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Hkkjr ,oa mÙkjk[kaMdh vFkZO;oLFkk

(Hkkx&1)

mÙkjk[kaM yksd lsok vk;ksx (UKPSC)

1. Hkkjr ,oa mÙkjk[kaM dh vFkZO;oLFkk % lkekU; ifjp; 7–20

1.1 vFkZ'kkL=k ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk 7

1.2 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk % izÑfr] fo'ks"krk,¡] orZeku izo`fÙk;k¡ ,oa pqukSfr;k¡ 10

1.3 mRiknu ds dkjd ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk osQ {ks=k 15

1.4 mÙkjk[kaM vFkZO;oLFkk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ 17

1.5 mÙkjk[kaM jkT; dh izeq[k vkfFkZd leL;k,¡ 18

2. vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fodkl 21–42

2.1 vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fodkl rFkk vkfFkZd lao`f¼ 21

2.2 vkfFkZd fodkl ds ekiu 23

2.3 lkekftd&vkfFkZd ys[kkadu 27

2.4 vkfFkZd fodkl dh j.kuhfr 31

2.5 vkfFkZd fodkl dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd 33

2.6 Hkkjr ds vk£Fkd ,oa lkekftd fodkl esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk 38

2.7 vk£Fkd fodkl cuke i;kZoj.kh; laj{k.k (mÙkjk[k.M ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) 39

3. jk"Vªh; vk; 43–59

3.1 jk"Vªh; vk; dk vFkZ ,oa voèkkj.kk 43

3.2 jk"Vªh; vk; ekius dh fofèk;k¡ 45

3.3 th-Mh-ih-] th-,u-ih-] ,u-Mh-ih-] ,u-,u-ih- 47

3.4 vk; osQ izdkj ,oa egÙoiw.kZ voèkkj.kk,¡ 50

3.5 osaQæh; lkaf[;dh dk;kZy;] jk"Vªh; uewuk losZ{k.k dk;kZy; 51

3.6 mÙkjk[kaM% jkT; ?kjsyw mRikn] izfr O;fDr vk; ,oa vk; ds izeq[k lzksr 53

4. Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu 60–87

4.1 fu;kstu % vfHkizk;] mn~ns';] vko';drk] fo'ks"krk,¡ ,oa izdkj 60

4.2 ;kstuk vk;ksx] jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn] uhfr vk;ksx 63

4.3 iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡ 66

UKPSC DLP fo"k; lwph (Contents)

4.4 mÙkjk[kaM jkT; ;kstuk vk;ksx 74

4.5 1991 ds ckn gq, vkfFkZd lqèkkj 74

4.6 mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k ,oa oS'ohdj.k 76

5. lekos'kh fodkl rFkk lkekftd lekos'ku 88–117

5.1 lekos'kh fodkl % vk'k; ,oa voèkkj.kk 88

5.2 foÙkh; lekos'ku 89

5.3 lkekftd lekos'ku 92

5.4 xjhch 94

5.5 csjks”kxkjh 103

5.6 {ks=kh; vlarqyu % dkj.k ,oa lekèkku 109

5.7 izoztu % dkj.k ,oa lekèkku 111

5.8 lrr~ fodkl 113

6. Ñf"k 118–178

6.1 vkfFkZd fodkl esa Ñf"k dk ;ksxnku 118

6.2 iQly ,oa mlds izdkj 120

6.3 cht % iztud cht] iQkmaMs'ku cht] izekf.kr cht ,oa th-,e- cht 126

6.4 tSfod moZjd ,oa jklk;fud moZjd 127

6.5 Hkwfe lqèkkj iz.kkyh 128

6.6 Ñf"k foi.ku 131

6.7 gfjr Økafr % fo'ks"krk,¡] izHkko rFkk f}rh; gfjr Økafr 134

6.8 flapkbZ 137

6.9 Ñf"k lk[k 139

6.10 [kk| lqj{kk ,oa ciQj LVkWd 141

6.11 lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh % mn~ns'; ,oa lhek,¡ 145

6.12 lfClMh % [kk| lfClMh] izR;{k ,oa vizR;{k lfClMh 147

6.13 Ñf"k ls lacafèkr vU; egÙoiw.kZ {ks=kd 149

6.14 Ñf"k ls lacafèkr ;kstuk,¡ 152

6.15 mÙkjk[kaM esa Ñf"k] xUuk ,oa m|ku 156

6.16 mÙkjk[kaM esa i'kqikyu] nqXèk fodkl ,oa eRL; 169

7. vkS|ksxhdj.k 179–218

7.1 vkS|ksxhdj.k % vk'k; ,oa mRiknu ds {ks=k 179

7.2 Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd uhfr 180

7.3 fuos'k ,oa fofuos'k 184

7.4 vkS|ksfxd #X.krk 190

7.5 lw{e] y?kq o eè;e m|ksx 191

7.6 Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud m|e % egkjRu] uojRu ,oa feuhjRu 192

7.7 vkS|ksfxd foÙk ds lzksr 194

7.8 Hkkjr eas m|ksx 196

7.9 vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ds fodkl ls lacafèkr ;kstuk,¡ ,oa dk;ZØe 202

7.10 vkèkkjHkwr vèkkslajpuk 208

7.11 mÙkjk[kaM esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl 209

8. cSafoaQx rFkk foÙkh; iz.kkyh 219–260

8.1 eqnzk vkSj cSafdax 219

8.2 ifjlaifÙk;k¡ ,oa ns;rk l`tu 235

8.3 Hkkjrh; fj”koZ cSad 237

8.4 'ks;j ck”kkj] izfrHkwfr ck”kkj ,oa lsch 243

8.5 Hkkjr esa E;wpqvy iaQM ,oa chek {ks=k 248

8.6 fMikWftVjh iz.kkyh] deksfMVh ,Dlpsat ,oa MsfjosfVOl 249

8.7 eqnzkLiQhfr ,oa voLiQhfr 251

8.8 mÙkjk[kaM esa cSafdax ,oa okf.kfT;d lsok,¡ 254

Hkkjr ,oa mÙkjk[kaM dh vFkZO;oLFkk % lkekU; ifjp; (Economy of India and Uttarakhand :

