M{jC L{jC

La I N6 I DAU 3

CHUGNG 1 MOD AU. 5

1.1 Nhii'ng khai ni~m va nguyen Iy CO'ban 51.1.1 May tinh 51.1.2 Nguyen ly xay dl!ng va Sl!phan lo~imay tinh di~n tu 51.1.3 Ngon ngli'may, muc va may ao 81.1.4 Cac m'lYtinh nhi~u muc hi~n d~i 111.1.5 Kie'ntruc may tinh va doi tU'<;>,ngnghien cUucuano 151.1.6 PhJn cung, PhJn m~m va cac may tinh nhi~u muc 15

1.2 Nhii'ng cl)t moc trong linh vt!c kifn truc may tinh 171.2.1 The'h~ so khong - M'lYtinh Ceikhi (1642-1945) 181.2.2 The'h~thu nhttt- May tinh dung den di~n tu (1945-1955) 191.2.3 The'h~ thu hai - M'lYtinh dung Transistor (1955-1965) 211.2.4 The'h~ thu ba - May tinh dung M~lChtich hqp (1965-1980) 221.2.5 The'h~ thu tU'- M'lYtinh dung m~ch VLSI (1980 - ) 24

CHUaNG 2 T6 CHUC H~ TH6NG MAy TINH 27

2.1 Kien truc chung cua may tinh di~n tu 272.2 BI)xu Iy-Processors 29

2.2.1 SI!thi hanh cac chi th~ 302.2.2 T6 chuc CPO 312.2.3 SI!thl!c hi~n song song cac l~nh 33

2.3 HI) nh(t .382.3.1 Bit "' ,...38

2.3.2 D~a chi 0 nh6, byte, word 382.3.3 Tr~t tIf byte trong word, big endian va little endian computer 382.3.4 Mil sua sai 402.3.5 Be:>nh6 phl) 40

2.4 T 6 chuc Vao/I~a (I/O) 41

2.4.1 Cac phU'eingphap t6 chuc I/O 412.4.2 T6 chuc I/O trong cac may tinh l6n 422.4.3 T6 chuc I/O trong cac m'lY tinh PC .43

CHUaNG 3 MUC L()GIC s6 45

3.1 Cac c6ng va d~i so logic 453.1.1 C6ng (gate) 453.1.2 D~liso logic 473.1.3 SI!thl!c hi~n cac ham logic 483.1.4 SI!tU'eingdU'eingcua cac m~lch.. 49

3.2 Cac m~ch logic so C(tban 523.2.1 M~lChtich h<;>,p- Integrated Circuits (IC) : 523.2.2 Cac m~lcht6 h<;>,p(Combinational Circuit) 52

275

3.2.3 Cac m~ch s6 hQc 553.3 BQnha 59

3.3.1 Philn tit nh6 1 bit 603.3.2 Flip-flop va thanh ghi 643.3.3 Bo nh6 ROM 663.3.4 T6 chu-cbe;>nh6 70

3.4 Chip vi xu Iy va cae bus 783.4.1 Chip vi xit 19 (MPU - Microprocessor Unit) 783.4.2 Cac bus 'Cuamay tinh 803.4.3 Bus d6ng be;>(Synchronous bus) 823.4.4 Bus khong d6ng be;>(asynchronous bus) 853.4.5 TrQng tai bus (bus arbitration) 873.4.6 Vi~c xit 19 ngat 90

3.5 Thi d~ ve mQt so BUS 913.5.1 Bus IBM PC 913.5.2 Bus IBM PC/AT 953.5.3 Bus VME 96

3.6 Giao di~n -Interfacing 973.6.1 Cac chip vao/ra (I/O chips) , 97362V 'A .,. _ d

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CHU'ONG 4 MUC VI CHU'ONG TRINH 102

4.1 Cae van de ehinh eua mue logic s6 ma ngum I~p vi ehml11g trlnh quaD tam .1034.1.1 Thanh ghi 1034.1.2 Bus 103

4.1.3 Be;>phan/d6n k~nh va be;>giai ma 1054.1.4 Dan vi S6 hQc-Logic va Be;>dich 1064.1.5 D6ng h6 1074.1.6 Be;>nh6 chinh 107

