Kenny Liao

Senior Project Manager

Keysight Technologies

Millimeter Wave Component Testing for

Automotive Radar

(元件測試) 毫米波汽車雷達元件測試解決方案

Automotive Radar Seminar

汽車雷達設計與測試研討會

Sep.21-22, 2016, Taiwan

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Agenda

– Automotive Radar Market, Evolution and Challenges

– mmWave Measurement Solution Introduction

– mmWave Tranceiver Measurement including Noise Figure

– Keysight Advantages

2

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Autonomous Driving Car

– Self Driving Car Can Make…

• Safer world with 90% fewer car accidents

• More productive life from less traffic congestion and driving time

• Better energy efficient transportation Better environmental benefits

• More efficient car-sharing and car-utility

• More investments and newer business models

• And, more

3

Potential Benefits and Forecasts

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– Sensors

• Radar

• LIDAR

• Cameras

– Wireless connections

• 2/3/4G and coming 5G

• 802.11p WAVE / DSRC

– Automotive high speed serial buses and Car Ethernet

• BroadR-Reach, MOST150

• CAN/CAN FD, FlexRay, CXPI, and etc.

– Navigation systems

– Processors

– More

Autonomous Driving Car

4

Enabling Technologies

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– Sensors

• Radar

• LIDAR

• Cameras

– Wireless connections

• 2/3/4G and coming 5G

• 802.11p WAVE / DSRC

– Automotive high speed serial buses and Car Ethernet

• BroadR-Reach, MOST 150

• CAN/CAN FD, FlexRay, CXPI, and etc.

– Navigation systems

– Processors

– More

Autonomous Driving Car

5

Enabling Technologies & Keysight Design and Test Solutions

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Making Roads Safer with

360 Degree Vision!

Real Collision

Protection

Blind Spot

Monitoring

Automotive RadarExamples Applications

Adaptive Cruise

Control

Auto Emerging Braking

/ Pre-tensioning

Seatbelts

Stop & Go

6

Lane Change

Assist

Making Autonomous Driving

Possible!

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Automotive Radar

7

Example of 77GHz Radar System

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Automotive Radar

8

AWG PSG mmWave Source Module

mmW Signal Generation with simulated signals

mmW Signal Analysis with FMCW modulation

mmW Smart Mixer

UXA

Scope

Radar Target Simulator

Example of 77GHz Radar System &

Keysight Design and Test Solutions

Automotive Radar

Verification &

Production Test

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˙E-band Signal Generation & Analysis ˙77GHz PCB Array Antenna

Automotive Radar

Measurement Example

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Keysight Automotive Radar Solutions

“Over Your Design and Test Lifecycle”

PNA Network Analyzers

Banded mmW Solution

E-Band Power Sensor and MeterS-Series Oscilloscope X-Series Signal Analyzer

E8267D PSG Vector

Signal Generator

ADS / SystemVue Simulation SW

From Design Simulation, Wide Bandwidth mmWave Signal Generation &

Analysis, Precise Power and Component Measurements to

Manufacturing Tests

M8190A Arbitrary

Waveform Generator

Radar Target Simulator (RTS)

Architecture / Design

Development Validation & Mfg.

89600 VSA SW with

FMCW option

Signal Studio for

Pulse Building

Signal Source

Analyzer

PXI Modular VSA/VSG/Digitizer

/Network Analyzer

Keysight

Value #1

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Automotive Radar

Radar Design and Test Software Platforms

11

PC & Embedded

Application Software

Programming

Environments

Electronic Design

Automation Software

Productivity

Software

Keysight Software

leveraging instrument

capabilities

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• Max Power: +20dBm e.i.r.p.

• Range: SRR (30m, 150deg FOV), MRR (70m, narrower FOV)

• Resolution: NOT GOOD (~75cm)

• Sensor Size: MEDIUM

• Applications: BSD, LCA, RCTA, ACC support, AEBS, STOP&GO

• Max Power: +50dBm e.i.r.p.

