mjp kf;fpa khw;wk; (m.k.kh) el;gk;(m.k.kh) el;gk;(m.k.kh) el;gk; guide/tamil... · 2018. 3. 3. ·...

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‘mjp Kf;fpamjp Kf;fpamjp Kf;fpamjp Kf;fpa khw;wk;khw;wk;khw;wk;khw;wk;’ (m.K.kh) El;gk;(m.K.kh) El;gk;(m.K.kh) El;gk;(m.K.kh) El;gk;

mjd; gad;ghl;Lf;fhd xU topfhl;bmjd; gad;ghl;Lf;fhd xU topfhl;bmjd; gad;ghl;Lf;fhd xU topfhl;bmjd; gad;ghl;Lf;fhd xU topfhl;b

toq;FNthh;toq;FNthh;toq;FNthh;toq;FNthh;

fyhepjp. fyhepjp. fyhepjp. fyhepjp. upf; NltP];;upf; NltP];;upf; NltP];;upf; NltP];; fyhepjp. fyhepjp. fyhepjp. fyhepjp. n[]; lhu;w;n[]; lhu;w;n[]; lhu;w;n[]; lhu;w;

epjpAjtp: CARE International, United Kingdom,

Oxfam Community Aid Abroad, Australia | Learning to Learn, Government of South

Australia, Oxfam New Zealand | Christian Aid, United Kingdom | Exchange, United

kingdom Ibis, Denmark | Mellemfolkeligt Samvirke (MS), Denmark

Lutheran World Relief, United States of America

tbtk;: 1tbtk;: 1tbtk;: 1tbtk;: 1.00.00.00.00 – Vg;uy; 2005Vg;uy; 2005Vg;uy; 2005Vg;uy; 2005

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jiyg;ngOj;Jr; RUf;fq;fs;jiyg;ngOj;Jr; RUf;fq;fs;jiyg;ngOj;Jr; RUf;fq;fs;jiyg;ngOj;Jr; RUf;fq;fs; ADB Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp (Asian Development Bank)

ADRA ,NaRtUif mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; cjtp Kftu;> mT];jpNuypah

(Adventist Development and relief Agency,Australia)

AKRSP mfh fhd; fpuhkpa MjuT nraw;wpl;lk; (Aga Khan Rural Support Program)

BADSP Gnwhq; m`hNth fpuhkpa khtl;l MjuT nraw;wpl;lk;> fhdh (Brong Ahafo Rural District Support Project, Ghana)

CCDB gq;fshNj\; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd fpwp];jt Mizafk; (Christian Commission for Development in Bangladesh)

CRS fj;Njhypf;f cjtp Nritfs; Catholic Relief Services)

DFID ru;tNjr mgptpUj;jp jpizf;fsk;> If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; (Department for International Development,UK)

IDSS ru;tNjr mgptpUj;jp MjuT Nritfs;> mT];jpNuypah (International Development Support Services,Australia)

M&E fz;fhzpg;Gk; kjpg;gPLk; (Monitoring and Evaluation)

MSC mjp Kf;fpa khw;wk; (m.K.kh) El;gk; (Most Significant Change Technique)

NGO mur rhu;gw;w epWtdk; (Non Government Organization)

ONZB xf;];ghu;k; epA+rpyhe;J (Oxfam New Zealand)

SC stories nghUSs;s khw;wf; fijfs; Significant Change Stories)

VSO fly; fle;j jd;dhh;t Nrit (Voluntary Service Overseas)


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,uz;lhtjhf> epfo;r;rp> nray;jpl;lk;> ,ilaPL Mfpatw;Wf;fpilNa ehk; xU njupit Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. ,e;j E}ypy; Muk;gj;jpypUe;J xU KbT tiuapy; mjd; msitf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;shky; vy;yh tifahd r%fj; ,ilaPLfisAk; Fwpg;gpLtjw;F 'epfo;r;rp" vd;w gjj;ijg; gad; gLj;JfpNwhk;. %d;whtjhf> cjtp toq;Feu;> KjyPl;lhsu;> epjp toq;Feu; my;yJ nfhs;tdthsu; vd;W gy;NtW gjq;fshy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; epfo;r;rpfSf;F epjp toq;FNthiu ehk; tpghpf;f Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. ,e;j topfhl;bapy; 'epjp toq;Feu;" vd;w gjj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtJ vd;W KbT nra;Njhk;. gy;NtW ntspaPLfspYk; m.K.k El;gk; rpy rkaq;fspy; xU mZFKiw vdTk;> Vida re;ju;g;gq;fspy; xU nra;KiwahfTk; xU cUkhjpupahfTk; tpghpf;;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,J xU fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;L El;gk; vd epGzu;fs; vkf;F njhptpj;jdH. vdpDk;> mJ mZFKiwapd; rpy mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gjhYk; Fwpg;gpl;l nfhs;if mbg;gilapy; m.K.kh El;gj;ij xU mZFKiw vd;Nw fUJfpNwhk;. nghWg;Gf; iftply;nghWg;Gf; iftply;nghWg;Gf; iftply;nghWg;Gf; iftply; ,e;j ntspaPlhdJ> fyhepjp. wpf; Nltp]; kw;Wk; fyhepjp. n[]; lhu;w; MfpNahupd; r%f epfo;r;rpfis fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL nra;jy; kw;Wk; $l;L mDgtq;fs; vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. ,e;jg; gzpapd; Jy;ypaj;jd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F ehk; vk;khyhd midj;J Kaw;rpfisAk; vLf;Fk; mNjNtis> thrfu;fspd; NjitfSf;fhf jfty;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghL njhlu;ghd ve;jnthU jPu;g;igAk; Nkw;nfhs;tJ mtu;fSila nghWg;ghFk;. ,e;jj; jfty;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghL my;yJ mjd; gad;ghl;bd; njhlu; tpisTfs; njhlu;ghf ehk; ve;jnthU cj;juthjj;ijAk; toq;f KbahJ vd;gJld;> nghWg;ngjidAk; ehk; Vw;ftpy;iy.


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ehk; Mu;tk; nfhz;Ls;Nshk;. vkJ ,izaj;jsq;fshd www.mande.co.uk/

docs/ MSCGuide.htm kw;Wk; www.cleahorizon.com.au Mfpatw;wpy; pdf

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Copyright ©©©©RJ Davies and J Dart (2004) (2004) (2004) (2004) vy;yh tprhuizfSf;Fk; gpd;tUk; KftupAld; njhlu;Gnfhs;sTk; Dr Rick Davies

82 Bishops Rd, Trumpington,

Cambridge CB2 2NH United Kingdom

[email protected]

Phone: 44 (0) 1223 841 367

Mobile: 44 (0) 7855 766 354

Fax (to Email): 44 08701 640 239

Dr Jessica Dart

Clear Horizon, PO Box 341,

Hastings VIC 3915 Australia

[email protected]

Phone/fax: 61 (0) 3 5979 2957

Mobile: 0425 735 530


8

ed;wpfs;ed;wpfs;ed;wpfs;ed;wpfs; fPo;tUk; epWtdq;fspd; nghJNehf;Ff; nfhz;l mDruiz ,y;iyNay; ,e;j topfhl;b vOjg;gl;bUf;f KbahJ. CARE International, United Kingdom www.careinternational.org.uk

Oxfam Community Aid Abroad,

Australia

www.oxfam.org.au

Learning to Learn, Government of South

Australia

www.learningtolearn.sa.edu.au

Oxfam New Zealand www.oxfam.org.nz

Christian Aid, United Kingdom www.christian-aid.org.uk

Exchange, United Kingdom www.healthcomms.org

Ibis, Denmark www.ibis.dk

Mellemfolkeligt Samvirke (MS),

Denmark

www.ms.dk

Lutheran World Relief, United States of

America

www.lwr.org

,e;j E}iy Mf;fpa ,uz;L MrphpaHfSk; m.K.kh El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mDgtj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s mNjNeuk;> tsu;r;rpaile;JtUk; m.K.kh El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpa mDgtk; nfhz;ltu;fspd; Mf;fq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ehk; Kaw;rpj;Js;Nshk;. ,e;j topfhl;bapd; Kbtpy; crhj;Jiz E}w;gl;bay; gFjpapy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s E}y;fs;> Mf;fq;fs; midj;jpdJk; Mf;fpNahHfSf;Fk; ehk; ed;wp $wf; flikg;gl;Ls;Nshk;. ,e;j topfhl;bapd; %yg;gpujpia ghHitapl;L mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; $wpaikf;fhf

gpd;tUNthUf;F ehk; ed;wp$w tpUk;GfpNwhk;: Jay Goulden, CARE; Deborah

Elkington, Oxfam, CAA: Robyn Kerr/, ADRA; Silke Mason, lbis; Gillian Holmes;

lbis; Peter Sisgaard, MS.


9

mj;jpahak; xd;W: mmmmjp jp jp jp KKKKf;fpa f;fpa f;fpa f;fpa khkhkhkhw;w El;gk; w;w El;gk; w;w El;gk; w;w El;gk; gw;wpa xU gw;wpa xU gw;wpa xU gw;wpa xU gj;J epkpl ghu;itgj;J epkpl ghu;itgj;J epkpl ghu;itgj;J epkpl ghu;it RUf;fkhf> m.K.kh vd;gJ vd;d?RUf;fkhf> m.K.kh vd;gJ vd;d?RUf;fkhf> m.K.kh vd;gJ vd;d?RUf;fkhf> m.K.kh vd;gJ vd;d? mjp Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wk; (m.K.kh) vd;gJ xU gq;Fgw;wy; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;L El;gkhFk;. khw;wq;fspd; tiffisj; jPu;khdpg;gjpYk;> juTfis gFg;gha;T nra;tjpYk; gy nray;jpl;l gq;Nfw;ghsHfSk; rk;ge;jg;gLtjhy; ,J xU gq;Nfw;G Kiwahf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,J epfo;r;rp tl;;lj;jpy; epfo;r;rpia Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjw;F kf;fSf;F jfty;fis toq;f cjTtjhy;> ,J xU fz;fhzpg;G tbtkhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ. epfo;r;rpia KO mstpy; kjpg;gPL nra;a cjTk; epfo;r;rpapd; jhf;fk; kw;Wk; tpisT gw;wpa juTfis ,J toq;Ftjhy; ,J kjpg;gPl;Lf;Fk; gq;fspf;fpwJ. ,r;nra;Kiw fsj;jpypUe;J Njhd;Wk; mjp Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wj;jpd; fijfis Nrfhpg;gJlDk; epakpf;fg;gl;l gq;Nw;ghsHfspd; xU njhFjp my;yJ CopaHfshy; xOq;fhd Kiwapy; njhpT nra;ag;gLtijAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. epakpf;fg;gl;l CopaH kw;Wk; gq;Nfw;NghH Muk;gj;jpy; nray; jpl;lj;jpd; jhf;fk;gw;wp Muha;tjpy; gy;NtW jug;gpdUk; xd;whf ,Ue;J me;jf; fijfis rj;jkhf thrpj;J> mwpf;ifaplg;gl;l ,e;j khw;wq;fspd; ngWkhdk; njhlu;ghd xOq;fhd> Mokhd fye;Jiuahly;fis elhj;Jtu;. El;gk; ntw;wpfukhf mKy;g;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ> FOtpYs;s midtUk; epfo;r;rpapd; jhf;fj;jpd; kPJ jkJ ftdj;ijf; Ftpg;gu;.

mjp mjp mjp mjp Kf;fpaj;JtkhdKf;fpaj;JtkhdKf;fpaj;JtkhdKf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wk;khw;wk;khw;wk;khw;wk;

k;......k;......k;......k;...... mJjhd;!!!mJjhd;!!!mJjhd;!!!mJjhd;!!!


10

ngaupy; vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ?ngaupy; vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ?ngaupy; vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ?ngaupy; vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ? m.K.kh vd;w ngau; cUthFtjw;F Kd;du; mjd; ntt;Ntwhd mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; jd;ikfSf;Nfw;g gy;NtWgl;l ngau;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. Fwpf;fhl;bfspd;wpf; fFwpf;fhl;bfspd;wpf; fFwpf;fhl;bfspd;wpf; fFwpf;fhl;bfspd;wpf; fz;fhzpj;jy;z;fhzpj;jy;z;fhzpj;jy;z;fhzpj;jy; tpNrlkhf fzpg;gplg;gLtJld;> mstplg;glNtz;ba tplaq;fspy;> Kd;dNu tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Fwpf;fhl;bfis m.K.kh gad;gLj;jhJ. fij mZFKiwfij mZFKiwfij mZFKiwfij mZFKiw khw;wk; njhlu;ghd ikaf; Nfs;tpf;fhd gjpy;fs;> ahu; vd;d nra;jhu;> vg;NghJ kw;Wk; Vd; - kw;Wk; Vd; ,e;j epfo;T Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; vd fijfspd; tbtpy; fhzg;gLk; (fyhepjp. .lhu;w; 1999m> 1999M). fz;fhzpg;Gfz;fhzpg;Gfz;fhzpg;Gfz;fhzpg;G mgptpUj;jp cjtpr; nray;jpl;lq;fspy; khw;wq;fis fz;fhzpf;Fk; xU Kiwahf m.K.kh Kjypy; cUthdJ. (fyhepjp.Nltp];> 1996). mNjNeuk; ,J kjpg;gPl;Lj; NjitfSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ vd;W ehk; fUJfpNwhk;. jhf;ff; fz;fhzpg;Gjhf;ff; fz;fhzpg;Gjhf;ff; fz;fhzpg;Gjhf;ff; fz;fhzpg;G nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; tpisTfis fz;fhzpg;gjpy; $Ljy; ftdj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ghuk;gupa fz;fhzpg;G cj;jpfisg; Nghyd;wp> m.K.kh El;gkhdJ> ,ilaPl;L tpisTfs; kw;Wk; jhf;fq;fisf; fz;fhzpg;gjpy; ftdj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. epWtdepWtdepWtdepWtd uPjpahd fw;wYf;fhd gupzhk mZFKiw uPjpahd fw;wYf;fhd gupzhk mZFKiw uPjpahd fw;wYf;fhd gupzhk mZFKiw uPjpahd fw;wYf;fhd gupzhk mZFKiw fyhepjp. wpf;> ,e;j cj;jpf;F Muk;gj;jpy; toq;fpa ngau; ,Jjhd;. ,e;j cj;jpapd; Muk;g tbtikg;gpd; mwpthu;e;j jj;Jtg; gpd;Gyj;ij ,e;jg; ngau; gpujpgypf;fpwJ (mj;jpahak; 7). 2000,y;> ehk; mjpmjpmjpmjp Kf;fpa khw;w El;gk; Kf;fpa khw;w El;gk; Kf;fpa khw;w El;gk; Kf;fpa khw;w El;gk; vd;w ngaUld; ehk; jpUg;jp fz;Nlhk;. ,J> mZFKiwapd; kpf mbg;gilahd mk;rq;fspy; kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wq;fspd; Nrfhpg;G kw;Wk; Kiwahd Ma;T vDk; mk;rj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

mjp Kf;fpa khw;w El;gj;jpd;; fijmjp Kf;fpa khw;w El;gj;jpd;; fijmjp Kf;fpa khw;w El;gj;jpd;; fijmjp Kf;fpa khw;w El;gj;jpd;; fij mjp Kf;fpa khw;w El;gk; fyhepjp. wpf; Nltp]; vd;gtuhy; gq;fshNj\py; mKy;gLj;;jy; kw;Wk; tpisTfspy; khWgl;l jd;ik nfhz;l rpf;fyhd gq;Fgw;wYila fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;Jld; ,ize;jjhd rthy;fs; rpytw;iw vjpHnfhs;Sk; xU Kaw;rpapd;NghJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. 1996Mk; Mz;L gq;fshNj\; ehl;by;> 785f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fpuhkq;fspy;> 46>000f;Fk; mjpfkhd kf;fSld;> 500f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l CopaHfSld; gzpahw;wpa


