minerales de ti al y mn.ppt 2015-2 copia
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ϖ MINERALES"DE
TITANIO
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TITANIO
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RUTILO
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RUTILO
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ILMENITA
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MINERALES DE
ALUMINIO
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VIETNAM
Vietnam produces rubies as good as anything from Burma. But the machinations and intrigue surrounding the gem business in that country have left this potential largely unexploited.
http://www.ruby-sapphire.com/vietnamese_rubies.htm
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Like ruby mines in Thailand and Cambodia, bulldozers are used to excavate the land. The earth is then forced into a separation jig by the use of water cannons. Once in the jig, the heavies (higher density minerals) are sorted by hand to remove the rubies. Nominally-illegal pit mining is also carried out throughout the district, mainly on the fringes of the m e c h a n i z e d m i n e s .
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Coupled substitution
ϖ Corundum (Al203)"
ϖ Fe2+ and Ti4+ substitute for 2Al3+ (makes"sapphire).
ϖ " Cr3+ makes Ruby ϖ Both elements are in octahedral sites"
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‘
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SOIL TYPES Laterite (“oxisol”)
Hydrated Al and Fe silicates A, B, C Horizons difficult to distinguish Intense leaching – high rainfall = tropics Bauxite – Al(OH)3. Intense Tropical
Weathering
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!ate%itas al*min-‐sas ⎝ .a*/itas
Bauxita de Australia
Bauxita de Venezuela
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Produccion de Aluminio ϖ La producción de una tonelada de Al requiere de"
hasta 16.000KW de energía electrica para producir una tonelada de Al
ϖ Esto es principalmente en la reducción de Al2O3 que"es reducida a Al + CO2
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The Problem: Aluminum can waste is growing
billion cans
50.7 50
1970e
33.8 40
1972 1974
30 24.8
1976 1978
20
1980
10 2.7
1982 1984 -
1986 1988
1990: 594,420 tons
…a 28% increase
2001: 759,625
1990
Graph prepared using data from the Aluminum AssociaEon and the U.S. Department of Commerce. 1970 is a CRI esEmate.
tons
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2001
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• Minerales de
Manganeso
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CRIPTOMELANO +2 +4 K1-2(Mn ,Mn )8O16xH2O
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Strip-mining por manganeso, Sur Africa
S-‐*%ce: Photograph courtesy USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.
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Distribucion de nodulos de Mn en el suelo marino
Source: Data from G.R. Heath, “Manganese Nodules: Unanswered QuesEons,” Oceanus 25, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 37-‐41. 1982.
Copyright © Woods Hole Oceanographic Ins7tute.
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Introduction ϖ First discovered by the HMS"
Challenger expedition in 1873
ϖ Resemble metallic snowballs"
ϖ Found in all the major ocean"basins
ϖ Also known as ferromanganese"or polymetallic nodules
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Composition ϖ Manganese dioxide average 30 percent by"
weight
ϖ Iron oxide average 20 percent by weight"
ϖ Other elements average less than 2 percent"by weight
ϖ Fragments serves as a nucleus"
ϖ Nucleus made of carbonates, phosphates,"zeolites, clays, and silicas
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Origin ϖ Deep-ocean water lacks significant"
quantities of manganese or iron
ϖ Three possible sources of the"manganese and iron ϖ Weathering of volcanic material on the ocean"
floor ϖ High concentrations of manganese and iron in"
hydrothermal waters at spreading centers ϖ Runoff from land"
ϖ Purely chemical or bacterial by-product"
ϖ Bacteria using manganese and iron"oxidation in their metabolic process theory
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Manganese Nodules:
Future Deep Sea Mining ?