• Range: LRR (250m, 17-30deg FOV), MRR (60m, 56deg FOV)

• Resolution: OK LRR (100cm,1deg), MRR (25cm, 4deg)

• Sensor Size: SMALL

• Applications: ACC, AEBS, STOP&GO,

BSD, LCA. RCTA

77GHz ETSI EN 301 091 (since 1998)

76GHz to 77GHz

BW = 1GHz max

(500MHz Japan)

BW = 500-800MHz typ.

24GHz ISM NBETSI EN 302 858 (since 2011)

24.05GHz to 24.25GHz

BW = 200MHz max

BW = 100-200MHz typ.

79GHzETSI EN 302 264 (since 2009)

77GHz to 81GHz

BW = 4GHz max

BW = 1-2GHz typ.

Time201520052000 2010

• Max Power: -41dBm / MHz e.i. r.p. (i.e. -11 dBm / GHz)

• Range: SRR (30m, 120deg FOV), MRR (80m, 16deg FOV)

• Resolution: GOOD SRR (20cm, 2deg), MRR (20cm, 0.6deg)

• Sensor Size: MEDIUM

• Applications: BSD, LCA, RCTA, ACC support, AEBS, STOP&GO

• Max Power: -3dBm / MHz e.i.r.p. (i.e. +27dBm / GHz)

• Range: SRR (30m), MRR (80m)

• Resolution: VERY GOOD (4cm to 8cm)

• Sensor Size: SMALL

• Applications: PEDESTRIAN, URBAN, CITY

Enhanced AEBS & PRE-CRASH

- improved target resolution and tracking

- faster reaction times- reduced false alarm rates

Freq

122GHzETSI EN 302 264 (since 2009)

122GHz to 123GHz

BW = 1GHz max

BW = ?GHz typ.

• Max Power: +20dBm / MHz e.i.r.p.

• Range: VERY SRR (~3m)

• Resolution: VERY GOOD (1mm to 1cm)

• Sensor Size: VERY SMALL (8mm x 8mm SMD Package)

• Applications: PEDESTRIAN & PARKING, INDUSTRIAL

DISTANCE, SPEED, ANGLE, MATERIAL

24GHz UWBETSI EN 302 288 (since 2005)

22Hz to 26.65GHz

BW = 4.65GHz max

(until 2013+4yr for Europe)

24.25GHz to 26.65GHz

BW = 2.4GHz max

(until 2018+4yr for Europe)

BW = 1.5GHz typ.

Frequencies and Major ApplicationAutomotive Radar

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Automotive Radar – 24Ghz 79GHz Transition

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Automotive Radar – 24Ghz 79GHz Transition

14

Comparison of sensor performance showing key parameters

Range resolution, Angular resolution, Doppler resolution

Source: CEPT Report 37

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Automotive Radar Applications

Typical Automotive Radar System

Automotive Radar Transmitter Module

(Freescale)

Typical FMCW Automotive Radar Module Design

Digital

Control

MM Tx

MM Rx

DAC AMP

AMPADC

VCO

LPF

AMP

LNA

Millimeter Section

AMP

Analog Section

Xn

Automotive Radar Receiver Module

(Freescale)

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Automotive Radar ApplicationTest Challenges – Digital Control Section

• Modulation & Phase Noise – both need to be verified to ensure sensor

provides required range, velocity and target identification/separation

performance.

• Protocol – ensure communication bus compliance to CAN, CAN-FD,

FlexRay, Ethernet (BroadR-Reach) standards

• Complex real-world environment scenarios, includes multiple moving

targets, multi-scattering RCS, unwanted clutter and interference.

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Automotive Radar ApplicationTest Challenges – Millimeter Wave and Analog Section

• Frequencies – include 24GHz , plus 77GHz and 79GHz mmW.

• Bandwidth – from 100MHz up to 2 GHz BW at mmW.

• Power – need to validate both wanted power levels plus unwanted

emissions against ETSI conformance specifications (e.g. ETSI EN 302 264

for 79GHz).