11

gq;fshNj\ ; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd fpwp];jt Mizafk; (CCDB) vd;w

murrhu;gw;w epWtdNk ,e;j epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;ij elhj;jpaJ. ,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpd; Neubg; gadhspfspy; RkhH 80 tPjk; tiuapy; ngz;fshtu;. ,e;j epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; ghupa msT kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfspd; jpwe;j jd;ik fhuzkhf mjd; nray;KiwiaAk;> ntspg;ghLfisAk; fz;fhzpg;gjw;nfd xU newpKiwia tbtikg;gjpy; ghupa gpur;rpid vjpu;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ (fyhepjp. Nltp];> 1996). murrhu;gw;w cjtp epWtdq;fspy; epWtduPjpahd fw;wy; njhlu;ghd jdJ fyhepjp gl;l Ma;Tf;fhd fs Ntiyapd;; xU gFjpahf jpU. wpf; mth;fs; m.K.kh El;gj;ij cUthf;fpdhu; (fyhepjp. Nltp];> 1996). Ma;Tf; fl;Liu kw;Wk; m.K.kh xU gupzhk jj;Jtg; gpd;Gyj;jpdhy; mwpël;lg;gl;lJ. m.K..kh El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F ,e;jg; gpd;dzp mwpKiwfs; cq;fSf;Fj; Njitapy;iy vdpDk;;> fyhepjp. wpf; ,dhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ,e;j m.K..kh cj;jpia> fyhepjp. n[]; ck; Vidatu;fSk; NtWgl;l fUj;jpay; Nfhzq;fspy; Ma;Tnra;Js;sdu; vd;gij ,q;Nf Fwpg;gpLtJ gpuNahrdkhdJ. m.K.kh cj;jpapd; tbtikg;gpd; mbehjkhf ,e;j nefpo;Tj;jd;ik khwhky; cs;sJ.

gq;fshNjgq;fshNjgq;fshNjgq;fshNj\\\\ ;; ;; ---- Ie;J tUlq;fspd; gpd;du;Ie;J tUlq;fspd; gpd;du;Ie;J tUlq;fspd; gpd;du;Ie;J tUlq;fspd; gpd;du;

“elg;G Mz;Lf; fhyg;gFjpapy;(2000)> Fwpg;gpl;l jug;G kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gl;L tUk; gz;GrhHe;j khw;wj;ij milahsk; fhzTk;> Ma;T nra;aTk; mjp Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;w El;gj;ij (m.K.kh) gq;fshNj\;

mgptpUj;jpf;fhd fpwp];jt Mizf;FO (CCDB) gad;gLj;jpAs;sJ. 1995 Mk;

Mz;bypUe;J ,e;j newpKiw PPRDP fz;fhzpg;G newpKiwapd; xU gFjpahf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. vdpDk;> elg;G jpl;lf; fhyg;gFjpapy; Vida

vy;yh epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fspYk; ,e;j newpKiwiag; gad;gLj;JkhW CCDB

Kd;nkhope;jJ. ,e;j newpKiwahdJ epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; Nghf;fpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;ijAk; mjd; jhf;fj;ijAk; fz;fhzpg;gjpy; kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf njupfpwJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg; gFjpf;Fs; Fwpg;gpl;l xU kf;fs; njhFjpapd; tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gl;l cWjpahd khw;wq;fis fijfs; gpujpgypj;jd.

’’(CCDB, 2000:4, gq;fshNj\;)

mKy;;gLj;jy; gbepiyfs; kPjhd xU fz;Nzhl;lk;mKy;;gLj;jy; gbepiyfs; kPjhd xU fz;Nzhl;lk;mKy;;gLj;jy; gbepiyfs; kPjhd xU fz;Nzhl;lk;mKy;;gLj;jy; gbepiyfs; kPjhd xU fz;Nzhl;lk; m.K.kh xU tsu;e;J tUk; cj;jp vd;gJld;> ,jpy; gy jOty;fs; Vw;fdNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. ,Jgw;wp ,e;j topfhl;bapy; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;.

khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghfg; ghu;g;gjw;F Kd;ghf> m.K.kh El;gj;jpd; ’KOikahd’

mKy;g;gLj;jy; vg;gbahdjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W ghu;g;Nghk;. gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa gbepiyfshf ,e;jg; gj;J gbepiyfis ehk; tu;zpj;Js;Nshk;.

1. vg;gb Muk;gpg;gJ kw;Wk; Mu;tj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJ 2. khw;wq;fspd; gug;ngy;iyfis tiuaiw nra;jy; 3. mwpf;ifapLk; fhyg;gFjpia tiuaWj;jy; 4. Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wf; fijfisr; Nrfupj;jy;


12

5. fijfspy; mjp Kf;fpakhdtw;iwj; njupTnra;jy; 6. njupTr; nray;Kiwapd; ngWNgWfis gpd;D}l;ly; nra;jy; 7. fijfis NtWgpupj;jy; 8. vz;zpf;ifaply; 9. ,uz;lhk; epiy Ma;Tk; gpd;epiyf;fz;fhzpg;Gk; 10. newpKiwia kPsha;T nra;jy;

gy;tifahd gq;Nfw;ghsHfis m.K.kh El;gj;jpw;F mwpKfk; nra;tJld;> gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd Mu;tj;ijAk;> mu;g;gzpg;igAk; Vw;gLj;JtNj m.K.kh El;gj;jpd; KjyhtJ gbepiyahf ,Uf;Fk;. fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;ba khw;wq;fspd; gug;ngy;iyfis milahsk; fhZjNy mLj;j gbepiyahf ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;jg; gbepiyahdJ njupTnra;ag;gl;l gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; tphpthd gug;ngy;iyfis milahsk; fhZjiy cs;slf;fpaJ. cjhuzkhf>

kf;fSila tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;’. ,J nraw;ghl;L Fwpfhl;bfs;

Nghd;W tiuaWf;fg;glhky;> cz;ikahd gadhsu;fshy; tiuaWf;fg;glf; $bajhf Ntz;Lnkd;Nw fl;Lg;ghNlJkpd;wp tplg;gLk;. ,e;j vy;iyfSf;Fs; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis xU fhy msTf;Fs; vj;jid jlitfs; fz;fhzpg;gJ vd;gijj; jPu;khdpg;gNj %d;whtJ gbepiyahFk;. gq;Fgw;WgtHfs; kw;Wk; fs CopaHfs; Nghd;W Neubahfr; rk;ge;jg; gl;ltu;fsplkpUe;Nj Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wf; fijfs; Nrfupf;fg;gLk;. cq;fSila mgpg;gpuhaj;jpd;gb> ,e;j epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpy; gq;Fgw;wpa tHfspilNa fle;j xU khj fhyg;gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wk; vJ vd;W ePq;fs; fUJfpwPu;fs;? vd;gJ Nghd;w rpwpa Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;gjd; %yNk fijfs; Nrfupf;fg;gLk;. njupT nra;ag;gl;l xU Fwpg;gpl;l gug;ngy;iy tiff;Fs; jkJ fijfis xJf;fPL nra;tJ Muk;gj;jpy; gjpypWg;ghsHfsplNk tplg;gLk;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf> xU Fwpg;gpl;l khw;wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtkhdnjhd;nwd mtu;fs; Vd; fUJfpwhu;fs; vd;gij mwpf;ifapLkhW gjpypWg;ghsHfs; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLthu;fs;. ,jd; gpd;du;> ,e;jf; fijfs; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;L> xU epWtdj;jpw;Fs;NsNah> my;yJ epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;Jf;Fs;NsNah ,Uf;Fk; mjpfhu gbepiyfspD}lhf tbj;njLf;fg;gLk;. xt;nthU cau; kl;lj;jpy; ,Ug;NghUk;> jkf;Ff; fPo;epiyapy; ,Ug;Nghuhy; toq;fg;gl;l fijfspy;> xt;nthU gug;ngy;iyfSf;Fs;Sk; Vw;gl;l xU Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wj;jpd; msit njupTnra;tu;. xt;nthU FOTk; jhk; njupTnra;j fijfis> epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpy; jkf;F mLj;j cau; kl;lj;Jf;F mDg;gpitg;gu;. mjd; gpd;du; xU Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifahd fijfs; xU xOq;fhd> ntspg;gilahd nray;KiwapD}lhf ePf;fg;gLk;. xt;nthUKiwAk; fijfs; njupTnra;ag;gLk;NghJk;> njupTf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l msTNfhy; gjpTnra;ag;gl;L rk;ge;jg;gl;l gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; midtUf;Fk; gpd;D}l;ly; nra;ag;gLk;. ,jd; %yk;> xt;nthU Rw;W fijr; Nrfupg;G kw;Wk; njupTfSk; mjw;F Kd;ida Rw;Wf;fspypUe;J gpd;D}l;ly;fisg; ngWk;. ];jhgdkhdJ mjd; ftdj;jpd; jpirfs; kw;Wk; mq;F fhZk; rpy epfo;Tfis kjpg;gplg; gad;gLk; tiffis rhpnra;tJld; mtw;iw gaDWjpkpf;f tifapy; gjpT nra;J nfhs;Sk;. ,e;jr; nra;Kiw rpwpJ fhyj;Jf;F> cjhuzkhf xU tUlj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l gpd;du;> xt;nthU khw;wj;jpd; gug;gngy;iyf;Fs;Sk; me;jf;


13

fhyg;gFjpf;Fs; epWtdj;jpd; mjpAr;r mjpfhu kl;lj;jpy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l midj;Jf; fijfisAk; cs;slf;fpa xU Mtzk; cUthf;fg;gLk;. njupTnra;ag;gl;l fijfs;> mit njupTnra;ag;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fSld; ,izj;J toq;fg;gLk;. ,e;j Mtzj;jpYs;s fijfis kjpg;gPL nra;J jhk; epjpaspf;f tpUk;Gk;> jhk; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; ntspg;ghLfisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; fijfisj; njupTnra;AkhW epjp toq;Feu;fs; Nfhug;gLtu;. jkJ njupTf;fhd fhuzq;fis Mtzg;gLj;JkhWk; mtu;fs; Nfhug;gLtu;. ,e;jj; jfty;fs; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;l Kfhikahsu;fSf;Fg; gpd;D}l;ly; nra;ag;gLk;. ,jd;gpd;du;> njupTnra;ag;gl;l fijfs; tpgupf;Fk; epfo;Tfs; ,lk;ngw;w ,lq;fSf;F Neupy; nrd;W> mit rupghu;f;fg;glyhk;. ,J ,uz;L Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;ljhFk;: me;jf; fijfs; rhpahfTk; Neu;ikahfTk; mwpf;ifaplg;gl;Ls;sdth vd;gijg; gupNrhjpg;gJld;> tpNrlkhf Kf;fpaj;Jtkhdit vd;W fUjg;gLk; fijfs; njhlu;ghf NkYk; tpgukhd jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;FtJ. epfo;T ,lk;ngw;w Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpapd; gpd;du; ,J ,lk;ngWkhdhy;> mJ Kjypy; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpd;du; vd;d ele;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gijf; fz;lwpAk; tha;g;Gk; ,jd;%yk; fpl;LfpwJ. mLj;j gbepiy mstply; njhlHghdjhFk;. ,J ,uz;L epiyfshf Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhk;. xU khw;wk; gw;wpa tpguk; Kjypy; tpghpf;fg;gLifapy; mJ msTrhHe;jJk; mNjNghd;W gz;GrhHe;j jfty;fis cs;slf;FtJk; rhj;jpag;glyhk;. mNjNtis> xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpf;Fs;> xU miktplj;jpy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wk; Ntnwe;nje;j miktplq;fspYk; Vw;gl;bUf;fpwJ vd;fpd;w xU mstPl;il Nkw;nfhs;tJk; rhj;jpakhdNj. mstPl;Lf;F mLj;jgbahf fz;fhzpg;G newpKiwiaf; fz;fhzpj;jy; vd;gJ ,lk;ngWk;. ,J gq;Fgw;wpatu;fs; ahu;> cs;slf;fj;ij mtu;fs; vt;thW ghjpj;jdu; Nghd;wtw;iwg; ghu;g;gij cs;slf;fpapUg;gJld;> ntt;NtWgl;l tifahd khw;wq;fs; vj;jid jlitfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd vdWk; gFg;gha;T nra;tjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,Wjpg; gbepiy> m.K.kh gbKiwapd; Neub tpisthfg; gad;gLj;jpajd; %yKk;> mjid gFg;gha;T nra;tjd; %yKk; vd;d fw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vd;gijf; fz;lwptjw;fhf> m.K.kh El;g tbtikg;ig kWrPH mikg;gjhFk;.

%yf;fU %yf;fU %yf;fU %yf;fU m.K.kh nra;;Kiwapd; %yf;fUthdJ gpd;tUk; thpf@lhd xU Nfs;tpahf mikAk;:

“fle;j khjj;ijj; jpUk;gpg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ> fle;j khjj;ijj; jpUk;gpg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ> fle;j khjj;ijj; jpUk;gpg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ> fle;j khjj;ijj; jpUk;gpg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ> mjp mjp mjp mjp Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wk; vJntd ePq;fs; fUJfpwPHfs;? (Fwpg;gpl;l gug;ngy;iy khw;wk; vJntd ePq;fs; fUJfpwPHfs;? (Fwpg;gpl;l gug;ngy;iy khw;wk; vJntd ePq;fs; fUJfpwPHfs;? (Fwpg;gpl;l gug;ngy;iy khw;wk; vJntd ePq;fs; fUJfpwPHfs;? (Fwpg;gpl;l gug;ngy;iy khw;wj;jpDs;)"khw;wj;jpDs;)"khw;wj;jpDs;)"khw;wj;jpDs;)"

KjyhtJ Nfs;tpf;fhd gjpy;fs; ,d;DnkhU gq;Fgw;wy; FOtpduhy; guprPypf;fg;gLifapy; ,NjNghd;w ,d;DnkhU Nfs;tp Kd;itf;fg;gLk;:

“,e;j Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wq;fs; midj;Js;Sk;> mjpf ,e;j Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wq;fs; midj;Js;Sk;> mjpf ,e;j Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wq;fs; midj;Js;Sk;> mjpf ,e;j Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wq;fs; midj;Js;Sk;> mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wk; vJntd ePq;fs; fUJfpwPHfs;"Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wk; vJntd ePq;fs; fUJfpwPHfs;"Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wk; vJntd ePq;fs; fUJfpwPHfs;"Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wk; vJntd ePq;fs; fUJfpwPHfs;"


14

gy;NtW mikg;G Kiwf;Fs; gq;Fgw;WgtHfshy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l ngUk; vz;zpf;ifahd rpf;fyhd jfty;fisr; rupahfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F ,e;j vspikahd nray;Kiw cjTfpwJ. xt;nthU gbepiyf;Fk; mjw;F NkYs;s gbepiyapy; njupTnra;ag;gl;l Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wk; gw;wpj; njuptpj;jy; ,e;j KOr; nra;Kiwf;Fk; mtrpakhd xU Njitg;ghlhFk;. mLj;jLj;j xt;nthU mwpf;ifapLk; fhyg;gFjpapYk; Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wq;fSf;fhd Njly;fSf;fhd ftdaPHg;ig kPs; rhpnra;J nfhs;tjw;F ,J cjTk;.

glk; 1.glk; 1.glk; 1.glk; 1.mmmm.K.kh njupTr; nra;Kiw (.K.kh njupTr; nra;Kiw (.K.kh njupTr; nra;Kiw (.K.kh njupTr; nra;Kiw (ADRA yhNth]pypUe;jhd cjhuzk;)yhNth]pypUe;jhd cjhuzk;)yhNth]pypUe;jhd cjhuzk;)yhNth]pypUe;jhd cjhuzk;)

Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk; m.K.kh fz;fhzpg;G kpfTk; gaDs;sJ vd;W gue;jstpyhd ];jhgdq;fs; fz;L nfhz;likf;F gy;NtWgl;l fhuzq;fs; cs;sd. mit gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUf;fpwJ. 1. vjpu;ghuhj khw;wq;fis milahsk; fhz;gjw;F ,J gaDs;s xd;whFk;.