4.2 MQt vi kien true lay lam thi d~ 1094.2.1 Duang dii 1i~u (Data path) " 1094.2.2 Vi chi thi - microinstruction 1104.2.3 Vi~c dinh thai vi chi thi 1134.2.4 Sv dinh tdnh tv cac vi chi thi 116

4.3 Thi d~ ve m«)t kien true mue may thong thuO'ng 1174.3.1 Ki€n truc mu-c may thong thuang - Vi ki€n truc 1174.3.2 van d6 danh dia chi be;>nh6 chinh va be;>nh6 ngan x€p 1174.3.3 T~p vi chi thi 119

4.4 Thi d~ ve m«)t vi ehuO'l1gtrlnh 1214.4.1 Ngon ngii Vi assembly 1214.4.2 Thi dl;!v6 me;>tvi chuang tdnh 1234.4.3 Nh~n xet v6 vi chuang tdnh 127

4.5 Nhfmg van de can can nhae, Il!a ehQn khi thiet ke mue vi ehml11g trlnh 1294.5.1 Vi chi thi theo chi6u dang va theo chi6u ngang 1294.5.2 L~p si~u vi chuang tdnh - Nanoprogramming " 1304.5.3 Duang 6ng d§.n chi thi va cac chi thi nhay 1314.5.4 Be;>nh6 cache 134

276

4.6 Tom tat mue vi ehuO11gtrlnh 141

CHVdNG 5 MUC MAy THONG THVONG 143

5.1 Khuon d~ng eua chi th! 1435.1.1 OlC lieu chu~n thitStktSkhuon d~mgchi thi 1445.1.2 Vi~c m0 r9ng ma chi thi 1455.1.3 Thf d,:!v~ khuon d"mg chi thi cua may PDP-11 147

5.2 Vi~e danh d!a chi 1485.2.1 Danh dia chi tac thai- Immediate Addressing 1485.2.2 Danh dia chi trl!c titSp- Direct Addressing 1485.2.3 Danh dia chi thanh ghi - Register Addressing 1495.2.4 Danh dia chi gi,in titSp-Indirect Addressing 1495.2.5 Chi s6 - Indexing " " " " "' "." 149

5.2.6 D,inh dia chi stack 1505.3 Cae kii;u chi th! 1515.4 Tom tat mue may thong thuOng 152

CHVONG 6 MUC MAy H~ DIEU HANH 153

6.1 Gi6i thi~u mue may h~ dieu himh 1536.2 Be)nh(1an 155

6.2.1 Vi~c phan trang - Paging 1566.2.2 Tlwc hi~n vi~cphan trang 1586.2.3 PhtXO'ngphap Cap trang khi co yeti du va Mo hlnh t~p lam vi~c 162

6.3 Cae chi th! vao/ra an """"""""""J 1656.3.1 Cac chi thi vao/ra ~10d6i v6i cac file tuan tY' 1656.3.2 C,icchi thi vao/ra ,\0 d6i v6i cac file troy c~p ngttunhien 1666.3.3 Vi~c cai d~t cac chi thi vao/ra ,\0 166

6.4 Tom tat mue may h~ dieu hanh 166

CHVdNG 7 GIOI THI~U MUC NGON NGU ASSEMBLY 167

7.1 Gi6i thi~u ngon ngii assembly 1677.1.1 Ngon ngG'assembly la gi ? 1677.1.2 Khuon d~mgchi thi ngon ngG'assembly 1687.1.3 So sanh ngon ngG'assembly va cac ngon ngG'b~c cao 1717.1.4 Tinh chinh chtXO'ngtdnh - Program Tuning 172

7.2 Qua trinh assembly 1747.2.1 Cac assembler duy~t hai Ian (Two-pass Assemblcr) 1747.2.2 Uin duy~t tha nhat - Pass One 1757.2.3 Lan duy~t tha hai - Pass Two 177