• Increased Levels of Integration integrated amplifier and antenna

structure

• Reduction in cost move to Si Ge components for the front end

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Automotive Radar Component Testing

Analog / Microwave Component Test

MM Tx

MM Rx

DAC AMP

AMPADC

VCO

LPF

AMP

LNA

Millimeter Section

AMP

Analog Section

Xn

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Automotive Radar Component Testing

Flexible signal routing

• Internal signal combiner

- Use for IMD, Hot S22, phase versus drive measurements

- Easily switch between one and two source measurements

• Front panel jumpers to access couplers and receivers

- Add high-power components for power amplifier

measurements

- Add reference mixer for mixer/converter measurements

• Rear-panel signal routing with mechanical switches

- Add signal-conditioning hardware like filters, amplifiers

- Add other test equipment to extend suite of measurements

Key Features Enabling Testing

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Automotive Radar Component Testing

4-Port 13.5/26.5 GHz PNA-X Options 419, 423, 029

Noise source used

for calibration only RF jumpers

Receivers

Mechanical switch

CR3

Test port 1

R1

Test port 4

R4A D

rear panel

Pulse generators

1

2

3

4

Source 1

OUT 1 OUT 2

Pulse

modulator

Source 2

OUT 1 OUT 2

Pulse

modulator

Test port 2

R2

B

Noise receivers

10 MHz -

3 GHz

3 –

13.5/

26.5

GHz

To receivers

LO

+28V

Test port 3

Signal

combiner+

-

Impedance tuner for noise

figure measurements

J9J10J11 J8 J7 J2 J1J4 J3

35 dB 35 dB 35 dB

35 dB

65 dB

65 dB 65 dB65 dB

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Automotive Radar Component Testing

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Single Connection Multiple Measurements

Active Device

Characterization

Using PNA-X

5 channel setup with full calibration. No need to connect or disconnect between measurements.

S-parameters + pulse profile + IMD + gain compression + noise figure. Total time: 5.1s

Previous ATE system took >186 s with less accuracy. PNA-X result: more accurate and ~ 37x faster

Ch1: Standard S-parameters. 201 pts, 2-port cal, 1 kHz IFBW. 500 ms

Ch6: Pulse profile (S21), 401 pts, 2-port cal, using internal pulse gens/mods, 5 MHz IFBW. 33ms

Ch3: Fastest & most

accurate amplifier gain

compression. 101 pts,

src/rcvr/mismatch cal

correction. 10 kHz IFBW.

450ms.

Ch2: Two-tone IMD using

internal broadband

combiner and two internal

sources. 101 pts, src/rcvr

cal, 100 Hz IFBW. 950ms

Ch4: Fastest and most

accurate amplifier noise

figure measurement.

101 pts, source-corrected

NF cal, 1 kHz IFBW.

2700 ms

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Automotive Radar Component Testing

Millimeter Wave Component Testing

Millimeter wave Devices Millimeter wave Measurements

• Passive Devices

• Amplifiers

• Mixers

• Semiconductors

• Antennas

• Materials

MM Tx

MM Rx

DAC AMP

AMPADC

VCO

LPF

AMP

LNA

Millimeter Section

AMP

Analog Section

Xn

• S-Parameters (N-Port,Differential )

• Absolute power

• Gain compression

• Pulsed measurements

• Material parameters

• Time domain

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Automotive Radar Component testing Application Example for 77 GHz Automotive Component test

G

S

G

S

G

G

S

G

S

G

IN

GSGSG

100um

OUT

GSGSG

100um

V1

GSGSG 150um

V2

V3 V4

GSGSG

150um

RF

GSGSG

100um

OL

GSGSG

100um

PPGPP 100um

(Z-probe)

DC

GSGSG 100um

80 GHz Power Amplifier 80 GHz Mixer

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Agenda

– Automotive Radar Market, Evolution and Challenges

– mmWave Measurement Solution Introduction

– mmWave Tranceiver Measurement including Noise Figure

– Keysight Advantages

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Basic mm-wave System Architecture

–Network Analyzer is the

measurement engine.