2. xU epWtdj;Jf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; kjpg;igr; rupahf ,dq;fhzTk;> ,tw;Ws; vJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. vd;W eilKiw uPjpahff; fye;Jiu ahLtjw;Fk; ,J xU rpwe;j topahFk;. kf;fs; ,jD}lhfr; rpe;jpf;Fk;NghJk;> ve;nje;j Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wq;fs; mjp Kf;fpaj;Jtkhdit vdf; fye;JiuahLk;NghJk; ,J eilngWfpwJ. ,J ];jghdj;jpd; vy;yh kl;lq;fspYk; eilngwyhk;.

3. ,J ve;jnthU njhopy;Kiw jpwDk; Njitg;glhj xU gq;Fgw;wy; Kiwapyhd fz;fhzpg;G tbtkhFk;. Vida fz;fhzpg;G mZF KiwfSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ> gy;NtW fyhr;rhuq;fSf;fpilapYk; njhlu;GWj;Jtjw;F ,J ,yFthdJ. xU Fwpf;fhl;b vJ vd;W

mwpf;ifaplg;gl;l khw;wf; fijfs;mwpf;ifaplg;gl;l khw;wf; fijfs;mwpf;ifaplg;gl;l khw;wf; fijfs;mwpf;ifaplg;gl;l khw;wf; fijfs;

ADRA fs CopahplkpUe;J fs CopahplkpUe;J fs CopahplkpUe;J fs CopahplkpUe;J



gphpT 1gphpT 1gphpT 1gphpT 1 m.K.kh njhpTf;FOm.K.kh njhpTf;FOm.K.kh njhpTf;FOm.K.kh njhpTf;FO



ehl;L kl;lj;jpyhdehl;L kl;lj;jpyhdehl;L kl;lj;jpyhdehl;L kl;lj;jpyhd mmmm.K.kh njhpTf;FO.K.kh njhpTf;FO.K.kh njhpTf;FO.K.kh njhpTf;FO

cjtp toq;FeH mYtyfcjtp toq;FeH mYtyfcjtp toq;FeH mYtyfcjtp toq;FeH mYtyf m>K.kh njhpTf;FOm>K.kh njhpTf;FOm>K.kh njhpTf;FOm>K.kh njhpTf;FO


15

tpsq;fg;gLj;j Ntz;ba mtrpak; vJTk; fpilahJ. jhk; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;W fUJk; epfo;Tfis vy;NyhUNk $wyhk;.

4. xU khw;wk; ,d;ndhd;iwtpl Vd; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij kf;fs; tpsf;fNtz;bapUf;Fk; vd;gjhy;> ,J jfty; Nrfupg;ghf kl;Lkd;wp> Ma;itAk; Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.

5. jfty;fis gFg;gha;T nra;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; jhf;fj;ij fUj;JUthf;fk; nra;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; Copau;fspd; ,aysit ,J tsu;j;njLf;Fk;.

6. Xhpyf;f mstpw;Ff; Fiwf;fg;gl;L $Ljy; vspikg;gLj;jYld; r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu khw;wq;fspd; xU tpsf;fj;ij toq;Ftijtpl> vd;d elf;fpwJ vd;gJ njhlu;ghd xU njspthd tpsf;fj;ij ,J toq;Fk;.

7. vjid kjpg;gPL nra;tJ vd;w tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ntspg;ghLfis nfhz;buhj Kaw;rpfisf; fPopUe;J Nkyhf fz;fhzpf;fTk;> kjpg;gPL nra;aTk; ,jidg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

kpad;khu; kpad;khu; kpad;khu; kpad;khu; ---- rpNurpNurpNurpNu\\\\ ;;l cj;jpNahfj;ju; Kjy;epiyapy; ngWNgWfis;;l cj;jpNahfj;ju; Kjy;epiyapy; ngWNgWfis;;l cj;jpNahfj;ju; Kjy;epiyapy; ngWNgWfis;;l cj;jpNahfj;ju; Kjy;epiyapy; ngWNgWfis mwpfpwhu; mwpfpwhu; mwpfpwhu; mwpfpwhu;

“$wg;gl;l fijfshy; rpNu\;l cj;jpNahfj;ju; kpfTk; ftug;gl;ldu;. ,t;thwhd

tplaq;fis mtu;fs; kpfTk; mupjhfNt Nfl;Ls;sdu;!’’ ([pypad; gpnsr;ru;>

2004> CARE HIV/AIDS epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l MNyhrfu;)

mmmm.K.kh.K.kh.K.kh.K.kh El;gj;ijEl;gj;ijEl;gj;ijEl;gj;ij gad;gLj;jf;$ba kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jf;gad;gLj;jf;$ba kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jf;gad;gLj;jf;$ba kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jf;gad;gLj;jf;$ba kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jf; $lhj re;ju;g;gq;fs; $lhj re;ju;g;gq;fs; $lhj re;ju;g;gq;fs; $lhj re;ju;g;gq;fs; m.Kkh rpy epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l #oy;fSf;F Vidatw;iwtpl mjpfk; nghUe;Jk;. ,yFtpy; tiuaWf;fg;glf;$ba ntspg;ghLfisf; nfhz;l vspa epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspy; (jLg;G+rp toq;Fjy; Nghd;wit)> msTrhHe;j fz;fhzpg;G NghJkhdJ vd;gJld;> m.K.kh El;gj;ij tplf; Fiwe;jsT NeuNk mjw;F vLf;Fk;. Vida epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l mikTf;Fs;> rk;gpujha fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfs; me;j epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; ntspg;ghLfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;> fw;wiy Cf;Ftpf;fTk; NghjpasT jfty;fis toq;fhJ:-

• rpf;fyhd kw;Wk; khwhd KjpHr;rpaw;w tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk; gl;rj;jpy;

• ];jhgd hPjpapy; mjpf kl;lq;fisf; nfhz;l ghhpa ];jhgdq;fspy;

• r%f khw;wq;fs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jk; tplaq;fspy;

• Fwpj;jnthU nray; njhlHghd nfhs;iffspy; gq;Nfw;ifapy;


16

• fs CopaHfs; kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;WgtHfSld; njhlHr;rpahd njhlHGfisf; nfhz;bUf;f Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;bUg;gpd;

• ghuk;ghpa fz;fhzpg;G KiwikfSld; NghuhLifapy;

• rpwpa vz;zpf;ifapyhd gadhspfSf;F caHe;j juj;jpyhd jdpahf tbtikf;fg;gl;l Nritfs; toq;Fk; gl;rj;jpy;. (FLk;g csts MNyhrid Nghd;wit)

];jhgdnkhd;wpy; fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL nra;jy; vd;gd gy;NtW NjitfSf;Fg; gad;glyhk;. rpy NjitfSf;F Vidatw;iw tpl ngh.K.kh mjpfk; ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. vq;fsJ mDgtq;fspd;gb ngh.K.kh ntWkNd nghWg;Gf;$wiy tpl fw;Wf; nfhs;sy; kPjhd ftdk; nrYj;Jk; fz;fhzpj;jYf;F nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. mj;Jld; kf;fspd; tho;tpy; ,ilaPLfs; kw;Wk; njhopw;Jiw rhuhjtHfspd; $w;Wf;fis cs;slf;Ftjpy; MHtk; nfhz;bUg;gPHfshapd; ,JnthU nghUj;jkhdNjhH fUtpahfTk; cs;sJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhd CopaHfs; jq;fsJ gzpfspd; jhf;fq;fis epiyg;gLj;jTk;> gFg;gha;tjw;Fkhd mtHfsJ ,ay;jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; m.K.kh El;gk; cjTfpwJ. m.K.kh ,w;fhd nrytpdq;fs; mjdhyhd ed;ikfis epahag;gLj;jhj rpy re;jHg;gq;fSk; ,Uf;fj;jhd; nra;fpd;wd. gpd;tUtdtw;iw miltjpy; m.K.kh gad;gLj;jg;gl KbAkhapDk;> mNj Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltjpy; Fiwe;j Neu tpuaj;ijf; nfhz;l NtW topfSk; ,Uf;fyhk;.

• vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l khw;wj;ij epiyg;gLj;jy;

• nghJj; njhlHGfSf;fhfr; rpwe;j Gjpa fijfis cUthf;fy;

• G+Hj;jpahf;fg;gl;l xU epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; kjpg;gpliy kPsha;t nra;jy;

• gq;Fgw;WgtHfspy; ruhrhp mDgtq;fisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;sy;

• nghWg;Gf;$wy; NjitfSf;fhf kjpg;gPl;L mwpf;ifia jahH nra;jy;

• Jhpjkhd nryT Fiwe;j kjpg;gPl;ilg; G+Hj;jp nra;jy;

m.K.kh El;gj;jpd; mKy;gLj;jypw;F rpy epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l #oy;fs; kpf cfe;jitahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vq;fs; mDgtj;jpy;> m.K.kh El;gj;ij nray;jpwdhf;fr; nra;tjpy; Kf;fpakhdtHfs;:

• tplaq;fs; gpioahf my;yJ ghjfkhf eilngwy; mNjNghd;W ntw;wpahf my;yJ rhjfkhf eilngWjy; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; Vw;Wf; fye;JiuahLk; fyhr;rhuj;ijf; nfhz;l ];jhgdqfs;;:-

• rpwe;j Cf;Ftpj;jy; jpwd; nfhz;l jpwikrhypfs; (mjhtJ m.K.kh El;gj;ij Kd;Ndw;w KbAkhdtHfs;)


17

• NtWgl;l Kiwapy; Kaw;rp nra;Ak; ek;gpf;ifAldhd MHtk; nfhz;ltHfs;

• mZFKiwia kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gyKiw Kaw;rpg;gjw;fhd fhy mtfhrk; nfhz;lth;fs;

• gq;Nfw;ghsHfSf;F tpisTfspd; fpukkhd gpd;D}l;lypw;F ,aYkhd cl;fl;Lkhd trjpfs; nfhz;lth;fs;> kw;Wk;É

• rpNu\;l KfhikahsHfspdJ gw;WWjp

vq;F Nkyjpf jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;?vq;F Nkyjpf jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;?vq;F Nkyjpf jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;?vq;F Nkyjpf jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;? ,e;j topfhl;bapd; crhj;Jizg; gFjp tplak; njhlHghd Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd gy;NtW crhj;Jiz kw;Wk; MNyhridfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. Gjpa gad;gLj;jy;fs; kw;Wk; jw;NghJ gad;gLj;JNthH Nghd;Nwhhpd; mDgtq;fs; cl;gl njhlHr;rpahd jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F mjp Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wq;fspd;

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mostsignificantchanges. vDk; mQ;ry; gl;baypy; ,ize;J nfhs;syhk;. ,J wpf; ,dhy; cUthf;fg;gl;L> ,g;nghOJ ,UE}wpw;Fk; mjpfkhd cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mQ;ry; gl;bay; 1993 ,ypUe;J jw;NghJtiu m.K.kh gad;ghLs;s ];jhgdq;fs; kw;Wk; ehLfisf; nfhz;l xU Nfhitiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

If;fpa mnkhpf;fh If;fpa mnkhpf;fh If;fpa mnkhpf;fh If;fpa mnkhpf;fh – rpwpa jdpg;gl;l epfo;r;rrpwpa jdpg;gl;l epfo;r;rrpwpa jdpg;gl;l epfo;r;rrpwpa jdpg;gl;l epfo;r;rppppfSf;FfSf;FfSf;FfSf;F mmmm.K.kh I gad;gLj;jy;.K.kh I gad;gLj;jy;.K.kh I gad;gLj;jy;.K.kh I gad;gLj;jy;

.‘..........,e;j epfo;r;rpappD}lhf toq;fg;gl;l Nritfs; kpfTk; jdpg;gl;lit. epfo;r;rpf;;F te;j FLk;gq;fs; kpf NtWgl;l Njitfs; kw;Wk; Mw;wy;fisAilatHfshf ,Ue;jdH. Kd;Ndw;wkile;j FLk;gq;fspd; mwpf;ifapLk; gzp vq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ> MapDk; Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gjd; tiutpyf;fzk; xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpYk; NtWgl;lJ. khw;wj;jpd; mstplypw;F xU jug;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jtij kpfTk; rpukkhf;fpaJ. ,it vy;yhtw;Wf;Fkhd fhuzq;fspdhNyNa m.K.kh mZFKiwia ehk; Muha jPHkhdpj;Njhk;. ([_yp nua;Nd>2001> FLk;gf; fy;tpawpT epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;)

fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wp tpiuthff; fw;wy; fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wp tpiuthff; fw;wy; fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wp tpiuthff; fw;wy; fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wp tpiuthff; fw;wy; ---- NghHr;NghHr;NghHr;NghHr;####d; rQ;rpifd; rQ;rpifd; rQ;rpifd; rQ;rpif ''''xt;nthU ehSk; vd;d elf;fg; Nghfpwnjd Kd;dNu mwpa KbAkhapUg;gpd; cq;fshy; gy mjprakhd fhhpaq;fis Mw;w KbAk;. ePq;fs; ngUk; nry;te;juhf> murpay; nry;thf;Fkpf;ftuhf tuyhk;. MapDk; cz;ikapy; jq;fs; nrhe;j tho;f;ifapy; New;W vd;d eilngw;wJ vd;gJ njhpahkNyNa gyH ,Uf;fpNwhk;. MfNt New;W vd;d eilngw;wJ vd;gij vt;tsT tpiuthf fz;Lgpbf;fpNwhk; vd;gjpy; mNef Kaw;rpfs; kpFe;j rhjfkhd jd;ikiaf; fz;L nfhs;fpd;wd.“ (];Bt; n[hg;];> 1994:23


18

mj;jpahak; ,uz;L:mjp Kf;fpa khw;wj;ijmjp Kf;fpa khw;wj;ijmjp Kf;fpa khw;wj;ijmjp Kf;fpa khw;wj;ij mKy;gLj;JmKy;gLj;JmKy;gLj;JmKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tjw;fhd tjw;fhd tjw;fhd gj;Jg; gbepiyfs;gj;Jg; gbepiyfs;gj;Jg; gbepiyfs;gj;Jg; gbepiyfs;

xt;nthU gbepiyfs; kPJk; ehk; tpghpg;gjw;F Kd;dh; ve;jg; gbepiyfs; mbg;gilahdit> vit tpUg;gj;jpidnahl;bait vd;gijf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;tJ gad;kpf;fjhFk; .m.K.kh ,d; 10 gbKiwfSs;> gbKiw 4> 5 kw;Wk; 6 vd;gd mbg;gilr; nra;Kiwfis tiuaiw nra;fpd;wd.