General Introduction)

izkphu dky esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk le`¼ ,oa fodflr FkhA eè;dky esa Hkkjr dk O;kikj vjc ns'kksa] nf{k.k&iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa rFkk ;wjksih; ns'kksa rd iQSyk gqvk Fkk] ysfdu 18oha lnh esa Hkkjr esa fczfV'k 'kklu ds nkSjku Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk pjejkus yxh] iQyr% og n;uh; fLFkfr esa vk xbZA ysfdu] Lora=krk feyus ds i'pkr~ tokgjyky usg: ds usr`Ro esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks ,d fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk osQ :i esa xfr iznku djus rFkk fodkl dh fujarjrk dks cuk, j[kus gsrq ;kstukc¼ rjhosQ ls iz;kl fd;k x;kA blh Øe esa o"kZ 1991 esa ubZ vkfFkZd iz.kkyh ykxw dj mnkjhdj.k ,oa futhdj.k dks c<+kok fn;k x;k] rkfd Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh lao`f¼ nj c<+kbZ tk ldsA

1.1 vFkZ'kkL=k ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk (Economics and Economy)

vFkZ'kkL=k (Economics)vFkZ'kkL=k lkekftd foKku dh ,d 'kk[kk ekuh tkrh gS ftlesa ge mRiknu] miHkksx] fofue; ,oa forj.k ds ckjs

esa vè;;u djrs gSaA ,Me fLeFk dks vFkZ'kkL=k dk tud ekuk tkrk gSA vkèkqfud vFkZ'kkL=k dh voèkkj.kk esa cSafoaQx] jktLo] varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj vkfn dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA

vFkZ'kkL=k dh 'kk[kk,¡ (Branches of economics)

vFkZ'kkL=k dh nks 'kk[kk,¡ gSa] tks fuEufyf[kr gSa&

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k (Micro economics)zz O;f"V&vFkZ'kkL=k osQ varxZr O;fDrxr Lrj ij vkfFkZd lacaèkksa vFkok vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS] tSls& ,d O;fDrxr iQeZ ;k mRiknu x`g vFkok ,d O;fDrxr miHkksDrkA

zz blds varxZr ,d O;fDrxr iQeZ vFkok m|ksx esa mRiknu rFkk ml mRikn dh dher dk fuèkkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA

lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k (Macro economics)zz lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k esa laiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk dh vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa ,oa leL;kvksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA

zz blds varxZr laiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk esa dqy mRiknu rFkk lkekU; dher Lrj dks fuèkkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA

zz jks”kxkj] eqnzk] lkekU; dher] jk"Vªh; vk;] vkfFkZd fodkl vkfn dk vè;;u lef"V vFkZO;oLFkk ls lacafèkr gSA

vFkZO;oLFkk (Economy)fdlh jk"Vª }kjk vius ukxfjdksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lqèkkj djus ds mn~ns'; ls miyCèk lalkèkuksa dk

leqfpr fu;kstu djrs gq,] eqnzk (Money) dks dsanz esa j[kdj cukbZ xbZ O;oLFkk gh vFkZO;oLFkk dgykrh gSA vFkZO;oLFkk* 'kCn dks fdlh ns'k ds lkFk tksM+dj izk;% iw.kZ cuk;k tkrk gS] tSls& Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk] vesfjdh vFkZO;oLFkk vkfnA vFkZO;oLFkk] vFkZ'kkL=k esa O;kid :i ls iz;ksx gksus okyh voèkkj.kk gS ftldk vfHkizk; fdlh {ks=k fo'ks"k esa izpfyr vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa dh izÑfr ,oa muds Lrj ls gksrk gSA og {ks=k ,d xk¡o] jkT; ;k laiw.kZ ns'k Hkh gks ldrk gSA

vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa ds varxZr mRiknu] miHkksx] fuos'k rFkk fofue; dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA

zz mRiknu (Production) % mRiknu dk vFkZ vkxrksa ;k dkjdksa dks mRikn esa cnyuk gSA

vè;k;

1

19Hkkjr ,oa mÙkjk[kaM dh vFkZO;oLFkk % lkekU; ifjp;

ijh{kksi;ksxh egÙoiw.kZ rF;

zz Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ,d fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk gS] tcfd mÙkjk[kaM jkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk i;ZVu&izèkku vFkZO;oLFkk gSA

zz fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk esa futh ,oa lkoZtfud nksuksa {ks=kksa dh fo|ekurk gksrh gSA

zz can vFkZO;oLFkk ds varxZr vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr fcYdqy laHko ugha gSA

zz [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk ds varxZr fcuk izfrcaèk ds oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk O;kikj gksrk gSA

zz iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk mRiknu Lora=k :i ls gksrk gSA

zz O;kolkf;d ckSf¼d iwath ds LokfeRo dks VªsM ekdZ dgk tkrk gSA

zz fuekZ.k ,oa fofuekZ.k f}rh;d {ks=k ds varxZr vkrs gSaA

zz Ñf"k ,oa lac¼ {ks=k] okfudh] eRL;u rFkk [kuu ,oa mR[kuu izkFkfed {ks=k ds varxZr vkrs gSaA

zz Je] Hkwfe] iwath ,oa m|e'khyrk mRiknu ds dkjd gSaA

zz ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ds vkèkkj ij Hkkjr fo'o dh lkroha cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk gSA

zz o"kZ 1776 esa ,Me fLeFk }kjk izdkf'kr iqLrd ^n osYFk vkWiQ us'kal* FkhA

zz cSafdax] chek] fpfdRlk] f'k{kk] i;ZVu vkfn r`rh;d {ks=k ls lacafèkr gSaA

zz Hkkjr esa tula[;k dh vfèkdrk ds dkj.k ;gk¡ Je vkfèkD; dh fLFkfr jgrh gSA

zz O;kikj pØ dk fo'kq¼ ekSfnzd fl¼kar gkVªs egksn; us fn;k FkkA

cgqfodYih; iz'u

1. can vFkZO;oLFkk og vFkZO;oLFkk gS] ftlesa UKPSC (RO/ARO) Pre 2016

(a) dsoy fu;kZr gksrk gSA (b) ctV ?kkVk de gksrk gSA (c) dsoy vk;kr gksrk gSA (d) fons'kh O;kikj ugha gksrk gSA 2. fodkl'khy ns'k dh pkfjf=kd fo'ks"krk gS&