–Optional Test Set Controller

interfaces to modules

–THz Frequency Extenders

provide frequency conversion

and signal coupling

Vector Network Analyzer

Millimeter Wave Test Set controller

Frequency

Extenders

Device under test

Frequency

Extenders

Frequency

Extenders

Frequency

Extenders

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PNA / PNA-X Network Analyzer

Key Enabling Features:

• 26.5 /43.5/50/67GHz versions

• Configurable Test set options

• Rear panel RF / LO Output

• Rear panel direct IF Access

• Test set controller interface

• Frequency Offset Capability

• Dual, spectrally pure sources with low phase noise

• Integrated pulse measurements

• Source Power Calibration & Receiver power leveling

• Broadband match corrected power Calibration

Keysight N5247A 4-Port PNA-X

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Millimeter Wave Test Set Controller

• Provides LO & RF distribution to modules

• Provides DC power to modules

• 2-port (N5261A) and 4-port (N5262A) versions

• Flexible setup: measure multiple bands

• Mixer Measurements without external Sources

• Easily switch between PNA/PNA-X and mm-wave mode

PNA / PNA-X

SplitterRF Sw IF Switch Pwr

Ctl

LOSrc1

Isolators

IO

RF Sw

Src2 IF x 5

Millimeter Wave Frequency Extenders

RF x 4 LO x 4 IF x 8 Pwr x 4

Four Port N5262 A Test Set Controller

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Millimeter Frequency Extenders

• Broadband Extenders: 10M-110GHz

• Banded Extenders: 50 GHz ... 1 THz WR 15 50 – 75 GHz

WR 12 60 – 90 GHz

WR 12E 56 – 94 GHz

WR 10 75 – 110 GHz

WR 6 110 – 170 GHz

WR 5 140 – 220 GHz

WR 3 220 – 325 GHz

WR 2.2 325 – 500 GHz

WR 1.5 500 – 750 GHz

WR 1.0 750 – 1.1 THz

x NRF in

LO

in

Ref

IF

Test

IF

Mwave Test

PortRF RF

LO

Banded Frequency Extenders

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Millimeter Wave Configurations

• Two Basic families Broadband or Banded Waveguide solutions

4-port Broadband 4-port Banded

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Broadband Single Sweep System

Single-sweep over 10MHz-110GHz

2-port & 4-port options

Uses 67GHz PNA & PNA-X

DUT Interface = 1mm coax

Features:

• Built-in Kelvin Bias Tees

• Broadband source leveling down to -70 dBm

• True differential Measurements

• Integrated Pulse measurements

• Mixer measurements

• Spectral Power Measurements

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Banded Waveguide SystemBands cover 50 GHz to 1THz

2-port & 4-port options with a Test Set Controller

2-port Option without a Test Set Controller

Uses 26.5/40/50/67GHz PNA & PNA-X

DUT Interface = waveguide

Features:

• Source Power leveling up to 1.1 THz

• True differential Measurements

• Integrated Pulse measurements

• Mixer measurements

• Spectral Power Measurements

Configuration With Test Set Controller Configuration Without Test Set Controller

(Direct Connect)31

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mm-wave Measurements

• Passives

• Amplifiers

• Mixers

• Semiconductors

• Antennas

• Materials

• S-Parameters (N-port,

Differential, Translated)

• Absolute power

• Gain compression

• Pulsed measurements

• Material parameters

• Time domain

mm-wave Devices mm-wave Measurements

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mm-wave Compression Setup

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mm-wave Compression Measurements

• Calibrate

• S-Parameters

• Source Power

• Receiver power

• Stimulus

•Sweep source power

• Measure

• S-Parameters

• Absolute power

• Compression

S-Parameters vs. Freq

Power & Compression vs. Power in

45dB power sweep at 98 GHz

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mmWave True Differential Measurement

Broadband or Banded

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mm-wave Mixer Measurements: Fundamental LO

RF Input

77 – 81 GHz LO Input

78 - 82 GHz

IF Output 1 GHz

Fundamental

Mixer

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mm-wave Mixer Measurements: Harmonic LO

RF Input

75-110 GHz

LO Input

9.35 GHz - 13.75 GHz

IF Output

100 MHz

Harmonic Mixer

IF = 1/6 * RF

LO= 1/8 * RF

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mm-wave Mixer MeasurementsTest Device: WR10 Module