• khw;wq;fspd; fijfisr; Nrfhpj;jy; (gbepiy 4)

• Fiwe;jJ xU gq;Nfw;Fk; FOthy; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j fijfisj; njhpjy; (gbepiy 5)

• rk;ge;jg;gl;l gq;Nfw;ghsh; ve;j khw;wq;fspd; fijfs; njhpT nra;ag;gl;ld kw;Wk; Vd; mit njhpT nra;ag;gl;ld njhlHghd gpd;D}l;ly;fis toq;Fjy;. (gbepiy 6)

Vida gbKiwfis cs;slf;FtJ ];jhgdj;jpd; gpd;dzp kw;Wk; m.K.kh gbKiwia mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Njit vd;gtw;wpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.

,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy;> gpd;tUk; gbKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp vt;tpjk; m.K.kh I mKy;gLj;Jtnjd ehk; fye;JiuahLNthk;: 1. Muk;gpj;jy;: m.K.kh ,w;F jpwikrhypfis epakpj;J mZF KiwfSld; ghpr;rakhjy;.

2. ‘khw;wq;fSf;fhd gug;ngy;iyia’ ];jhgpj;jy;.

3. mwpf;ifapLk; fhyj;jpid tiuaWj;jy;. 4. khw;wq;fspd; fijfisr; Nrfhpj;jy;. 5. fijfis ];jhgdj;jpd; mjpfhug; gbepiyfSf;Fs; kPs;ghprPyid nra;jy;. 6. kPs;ghprPuidr; nra;Kiwfs; gw;wpa gpd;D}l;ly;fisf; fpukkhf gq;Nfw;gtHfSf;F toq;Fjy;. 7. mtrpakhapd; fijfisr; rhpghHf;Fk; nra;Kiwf;fhd Xhplj;ij jahHgLj;jy;. 8. vz;zpf;ifaply;. 9. $l;lhf xd;wpize;J fijfis kPs;gFg;gha;jy;. 10. m.K.kh ,d; nra;Kiwfis kWrPuhf;fy;.


19

gbepiy 1: vt;tpjk; Muk;gpg;gJ kw;Wk; MHtj;ij mjpfhpg;gJgbepiy 1: vt;tpjk; Muk;gpg;gJ kw;Wk; MHtj;ij mjpfhpg;gJgbepiy 1: vt;tpjk; Muk;gpg;gJ kw;Wk; MHtj;ij mjpfhpg;gJgbepiy 1: vt;tpjk; Muk;gpg;gJ kw;Wk; MHtj;ij mjpfhpg;gJ El;gj;ij njhlq;FtJ mNefkhf kpfTk; rpukkhd gbepiyahFk;. njhopy;El;gj;jpd; nry;YgbahFk; jpwd; gw;wp kf;fs; Iaj;ijAk; mJ mjpfsthd Neuj;ij vLf;Fk; vd;w mr;rj;ijAk; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. mNefkhf MHtkpf;f xU jdpegNuh my;yJ rpwpa FotpdNuh m.K.kh ,y; MHtj;ij mjpfhpf;f Kaw;rp vLf;fpd;wdH. ,J tp[ak; nra;Ak; Kf;fpakhdtHfs; my;yJ FOf;fSf;F Kiwikiaf; fhz;gpg;gjd; %yk; rk;ge;jg;gl KbAk;;. ,J> Vida epfo;r;rpfspypUe;J fijfisr; rkHg;gpf;fTk; mwpf;iffis cjhuzkhff; fhz;gpf;fTk; mNefkhf cjTfpd;wJ. m.K.kh El;gk; mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F vspikahdJ kw;Wk; ntspg;gilahdJkhFk; vd;gJ njhptpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba nra;jpahFk;. m.K.kh El;gj;jpw;F gpd;dhYs;s nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;JNthH; Ghpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba Njitapy;iy. cq;fSf;F m.K.kh El;gj;jpy; MHtj;ij mjpfhpf;f Ntz;Lkhapd;> m.K.kh ,d; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; mJ cq;fs; ];jhgdj;jpy; tfpf;fg;NghFk; gq;F vd;gd gw;wp njspthf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. (mj;jpahak; 4Ig; ghHf;fTk;). fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gplypw;fhf m.K.kh XH jdpahf ,aq;Fk; El;gk; my;y vd;gij ehk; typAWj;JfpNwhk;. (mj;jpahak; 6 Ig; ghHf;fTk;). m.K.kh ,d; jj;Jtk; gw;wp NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;s tpUk;Gk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;NthH kw;Wk; gad;gLj;JNthUf;F mj;jpahak; 7 ,jw;F cs;shfTs;s fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;JtJld; m.K.kh mZFKiw vt;tpjk; kw;iwa mZF KiwfspypUe;J NtWgLfpd;wJ vd tpghpf;fpwJ. mZFKiwia tpghpg;gjw;fhd cUtfq;fs;mZFKiwia tpghpg;gjw;fhd cUtfq;fs;mZFKiwia tpghpg;gjw;fhd cUtfq;fs;mZFKiwia tpghpg;gjw;fhd cUtfq;fs; ePq;fs; m.K.kh El;gj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Kd;ndLg;ig Nkw;nfhs;gtuhf ,Ug;gpd; tpsf;Ftjw;F ctkhd> ctNkaq;fisf; nfhz;l cUtfq;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;. fPOs;sit tpUk;gj;jf;f rpy cjhuzq;fshFk;. nra;jpg; gj;jphpifnra;jpg; gj;jphpifnra;jpg; gj;jphpifnra;jpg; gj;jphpif xU nra;jpg; gj;jphpif New;iwa ehspd; Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fis

gf;fq;f@lhfTk; kw;Wk; ‘Fwpf;fhl;bfspd;’ gf;fq;fspdhYk; (rpy gFjpfspy;

,t;tpjk; fhzg;gl;lhYk;) rhuhk;rg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy> Mdhy; Rthurpakhd rk;gtq;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpf; fijfis gad;gLj;JfpwJ. gj;jphpiffs; ntt;NtW tplag; gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sjhf (ntspehl;Lr; nra;jp> cs;@H nra;jp> tzpfr; nra;jp> tpisahl;L kw;Wk; nghOJNghf;F Nghd;wit) ,Ug;gJ Nghd;Nw m.K.kh mjd; gug;ngy;iyfis gad;gLj;JfpwJ. Kf;fpakhd nra;jpfs; Kjy; gf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gLtJk; mjpy; kpf Kf;fpakhdit toikahf Kd;gf;fj;jpd; Nkw;gf;fj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk;.


20

kPd; $l;lk;kPd; $l;lk;kPd; $l;lk;kPd; $l;lk; xU r%f khw;w epfo;r;rp> XH nghJf;Fwpf;NfhNshL> Mdhy; xt;nthUtUk; jdpg;gl;l tpOkpaq;fis cilatHfshf rw;Nw khWgl;l jpirfspy; gazpf;Fk; (ePe;Jk;) vz;zw;w nraw;ghl;lhsHfis (kPd;fs;) nfhz;ljhFk;. m.K.kh jdpg;gl;l xt;nthU kPDk; kw;nwhd;Wld; njhlHghLtjw;F

cjTfpd;wJ: ‘cz;ikapy; ehq;fs; vy;yhUk; vq;Nf Nghf Ntz;Lk;?

Rwhf;fspypUe;J tpyfpg; ghJfhg;ghd ,lk; Nehf;fp ePe;jp Kl;ilaplg; Nghfpd;Nwhkh my;yJ czitj; Njbr; nry;tjh? m.K.kh midj;J kPd;fSk; Xustpw;F xNu jpirapy; ed;ikay;yhjtw;iw tpl;L tpyfp ed;ikahdtw;iw ehb ePe;Jtjw;fhd njhlHghliy cgNahfpf;fpd;wd. mJ xU nghJthd kjpg;G tha;e;j ,lk; Nehf;fp $l;lkhf ePe;jpr; nry;y cjTfpwJ. kw;WnkhU njhlHGgl;l cUtfk; xU mkPgh caphpdk;. Rw;wpAs;s #oypypUe;Nj rkpQ;iffisg; ngw;W mjdbg;gilapy; mJ tpUk;ghj ,lq;fspypUe;J tpyfp> NghfNtz;ba jpirapy; jd;id ePl;bg; gazpf;Fk;. tpLKiw Qhgfq;fs;tpLKiw Qhgfq;fs;tpLKiw Qhgfq;fs;tpLKiw Qhgfq;fs; fly; fle;J nrd;w xU tpLKiwapypUe;J vij Qhgfg;gLj;JfpwPHfs;? rhjhuz tplaq;fsh my;yJ rpwe;j mw;Gjkhdit kw;Wk; Nkhrkhd rk;gtq;fsh? m.K.kh kf;fs; FOf;fis ,e;j Qhgfg;gLj;jf; $ba epfo;Tfspy; ftdk; nrYj;jp ,e;epfo;Tfis Nkhrkhd tplaq;fistpl $Ljyhf rpwe;j> mw;Gjkhd tplaq;fis miltjw;fhd Kaw;rpfspy; xOq;fikf;f cjTfpwJ. fw;gjpy; mtjhdk; nrYj;Jifapy; ruhrhp mDgtq;fis tpl $Ljyhdtw;iwNa ehk; epidtpypUj;j Ntz;Lk;. czTr;rhiy czTg;gl;bay;czTr;rhiy czTg;gl;bay;czTr;rhiy czTg;gl;bay;czTr;rhiy czTg;gl;bay; m.K.gh vd;d eilngwfpd;wJ vd;gjd; xU tbtpid kl;Lk; jUtjpy;iy. khwhf xU epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; vtw;iw milfpd;wJ vd;gjd; xU njhlHr;rpahd ghHitiaj; jUfpd;wJ. gq;Nfw;Nghh; czTr;rhiy czTg;gl;baypypUe;J czitj; njhpT nra;tJ Nghd;w mNjtpjj;jpy; ,e;jg; ghHitfspypUe;Jk; njhpe;njLf;f KbAk;. njhpTfs; jdpg;gl;l tpUg;Gfspd; mbg;gilapyhdit. m.K.kh czTr;rhiyapy; cq;fs; njhpit Kaw;rpf;Fk;gb Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gLtJld; njhpTf;fhd fhuzj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. czTr;rhiy rikay;fhuH cld; gjpy; eltbf;if vLf;ff; $batuhdjhy; cq;fs; FOtpypUe;jhd (Nkir) njhpT rikay;fhuiu mLj;J tUk; thbf;ifahsH FOf;fSf;F czTg;gl;baypy; khw;wq;fisr; nra;a Cf;fg;gLj;Jk;.

mZFKiwAld; ghpr;rakhjy;mZFKiwAld; ghpr;rakhjy;mZFKiwAld; ghpr;rakhjy;mZFKiwAld; ghpr;rakhjy; mDgtq;fspypUe;J ehk; fw;Wf;nfhz;l kw;WnkhU Kf;fpakhd ghlk; rpwpajhf Muk;gpj;jy;. Kjypy; rpwpastpy; Kd;ndLf;fhky; nghpaJk;> rpf;fyhdJkhd m.K.kh Kiwikia mKy;gLj;j KidtJ ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;jyhk;. ];jghdk; xt;nthd;wpdJk; gpd;dzpr; #oy; NtWghlhdJ vd;gJld; Fwpg;gpl;l cq;fs; ];jhgdj;jpw;Nfw;g m.K.kh tbtikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. vJ rhptUk;> vJ rhptuhJ vd;gijf; fz;lwptjw;fhd xU Kd;Ndhbia elj;j Ntz;Lk;. m.K.kh El;gj;ij Kd;Ndhbahf


21

ghprPypf;Fk;NghJ> cq;fs; ];jhgdj;jpy; mjd; rhj;jpak; gw;wp MHtj;NjhLk; kw;Wk; Cf;fj;NjhLk; ,Uf;Fk; gphpT kw;Wk; kf;fSld; Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kaw;rpf;fTk;. jpwikrhypfspd; gq;Fjpwikrhypfspd; gq;Fjpwikrhypfspd; gq;Fjpwikrhypfspd; gq;F Kd;Ndhb Kaw;rp G+Hj;jpahf;fg;gl;L Nghjpastpyhd MHtk; cUthdjd; gpd; cq;fs; ];jhgdj;jpy; m.K.kh vq;F rpwg;ghf nghUe;Jfpwnjd;gij mwpe;J mq;F mjDld; gzpahw;w Muk;gpf;fTk;. ,e;j Muk;g epiyfspNyNa m.K.kh njhlHghf MHtj;Jld;> ,e;j njhopy;El;gj;jpy; jpwikrhypfshf ,Uf;ff; $ba MHtj;Jld; ,Ue;J ,r;nra;Kiwapy; topfhl;bfshf ,Uf;ff; $batHfis ,dk; fhz;gJ gad;kpf;fjhFk;. ,tHfs;> m.K.kh El;gj;ij ];jhgdk; KOtjpYk; vt;tpjk; mKy;gLj;j KbAnkd;gij tbtikg;gjpy; IDSS ed;nfhilahsHfspd; NjitfSf;F

mikthf elj;jy; vDk; rpwe;j eilKiwiag; gpd;gw;wpaJ. ,zf;fg;ghLfSld;

,zq;fpajw;F Nkyjpfkhf mT];jpNuypah va;l; (AusAid) ,d; Njitg;ghlhf

m.K.kh mZFKiw gpNuhpf;fg;gl;lJ....... jh;f;fhPjpahd fl;likg;G(Log frame) mbg;gil mZF Kiwf;F khw;wPlhf m.K.kh gpNuhpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fkhapd; ,e;j cjtp

fpilj;jpUf;f khl;lhJ vd IDSS vjpHghh;j;jJ. xU tUl mKyhf;fj;jpdbg;gilapy;

mT];jpNuypa va;l; IDSS ,d; nray;jpwid mstpLk; epiyapy; ,Ue;jJld;> mjd;

nraw;ghl;bw;F mikthf epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;ij toq;f vz;zpaJ.”

(Keren Winterford, 2003, IDSS)


22

gbepiy 2: khw;wj;jpd; gug;ngy;iyia tiuaWj;jy;gbepiy 2: khw;wj;jpd; gug;ngy;iyia tiuaWj;jy;gbepiy 2: khw;wj;jpd; gug;ngy;iyia tiuaWj;jy;gbepiy 2: khw;wj;jpd; gug;ngy;iyia tiuaWj;jy; khw;wj;jpd; gug;ngy;iyfs; vd;why; vd;d?khw;wj;jpd; gug;ngy;iyfs; vd;why; vd;d?khw;wj;jpd; gug;ngy;iyfs; vd;why; vd;d?khw;wj;jpd; gug;ngy;iyfs; vd;why; vd;d? khw;wj;jpw;fhd fijfspd; gug;ngy;iyfs; vd;gJ gue;j mNefk; njsptpy;yhj

tiffshFk;. CCDB ,y; m.K.kh ,y; gq;Fgw;wpNahH ehd;F gug;ngy;iyfspy;

Kf;fpakhd khw;wq;fis mtjhdpf;Fk;gb Ntz;lg;gl;ldH.

• kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juq;fspyhd khw;wq;fs;.

• mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;ghLfspy; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;Fk; jd;ikfspyhd khw;wq;fs;.

• kf;fs; ];jhgdq;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfspd; cWjpg;ghLfspyhd khw;wq;fs;.

