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1

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Abstract

The traditional policy analysis was deeply influenced by the behaviorism in

the past thirty years the results of policy analysis were always filled in numbers ff experiments and logic of causality For the reason of getting objective policy IIt

knowledge the causal inference value-free and quantification have became the plusmn emphasis of policy analysis But it deserved to take a consideration whether the Jil quantitative model emphasizing the efficiency and productivity could accompany

with the needs and expectations of citizens The citizens not just hope to have a gt ff~

wealthy state they also hope there is a just society Under the tioe of fd

democratization there are so many interest groups are forming and always have the ~

interest conflicts between those groups It is doubtful that the empirical approach liof policy analysis could design the alternatives which coincide with the values of ~ most interest groups The policy argument provides the mechanism of multishy

argument which present the warrants and backings of each side to construct a ~

structured dialogue What the policy argument provides is not only the assumptionshy

presenting it also infer the reasonable and plausible alternatives which deserve to ~

take a deliberation 1)

This article discusses the evolution of policy analysis first then takes a 1amp discussion of basic assumptions of policy analysis So the reader could figure out ff what the basic logic is in the policy analysis with the aids of what we described

above Secondly this article will criticize the assumptions of empirical approach of

policy analysis with the viewpoint of policy argument and justify the usefulness of

policy argument After that this article will explore the contents and modes of

policy argument with Toulmins model of policy argument The exploration contains

of the discussions of elements analytical logic and the operation process of policy

argument then we also take a discussion of the norms of policy argument which will

correct the biases that the policy argument will make In conclusion this article

finds out that the policy argument could make up what the traditional policy

analysis could not accomplish This article recommend that it is beneficial to

combine the two approaches in the policy making process

Keywords policy argument policy claim policy warrant policy rebuttal policy

analysis instrumental rationality

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Ackoff Russell A(1974) Beyond Problem Solving General System No14

Berger P L amp T Luckman (1967) The Social Construction of Reality New York

Doubleday

Cahill Anthony G (1990) The Evolution of Rationality in Policy Analysis In

Nagel Stuart S (Eds) Policy Theory and Policy Evaluation(pp11-27) New

York Greenwood Press

Campbell D T amp J Stanley(1966) Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs

for Research Boston Houghton Mifflin

deLeon Peter (1998) Models of Policy Discourse Insights versus Prediction

Policy Studies Journal Vo126 No1 pp147-161

Dryzek John S(1990) Discursive Democracy Politics Policy and Political Science

New York Cambridge University Press

Dryzek John S(1993) Policy Analysis and Planning From Science to Argument In

Fisher Frank amp John Forester(Eds) The Argumentative Turn in Policy

Analysis and Planning(pp213-232) Duke University Press

Dunn William N (1993) Policy Reforms as Arguments In Fisher Frank amp John

Forester(Eds) The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning

25

(pp254-290) Duke University Press

Dunn William N(1994) PUblic Policy Analysis 2nd edition New Jersey Prentice-

Hall

Fisher Frank (1995) Evaluating Public Policy Chicago IL Nelson-Hall

Fisher Frank (1998) Beyond Empiricism Policy Inquiry in Postpositivist

Perspective Policy Studies Journal Vo126 No1 pp129-146

Freeley Austin J(1993) Argumentation and Dclm California Wadsworth

Publishing Company

Hoizner B amp J Marx(1979) Reality Construction in Society Cambridge gt

Schenkman

Jones Charles 0(1977) An Introduction to the Study of Public Policy MA

Duxbury

Lasswell Harold D(1951) The Policy Orientation in Harold D Lasswell amp

Daniel Lerner(Eds) The PoliCY Sciences Stanford Stanford University

Press

MacRae Duncan Jr(1976) The Social Function of Social Science New Haven CT

Yale University Press

Mason Richard 0 Kim Leschly Abe Feinberg and Jeffrey H Smith(1982) A

Dialectical Approach to Research and Development Planning Policy Studies

Journal Vol10 No4 pp653-663

Mason Richard O amp Ian I Mitroff(1981a) Creating a Dialectical Social Science

The Netherlands D Reidel

Mason Richard O amp Ian I Mitroff(1981b) Policy Analysis as Argument ~

Studies Journal Vo19 No4 pp579-585

Patton M Q (1978) Utilization-Focus Evaluation Beverly Hill Sage

Raiffa Howard(1968) Decision Analysis M A Addison-Wesley

Ricci D M (1984) The Tragedy of Political Science Politics Scholarship and

Democracy New Haven Yale University Press

Sabatier P A(1993) Policy Change over a Decade or More In P A Sabatier amp

H C Jenkins Smith(Eds) Policy Change and Learning An Advocacy

Coalition Approach(pp13-39) Boulder CO Westview

26

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Silverman 0(1971) The Theory of Organization London Heineman