UKPSC (AE) Pre 2013 (a) fuEu izfr O;fDr vk; (b) vFkZ O;oLFkk ij tula[;k dk c<+rk ncko (c) iwath dk vHkko (d) mijksDr lHkhA 3. fuEufyf[kr eas ls fdl vFkZ'kkL=kh us O;kikj pØ dk

fo'kq¼ ekSfnzd fl¼kar izfrikfnr fd;k\ UKPSC (AE) Pre 2013 (a) gkVªs (b) gk;d (c) dhUl (d) fgDl 4. fuEufyf[kr es a ls ^ia wth dk laxzg.k* (The

Accumulation of Capital) iqLrd ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\ UKPSC (Pre) 2012

(a) Jherh tkWu jkWfcUlu (b) ,Me fLeFk (c) ykWMZ esukMZ dhUl

(d) mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ughaA

5. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk {ks=k Hkkjr ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dks lokZfèkd ;ksxnku nsrk gS\

(a) izkFkfed {ks=k (b) f}rh;d {ks=k

(c) r`rh;d {ks=k (d) lHkh rhuksa 6. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk

izeq[k y{k.k gS\

(a) iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk

(b) lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk

(c) fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk

(d) mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ughaA

7. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk gS&

(I) Ñf"k dh izèkkurk

(II) m|ksx dh izèkkurk

(III) U;wu izfr O;fDr vk;

(IV) o`gn~ csjks”kxkjh

20 Hkkjr ,oa mÙkjk[kaM dh vFkZO;oLFkk (Hkkx&1)

uhps fy[ks dwV ls lgh mÙkj pqfu;s&

(a) dsoy I o II (b) dsoy I, II o III (c) dsoy II, III o IV (d) dsoy I, III o IV 8. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu mRiknu dk dkjd ugha gS\

(a) Je (b) Hkwfe (c) iwath (d) miHkksx 9. fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu&lk rrh;d {ks=k esa 'kkfey ugha gS\

(a) ifjogu (b) [kuu (c) cSafdax (d) chek 10. Hkkjr esa VkVk vk;ju ,aM LVhy daiuh dh LFkkiuk

dh xbZ Fkh&

(a) 1909 esa (b) 1907 esa (c) 1905 esa (d) 1911 esa 11. vkSifuosf'kd 'kkludky ds varxZr vkèkkfjd lajpuk

esa fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu&ls ?kVd 'kkfey Fks\

(a) LokLF; lsok,¡] f'k{kk izlkj] fofuekZ.k

(b) jsy] iÙku] fofuekZ.k] lsok {ks=k

(c) jsy] iÙku] ty ifjogu] Mkd o rkj

(d) lsok {ks=k] Mkd o rkj

12. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk y{k.k Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk

dk ugha gS\

(a) Je dh U;wu dk;Z{kerk

(b) izfr O;fDr de vk;

(c) iwath fuekZ.k dh U;wu nj

(d) izkÑfrd lalkèkuksa dh deh

13. ns'k dh vkfFkZd o`f¼ esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk

vukfFkZd rÙo gS\

(a) lkekftd O;ogkj (b) izkÑfrd lalkèku

(c) 'kfDr lalkèku (d) iwath lalkèku

mÙkjekyk

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (a)

vfr y?kqmÙkjh; iz'u (mÙkj yxHkx 20 'kCnksa esa nhft;s)

(a) xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk

(b) fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk

(c) iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk

(d) mRiknu ds dkjd

(e) can vFkZO;oLFkk

(f) f}rh;d {ks=k

(g) miHkksx

y?kq ,oa nh?kZmÙkjh; iz'u (mÙkj yxHkx 50, 125 ;k 250 'kCnksa esa nhft;s)

1. ,d ck”kkj lapkfyr vFkZO;oLFkk dk D;k vFkZ gS\ bldh dfe;k¡ D;k gSa\

(125 'kCn) UKPSC (Mains) 2012 2. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh orZeku izo`fÙk;ksa dk mYys[k

djsaA 3. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh orZeku pqukSfr;ksa dh O;k[;k

dhft;sA 4. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh orZeku izo`fÙk;ks a dk

vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft;sA bl lacaèk esa vius lq>koksa dks Hkh crkb;sA

5. vfodflr jk"Vªks a dh fo'ks"krkvks a dh foospuk dhft;sA

6. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krkvksa dh foospuk dhft;sA

7. Lora=krk ls iwoZ Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk vkykspukRed ijh{k.k djsaA

8. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh izÑfr dk o.kZu djsaA

9. Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa dkSu&ls cnyko gq,\ ppkZ dhft;sA

vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fodkl (Economic and Social Development)

orZeku vkfFkZd ifjn`'; esa vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa vkfFkZd lao`f¼ vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ voèkkj.kk gSA lrr~ xfr'khyrk ,oa vfuok;Z vko';drk osQ :i esa vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dks vkfFkZd fparu dk osaQæ&fcanq ekuk tkrk gSA vkfFkZd fodkl ,d izfØ;k gS ftlesa ns'k osQ leLr mRiknu lkèkuksa dk oqQ'kyrkiwoZd nksgu fd;k tkrk gSA vkfFkZd lao`f¼ ,oa fodkl osQ iQyLo:i jk"Vªh; vk; vkSj izfr O;fDr vk; esa fujarj ldkjkRed ifjorZu gksrk gSA bl izfØ;k ls thou Lrj esa xq.kkRed ifjorZu gksrk gSA blfy;s vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dk iz'u fodflr] fodkl'khy ,oa vYi fodflr ns'kksa osQ fy;s leku :i ls egÙo j[krk gSA ,d vksj vYi fodflr ns'kksa ,oa fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy;s fuèkZurk] csjks”kxkjh] mRiknu {kerk esa lqèkkj ,oa mÙkjksÙkj izxfr osQ fy;s fodkl dh vko';drk egÙoiw.kZ gS] rks nwljh vksj fodflr ns'kksa osQ fy;s vkfFkZd fodkl dk egÙo bls fujarj :i ls cuk, j[kus esa fufgr gSA