• NtW VNjDk; khw;wq;fs;.

khw;wj;jpd; gug;ngy;iy vd;gJ xU Fwpfhl;bay;y. rpwe;j Fwpf;fhl;bfs;

‘];khHl;-SMART’ vd Mq;fpy KjnyOj;Jf;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; nrhw;gjq;fspd;

jd;ik nfhz;litahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;:

Specific -jpl;ltl;lkhdit

Measurable -mstplf;$ba

Achievable -milaf;$ba

Relevant -rk;ge;jKila

Time bound -fhytiuaiw

Fwpf;fhl;bfs; midtuhYk; xNutpjkhf mHj;jk; nfhs;Sk;gbahf tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. kWGwj;Nj gug;ngy;iyfs; me;jg; gFjpfspy; vJ khw;wj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;wNjh mjw;Nfw;g NtWgl;l mHj;jg;gLj;jy;fSf;F kf;fis mDkjpf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; njsptpy;yhj jd;ik nfhz;ljhf cs;sJ.

gug;ngy;iyfis vt;thW gad;gLj;Jjy;:gug;ngy;iyfis vt;thW gad;gLj;Jjy;:gug;ngy;iyfis vt;thW gad;gLj;Jjy;:gug;ngy;iyfis vt;thW gad;gLj;Jjy;:---- khw;wj;jpw;fhd gug;ngy;iyia gad;gLj;JtJ cldbahd eilKiwg; ngWkhdj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd khw;wq;fspd; fijfis ed;F ifahsf; $ba tifapyhd njhFjpfshf xOq;fikf;f cjTfpwJ> ,jd; %yk; xt;nthd;Wk; ed;F gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gLk;. gug;ngy;iyfis Kd;dNk jPHkhdpg;gjd; xU ed;ikahf mit fijfisr; Nrfhpf;Fk; kf;fSf;F> NjLgit gw;wpa rpy topfhl;ly;fis toq;Fk;. ,jdhy; fijfis mjpf tpguf;Fwpg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;litahf Njlhky; Njitahd khw;wq;fspd; tiffSld; cs;sitahf ,Ug;gJ gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;j KbAk;. Kd;dNu jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;l gug;ngy;iyfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ,uz;lhtJ fhuzk;> gy ];jhgdq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l jq;fs; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis Nehf;fp Kd;NdWfpd;wduh vd;gij gpd;njhlHe;J fz;fhzpg;gjw;F cjtpahf m.K.kh

El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;j tpUk;GtjhFk;. cjhuzkhf CCDB> gq;fshNj\py;


23

twpa r%fq;fs; jq;fs; r%fq;fspd; mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Nfw;gjw;F tho;f;ifj; juj;jpy; rw;W Nkk;gLjy; (Fiwe;jsT tWikAilatHfshtjw;F) Ntz;Lnkd tpUk;gpaJ. mr;nraw;ghLfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; cjtp toq;fYf;Fk; ];jhgdq;fs; epiyahdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Mdhy; CCDB xt;nthU cs;@Hr; r%fKk; jdpg;gl;l hPjpapy;

,f;Fwpf;Nfhs;fis NkYk; tpgukhf tiuaWf;f Ntz;Lnkd ek;gpaJ. mtHfs; ,e;j mgptpUj;jpfis midj;Jr; r%fq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;jhj> khw;wq;fspd; Fwpf;fhl;bfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fz;fhzpf;f tpUk;gtpy;iy. vdNt> mtHfs; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juq;fs;> kf;fs; gq;F gw;Wjy;fspd; jd;ik> kf;fs; ];jhgdq;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfspd; epiyahd jd;ik vd;gtw;Wld; ,ize;jjhf %d;W nghJthd khw;wq;fspd; tiffis (gug;ngy;iyfis) Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldH.

‘jpwe;j [d;dy;jpwe;j [d;dy;jpwe;j [d;dy;jpwe;j [d;dy;’ gug;ngy;iygug;ngy;iygug;ngy;iygug;ngy;iy NtWgl;l tif khw;wq;fis fz;fhzpg;gjw;F ];jhgdq;fs; gug;ngy;iyfis

gad;gLj;Jifapy;> ‘khw;wq;fspd; NtW VNjDk; tif’ gug;ngy;iy vd;gJ

ngaH Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ve;j tifg; gug;ngy;iyf;Fk; nghUe;jhj Kf;fpakhd khw;wq;fis gq;Fgw;WNthH mwptpf;f mDkjpf;Fk; gaDs;snjhU rpwe;j tifahFk;. ,J khw;wq;fspd; fijfisr; Nrfhpg;NghUf;F mtHfsJ nrhe;jr; #oy; gpd;dzpapy; vJ njhlHGilanjd mtHfs; epidf;fpwhHfNsh mtw;wpd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd Rje;jpuj;ijf; nfhLf;fpwJ. vjpHkiwahd khw;wq;fs;vjpHkiwahd khw;wq;fs;vjpHkiwahd khw;wq;fs;vjpHkiwahd khw;wq;fs; mK.kh El;gj;ij mKy;gLj;Jk; ];jhgdq;fs; vjpHNehf;Ffpd;w gpur;rpid vjpHkiwahd khw;wq;fs; kPJ njspthf ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;w xU gug;ngy;iyiaf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wjh vd;gjhFk;. vq;fsJ mDgtq;fs;> ,t;tpjkhd gug;ngy;iyfSf;Fl;gl;l 90 ,ypUe;J 95 tPjkhd fijfs; khw;wj;jpw;fhd rhjfj;jd;ikfisf; nfhz;lit. vt;thwhapDk; ,e;j vz;zpf;if> ,tw;wpw;F> nghWg;ghfTs;stHfs; ve;jstpw;F mwptpf;f Ntz;ba vjpHkiwahd kw;Wk; mNjNghd;W rhjfkhd khw;wq;fis njhptpf;fpwhHfs;

,J ve;j tiff;Fk;,J ve;j tiff;Fk;,J ve;j tiff;Fk;,J ve;j tiff;Fk; nghUe;jtpy;iynghUe;jtpy;iynghUe;jtpy;iynghUe;jtpy;iy


24

vd;gjw;fika khWgLfpwJ. mj;Jld; mwptpf;fg;gl;lgpd; ve;jstpw;F vjpHkiwahd khw;wq;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L rhjfkhd tifapy; gjpypWf;fg;gLfpd;wnjd;gjpYk; jq;fpAs;sJ. rpy ];jhgdq;fs; vjpHkiwahd fijfSf;fhf njspthf XH gug;ngy;iyia Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. ,jd;%yk; ntspg;gilahd xU Nfs;tpia cUthf;fpAs;sd. ,yf;F 10 ,d; rk;gtj;jpy; mT];jpNuypahtpd; tpf;NlhhpahtpYs;s Kf;fpakhd xU ghYzT cw;gj;jpj; njhopy; tphpthf;f

epfo;r;rpapy; ,e;j Nkyjpf gug;ngy;iy ‘fw;Wf;nfhz;l gbg;gpidfs;’ vd

miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,J ,Uf;Fk; vjpHkiwahd khw;wq;fspw;F xU NeH Row;rpiaf; nfhLj;jJld; mj;jifa rk;gtq;fspypUe;J ngWkjpahd gbg;gpidfis rhuhk;rg;gLj;jpg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; NjitiaAk;

typAWj;jpaJ. ADRA Laos> ‘Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU gFjpia gpujpgypf;Fk;

khw;wq;fs; (vjpHkiw) vd;wiof;fg;gLk; xU Nkyjpf gug;ngy;iyiag; gad;gLj;jp ,NjNghd;wNjhH mZFKiwiaf; iff;nfhz;ld.

gug;ngy;iyfspd; tiffs;gug;ngy;iyfspd; tiffs;gug;ngy;iyfspd; tiffs;gug;ngy;iyfspd; tiffs; gy m.K.kh gad;gLj;JdHfs; jdpg;gl;ltHfspd; tho;f;ifapd; khw;wq;fs; kPJ ftdk; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. Vnddpy; rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd; mbg;gilf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; ftdNk jdpg;gl;ltHfs; jhd; vd;gjhFk;. kw;WNkhH fhuzk; vd;dntdpy; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; ftdk; nrYj;JtJ nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; tpisTfs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jk; msThPjpahd kw;Wk; Fwpf;fhl;b mbg;gilapyhd fz;fhzpg;G Kiwikg; gpur;rpidia ,y;yhjhf;Ffpd;wJ.

vt;thwhapDk;> m.K.kh El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; rpyH> CCDB cl;gl

gFg;gha;Tfspd; xU njhFjpiatpl mjpfkhdtw;wpd; kPJ mjhtJ jdpg;gl;ltHfistpl mjpfkhdtw;wpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jk; gug;ngy;iyfisg;

gad;gLj;jpdh;. CCDB kf;fs; epWtdq;fspd; epiyahd jd;ikapy; epiyahd jd;ikapy; epiyahd jd;ikapy; epiyahd jd;ikapy; Kf;fpakhd

khw;wq;fis tpdtpaJ> MS nld;khHf; ];jhgd];jhgd];jhgd];jhgd eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;J

tpdtpaJ. mT];jpNuypahtpd; epyg;guhkhpg;G cjtp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk; KOr; r%fk; my;yJ nfhs;iffspd; khw;wq;fs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jk; gug;ngy;iyfis cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ. epA+rpyhe;J xf;];ghk; epWtdk; gq;Filikfspy; khw;wq;fs; gw;wp tpdtpaJ. ,tw;wpy; mNefkhdit kf;fis ikag;gLj;jpa gug;ngy;iyfshFk;. Mjyhy; gq;Fgw;WNthH nfhs;if nra;Kiwfs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jk; gug;ngy;iyfistpl $Ljyhf Ghpe;J nfhs;tH vd ehk; ek;GfpNwhk;.

nkhrhk;gpf; nkhrhk;gpf; nkhrhk;gpf; nkhrhk;gpf; ---- vz;zf;fUj;jpay; gug;ngy;iyfSldhd rpukq;fs;:vz;zf;fUj;jpay; gug;ngy;iyfSldhd rpukq;fs;:vz;zf;fUj;jpay; gug;ngy;iyfSldhd rpukq;fs;:vz;zf;fUj;jpay; gug;ngy;iyfSldhd rpukq;fs;:

“rpy gug;ngy;iyfs; Vidatw;wpidtpl ,yFthff; fpufpf;fg;glyhk;..........

cjhuzkhf ‘fyhr;rhuq;fSf;fpilapyhd ,zf;fg; gug;ngy;iyia tpsf;FtJ

rpukkhdJ. nkhrhk;gpf;fpy; ,J mjpfstpy; ve;j vr;rhpf;ifiaAk; Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy. Nldp\ ; kf;fis gq;fhspAld; itj;J CopaHfSf;fhd

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij elhj;Jk; MSf;F ,J rw;W Mr;rhpakhd mDgtkhf ,Ue;jJ.

vy;iyfs; fle;J xj;Jiog;Gfisj; J}z;LtNj ,yf;F vd xUtH $wpdhH.

(Peter sigygaard, 2002:10)


25

vt;tsT gug;ngy;iyfs; gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lvt;tsT gug;ngy;iyfs; gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lvt;tsT gug;ngy;iyfs; gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lvt;tsT gug;ngy;iyfs; gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;?k;?k;?k;? vq;fs; mDgtj;jpy; %d;W my;yJ Ie;J gug;ngy;iyfSf;fpilapyhd vz;zpf;if rkhspf;ff; $ba vz;zpf;ifahFk;. xt;nthU gug;ngy;iyapYk; fye;JiuahLtjw;Fg; gq;Fgw;WNthH ve;jsT Neuj;ijr; nrytplj; jahuhf cs;sdH vd;gNj kl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpahf ,Uf;Fk;. xU fye;JiuahlypNyNa midj;Jg; gug;ngy;iyfspYkhd khw;wq;fis kPsha;T nra;tjw;F ,uz;L kzpj;jpahyq;fSf;F Nky; vLf;Fkhapd; gq;F gw;WgtHfs; nra;Kiwfs; mjpf Neuk; vLg;gjhf fhz;gH. gug;ngy;iyfs; mtrpakhditah?gug;ngy;iyfs; mtrpakhditah?gug;ngy;iyfs; mtrpakhditah?gug;ngy;iyfs; mtrpakhditah? gug;ngy;iyfs; mtrpakhditay;y. mK.kh fijfs; gug;ngy;iyfshf tifg;gLj;jg; glhkNyNa XH FOthf (fPOs;s gbepiy 5I ghHf;fTk;) Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L> gFj;jhuha KbAk;. Fwpg;gpl;l gug;ngy;iyfs; tbtpy; topfhl;ly;fis toq;fhkNyNa gq;Fgw;WgtHfs; ntspapy; nrd;W Kf;fpakhd khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;J mtjhdpf;Fk;gb Nfl;f KbAk;. ghprPypg;gjw;F khw;wq;fspd; fijfs; Fiwe;jstpYs;s rpwpa ];jhgdq;fspw;F m.K.kh mZFKiw> gug;ngy;iyfs; ,y;yhky; ,yFthdjhf ,Uf;fr; rhj;jpag;glyhk;.

VSO Nghd;w; ];jhgdq;fspy;> ntspf;fs CopaHfs; VNjDk; m.K.kh

fijfis ,dk; fz;L Mtzg;gLj;j tpUk;gpdH. fijfs; ehl;bw;fhd mYtyf kl;lj;ijaile;j gpd;dNu mit ehl;bw;fhd mYtyfk; kw;Wk;

If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpYs;s VSO jiyik mYtyfk; njhlHghd

gug;ngy;iyfshf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. xU ];jhgdj;jpYs;s ,ilepiy kw;Wk; Nky;epiy CopaHfspilNa m.K.kh fijfisg; gug;ngy;iyfshf tifg;gLj;j mDkjpj;jJ rpy jw;nrayhd ed;ikfis cUthf;fpad. gug;ngy;iyfs; ];jhgd hPjpapyhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jkhapd; tifg;gLj;Jk; jPHkhdq;fs; me;j CopaHfs; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis vt;tpjk; mHj;jg;gLj;jpAs;shHfs; vd;gjid epWtdj;jpd; Vida gFjpapdUf;F ntspg;gLj;Jk;. fskl;lj;jpy;> tpNrlkhf epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpy; gq;Fgw;WNthH m.K.kh fijfis ,dk; fz;L njhptjpy; m.K.kh El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; ];jhgdk; ve;jstpw;F mjd; nrhe;jf; Fwpf;Nfhshy;

F[uhj; F[uhj; F[uhj; F[uhj; ---- tifg;gLj;jy; tpthjtifg;gLj;jy; tpthjtifg;gLj;jy; tpthjtifg;gLj;jy; tpthjj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ ,e;j re;jpg;Gf;fspy;> mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l khw;wq;fs; %d;W jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;L jiyik mYty kl;lj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gl;lJ. ,e;j KOg; gapw;rpapYk; CopaH $l;lk; kpFe;j MHtj;JlDk; kw;Wk; khw;wq;fspd;

tifg;gLj;jy; njhlHghd tpthjq;fSlDk; gq;Fgw;wpdH.” (Barry Underwood,

1996, AKRSP)


26

topelhj;jg;gLtijtpl gq;Fgw;WgtHfshy; topelhj;jg;gl tpUk;Gfpwnjd;gjpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.

gug;ngy;iyfs; vjd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jy; Ntz;Lk;?gug;ngy;iyfs; vjd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jy; Ntz;Lk;?gug;ngy;iyfs; vjd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jy; Ntz;Lk;?gug;ngy;iyfs; vjd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jy; Ntz;Lk;? khw;wj;jpd; gug;ngy;iyfs; vd;gJ m.K.kh El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; ];jhgdj;jhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l khw;wq;fis gw;wpajh my;yJ VidatHfs;> ];jhgdq;fs; my;yJ nghJthd nry;thf;Ffspdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lit gw;wpajh vd;gJ Fwpj;J mbf;fb xU Nfs;tp vOfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> jdpg;gl;ltHfspd; mjpfhpj;j gq;Fgw;wy;fs;> ];jhgdj;jpd; nrhe;jr; nraw;ghLfSld; njhlHGgLtijtpl fl;Lg;ghLfsw;w ,ize;J nfhs;sy; njhlHghd chpikfspd; murhq;fr; rl;lthf;fq;fspy; khw;wq;fis tpistpf;fyhk;. ,Ue;jNghjpYk; mNefkhd rKjhaq;fs; ,j;jifa khw;wq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jitahf fUJfpd;wd. eilKiwapy;> m.K.kh El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; mNefH> mtHfs; ];jhgdk; nra;tjd; Neub my;yJ kiwKf tpisTfspdhyhd khw;wq;fs; kPNj ftdk; nfhz;Ls;sd. vt;thwhapDk;> gy ];jhgdq;fs; Vw;fdNt cyif kpfTk; FWfpajhff; fhz;ifapy; ve;jnthU fhuzj;jpypUe;J cUthFk; khw;wj;jpd; fijfis ,dk; fhz;gJ MNuhf;fpakhdnjd tpthjj;jpw;fhf xU $w;W njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l gug;ngy;iyfs; ];jhgdj;jpd; gzp njhlHgpdhy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;jhditahf ,Uf;ifapy; kw;iwaJ ];jghdj;jhy; Vw;gLj;jg;glhj my;yJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jg;glhj khw;wq;fs; gw;wpajhf ,Uf;fyhk;.