75-110GHzRF

IF

9.4-13.8GHz

LO

• Calibrate

• S-Parameters

• Source Power

• Receiver power

• Stimulus

•Sweep the LO power

• Measure

• Match

• Power

• Conversion Loss

Conversion Loss vs. Freq

Input Power vs. FreqInput Match vs. Freq

Conversion Loss vs. LO power

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mm-wave Pulse Measurements

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Pulse: Measurement

• Calibrate

• S-Parameters

• Source Power

• Receiver power

• Stimulus

• Pulse generation

• RF Pulse modulation

• Swept frequency or power

• Measure

• S-Parameters

• Absolute power

• Pulse waveform

100us pulse power waveform at 98GHz

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mm-wave IM Spectrum Measurements

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mm-wave IM Spectrum Measurement

• Measurement Setup

• Assign Measurement class

• Set Path configuration to Thru path

• Setup the port power to correct

• Stimulus

• Set start and stop frequency

• Measure

• Input and output Spectrum

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New Feature: mmWave SA mode

Only 1 minute sweep with a 300 Hz RBW, and no RX

spurs

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Calibration Interfaces

• Probe calibration

• Specific probe calibration software

• Uses basic and advanced cal methods (e.g. LRRM)

• Uses on-wafer cal standards

• Materials measurement calibration

• Specific materials measurement calibration software

• Uses basic and advanced cal methods (e.g. Gated-

Reflect-Time)

• Uses special free-space cal standards

•Waveguide calibration

• Uses basic calibration methods (SOLT, TRL)

• Uses rectangular waveguide calibration standards

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Calibration Types

• 1-port Cal

• Short / Offset-Short / Match(1)

• 2-port "TRL-style" Cal

• TRL = Thru / Reflect / Line

• LRL = Line / Reflect / Line

• TRM = Thru / Reflect / Match(1)

• LRM = Line / Reflect / Match(1)

•2-port "SOLT-style" Cal

• Short / Offset Short / Match(1) / Thru

(1) Where "Match" is either a Load, Offset Load, or Sliding Load.

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Power Calibration

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Power CalibrationComponents to calibrate

• Source Cal

• Measures source output power

• Results in accurate output power at the

calibrated level

• Receiver Cal

• Measures receiver at calibrated power level

• Results in accurate, fast power measurements

• Receiver Leveling Loop

• Uses calibrated receiver to measure source

power

• Servo's the source to provide accurate output

power

Pout

Pin

Pout

level

Software

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Agenda

– Automotive Radar Market, Evolution and Challenges

– mmWave Measurement Solution Introduction

– mmWave Tranceiver Measurement including Noise Figure

– Keysight Advantages

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SCMM of E-band Tx/Rx measurement: Customer Need

– A UK customer wanted to test an E-Band

Transceiver

• DUT is an E-band mm-wave to IF Rx

down-converter, and

• An IF to E-band mm-wave Tx up-

converter

• WR-12 Waveguide/SMA

• 6-port dut

• For Production.

x8

LO

x8

LO

Tx

Rx

12 GHz

9 GHz

84 GHz

74 GHz

9 GHz

4 GHz

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Customer Requirement

– Rx Path

• Noise Figure required

• 74 GHz in, 4 GHz IF

• Gain of Rx 20dB, NF 7dB

Tx Path

• High power output on Tx +26dBm

• Gain, Compression, LO Feedthrough,

Return Losses

• 12 GHz IF in, 84 GHz out

• Tx Detector voltage measurement

•Tx/Rx module with separate paths, but single

connection required

• Manufacturing, so test time under 4 mins per unit

• Customer supplied fixture and software control

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Outstanding Problems

1. There is no commercial solution for Noise Figure

measurement on a mm-wave device

2. Tx high power output, requires attenuator to

protect mm-wave head, BUT we also need to

measure Return Loss?

3. How do we measure in both Rx and Tx

directions, with a single connection?

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Keysight SolutionNoise Figure at mm-wave

• Use a system with a 4-port

PNA-X & Test Set Controller

• Actually need to measure

Noise Power at 4 GHz IF

• Set up separate channels to

measure DUT Converter

Gain and Noise Power

• Fully error corrected Scalar

Conversion Gain and Scalar

NF

• Use on-board Equation

Editor to calculate NF on a

3rd Trace

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Keysight SolutionCan we measure Return Loss through Attenuators?