2.1 vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fodkl rFkk vkfFkZd lao`f¼ (Economic and Social Development and Economic Growth)

vkfFkZd fodkl (Economic development)vkfFkZd fodkl ls vk'k; ml izfØ;k ls gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k ds leLr mRiknu lkèkuksa dk dq'kyrkiwoZd

nksgu gksrk gS] lkFk&gh&lkFk jk"Vªh; vk; vkSj izfr O;fDr vk; esa fujarj ,oa nh?kZdkfyd o`f¼ gksrh gS rFkk thou Lrj ,oa ekuo fodkl lwpdkad esa lqèkkj dh fLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gSA vkfFkZd fodkl esa xSj&vkfFkZd pj dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS] tSls& f'k{kk ,oa lk{kjrk nj] iks"k.k Lrj] LokLF; lsok,¡] thou izR;k'kk rFkk ySafxd fodkl vkfnA

la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe ds vuqlkj] ¶fodkl ekuoh; iz;Ru dk ifj.kke gS] vkfFkZd fodkl ,d lrr~ izfØ;k gS] ftlls jk"Vªh; vk; esa fujUrj o`f¼ gksrh jgrh gSA**

vkfFkZd fodkl esa Ñf"k dh vis{kk m|ksxksa] fofuekZ.k] lsok ,oa cSafdax vkfn {ks=kksa dk ldy jk"Vªh; vk; esa fgLlk lokZfèkd gksrk gSA

veR;Z lsu us vkfFkZd fodkl dks vfèkdkfjrk rFkk {kerk ds foLrkj ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k Fkk] tcfd egcwc&my&gd us vkfFkZd fodkl dks xjhch ds fo#¼ yM+kbZ ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k FkkA

vr% vkfFkZd fodkl ,d izfØ;k gS] ftlesa mRiknu ds fofHkUu lkèku] tSls& iwath] Je] rduhd vkfn ,d&nwljs ij ,slk vuqdwy izHkko Mkyrs gSa ftlls vk; o`f¼ ds dkj.k Ø; 'kfDr Hkh c<+rh gSA

lkekftd fodkl (Social devolopment)lkekftd fodkl dks fuf'pr ifjHkk"kk ds varxZr lekfgr djuk dfBu gS D;ksafd ;g ,d cgqvk;keh voèkkj.kk

gS tks ,d vksj lekt ds xjhc vkSj de”kksj oxZ ds fodkl ls tqM+h gqbZ gS tks fd buds fy;s f'k{kk] vkokl] Ø;'kfDr rFkk LokLF; lqfoèkk,¡ lqfuf'pr djrh gS rkfd os xjhch ds nq'pØ ls ckgj fudy ldsa] rks nwljh vksj mUgsa ns'k ds fodkl esa eq[; Hkkxhnkj cukrh gSA lkekftd fodkl dk izR;{k lacaèk fuEufyf[kr {ks=kksa ls gSA

zz LokLF; lsokvksa rd lHkh oxks± dh igq¡pA

zz f'k{kk {ks=k dk foLrkj

zz csjks”kxkjh rFkk xjhch dk fuokj.k

zz vk; rFkk laifÙk ds forj.k esa lekurk

zz oafpr oxks± dks fodkl dh eq[;kèkkjk esa tksM+uk

vè;k;

2

43jk"Vªh; vk; jk"Vªh; vk; (National Income)

jk"Vªh; vk; vFkZO;oLFkk dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ voèkkj.kk gS] tks uhfr&fuekZ.k ,oa dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh fn'kk esa izeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA jk"Vªh; vk; ns'k dh mRiknu fØ;kvksa dh eki gksrh gSA jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk ds varxZr izkIr vk¡dM+ksa osQ fo'ys"k.k ds }kjk vFkZO;oLFkk ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa larqyu cuk, j[kus o izkFkfedrkvksa dks LFkkfir djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA jk"Vªh; vk; vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ lwpdkad gSA

fdlh Hkh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vkfFkZd fu"iknu dh tkudkjh dk izeq[k lkèku jk"Vªh; vk; gSA Lora=krk osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjr ljdkj us jk"Vªh; vk; dk vuqeku yxkus ds fy;s o"kZ 1949 esa jk"Vªh; vk; lfefr dk xBu fd;k] ftlosQ vè;{k ih-lh- egkyuksfcl FksA

3.1 jk"Vªh; vk; dk vFkZ ,oa voèkkj.kk (Meaning and Concept of National Income)

jk"Vªh; vk; dk vFkZ% jk"Vªh; vk; ls vfHkizk; fdlh jk"Vª dh ,d o"kZ osQ nkSjku vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i mRikfnr vafre ^oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa* osQ ekSfnzd ewY; ls gksrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] fdlh ,d ys[kk o"kZ dh vofèk osQ varxZr fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRikfnr vafre oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa osQ ck”kkj ewY; dks jk"Vªh; vk; dgrs gSaA jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk esa ns'k osQ fuokfl;ksa }kjk ?kjsyw ,oa fons'kksa ls vftZr vk; dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA jk"Vªh; vk; dks fofHkUu vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us fuEufyf[kr :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS&

ek'kZy osQ vuqlkj jk"Vªh; vk; (National income according to Marshal)zz jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk okf"kZd vkèkkj ij gksrh gSA

zz okf"kZd oqQy mRiknu esa ls e'khuksa dh VwV&iwQV] f?klkoV vkSj mRiknu lacaèkh O;; vkfn dks ?kVk fn;k tkrk gSA

zz jk"Vªh; vk; esa fons'kh fofu;ksxksa ls izkIr gksus okyh jkf'k dks tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA

zz O;fDr;ksa dh os lsok,¡] tks ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa ,oa fe=kksa dks fcuk ewY; izkIr gks tkrh gSaA

zz futh laifÙk ;k lkoZtfud laifÙk ls izkIr ykHk bR;kfn dks jk"Vªh; vk; esa ugha tksM+uk pkfg;sA