,jid Nkw;nfhs;tJ> fpwp]; Nuhr; (1999) tpghpj;j xU ‘nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;F

ntspNa’ kw;Wk; xU #o;epiyf;Fs;Ns’ vd;Dk; vz;zf;fUj;ijg; Ghpe;J

nfhs;s cjTk;.

njw;F mT];jpNuypah njw;F mT];jpNuypah njw;F mT];jpNuypah njw;F mT];jpNuypah – Kd; jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;l gug;ngy;iyfis Kd; jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;l gug;ngy;iyfis Kd; jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;l gug;ngy;iyfis Kd; jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;l gug;ngy;iyfis Kd;dpWj;jhjpUf;f jPHkhdpj;jy;Kd;dpWj;jhjpUf;f jPHkhdpj;jy;Kd;dpWj;jhjpUf;f jPHkhdpj;jy;Kd;dpWj;jhjpUf;f jPHkhdpj;jy; “khw;wq;fspd; gug;ngy;iyfis nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; NjitfSf;F mikthf nghWg;Gf; $wypd; Fwpg;gpl;l tif rhd;WfSf;fhf tpjpf;f KbAkh vd nra;Kiwfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; vq;fs; Kaw;rpfspd; Muk;gj;jpy; tpthjpj;jJz;L. (Nltp]pd; gq;fshNj\; njhlHghd gzpfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ). Vnddpy;> nra;Kiwfspy; cs;slq;fpAs;s fw;Wf; nfhs;siy Kjd;ikg;gLj;j tpUk;gpNdhk;. gq;Fgw;WgtHfs; nraw;wpl;lj;Jldhd


27

gug;ngy;iyfisj; jPHkhdpg;gjpy; ahH mile;j cWjpahd mjpfhukspj;jiyr; nraypof;fr; nra;Ak; rhj;jpaj;jpidf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,e;jg; ngz;fspd; chpikfs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jtjw;F foptfw;wy; Kfhikj;Jtk; kPJ xU gue;j MNyhrid

eltbf;if Njitahf ,Uf;Fk;.” (ypd;lh nfhp> gw;wpf; fpy;gp>

espdp fhrpehjd;> 2004.).


28

gug;ngy;iyfs; khw;wj;jpd; fijfs; Nrfhpf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;G my;yJ khw;wj;jpd; fijfis mHj;jKs;s njhFjpfshf tifg;gLj;Jk; nghOJ (Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lijg; ghHf;fTk;) ,dk; fhzg;glyhk;. ,J ];jhgdk; gioa mDgtq;fshy; njhlHr;rpahf top elhj;jg;gLfpwJ vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf ve;jstpw;F Gjpa mDgtq;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F jpwe;jepiyapy; cs;snjd;gjpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. m.K.kh nra;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; mjd; tpisTfs; gw;wpa VNjDk; Mtzg;gLj;jy;fs;> gug;ngy;iyfs; vt;tpjk; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;ld vd;gijr; RUf;fkhf tpghpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J KbTfs; gw;wp thrpf;Fk; VidNahiu tplaq;fSld; njhlHGgLj;j cjTk;.

gbepiy 3: mwpf;ifapLk; fhyg;gFjpia tiuaiw gbepiy 3: mwpf;ifapLk; fhyg;gFjpia tiuaiw gbepiy 3: mwpf;ifapLk; fhyg;gFjpia tiuaiw gbepiy 3: mwpf;ifapLk; fhyg;gFjpia tiuaiw nra;jy;nra;jy;nra;jy;nra;jy; m.K.kh ,d; mNefkhd gpuNahfq;fs; xU fz;fhzpg;G fz;fhzpg;G fz;fhzpg;G fz;fhzpg;G tbtpy; mike;jitahFk;. fz;fhzpj;jy; fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; fpukkhd jfty; Nrfhpg;NghL rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; fz;fhzpj;jypd; epfo;jfT epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; ];jhgdj;jpd; jd;ikfisg; nghWj;J khw;wkilfpwJ. ,J m.K.kh El;gj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhdJ. khw;wj;jpd; fijfis Nrfhpj;jypd; epfo;jfT ,Uthuj;jpypUe;J xU tUlk; tiu NtWgLfpd;wJ. kpfTk; nghJthd epfo;jfthf> gy ];jhgdq;fspYs;s fhyhz;Lf;F xUKiw mwpf;ifapLjYld; nghUe;Jk; tpjj;jpyhd %d;W khjj;jpw;fhd KiwAs;sJ.

VSO ,dhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Fiwe;j epfo;jfthd tUlhe;j mwpf;ifaplypy;>

CopaHfs; kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l gq;Fgw;WgtHfs; Mfpa ,U jug;ghUk; m.K.kh nra;Kiw vt;tpjk; nraw;gLfpwJ my;yJ vjw;fhf ,J gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ vd;gij kwe;J tpLtjw;fhd rhj;jpaKs;sJ. ,J m.K.kh El;gj;ij vt;tpjk; gad;gLj;Jtnjd;gij fw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; XH Fiwe;j Ntfj;ijAk;> mNjNghd;W m.K.kh El;gj;jhy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLk; ];jhgdq;fspd; fw;wy;fspYk; Fiwe;j Ntfj;ijNa ,it fUJfpd;wd. kWGwj;Nj tUlhe;j Kiwapyhd Row;rp Fiwe;j Neuk; kw;Wk; tsq;fspd; NjitiaAk; nfhz;bUg;gjhy; rpy #o;epiyfspy; nghUj;jkhditahf ,Uf;fyhk;.

tpf;Nlhhpah: gug;ngy;iyfis cUthf;Ftjpy; fPopUe;J NkyhdnjhU tpf;Nlhhpah: gug;ngy;iyfis cUthf;Ftjpy; fPopUe;J NkyhdnjhU tpf;Nlhhpah: gug;ngy;iyfis cUthf;Ftjpy; fPopUe;J NkyhdnjhU tpf;Nlhhpah: gug;ngy;iyfis cUthf;Ftjpy; fPopUe;J NkyhdnjhU mZFKiwmZFKiwmZFKiwmZFKiw

“mT];jpNuypahtpd; tpf;Nlhhpahg; gpuhe;jpa tlkj;jpapy; yhz;l;nfaH (Landcare) ,y; 140f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l khw;wj;jpw;fhd fijfs; gug;ngy;iyfspy;yhJ NeHfhzy; Kiwapy; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fijfs; gpd;dH ,r;nra;Kiwf;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l nraw; FOthy; ghprPypf;fg;gl;ld. ,f;FO Kjypy; khw;wq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplhj my;yJ Nghjpastpyhd tpguq;fspy;yhj fijfisg; GwnkhJf;fpaJ. gpd;dH mtHfs; vQ;rpa fijfis xNu khjphpahd tpisTfisf; nfhz;ltw;iw (gug;ngy;iyfs;) xd;whfj; njhFj;J tifg;gLj;jpdH. ,jd;NghJ ehq;fs; khw;wq;fspd; VO gug;ngy;iyfSld; KbTf;F te;Njhk;.” (n[]; lhHl;> 2004 ,y; Nkw;nfhz;l mtjhdpg;Gfs;).


29

mjpf epfo;jfT nfhz;l mwpf;ifaplypy;> m.K.kh nra;Kiwapy; mbf;fb mwpf;ifaply; Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wq;fspd; ePz;lfhykhf mwpag;gl;l rk;gtq;fs; KOikahfg; ghtpf;fg;gLk; epiyf;F tpiutpy; ,l;Lr; nry;tJld; ,dk; fhzg;glf;$ba FWfpafhy Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wq;fspd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jk; epiyf;Fk; ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;. mbf;fb mwpf;ifaply; gq;Fgw;WgtHfspd; mjpf Neuj;jpid vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wJ vd;gjhy; mbg;gilapy; nryTfs; mjpfhpf;fpd;wd. m.K.kh Elgj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; xt;nthU ];jhgdKk; nghUj;jkhd mwpf;ifapLk; fhyk; Fwpj;J> nrytPd rhjfq;fis ftdj;jpy; nfhz;LÉ

jw;nghOJs;s M&E Kiwikia ftdj;jpy; nfhs;shjjhf ,Uf;Fk;

mwpf;ifapLk; Kiwfis ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L jq;fs; nrhe;jj; jPHkhdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. vq;fsJ mDgtq;fs;> ];jhgdq;fs; m.K.kh El;gj;ij kpfTk; fpukkhd mwpf;ifAld; Muk;gpj;J nra;Kiw njhlug;gLifapy; mjd; epfo;jfitf;

Fiwg;gjhf $Wfpd;wd. gq;fshNj\py; (CCDB) khw;wj;jpd; fijfs; Kjy;

,uz;L khjq;fspy; xt;nthU ,Uthuq;fSf;nfhUKiw Nrfhpf;fg;gl;ld. ,J gpd;dH khjhe;j njhpthf gpd;gw;wg;gl;L> gpd;dH Kjy; ,uz;L tUlq;fspy; %d;W khjq;fspw;nfhU Kiwahf khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpf;Nlhhpah rk;gtj;jpy; (,yf;F 10) Muk;gj;jpy; khjhe;j njhpT nra;Kiw %d;W khjq;fSf;nfhU Kiwahfg; ghpzhkk; mile;jJ. m.K.kh nra;Kiw Kjy; jlitahf ePq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;Jifapy; kf;fs; khw;wj;jpd; fijfs; KOtijAk; Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; MHtkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. mKy;gLj;Jjy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Lr; nry;ifapy; ,e;j tuyhw;Wf; fijfs; gad;ghl;il ,oe;J kpf mz;ika rk;gtq;fs; njhlHghd gpd;dH te;j fijfs; njhlHGf;Fl;gLgitahf khwpapUf;fyhk;. ,e;j khw;wk; cUthf;fg;gLk; fijfspd; vz;zpf;ifapd; FiwTld; ,ize;jjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.

fhdh fhdh fhdh fhdh – jw;Nghija fhyj;jpd; fijfSf;fhd Njitjw;Nghija fhyj;jpd; fijfSf;fhd Njitjw;Nghija fhyj;jpd; fijfSf;fhd Njitjw;Nghija fhyj;jpd; fijfSf;fhd Njit

“fijfis vOJtjw;Fk; kw;Wk; mjd; kPsha;Tf;Fkpilapy; NtWgl;l

fhyjhkjq;fs; ,Ue;jd> ,J rpyrkaj;jpy; rpy khw;wq;fspd; cldbj; jd;ik ,of;ff;$ba epiyia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,f;fijfs; fhyhz;L mwpf;iffspy; Vw;fdNt njhptpf;fg;gl;L tpl;ljpdhy; mit ,e;j mg;gpahrj;jpd; Njitf;fhf kPsha;T nra;ag;gLifapy; gioadthf

,Ue;jd.” (N[hd;];ld;> 2002).


30

gbepiy 4:gbepiy 4:gbepiy 4:gbepiy 4:mjp mjp mjp mjp Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wKs;s fijfisr; Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wKs;s fijfisr; Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wKs;s fijfisr; Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wKs;s fijfisr; Nrfhpj;jy;Nrfhpj;jy;Nrfhpj;jy;Nrfhpj;jy; Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wKs;s fijfis ntspf;nfhzHjy;Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wKs;s fijfis ntspf;nfhzHjy;Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wKs;s fijfis ntspf;nfhzHjy;Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wKs;s fijfis ntspf;nfhzHjy; m.K.kh ,y; Kf;fpakhd gFjp gq;Fgw;WgtHfSf;fhd jpwe;j ghq;fpyhdNjhH Nfs;tpahFk;.

‘fle;j khjj;jpy; jpUk;gpg; ghHf;ifapy; r%fj;jpy; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juq;fspy; Vw;gl;l Kf;fpakhd khw;wnkJntd ePq;fs;

fUJfpwPHfs;?’ ,e;j cjhuzk;> 1994 ,y; gq;fshNj\pd; uh[;\fp vd;Dkplj;jpy; m.K.kh I

Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpa CCDB ,ypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;Nfs;tp MW

gFjpfisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ:

1. ‘fle;j khjj;jpy; jpUk;gpg; ghHf;ifapy;.......fle;j khjj;jpy; jpUk;gpg; ghHf;ifapy;.......fle;j khjj;jpy; jpUk;gpg; ghHf;ifapy;.......fle;j khjj;jpy; jpUk;gpg; ghHf;ifapy;.......’ ,J Fwpg;gpl;lNjhH fhyj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

2. ..........’ePq;fs; vd;d epidf;fpwPHfs;.....ePq;fs; vd;d epidf;fpwPHfs;.....ePq;fs; vd;d epidf;fpwPHfs;.....ePq;fs; vd;d epidf;fpwPHfs;.....’ ,J gjpypWg;ghsHfsJ nrhe;jf; fUj;jpd;gbapyhd jPHkhdj;ij mg;gpahrpf;f Ntz;LfpwJ.

3.‘..............kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;JtkhdkpfTk; Kf;fpaj;JtkhdkpfTk; Kf;fpaj;JtkhdkpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd.........’ ,J gjpypWg;GgtHfis> vy;yhtw;iwg; gw;wpAk; fUj;Jiuf;fhJ> njhpe;njLg;gtHfshf> xd;wpd; Nky; kl;Lk; ftdk; nrYj;jp Fwpg;gpLk;gb Ntz;LfpwJ.

4. ‘........khw;wk;khw;wk;khw;wk;khw;wk;....................’ ,J gjpypWg;ghsHfis Kd;ida mwptpg;Gf; fhyg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;j epiyikfspd; epiyahd mk;rq;fs; my;yJ vijahtJ xd;iwg; gw;wpapy;yhky; mtjhdpj;j xU khw;wj;ijg; gw;wp mjpfk; njhpTilajhf ,Uf;Fk;gb Ntz;LfpwJ.