7.3 Ket n6i - Linking 177

CHVdNG 8 cAc THIET B~NGOAI VI 180

8.1 Khai quat.. ..1808.1.1 Khai ni~m v~thitStbi ngo~livi 1808.1.2 Nhi~m v':!cO'ban va yeti Ca4d6i v6i thitStbi ngo~livi 1808.1.3 Nguyen ly Calit~lOva d~c ditm cua thitStbt ngo~livi 180

277

8.2 Ban phim -Keyboard 1828.2.1 Gi6'i thi~u 1828.2.2 Chuy~n m~lchCC1khf 1828.2.3 Ok phlwng phap t~lOma b~ll1phfm 1838.2.4 Ma Scan cua b~ll1phfm m(lYIBM PC ho~c tt1C1ngthfch 1868.2.5 Lien 1~1CgiVab~ll1phfm va CPU 6 IBM PC/XT/AT , 186

8.3 Man hinh (Video Display, Monitor) 1878.3.1 Nguyen Iy cua pht1C1ngph(lp hi~n thi hinh ~lnhvideo 1878.3.2 Pht1C1ngph(lp quet m~ll1h 1888.3.3 Utm tt1C1ihinh (1nhbang pht1C1ngph(lp DMA 1928 3 4 M ~ K , h ;; ., ' I ' I / /

h 194.- . 9t so c uan cua man 11111may t1l1 ...........................................................8 3 c S / h ~ K d -, d .;! , ' I ' I / ' I ' TV 194.- h) ,0 san m9t so ~lC lem cua man 11111may till 1 va ...............................

8.3.6 Hi~n thi thong tin ] 96

8.4 Ilia tit va dia Quang 1998 4 1 G'" I '~ i' / I

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I 199.. WI t11(;Uve cac O~l1t let ~n c1PW..........................................................8.4.2 Nguyen Iy ghi tu, dau tu 2008.4.3 Cac pht1C1ngphap ma hml soli~u ghi len wa 2018.4.4 Dia m~m va 6 wa m~m """""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 205

8.4.5 Dia cung - HOD (Hard Disk Drive) 2108.4.6 Dia quang (optical disc, Compact Disc) 220

8.5 May in - Printer 2238.5.1 May in bua 2238.5.2 M(lYin dong 2248.5.3 May in kin1 ,2248.5.4 May in laser 224

CHUaNG 9 MA.Y VI TiNH IBM PC 226

9.1 Gi(ri thi~u 2269.1.1 SI!ra dai cua may IBM PC 2269.1.2 H9 80xx cua hang Intel 2269.1.3 BQvi xV Iy 80286 2339.1.4 BQvi xV Iy 80386 2339.1.5 BQvi xV Iy 80486 2349.1.6 BQvi xV Iy Pentiun1 234

9.2 May IBM PC nguyen thuy 2359.2.1 BUS va c(lCkhe cam m6 rQng 2359.2.2 Cac chip hiStrg 2359.2.3 C<lclinh ki~n khac cua may IBM PC 2389.2.4 Nhiing chuyen nwch d~t h~ thong (system 'switch) 2389.2.5 BQnh6' trong cua IBM PC , 2399.2.6 Cac c6ng - Ports , 2429.2.7 Cac ngat (Interrupts) 243

9.3 H~ may IBM PC/XT, IBM PC/AT 2449.3.1 C<lcd~c tfnh ky thu~t chfnh cua IBM PC/XT 2449.3.2 Cac d~c tfnh ky thu~t chfnh cua IBM PC/AT 245

9.4 H~ dieu h~mh DOS cua may IBM PC 2469.4.1 ROM-BIOS ' , , 247

278

9.4.2 Record kh6'i oi?ng 2509.4.3 IBMBIO.COM , 2529.4.4 IBMDC)S.COM 2539.4.5 CC)MMAND.COM 254

9.5 l'ruy c<\,pIB M PC 2559.5.1 OlC thong tin Calihlnh may trong RAM CMOS 2559.5.2 T6 chll'c thong tin tren ma m~m 2579.5.3 T6 chll'c thong tin tren (TIacll'ng 2669.5.4 Truy c~p thong tin tren ilia 267

CAUHal VA BAIT~P CHO cAc CHU'ONG 269

TAl LltU THAM KI-IAo 274

M1)C L1)C 275