ihxw osQ vuqlkj jk"Vªh; vk; (National income according to Pigou)jk"Vªh; vk; lekt dh oLrqxr vk; gksrh gS] ftlesa fons'kksa ls izkIr vk; Hkh lfEefyr gS] ;g og Hkkx gksrh gS]

ftldks nzO; osQ :i esa ekik tk ldrk gSA

fiQ'kj osQ vuqlkj jk"Vªh; vk; (National income according to Fishar)jk"Vªh; vk; esa osQoy mu lsokvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS] tks vafre :i ls miHkksDrkvksa dks miHkksx osQ fy;s

izkIr gksrh gSa] fiQj pkgs os HkkSfrd okrkoj.k ls izkIr gksa vFkok ekuoh; okrkoj.k lsA

jk"Vªh; uewuk losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj] ¶,d fuf'pr vofèk ds nkSjku leqnk; ds fuokfl;ksa dks izkIr lHkh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk 'kq¼ vkSlr ewY;A¸

jk"Vªh; vk; dh voèkkj.kk (Concept of national income)zz jk"Vªh; vk; esa fdlh ,d le; ij miyCèk oLrqvksa osQ LVkWd dks ugha] cfYd fdlh le;kofèk esa mRikfnr oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA

vè;k;

3

60 Hkkjr ,oa mÙkjk[kaM dh vFkZO;oLFkk (Hkkx&1)Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu (Economic Planning in India)

vkfFkZd fu;kstu (vk;kstu) ;kstukc¼ rjhds ls fdlh Hkh ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy;s vko';d gSA vkfFkZd fu;kstu esa lkekftd fu;kstu dh voèkkj.kk Lor% gh lfEefyr jgrh gSA Hkkjr esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd ifjorZu ds lkèku ds :i esa fu;kstu dh voèkkj.kk dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA vkfFkZd fu;kstu dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ds mn~ns';ksa dks izkIr djus ,oa mUufr ds fy;s Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA

Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fodkl dh xfr dks rhozrj cukuk uhfrxr dk;ks± dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ mn~ns'; gSA blds lkFk&gh&lkFk fodkl ds fy;s vuqdwy ifjos'k rS;kj djuk rFkk yf{kr dk;ks± dks fu;ksftr rjhds ls iw.kZ djus ds fy;s fu;kstu vfuok;Z gSA

Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu dh 'kq#vkr 1934 esa lj ,e- fo'os'ojS;k us ^Hkkjr dh fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk* (Planned Economy for India) uked fdrkc fy[kdj fd;kA ;g nl o"khZ; fu;kstu FkkA ;g ;kstuk fu;ksftr vkfFkZd fodkl dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dh izFke ;kstuk Fkh] fdarq vkfFkZd dfBukbZ;ksa ,oa ljdkjh mis{kk ds dkj.k ;g ;kstuk lkdkj u gks ldhA

lj ,e- fo'os'ojS;k dks muds mYys[kuh; dk;ks± ,oa Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fodkl dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djus ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd fu;kstu dk tud dgk tkrk gSA

4.1 fu;kstu % vfHkizk;] mn~ns';] vko';drk] fo'ks"krk,¡ ,oa izdkj (Planning : Significance, Objective, Requirement, Features and Type)

fu;kstu dk vfHkizk; (Significance of planning)jkT; ds usr`Ro esa laiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,slk izcaèku ftlls jk"Vªfgr dh izkfIr gsrq miyCèk lalkèkuksa dk vuqdwyre

mi;ksx rFkk nh?kZdkfyd fujarjrk lqfuf'pr gks lds] lkFk gh lkekftd y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy;s izkÑfrd] vkfFkZd ,oa ekuoh; lalkèkuksa dk foosdiw.kZ <ax ls fu;a=k.k rFkk leUo; fd;k tk lds] voèkkj.kk fu;kstu dgykrk gSA

fu;kstu ds mn~ns'; (Objective of planning)zz lalkèkuksa dk lgh forj.k lqfuf'pr djukA

zz fuèkZurk dks lekIr djukA

zz csjks”kxkjh nwj djukA

zz vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk dk fodkl djukA

zz Ñf"k ,oa m|ksx dk fodkl lqfuf'pr djukA

zz lkekftd U;k; ds lkFk gh lkFk fodkl dh xfr dks rhoz djukA

fu;kstu dh vko';drk (Requirement of planning)zz xjhch] csjks”kxkjh de djus ds fy;sA

zz fuEu miHkksx Lrj dks c<+kus ds fy;sA

zz xfjekghu thou 'kSyh ds mUu;u gsrqA

zz m|ksx dk vHkko] O;kikj ds vHkko dks de djus ds fy;sA

zz dkS'ky ds vHkko rFkk foÙkh; lalkèkuksa ds vHkko dks de djus ds fy;sA

fu;kstu dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Features of planning)zz Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd fu;kstu dk LoHkko funs'kkRed gSA

zz vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa dks laiUu djus esa izksRlkgu dks ojh;rk nh tkrh gSA

vè;k;

4

lekos'kh fodkl rFkk lkekftd lekos'ku (Inclusive Growth and Social Inclusion)

izR;sd O;fDr lekt esa lerkiw.kZ O;ogkj dh vis{kk djrk gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa dbZ ,sls oxZ gSa] tks lekt dh eq[;èkkjk ls cfg"Ñr gSa] tSls& nfyr] vYila[;d] vkfnoklh] fodykax] ?kqearw tkfr;k¡] efgyk,¡] xjhc] fdUuj ,oa 'kj.kkFkhZA bu lewgksa dks lekt dh eq[;èkkjk esa ykuk gh lkekftd lekos'ku dgykrk gS ftlls lekt dk izR;sd O;fDr fodkl dh iw.kZrk osQ y{; dks izkIr dj ldsA

lekos'kh fodkl ,oa lkekftd lekos'ku ,d&nwljs ls ?kfu"Brk ds lkFk tqM+s gSaA tgk¡ lekos'kh fodkl vafre O;fDr rd fodkl osQ forj.k dks lqfuf'pr djus ls lacafèkr gS] ogha lkekftd lekos'ku lekt osQ vafre O;fDr dks Hkh ogh egÙo fn;s tkus dh odkyr djrk gS] tks izFke O;fDr dks izkIr gSA lekos'kh fodkl esa lkekftd] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] lkaLÑfrd] 'kSf{kd lHkh igyqvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA lkekftd lekos'ku] lekos'kh fodkl dk izeq[k vkèkkj gSA lekt esa lkekftd vioapu ls eqfDr lekos'kh fodkl ,oa lkekftd lekos'ku osQ }kjk gh laHko gSA

