryotic

Morphologically divided into 2 different types:

1. Filamentous fungi

2. Yeast

Mostly are opportunistic pathogen, rare cause serious disease in healthy people


Recombinant DNA Technology

1928 by Griffith study about pathogenecity of Diplococcus pneumoniae. The important material of this bacteria is it capsule which can be move between bacteria.

Until the 1930s, all genetic research was based on the study of plant and animal cells

In the 1940s, the scientists turned to unicellular organisms, primarily bacteria

1946 – Joshua Lederberg and Edward L.Tatum discovered that genetic material could be transferred from one bacterium to another by a process called conjugation

Genetic engineering: induction hormone production, vaccines, diagnostic tool, etc …..



MICROSCOPE



MICROSCOPE

Compound Light MicroscopyDarkfield MicroscopyPhase-contrast MicroscopyFluorescence MicroscopyConfocal MicroscopyElectron Microscopy



Compound Light Microscope

Has a series of lenses and use visible light as its source of illumination

A series of finely ground lenses forms a clearly focused image that is many time larger than the specimens itself

This magnification is achieved when light rays from an illuminator condensor specimen objective lenses ocular lens

Total magnification = objective lens magnification x ocular lens magnification

Objective lens : 10 x (low power), 40 x (high power), and 100 x (oil immersion)

Ocular lens : 10 x




The total magnifications would be 100 x for low power, 400 x for high power , and 1000 x for oil immersion. Some compound light microscopes can achieve a magnification of 2000 x with the oil immersion lens.

The oil immersion has the same refractive index as glass, so the oil becomes part of the optics of the glass of the microscope.

Unless immersion oil is used, light rays are refracted as they enter the air from the slide



Darkfield Microscopy

Is used for examining live microorganisms that either are invisible in the ordinary light microscope, cannot be stained by standard methods, or are so distorted by staining that their characteristics then cannot be identified

A darkfield microscope uses a darkfield condensor that contain an opaque disc the specimen appears light against a black background

One use for darkfield microscopy is the examination of very thin spirochetes, such as Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis



Phase-Contrast Microscopy

Is especially useful because it permits detailed examination of internal structures in living microorganisms

The principle of phase-contrast microscopy is based on the wave nature of light rays, and the fact that light rays can be in phase (their peaks and valleys match) or out of phase.

In phase-contrast microscopy, one set of light rays comes directly from the light source. The other set comes from light that is reflected or diffracted from particular structure in the specimen

Phase-contrast microscope is provided with diffraction plate



Brightfield Darkfield Phase-contrast



Fluorescence Microscopy

The object is stained with one of a group of fluorescent dyes called fluorochromes (primolin, acridine orange R,

thiazo yellow-G, auramine O, fluorescein isothiocyanate) The light source Ultraviolet light The principal use of fluorescence microscopy is a diagnostic

technique called fluorescence-antibody (FA) technique, or immunofluorescence



Confocal Microscopy

A fairly recent development in light microscopy Like fLuorescent microscopy, specimens are stained

with fluorochromes The light source laser Most confocal microscopes are used in conjunction with

computers to construct three-dimensional images Can be used to evaluate cellular physiology by

monitoring the distributions and concentrations of substances such as ATP and calcium ions.



Electron Microscopy

Object smaller than about 0.2 µm, such as virus, or the internal structures of cels must be examined with an electron microscope

A beam of electrons is used instead of light Objects are generally magnified 10,000 – 100,000 x Instead of using glass lenses, an electron microscope

uses electromagnetic lenses to focus a beam of electrons onto specimen

There are two types of electron microscope : - The transmission electron microscope - The scanning electron microscope