5. ‘.......kkkkf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juj;jpyf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juj;jpyf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juj;jpyf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juj;jpy;........’ ,J gjpypWg;ghsHfis> midj;J khw;wq;fs; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gplhky;> kf;fsJ tho;f;ifj;juj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk; Fwpj;Jf; $Ljy; njhpTilatHfshf ,Uf;Fk;gb Ntz;LfpwJ. ,e;j Nkw;Nfhs; xU khw;wj;jpd; gug;ngy;iyia tpghpg;gJld; khw;wq;fspd; Vida gug;ngy;iyfisAk; khw;wpaikf;f KbfpwJ.

cjhuzkhf> CCDB ,d; kw;WnkhU m.K.kh Nfs;tp ‘kf;fs; gq;Fgw;wypy; mtjhdpj;j khw;wj;ij Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

6.‘........r%fj;jpy;......’ ,e;j thf;fpaj;jpd; Kjy; gFjpiag; Nghd;W> ,JTk; rpy vy;iyfis ];jhgpf;fpwJ. Fwpg;gpl;l re;jHg;gj;jpy; ehk; mnkhpf;fhtpd; epA+NahHf; my;yJ my];fh efuq;fspYs;s kf;fspd; tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpf; Nfl;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; gq;fshNj\pd; uh[;\fp gw;wpf; Nfl;fpNwhk;. ,e;jg; gFjpAk; Vw;wthW rhpnra;ag;glyhk;.


31

Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wf; fijfis vt;tpjk; njKf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wf; fijfis vt;tpjk; njKf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wf; fijfis vt;tpjk; njKf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wf; fijfis vt;tpjk; njhptJ?hptJ?hptJ?hptJ? Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wj;jpd; fijfis ,dk; fz;L> Mtzg;gLj;Jtjw;F gy topfs; cs;sd. ,jidj; njhpe;njLf;Fk; Kiwfs;> ];jhgdk; mjd; NjitfSf;F khwhf fhyj;jpw;Fj; jFe;j tprhhpj;jwpjy;fs; %yk; mjd; fs CopaHfspd; mwptDgtq;fisj; jl;b Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wq;fspd; Gjpa fijfis Kidg;Gld; Njl tpUk;Gtjpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. gq;Nfw;gtHfspd; eilKiwapYs;s gq;F gw;wy; nra;KiwfspD}lhfj; Njly;fSf;fhd Neuk; Vw;fdNt ,Ue;jhyd;wp gq;Fgw;W gtHfspw;F Njitahd Neu msitg; nghWj;jstpy; cz;ikahd NjLjy; vd;gJ kpfTk; NjitAila tplakhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. Nehf;fq;fSldhd NeHfhzy;fs; %ykhd Kidg;ghd

Njly;fSk; gjpypWg;ghsHfshy; ‘vjpHghHf;fg;gLk;’ khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;

mghaj;ijf; nfhz;litahf cs;sd. fs CopaHfs; Ntz;bf; nfhs;shj MapDk; Nfl;lwpe;j fijfis gjpT nra;jy;fs CopaHfs; Ntz;bf; nfhs;shj MapDk; Nfl;lwpe;j fijfis gjpT nra;jy;fs CopaHfs; Ntz;bf; nfhs;shj MapDk; Nfl;lwpe;j fijfis gjpT nra;jy;fs CopaHfs; Ntz;bf; nfhs;shj MapDk; Nfl;lwpe;j fijfis gjpT nra;jy;

,e;j re;jHg;gj;jpy;> fs cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; jhq;fs; Ntz;bf; nfhs;shj MapDk; Nfl;lwpe;j fijfis mtHfsJ gzpfspd;NghJ Mtzg;gLj;jpf;

nfhz;lhHfs;. ,e;j cj;;jp CCDB cjhuzj;jpd;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,q;F

CCDB ,d; rpwe;j fs CopaHfs; gadhspfSld; jpdrhpf; flikfspd;NghJ

neUq;fpa njhlHGfis NgZifapy; khw;wj;jpd; fijfis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy; vd;gJ ,q;F ntspg;gLk; fUj;jhFk;. ,t;tpjk; mtHfshy; fijfs; vijNaidAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbatpy;iyahapd; mJNt mtHfsJ flikfspd; juk; gw;wpa rkpf;iQiaj; jUfpwJ. ,q;F m.K.kh CopaHfsJ flikfisAk; fz;fhzpg;gNjhL> ];jhgdj;jpd; gadhspfsJ tho;f;ifiaAk; fz;fhzpf;fpwJ. (fPOs;s gpd;ida fz;fhzpg;gpidg; ghHf;fTk;). NeHfhzy; kw;Wk; Fwpg;ngLj;jy;NeHfhzy; kw;Wk; Fwpg;ngLj;jy;NeHfhzy; kw;Wk; Fwpg;ngLj;jy;NeHfhzy; kw;Wk; Fwpg;ngLj;jy; rpy ];jhgdq;fs; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l egh;fs; %yk; NeHfhzg;gLtjw;Fk;> tphpthd Fwpg;Gf;fis vOjpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; Cf;fkspf;fpd;wd. ,e;j Kiwia cWjpg; gLj;Jtjw;F NeHfhziy Nkw;nfhz;ltHfs; jq;fsJ Fwpg;Gf;fis fij nrhy;ypathplk;> mtH $wpa fijapd; rhuhk;rk; fpufpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gjid epr;rag; gLj;jpf; nfhs;s kPz;Lk; thrpj;Jf; fhl;LtH. fij $Wgthpd; mNj thHj;ijg; gpuNahfq;fisf; fij nfhz;bUf;Fkhapd; mJ $Ljy; ngWkjpAilajhFk;. ,e;j El;gj;ij gpd;dpizg;G 2 ,y; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Nghd;w gFjp fl;likf;fg;gl;l NeHfhzy; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Nkk;gLj;j KbAk;. Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wq;fspd; gy fijfis xU Fwfpa fhyj;Js; Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;F Nehf;fp mHg;gzpg;NghL flikahw;Wk; xU FO %yk; cUthf;Ftjpy; ,t;tpjkhd NeHfhzy;fs; gad;kpf;fitahf ,Uf;Fk;. fijfis xypehlhtpy; xypg;gjpT nra;J gpd;dH mtw;iw ciu ngaHg;gJ %yKk; gjpT nra;J nfhs;sKbAk;. Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wq;fspd; fijfis ,dk; fhz;gjpy; vjpHtpidAld; $bajhd Kiw> m.K.kh El;gk; fz;fhzpg;Gr; nra;Kiwf;fpy;yhJ kjpg;gPl;Lj; Njitf;fhf gad;gLj;Jifapy; tpNrlkhd gad;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.


32

FOepiyf; fye;Jiuahlypd;NghJFOepiyf; fye;Jiuahlypd;NghJFOepiyf; fye;Jiuahlypd;NghJFOepiyf; fye;Jiuahlypd;NghJ xUtH kw;nwhUtiu NeHfhz;gijtpl xU FOtpdH jq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd fijfisg; gfpHe;J nfhs;sKbAk;. ,q;F> ,yf;F 10 rk;gtj;jpy;> FOepiyf; $l;lq;fspy; fijfisg; gfpHtJ $l;lj;jpy; gq;Fgw;Wk; Vida gq;Nfw;ghsHfis tptrhapfsplk; ,Ue;Jk; Nkyjpf fijfis ntspf;nfhzHtjw;F mjpfk; toptFj;jJ. xU fijf;Fg; gjpyhf kw;WNkhH fijiar; nrhy;tJ xU kdpj ,ay;G. ,e;jf; fhuzj;jhy; cldbahd fijfisg; gjpT nra;tjw;F xypg;gjpTf; fUtp gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J kpfTk; gad;kpf;fJk;> mDgtpf;ff; $baJkhd fijfs; Nrfhpf;Fk; Kiw. FOepiyapy; njhptpf;fg;gLk; fijfis vOj;J%yk; Mtzg;gLj;jTk; KbAk;. gadhsp Neubahf fijia vOJjy;gadhsp Neubahf fijia vOJjy;gadhsp Neubahf fijia vOJjy;gadhsp Neubahf fijia vOJjy; ,d;DNkhH Kiw gadhspfs; Neubahf jq;fsJ nrhe;jf; fijfis Mtzg;gLj;Jt jhFk;. ,yf;F 10 ,d; mNef re;jHg;gq;fspy; tptrhapfs; Kd;dNk vOjg;gl;l fijfis $l;lq;fSf;F nfhz;L te;jdH. vt;thwhapDk;> tptrhapfs; jq;fs; kdjpy; ,Uf;Fk; fijfisf; $l;lj;jpd;NghJ Mtzg;gLj;JtNj kpfTk; toikahdjhFk;. FO epiyf; fye;Jiuahly;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwfs;> fz;fhzpj;jy; nra;Kiwfspy; gq;Nfw;ghsHfSf;fhf Kd;dNk eilKiwapYs;s nray;Kiwapd; ghtidapy; jq;fpAs;sJ.

epf;fuFthepf;fuFthepf;fuFthepf;fuFth----fijfistpl rhd;Wfs; fijfistpl rhd;Wfs; fijfistpl rhd;Wfs; fijfistpl rhd;Wfs; “Mq;fpyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l gjk; fij> ,J ];ghdpa nkhopapy;

fpAd;Nlh my;yJ `p];Nlhhpah vd;W fUjg;gLk;. ];ghdpa nkhop kw;Wk; Mq;fpy nkhop Mfpa ,uz;bYk; ,e;jr; nrhw;gjk; ajhHj;jj;ijtpl fw;gidAld; $Ljyhf ,ize;jpUe;jjhy; m.K.kh ,d; gpuNahf Kiwfspy; Fog;gj;ij Vw;gLj;j KbAk;. fij Nrfhpg;gtH ,jd; %yk; ep[tho;f;ifapypUe;jhd fijf;Fg; gjpyhf khw;wq;fis cUtfg;gLj;Jk;

fijfis cUthf;f Kay;tH. me;jf; fhuzj;jpw;fhf ehd; rhd;W/tpguk;

vd;w gjj;ij gad;gLj;jj; jPHkhdpj;Njd;. Vnddpy; ,J ep[tho;f;ifapd;

xU epfo;tpd; mDgtk; vd;w fUj;ij czHj;jp epw;fpwJ.” (fpy; N`hk;];>

yp];gj; gPl;lH]d;> fhH];ld; NfHf;fhHl;> ,gp];> nld;khHf;> 2003)


33

vd;d jfty;fs; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;?vd;d jfty;fs; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;?vd;d jfty;fs; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;?vd;d jfty;fs; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;?

Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba jfty;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;: 1.1.1.1. fijfisr; Nrfhpj;jtH ahH kw;Wk; rk;gtq;fs; vg;nghOJ eilngw;wd vd;gJ gw;wpa jfty;fs;.jfty;fs;.jfty;fs;.jfty;fs;.

2.2.2.2. eilngw;wJ vd;d? – Nghd;w fijapd; tpguq;fs;tpguq;fs;tpguq;fs;tpguq;fs;

3333. fij $WgtUf;F fijapy; tpghpj;j rk;gtq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;Kf;fpaj;Jtk;Kf;fpaj;Jtk;Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fijia ahH> vg;nghOJ Nrfhpj;jJfijia ahH> vg;nghOJ Nrfhpj;jJfijia ahH> vg;nghOJ Nrfhpj;jJfijia ahH> vg;nghOJ Nrfhpj;jJ vd;gtw;wpd; Mtzg;gLj;jy;fs; thrfiu fijapd; gpd;dzpNahL ,izg;gJld;> Njitg;gLkplj;J fij gw;wpa VNjDk; tpsf;f tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk; VJthf cs;sJ. Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wj;jpd; fij mJ $wg;gl;lJ Nghd;Nw Mtzg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. khw;wk; gw;wpa tpguk;> kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wk; ahH rk;ge;jg;gl;bUe;jJ> vd;d eilngw;wJ> vq;Nf> vg;NghJ Nghd;w cz;ikahd jfty;fis cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,aYkhdnghOJ> xU fij rk;gtq;fs; eilngw;w xOq;fpy; vspikahf tpghpg;gitahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

fij $WgtUk; mtuJ ghHitapy;> fijapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp tpsf;FkhW Ntz;lg;gLtH. ,J m.K.kh El;gj;jpd; xU Kf;fpakhd gFjp. rpy fij $WgtHfs; jq;fs; fijfis ,ay;ghfNt ,e;j tpjj;jpy; Kbg;gH> MapDk; VidatHfs; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jg; gFjp ,y;yhky;> fijia thrpj;J> fye;JiuahLgtHfSf;Fk; fij $WgtUf;Fk; fij Vd;

vq;fs; tho;f;ifvq;fs; tho;f;ifvq;fs; tho;f;ifvq;fs; tho;f;if khw;wkile;khw;wkile;khw;wkile;khw;wkile;Js;sJJs;sJJs;sJJs;sJ

mijg; gw;wpmijg; gw;wpmijg; gw;wpmijg; gw;wp vdf;vdf;vdf;vdf;Ff; Ff; Ff; Ff; $Wq;fs;$Wq;fs;$Wq;fs;$Wq;fs;


34

Kf;fpaj;JtkhdJ vd;gijg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s KbahjpUf;Fk;. cjhuzj;jpw;F> xU ngz; r%f $l;lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W gpd;dhypUe;J xU Nfs;tp Nfl;gijg;

gw;wp fijahfr; nrhy;yf;$Lk;. ‘mjw;nfd;d?’> vd ePq;fs; epidf;fyhk;.

gpd;dH mtH Vd; me;jf; fij Kf;fpakhdJ vdf; $Wifapy;> Kd;dH r%ff; $l;lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W fye;J nfhs;tjpy; ek;gpf;ifapy;yhjpUe;jjhfTk;> me;j epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk; mtH ek;gpf;ifiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s cjtpaJld; Kjy; jlitahf fpuhkj;Jg; nghpatHfs; Kd;ghf jdJ fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;j Kbe;jJ vdf; $wyhk;. Mtzg;gLj;jypy; tpUg;gj;jpw;Fhpa tplaq;fs;Mtzg;gLj;jypy; tpUg;gj;jpw;Fhpa tplaq;fs;Mtzg;gLj;jypy; tpUg;gj;jpw;Fhpa tplaq;fs;Mtzg;gLj;jypy; tpUg;gj;jpw;Fhpa tplaq;fs; gj;jphpifapd; nra;jpf; fl;Liufspy; gad;gLj;JtJ Nghd;w xU jiyg;G my;yJ jiyaq;fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wf; fijf;F xU gaDs;s NrHf;ifahf;fyhk;. gq;F gw;WgtHfSf;F ,it Vidatw;Wld; njhlHGgLj;jp xg;gpLtjw;F trjpahd ifgpbfshfg; gad;glyhk;. mj;Jld; ,J vOJgtiu Njitahd tplaq;fis tbfl;br; rhuhk;rj;ij kl;Lk; njhlHghl cjTfpwJ.