5.1 lekos'kh fodkl % vk'k; ,oa voèkkj.kk (Inclusive Growth : Meaning and Concept)

lekos'kh fodkl ls vk'k; vkfFkZd fodkl dh ,d ,slh voèkkj.kk ls gS] ftlesa fodkl dk ykHk lekt osQ lHkh yksxksa dks leku :i ls izkIr gks] dksbZ Hkh oxZ fodkl ls oafpr u jg tk,] vFkkZr~ leku voljksa osQ lkFk&lkFk fodkl djuk gh lekos'kh fodkl gSA

Hkkjr ljdkj us 11oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa lekos'kh fodkl dk O;kid :i ls mi;ksx fd;kA fodkl izfØ;k dks lekos'kh cukus gsrq {ks=kh;] lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd fo"kerkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy;s izHkkoh rFkk laiks"k.kh; uhfr;k¡ ,oa dk;ZØe cukuk ,d pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z gS] blhfy;s ckjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (2012–17) dh voèkkj.kk dk dsaæµfcanq rhoz] èkkj.kh; vkSj vfèkd lekos'kh fodkl j[kk x;kA

;kstuk cukus dk eq[; mn~ns'; ekuo fodkl rFkk O;fDr;ksa }kjk thouµ;kiu ds mPpre Lrj dks izkIr djuk gksrk gSA xjhc ,oa gkf'k;s ij jg jgs yksxksa ds fodkl ij cy] csgrj jgu&lgu ds okrkoj.k] voljksa dk vfèkdre leku forj.k djus dh vko';drk gSA efgykvksa dks dsaæ esa j[kdj muds l'kDrhdj.k ij cy nsrs gq, mudh f'k{kk ,oa jks”kxkj dh vksj è;ku nsuk vko';d gSA

tula[;k dk cM+k fgLlk fo'ks"kdj] Hkwfeghu Ñf"k Jfed] lhekar Ñ"kd] vuqlwfpr tkfr;k¡] vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k¡] ?kqearw tkfr;k¡ vkSj vU; fiNM+s oxZ osQ yksx lkekftd ,oa foÙkh; leL;kvksa rFkk viotZu ls tw> jgs gSaA ,sls oxZ osQ yksxksa osQ vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd mRFkku ds fy;s ljdkj viuh uhfr;ksa esa fo'ks"k micaèk dh O;oLFkk djrh gSA lekos'kh fodkl esa vkfFkZd fodkl dh Å¡ph o`f¼ nj ls izkIr ykHk osQ leku forj.k dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA

lekos'kh fodkl LFkkfir djus ds egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd (Important components to establish inclusive growth)zz 'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa jgus okys lHkh csjks”kxkjksa ds lkekU; ,oa de”kksj oxZ ds fy;s fo'ks"k micaèk djukA jks”kxkj esa o`f¼ dks fodkl dh izfØ;k ds lkFk tksM+ukA

zz vkèkkjHkwr vko';d oLrqvksa rd lcdh igq¡p lqfuf'pr djukA

zz Ñf"k rFkk xzkeh.k fodkl dks lqfuf'pr djuk rkfd bl {ks=k esa fuos'k o`f¼ ,oa vk; esa o`f¼ lqfuf'pr gks ldsA

zz LokLF;] f'k{kk] [kk| lqj{kk ,oa vkokl ij vfèkd lkoZtfud O;; gksA

vè;k;

5

118 Hkkjr ,oa mÙkjk[kaM dh vFkZO;oLFkk (Hkkx&1)Ñf"k (Agriculture)

Hkkjr ,d Ñf"k&izèkku ns'k gSA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa Ñf"k vkthfodk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ lkèku gSA Lora=krk ls iwoZ vk; ds lkèku osQ :i esa Ñf"k Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ {ks=k jgk gSA vkfFkZd losZ{k.k 2017–18 dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) esa bldk ;ksxnku yxHkx 16% gS tcfd o"kZ 1950–51 esa ;g fgLlk yxHkx 51% FkkA okLrfod ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh n`f"V ls ns[ksa rks Ñf"k dh Hkkxhnkjh m|ksx rFkk lsok {ks=k dh rqyuk esa de gSA [kk|kUu mRiknu tgk¡ 1951–52 esa ek=k 52 fefy;u Vu Fkk ogha 2016–17 esa ;g c<+dj 275.7 fefy;u Vu gks x;kA vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds nkSjku tgk¡ Ñf"k {ks=k esa fodkl nj 4.72% Fkh ogha ukSoha] nloha ,oa X;kjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa Ñf"k fodkl nj Øe'k% 2.5%] 2.4%, 3.2% jghA ckjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa Ñf"k {ks=k esa o`f¼ nj dk y{; 4% j[kk x;kA

6.1 vkfFkZd fodkl esa Ñf"k dk ;ksxnku (Contribution of Agriculture in Economic Development)