• A Low Power path was

created, to measure the

Return Loss and a High

Power path with

attenuation to measure

saturated power and

compression

• Mechanical switching to

switch in/out High Power

path

• Novel de-embedding

used to de-embed the

attenuator

OML, Tx25dB

PAD

WG Straight

Fixture

OML, Rx

WG

Switch,

manual

Low Power

Path

High

Power

Path

DUT

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PNA-X mmWave Solution

Splitter

Ext LO In

Tx Detector Out

Analog In PNA_X can measure:

1. mm-wave Noise

Figure

2. Gain &

Compression

3. IMD’s

4. Spurs

5. Return Loss

6. Detector

How do we measure as a single connection?

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Rx Measurements

Single Connection

• Return Losses

• IF Spurs

• Gain Compression

• Noise Figure

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Tx Measurements

Single Connection

• Return Losses

• Gain Compression &

I/P, O/P Power

• IF Spurs

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Test System

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Conclusions

– E-Band mm-wave transceivers are becoming commercialized and

as a result components are being tested in Production

– The typical measurements are very demanding, and are not typically

done on VNA’s

The PNA-X system will measure all parameters

including mm-wave NF, with Error Correction.

The customer can now make all these

measurements on a device in under 4 minutes,

compared to 15-20 minutes manually

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Agenda

– Automotive Radar Market, Evolution and Challenges

– mmWave Measurement Solution Introduction

– mmWave Tranceiver Measurement including Noise Figure

– Keysight Advantages

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Keysight mmWave Advantages

• Complete mmWave measurement solutions for passive

and active devices (PA, LNA, converters)

• Best performance in accuracy, dynamic range, stability

• Best calibration techniques (S-parameter and power cal)

• Best application support

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Complete mmWave measurement applications

• S-parameters

• Absolute power

• Gain Compression

• IMD

• True mode differential

• Mixer measurement

• Pulsed measurement

• Spectrum analyzer mode

• Time domain

• Noise figure for down-converters

• Transceiver

For passive and active devices (amplifier and mixer)

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Key Feature and Spec Comparisons

Feature PNA-X 110Power Level Control

and Source Power Calibration

Fully traceable source power calibration using the NIST

traceable Power Sensors from Keysight

Calibration Method Use a patented weighted least squares offset short

method of Calibration

On-Wafer Application Fully integrated fixturing and ISS standards from Solution

Partner Cascade

Mixer measurement Fully supported

True Differential Measurements Built-in True Mode Stimulus Mode with 4 port

Settable Power Range Typically > 50 dB at 110 GHz

Lowest Settable Power -50dBm to with 0.1 dB accuracy

Leveled Power Accuracy < 0.1 dB

Dynamic Range (@110 GHz) (10 Hz

IFBW)

Typically > 100 dB

Stability 0.1 dB and <0.3 degree per degree C

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Power Flatness – We are best

Group/Presentation Title

Agilent Restricted

Month ##, 200X

Agilent PNA-X 110 GHz Solution

Less than 0.1 dB over 24 hr. with

receiver leveling

Different power meter calibrations are available to enhance power accuracy at the desired reference plane (to usually ~0.1 dB for short

periods of time). Flat power calibrations (using the appropriate W1 adapter depending on the sensor) are available. Different power

meters/sensors are required depending on the frequency range (above or below 70 GHz). Power level is user-selectable when within the

power adjustment range of the internal source. Other power levels are then arrived at by offset transfers. A linear power calibration is

performed over a range of power levels for use in power sweep mode and is performed at a specified frequency or frequency range. Both

calibrations are performed using an external power meter over the dedicated GPIB port.

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Power Flatness at -50 dBm - Still Excellent

Group/Presentation Title

Agilent Restricted

Month ##, 200X

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Power Sweep – More accurate control wider range

• No compression of the receiver when at max power .

• Tuned receiver is used to maintain source power level, more accurate detection of power hence output power

• The linearity and range of the receiver detection method is key to the allowing the broader range of power sweep.

• Allows for the use of a power table for power calibrations up to 1.1 THz .

Keysight Power sweep range > 50 dB at 98 GHz Showing Gain

Compression Measurement

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Car PCB Performance Verification in Taiwan

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Thank You

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