CCDB ,y;> ‘Vd; ,J cq;fSf;f Kf;fpaj;JtkhdJ?’ vd;w Nfs;tpia mJ

‘,g;nghOJ vd;d NtWghl;il Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ my;yJ vjpHfhyj;jpy;

Vw;gLj;Jk;?’ vd;w Nfs;tpahy; njhlHfpwJ.

fijapd; Kbtpy; ghpe;Jiufs; my;yJ fw;Wf;nfhz;l gbg;gpidfs; gw;wp Ntz;LtJ fijapd; mHj;jj;ij ntspf;nfhzHtjw;F cjTk;. ,e;j Nkyjpf Nfs;tpfSf;fhd gjpypWg;Gf;fis fijia tpghpf;Fk; gFjpfspy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. fijfs; vt;tsT ePskhditahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;fijfs; vt;tsT ePskhditahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;fijfs; vt;tsT ePskhditahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;fijfs; vt;tsT ePskhditahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; ehq;fs; ghHj;j mNefkhd m.K.kh fijfs; xU gf;fk; my;yJ mijtplf; Fiwe;jitahf> rpy ,Ugf;f ePsKilaitahfTk; ,Ue;jd. FWfpa nghK.kh fijfs; thrpg;gjw;F tpiuthfTk;> ,yFthdjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;> MapDk; FWfpa fijfs; Kf;fpakhd jfty;fis tpl;Lr; nry;gitahf ,Uj;jy; $lhJ. ntt;NtW ];jhgdq;fs; NtWgl;l msitf; nfhz;l fijfis> mtw;wpd; fyhr;rhuj;jpw;Nfw;g tpUk;gyhk;. rpy ];jhgdq;fs; FWfpa tplaj;ij Neubahf njhptpg;gtw;iw tpUk;Gifapy;> Vida rpy midj;J tplaq;fSk; ];jhgdj;jpd; fyhr;rhu tpOkpaq;fSld; nghUe;Jgtw;iw tpUk;Gk;. fijfs; mtw;iw CH[pjg;gLj;Jkstpw;F tpguq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gpd; mit Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mwpf;ifg; gbtq;fs;mwpf;ifg; gbtq;fs;mwpf;ifg; gbtq;fs;mwpf;ifg; gbtq;fs; gy epWtdq;fs; fijfis Mtzg;gLj;Jtjw;F jug;gLj;jg;gl;l khjphpg; gbtq;fis cUthf;fpAs;sd. rpy cjhuzq;fs; gpd;dpizg;Gf;fSld; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,J Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fs; tpLgltpy;iy vd;gij cWjp nra;fpwJ. vt;thwhapDk;> gbtk; kpfTk; rpf;fyhdnjhd;wy;y vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. gbtk; rpf;fyhdjhf ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ> kf;fs; mjid cgNahfpj;J m.K.kh I nkr;Rtij Cf;Ftpg;gJ fbdkhf ,Uf;Fk;. jpwe;j gjpy;fSf;fhf vspikahd rpy Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;gJ ,e;j cj;jpapd; nghUshFk;. ,jw;fhf xU tbtikf;fg;gl;l Nfs;tpf;nfhj;Jj; Njitapy;iy.


35

vdpDk; Njitahd tpguq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhFk;. m.K.kh fijfisf; $WgtHfs;> jq;fs; fijfis thrpg;gtHfs; Njitahd gpd;dzp mwpitf; nfhz;Ls;sdH vd mjpfk; vz;Zfpd;wdH. gpd;Gy mwpT gw;wpa Cfq;fis mtjhdpj;J vOJgtiu NkYk; ntspg;gilahf njhptpf;Fk;gb Cf;Ftpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kf;fs; XH kOg;gyhd njsptpy;yhj kWnkhopfisj; njhptpg;gNjnddpy; mtHfs; jq;fs; thrfHfs; midj;Jg; gpd;Gyj;ijAk; mwpe;jpUg;ghHfnsd vz;ZtJ my;yJ mtHfsplk; Koikahd tpguq;fs; ,y;yhjpUg;gjpdhyhFk;. kpfTk; njspthdJk;> tpgukhdJkhd m.K.kh fij kpfTk; ek;gfj;jd;ikahf ,Uf;Fk;> ,jw;fhdnjhU fhuzk; mJ rhpghHj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F ,yFthf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjpdhyhFk;. kf;fs; fijfs; nrhy;fpd;w nghOJ mit njsptpy;yhj> KOikaw;wjhf my;yJ Kw;wpYNk njhlHGfNsJkpd;wp ,Ug;gpDk; mjp\;ltrkhf mtw;iw njhpT kw;Wk; gpd;D}l;ly; vDk; gapw;rpfisj; jpUk;g> jpUk;g nra;tJ Nghd;w nra;KiwfspD}lhf Rakhfj; jpUj;jp Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sKbAk;. ePq;fs; xU njsptpy;yhj fijia vjpHnfhz;lhy;> ePq;fs; fijia njhpT nra;ahky;> fijfs; NkYk; njspthf> jpl;ltl;lkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd fij $WgtHfSf;F ePq;fs; MNyhrid $wyhk;. ,J fij $WgtUf;F NjitahdJ vJntd;fpd;w xU Nahridia Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,e;j Kiwapyhd Nrfhpj;jy; kw;Wk; gpd;D}l;ly; vDk; xt;nthU Rw;wpYk; fijfs; njspTk;> NkYnkhU ftdj;jpw;FhpaitahfTk; khWk;.

ahUila fijfisr; Nrfhpg;gJ?ahUila fijfisr; Nrfhpg;gJ?ahUila fijfisr; Nrfhpg;gJ?ahUila fijfisr; Nrfhpg;gJ? ];jhgdj;jpd; #oy; gpd;dzp kw;Wk; gug;ngy;iyapd; tplaj;ijg; nghWj;J vthplk; fij nrhy;Yk;gb Nfl;gnjd;gJ jq;fpAs;sJ. cjhuzkhf> kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapyhd khw;wq;fs; vDk; gug;ngy;iyf;Fs; fijfis $Wk;gb Nfl;gjw;Fg; nghUj;j khdtHfshf gadhspfs; my;yJ mtHfSld; ,ilj;njhlHghFk; mbkl;lg; gzpahsHfs; ,Ug;gH. vt;thwhapDk;> Vida murrhHgw;w ];jhgdq;fSldhd gq;FwTfs; kw;Wk; tiyaikg;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;wpyhd khw;wq;fs; gw;wpa xU gug;ngy;iyf;F rpwe;j

gg;Gth epA+fpdpah gg;Gth epA+fpdpah gg;Gth epA+fpdpah gg;Gth epA+fpdpah – ahUila Fuy;?ahUila Fuy;?ahUila Fuy;?ahUila Fuy;? “gg;Gth epA+fpdpahtpd; fyhr;rhuk; xU tha;nkhop %ykhdJ> gg;Gth

epA+fpdpah kf;fs; vOj;J %yk; ntspg;gLj;Jtijtpl tha;nkhop %yk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; kpf ,yFthf cs;shHfs;. ,t;tpjkhd fijfs; Kf;fpakhditahff; fUjg;gl;Lk; > fyhr;rhur; #oy; kjpf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lkhapd;> cz;ikahd fij $Wgthpd; Fuy; %ykhd gjpT ghJfhf;fg;gl midj;J Kaw;rpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. gg;Gth epA+fpdpaH xUtuhy; $wg;gl;l fijia Mq;fpNyaH (my;yJ mT];jpNuypaH) ciungaHf;Fk; nghOJ nrhy;Yf;Fr; nrhy;yhf> mNjtpjkhd ciungaHg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jpdhyd;wp mjd; cz;ikahd njhdp ,yFthf ,of;fg;glyhk;. mNjtpjkhf> gphpTfSldhd gbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; (cjhuzk; Nuhyz;l;]; 2002> lhHl; kw;Wk; Nltp]; 2003 I ghHf;fTk;) my;yJ VNjDk; rpW jpUj;jq;fSf;fhd rhj;jpak; fij

nrhy;yiy rha;j;J tplyhk;” (vyprngj; nua;l;> brk;gH 2004).


36

fij $WgtHfshf epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l CopaHfs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf; $Wk; epiyfSs;s gq;FwT ];jhgd CopaHfs; MfpNahH ,Ug;gH. nray;jpl;lk; my;yJ epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; #oy; gpd;dzpAk;> fij Nrfhpf;fg;gLk; fij $WgtHfisg; ghjpf;Fk;. ];jhgdk; r%fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJk; epjp toq;FdHfSf;F nghWg;Gf; $WgtHfSkhf ,Ug;gpd; m.K.kh nra;Kiwfis mjd; cWg;gpdHfNs elhj;JtJ $Ljy; nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wf; fijfisg; gfpHe;J kpf Kf;fpakhdtw;iw njhpe;J mjw;fhd fhuzj;NjhL mjid Mtzg;gLj;JjyhFk;. gadhspfshy; tpghpf;fg;gLk; fijfs; tpNrlkhd ngWkjpfisAildthf ,Ue;jhYk; ntspf;nfhzHtjw;F kpfTk; rpukkhditnad mDgtq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. gadhspfspd; FOf;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd fijfisj; njhpT nra;J gfpHtjpy; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;L mtHfsJ njhptpw;fhd fhuzj;NjhL njhpe;njLj;j fijfis mwpf;ifapLtJ rpwe;jjhFk;. vt;thwhapDk; rpy #oy;fspy; fs CopaHfspd; jtwpdhy; fij nrhy;gtHfSf;F ,J eilKiwr; rhj;jpakhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. (gpd;D}l;ly; nra;Kiwfspy; gadhspfs; mghaq;fSk; gw;wpaNjhH fye;Jiuahliy 6Mk; gbepiyapy; ghHf;fTk;). fijfs; r%fq;fspypUe;J Neubahf tUtjhf ,Ue;jhYk;> fs CopaHfsplkpUe;J fijfis Kjypy; Nrfhpg;gJ mjpfk; cjTfpwJ. ,J nra;Kiwia VidatHfSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;ghf CopaHfs; mtw;iwg; Ghpe;J nfhs;tij cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ. jdpg;gl;l fijfs; vjpH re;jHg;g #o;epiyf; fijfs;jdpg;gl;l fijfs; vjpH re;jHg;g #o;epiyf; fijfs;jdpg;gl;l fijfs; vjpH re;jHg;g #o;epiyf; fijfs;jdpg;gl;l fijfs; vjpH re;jHg;g #o;epiyf; fijfs; .K.kh ,y; re;jHg;g #o;epiy my;yJ njhFjpahd fijfs; mDkjpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lkh vd ehk; mbf;fb tpdTfpd;Nwhk;. re;jHg;g #o;epiyf; fij jdpg;gl;l xUtH Nky; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjw;Fg; gjpyhf r%fk; my;yJ FOnthd;wpyhd khw;wq;fis tpghpf;fpwJ. vt;tifahd Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd fijfSk; m.K.kh ,y; mDkjpf;fg;gLk;. njhpT> ];jhgdk;> jdpg;gl;l khw;wq;fs;> FO khw;wq;fs; my;yJ epWtd hPjpapyhd khw;wq;fSf;fhf m.K.kh I gad;gLj;Jfpwnjd;gjpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;jj; njhpTfs; gbepiy 2 ,y; NkNy gug;ngy;iyfs; njhlHghf fye;Jiuahlg;gl;Ls;sd. Vnddpy; gadhspfs; xU ,lj;ij tpl mjpf ,lq;fspy; khw;wq;fs; epfo;tij mwpe;jpUf;f khl;lhHfs; vd;gjhy; fs CopaHfsplkpUe;Jk; fijfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ gad;kpf;fjhFk;. fijfisr; Nrfhpg;gjpyhd xOq;FKiwfs;fijfisr; Nrfhpg;gjpyhd xOq;FKiwfs;fijfisr; Nrfhpg;gjpyhd xOq;FKiwfs;fijfisr; Nrfhpg;gjpyhd xOq;FKiwfs; jdpg;gl;ltHfsplkpUe;J fijfis Nrfhpf;ifapy; xOq;FKiwfs; kPJ mtjhdk; nrYj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj xg;Gjiyg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; nra;Kiwia cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfd Nahridia ehk; Kd;itf;fpNwhk;. fij $WgtH xU fijiaf; $Wifapy;> fij Nrfhpg;gtH fij vt;tpjk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;gij tpsf;f Ntz;ba Njitiaf; nfhz;bUg;gJld; fij nrhy;gtH mtuJ fijia gad;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;J kfpo;r;rpailfpd;whuh vd;gijAk; ftdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fijAld; mtHfsJ ngaiu ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tJ Fwpj;Jk; fij


37

$Wgthplk; Nfl;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynadpy; fijapypUe;J ngaHfs; jtpHf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. xUtH my;yJ FOnthd;W mtHfshy; $wg;glhj fijnahd;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jhy; fij $WgtH> me;j %d;whk; jug;gpdUld; fye;Jiuahb mtHfsJ ngaHfs; fijapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ gw;wp Ml;Nrgidfs; ,y;iyah vd;gij cWjpnra;J nfhs;Sk;gb Nahrid njhptpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. fij $WgtH %d;whk; jug;nghd;w gw;wpg; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gplhky; fij$w tpUk;gpd; me;j eghpd; milahsk; ghJfhf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. rpy ehLfspy; mT];jpNuypah cl;gl> Fwpg;gpl;lNjhH tajpw;Fk; Fiwthd gps;isfs; mtHfsJ ngw;NwhHfspd; rk;kjkpd;wp NeHfhz Kbahnjd;gjidAk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;tJ ey;yJ. fij $WgtH mtuJ fij jdpNa fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lj; NjitfSf;fhf kl;Lk; gad;glg; Nghfpd;wJ vd ek;Gifapy; mtuJ rk;kjkpd;wp cs;@Hg; gj;jphpifapy; mjidg; gpuRhpg;gJ ed;ndwp rhHe;j nrayd;W. rk;kjk; jug;gl;bUe;jhYk; $l nra;jpg; gj;jphpiffs; Nghd;w ntsp Clfq;fspy; mtw;iw ntspapLtjw;F Kd;ghf fij nrhy;gtUf;F mwptpj;J cWjp nra;J nfhs;tJ ey;y eilKiwahFk;. xOq;FKiw rhHe;j fhprdq;fs; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wdth vd;gij epr;rag;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F mwpf;ifapLk; gbtj;jpy; xU FwpapLk; fl;lj;ij tbtikj;Jf; nfhs;tJ fijiag; gjpT nra;gtH fij $WgthplkpUe;J Njitahd xg;Gjy;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fj; J}z;Lk;. gpd;dpizg;G 2 gpd;dpizg;G 2 gpd;dpizg;G 2 gpd;dpizg;G 2 xU cjhuzj;ijj; jUfpwJ.

gbepiy 5: gbepiy 5: gbepiy 5: gbepiy 5: fijfspYs;s mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wq;fisj;fijfspYs;s mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wq;fisj;fijfspYs;s mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wq;fisj;fijfspYs;s mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd khw;wq;fisj; njhpT nra;jy;njhpT nra;jy;njhpT nra;jy;njhpT nra;jy; m.K.kh mZFKiw njhpjy; nra;Kiwapy; xU mjpfhug; gbepiy Kiwiag; gad;gLj;JfpwJ. kf;fs; mtHfs; gFjpapYs;s kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd fijfisf; fye;Jiuahb kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtkhdtw;iw mtHfis tpl mLj;J NkYs;s kl;lj;jpw;F rkHg;gpg;gH. mtHfs; jkf;Ff; fPNoAs;s kl;lj;jpduhy; rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l midj;Jf; fijfSs;Sk; kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtkhdij njhpe;J mLj;j kl;lj;jpw;F rkHg;gpg;gH. fPOs;s tiuglk; ,r;nra;Kiwia tpghpf;fpwJ. Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd fijfisj; njhpT nra;J gpd; xd;WNrHf;Fk; kPz;Lk;> kPz;Lkhd ,r; nra;Kiw cs;@H kl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd ngUksT fijfis kpfTk; gue;j kjpg;Gs;s rpW vz;zpf;ifapyhd fijfs

mjp kf;fpa khw;wk; (m.k.kh) el;gk;(m.k.kh) el;gk;(m.k.kh) el;gk; guide/tamil... · 2018. 3. 3. ·...

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