Ñf"k {ks=k dk Hkkjr ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA foÙkh; o"kZ 1950–51 esa ;g yxHkx 51 izfr'kr Fkk rFkk foÙkh; o"kZ 2011–12 esa ;g yxHkx 14-2 izfr'kr jg x;kA jk"Vªh; vk; ds vkdyu dh ubZ Ük`a[kyk (vkèkkj o"kZ 2011–12) ds vkèkkj ij 2016–17 esa Ñf"k ,oa lacafèkr {ks=k dk ldy ewY; lao¼Zu (GVA) esa ;ksxnku 17.4 izfr'kr Fkk] tcfd o"kZ 2017–18 esa Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ {ks=kksa dk fgLlk dqy th-oh-,- (orZeku dherksa ij) esa 16.4 gksus dk vuqeku O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA ldy ewY; lao¼Zu esa Ñf"k ds izfr'kr ;ksxnku esa deh vFkZO;oLFkk esa Ñf"k ds egÙo esa fxjkoV dks ugha n'kkZrh gS] vfirq ;g dsoy vFkZO;oLFkk ds f}rh;d rFkk r`rh;d {ks=kksa dh lkisf{kd rhoz o`f¼ dks n'kkZrh gSA

jks”kxkjHkkjr esa Ñf"k jks”kxkj dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ lzksr gS] fo'ks"kdj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esaA Hkkjr esa vkt Hkh yxHkx 50 izfr'kr

dk;Z'khy tula[;k Ñf"k {ks=k esa dk;Zjr gSA

c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k ds fy;s [kk|kUuksa dh vkiw£rHkkjr esa Ñf"k {ks=k ds mRiknu esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gks jgh gSA foÙkh; o"kZ 2015–16 esa dqy [kk|kUuksa dk mRiknu yxHkx

251.57 fefy;u Vu jgk] tks fd foÙkh; o"kZ 2016–17 esa c<+dj 275.7 fefy;u Vu (pkSFks vfxze vuqekuksa ds vuqlkj) gks x;k gSA vr% orZeku esa Hkkjr dks viuh fo'kky tula[;k dh [kk|kUu vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy;s vk;kr ij fuHkZj ugha jguk iM+ jgk gSA

vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds fy;s Ñf"k {ks=k dk egÙodPps eky ds vkiw£rdÙkkZ ds :i esa Ñf"k {ks=k vFkZO;oLFkk esa vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dh lao`f¼ ds fy;s eq[; :i ls

egÙoiw.kZ gSA Ñf"k {ks=k ds }kjk vkS|ksfxd dPps ekyksa] tSls& diM+k m|ksx dks dikl] rsy m|ksx dks rsy chtksa] phuh m|ksx dks xUus dh vkiw£r dh tkrh gSA ;g [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dks Ñf"k mRiknksa ds :i esa dPpk eky miyCèk djkrk gSA

varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnkuÑf"k Hkkjr ds varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa Hkh egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsrh gSA Hkkjr pk;] twV] dktw] rackdw] dkWiQh vkSj elkys

vkfn dk fu;kZr djrk gSA ;s lHkh Ñf"k oLrq,¡ Hkkjr ds dqy fu;kZr dk ,d cM+k izfr'kr lk>k djrh gSaA

vè;k;

6

vkS|ksxhdj.k (Industrialization)

fdlh Hkh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy;s vkS|ksxhdj.k vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ rÙo gSA vkS|ksxhdj.k ls vFkZO;oLFkk ds <k¡ps esa O;kid ,oa nh?kZdkyhu ifjorZu vkrk gSA vkS|ksxhdj.k fdlh jk"Vª dh izxfr ,oa laiUurk dk vkèkkj gh ugha] oju~ mlds fodkl dk ekinaM Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy;s fodkl'khy ,oa vYi fodflr jk"Vªksa esa vkS|ksxhdj.k dks vfèkd egÙkk nh tkrh gSA

izkphudky esa Hkkjr f'kYi] oL=k] jRu&vkHkw"k.k ,oa elkyksa vkfn ds fy;s izfl¼ Fkk] ijarq fczfV'k dky ds nkSjku Hkkjrh; m|ksx iw.kZr% xrZ esa pyk x;k FkkA Lora=krk izkfIr ds i'pkr~ gekjs ns'k esa m|ksxksa ds egÙo dks nf"Vxr j[krs gq, rhoz vkS|ksxhdj.k gsrq ;kstukc¼ <ax ls iz;kl fd;k x;kA iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds ekè;e ls vkèkqfud m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA

uCcs ds n'kd esa vkfFkZd eanh dk lkeuk djus ds fy;s Hkkjr ljdkj us vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa gsrq ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr dks viuk;kA ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr ds }kjk Hkkjr esa vkS|ksxhdj.k dks ubZ fn'kk ,oa n'kk feyh gSA

7.1 vkS|ksxhdj.k % vk'k; ,oa mRiknu ds {ks=k (Industrialization : Meaning and Sector of Production)

vkS|ksxhdj.k dk vk'k; jk"Vªh; mRiknu rFkk fuos'k ds <k¡ps eas m|ksxksa dh cgqyrk ls gS ftlls ldy ?kjsyw mRikn rFkk Je'kfDr ds iz;ksx esa vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dk fgLlk c<+ tk,A ;g ,d Øfed izfØ;k gS ftleas èkhjs&èkhjs lkekU;r;k jk"Vªh; ?kjsyw mRikn eas Ñf"k dk va'k de gksrk tkrk gS rFkk vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ,oa lsok {ks=k dk ;ksxnku c<+rk tkrk gSA

nwljs 'kCnksa eas] izkFkfed mRiknksa ds f}rh;d mRiknksa eas ifjofrZr djus dh izfØ;k dks vkS|ksxhdj.k dgrs gSaA ;g dk;Z fofuekZ.k {ks=k }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA blds fy;s m|ksxksa esa fuos'k vR;ar vko';d gSA vkS|ksxhdj.k }kjk jk"Vªh; mRiknu esa] m|ksxksa ds mRiknu eas cgqyrk ,oa ldy ?kjsyw mRiknu esa vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dk fgLlk c<+k;k tkrk gSA

mRiknu dh izÑfr ds vkèkkj ij mRiknu fØ;kvksa dks rhu {ks=kksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gS&

zz izkFkfed {ks=k (Primary sector) % uSlfxZd lalkèkuksa ds izR;{k nksgu }kjk ftu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS] mUgsa izkFkfed oLrq,¡ dgrs gSa rFkk ,slh oLrqvksa ds mRiknu esa layXu laLFkkxr lajpuk dks izkFkfed {ks=k dgrs gSaA

zz f}rh;d {ks=k (Secondary sector) % izkFkfed oLrqvksa esa ,d ;k dbZ ckj ewY;o¼Zu }kjk ftu ubZ oLrqvksa dk mRiknu fd;k tk,] mUgsa f}rh;d oLrq,¡ dgk tkrk gS rFkk ,slh oLrqvksa ds mRiknu esa layXu laLFkkxr lajpuk dks f}rh;d {ks=k dgrs gSaA