Torgerson D (1986) Between Knowledge and Politics Three Faces of Policy

Analysis Policy Science Vo119 No1 pp33-60

Toulmin Stephen Edelston(1958) The Uses of Argument Cambridge London

Cambridge University Press

Weiss C H amp M J Bucuvalas(1980) Truth Tests and Utility Tests Decision

Makers Frames of Reference for Social Science American Sociology Reyiew

No45 pp302-312

Wildavsky Aaron(1979) Speaking Truth to Power The Art and Craft of Policy

Analysis Boston Little Brown and Company

27

(pp254-290) Duke University Press

Dunn William N(1994) PUblic Policy Analysis 2nd edition New Jersey Prentice-

Hall

Fisher Frank (1995) Evaluating Public Policy Chicago IL Nelson-Hall

Fisher Frank (1998) Beyond Empiricism Policy Inquiry in Postpositivist

Perspective Policy Studies Journal Vo126 No1 pp129-146

Freeley Austin J(1993) Argumentation and Dclm California Wadsworth

Publishing Company

Hoizner B amp J Marx(1979) Reality Construction in Society Cambridge gt

Schenkman

Jones Charles 0(1977) An Introduction to the Study of Public Policy MA

Duxbury

Lasswell Harold D(1951) The Policy Orientation in Harold D Lasswell amp

Daniel Lerner(Eds) The PoliCY Sciences Stanford Stanford University

Press

MacRae Duncan Jr(1976) The Social Function of Social Science New Haven CT

Yale University Press

Mason Richard 0 Kim Leschly Abe Feinberg and Jeffrey H Smith(1982) A

Dialectical Approach to Research and Development Planning Policy Studies

Journal Vol10 No4 pp653-663

Mason Richard O amp Ian I Mitroff(1981a) Creating a Dialectical Social Science

The Netherlands D Reidel

Mason Richard O amp Ian I Mitroff(1981b) Policy Analysis as Argument ~

Studies Journal Vo19 No4 pp579-585

Patton M Q (1978) Utilization-Focus Evaluation Beverly Hill Sage

Raiffa Howard(1968) Decision Analysis M A Addison-Wesley

Ricci D M (1984) The Tragedy of Political Science Politics Scholarship and

Democracy New Haven Yale University Press

Sabatier P A(1993) Policy Change over a Decade or More In P A Sabatier amp

H C Jenkins Smith(Eds) Policy Change and Learning An Advocacy

Coalition Approach(pp13-39) Boulder CO Westview

26

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Tor

Tou

Wei

Wile

y Prentice-

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Dstpositivist

Wadsworth

Cambridge

~MA

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I University

Haven CT

h(1982) A

Jlicy Studies

cial Science

lent poundillicy

larship and

Sabatier amp

n Advocacy

iamp~~~~z~lt

Silverman 0(1971) The Theory of Organization London Heineman

Torgerson D (1986) Between Knowledge and Politics Three Faces of Policy

Analysis Policy Science Vo119 No1 pp33-60

Toulmin Stephen Edelston(1958) The Uses of Argument Cambridge London

Cambridge University Press

Weiss C H amp M J Bucuvalas(1980) Truth Tests and Utility Tests Decision

Makers Frames of Reference for Social Science American Sociology Reyiew

No45 pp302-312

Wildavsky Aaron(1979) Speaking Truth to Power The Art and Craft of Policy

Analysis Boston Little Brown and Company

27

y Prentice-

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Dstpositivist

Wadsworth

Cambridge

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I University

Haven CT

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Jlicy Studies

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lent poundillicy

larship and

Sabatier amp

n Advocacy

iamp~~~~z~lt

Silverman 0(1971) The Theory of Organization London Heineman

Torgerson D (1986) Between Knowledge and Politics Three Faces of Policy

Analysis Policy Science Vo119 No1 pp33-60

Toulmin Stephen Edelston(1958) The Uses of Argument Cambridge London

Cambridge University Press

Weiss C H amp M J Bucuvalas(1980) Truth Tests and Utility Tests Decision

Makers Frames of Reference for Social Science American Sociology Reyiew

No45 pp302-312

Wildavsky Aaron(1979) Speaking Truth to Power The Art and Craft of Policy

Analysis Boston Little Brown and Company

27