zz r`rh;d {ks=k (Tertiary sector) % vn`'; lsokvksa dks r`rh;d oLrq,¡ dgrs gSa rFkk lsokvksa ds mRiknu esa layXu laLFkkxr lajpuk dks r`rh;d {ks=k dgrs gSaA

dsanzh; lkaf[;dh dk;kZy; (C.S.O.) }kjk mRiknu {ks=kksa dk fd;k x;k oxhZdj.k fuEufyf[kr gS&

mRiknu {ks=k

izkFkfed {ks=k

zz Ñf"k ,oa lac¼ {ks=kzz okfudh ,oa yV~B mRiknuzz eRL;ikyuzz [kuu ,oa mR[kuu

zz gksVy] jsLrjk¡ ,oa O;kikjzz ifjogu] lapkj ,oa HkaMkj.kzz cSafoaQx ,oa chek

zz okLrfod laink rFkk okf.kfT;d vkoklksa ,oa lsokvksa dk LokfeRozz yksd iz'kklu ,oa izfrj{kkzz vU; lsok,¡

zz fofuekZ.kzz fuekZ.kzz tyfo|qr ,oa xSl vkiwfrZ

f}rh;d {ks=k r`rh;d {ks=k

vè;k;

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cSafoaQx rFkk foÙkh; iz.kkyh (Banking and Financial System)

cSad ml foÙkh; laLFkk dks dgrs gSa tks turk dh èkujkf'k tek djus rFkk turk dks ½.k nsus dk dke djrh gSA yksx viuh cpr jkf'k dks lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls vFkok C;kt dekus gsrq bu laLFkkvksa esa tek djrs gSa vkSj vko';drkuqlkj le;&le; ij fudkyrs jgrs gSaA cSad bl izdkj tek ls izkIr jkf'k dks O;kikfj;ksa ,oa O;kolkf;;ksa dks ½.k nsdj C;kt dekrs gSaA vkfFkZd fu;kstu ds orZeku ;qx esa o`Qf"k] m|ksx ,oa O;kikj ds fodkl ds fy;s cSad ,oa cSafdax O;oLFkk ,d vfuok;Z vko';drk ekuh tkrh gSA nwljh vksj] foÙkh; iz.kkyh ls vk'k; ck”kkj dh laLFkkvksa ls gS tks fd vFkZO;oLFkk esa cpr dks c<+kus rFkk mlds dq'kyre iz;ksx dh vksj xfr'khyrk c<+kus esa viuh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrh gSaA

8.1 eqnzk vkSj cSafdax (Money and Banking)

eqnzk (Money)eqnzk og dsanz gS ftlds pkjksa vksj fdlh Hkh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh pØh; xfr gksrh gSA vkfFkZd iz.kkyh esa eqnzk

dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z ^oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa ds ysu&nsu dks ljy cukuk gS*A blesa cSadksa dh fo'ks"k Hkwfedk gksrh gSA feYVu izQhMeSu ds vuqlkj] ¶eqnzk ,slh dksbZ Hkh laifÙk gS ftlesa Ø;'kfDr ds vLFkk;h fuokl ds :i esa dk;Z djus dh {kerk gksA¸ nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd ¶eqnzk fofue; ds ekè;e ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA¸

eqnzk dh mRifÙk fofue; ds ekè;e ds :i esa gqbZ gSA vr% dksbZ Hkh oLrq tks lHkh izdkj ds O;ogkjksa (ftlesa ½.k Hkh lfEefyr gS) dks iwjk djus esa Hkqxrku ds ekè;e ds :i esa lkekU;r;k Lohdkj dh tkrh gS] mls eqnzk dgrs gSaA

eqnzk ds izdkj (Type of money)eqnzk ds nks izdkj gSa tks fuEufyf[kr gSaµ

zz oSèkkfud eqnzk (Legal currency) : og eqnzk ftldk fuxZeu ljdkj ;k Hkkjrh; fj”koZ cSad us fd;k gSA oSèkkfud eqnzk esa fj”koZ cSad èkkjd dks mruh jde vnk djus dk opu nsrk gS] ftrus ewY; dh djsalh gSA

zz lk[k eqnzk (Credit money) : og eqnzk ftldk Hkqxrku psd ;k vU; ekè;eksa ls fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d ,sfPNd eqnzk gS] ftls Lohdkj djuk O;fDr dh ckè;rk ugha gSA lkekU;r% lk[k eqnzk ds 5 :i izpfyr gSa&z� izfrKk&i=k (Bond)z� psd (Cheque)z� gqaMh (Hundi)

z� fofue;&i=k (Exchange Deed)z� cSad&MªkÝV (Bank Draft)

lkaosQfrd eqnzk (Token money);g og eqnzk gksrh gS ftldk vkarfjd èkkfRod ewY; mlds vafdr ewY; ls de gksrk gSA ;g lLrh èkkrq ls cuh

gksrh gSA mnkgj.k& Hkkjrh; flDdsA

izkekf.kd eqnzk (Standard money);fn flDds dk okLrfod ,oa vafdr ewY; cjkcj gks rks mls ^izkekf.kd eqnzk* dgrs gSaA lksus vkSj pkanh ds flDds

izkekf.kd eqnzk gh gksrs gSaA

IykfLVd euh (Plastic money) fofHkUu cSadksa] foÙkh; laLFkkvksa rFkk vU; oaQifu;ksa }kjk tkjh fd;s x, MsfcV ,oa ØsfMV dkMZ vkfn dks ^IykfLVd

euh* dgk tkrk gSA MsfcV dkMZ ds }kjk cSad [kkrs esa ftruh èkujkf'k tek gks mrus rd gh [kjhnkjh ;k fudklh dh lqfoèkk gksrh gS] tcfd ØsfMV dkMZ ls cSad [kkrs esa èkujkf'k u gksus ij Hkh dqN fudklh ;k [kjhnkjh dh tk ldrh gSA

vè;k;

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