28th September 2009

Modernising Scientific Careers Genetics Pilot Healthcare Scientist Training Programme Training Manual

Version 2 07 September 09

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Healthcare Scientist Training Programme (STP) in Genetics………………………. .. 2 1. Introduction………………………………………………….. …. .... ... … .…… . 2 1.1 Overall aim .. ……………………………………………………………………….2 1.2 Module Design…………………………………………………………………... . 3 2. The Training Programme…………………………………………………………4 2.1 Pathology rotation……………………………………………………………….. . 4 2.2 Academic Course Structure……………………………………………………. . 5 2.3 Rotational Element……………………………………………………………… 20 3 Timetable……………………………………………………………………….. . 29 4 Trainee Portfolio, Assessment and Competency Strategy........................ .. 30 5 Competency Log Book………………………................................................ 30 Appendix 1 Direct Observation of Practical/Procedural Skills....................................39 Case Based Discussion Template………………………………………. 41

Appendix 2 Role Descriptors……………………………………………………………. 43 Appendix 3 Educational Resources…………………………………….……………… 46

Table of Contents

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This manual describes the structure and the functions of the proposed training programme for Healthcare Scientist (HCS) in Clinical Laboratory Genetics. Whilst encompassing the philosophy and direction of Modernising Scientific Careers (MSC) the pilot training programme has utilised some of the considerable training resources already in existence and provided by the Clinical Molecular Genetics Society (CMGS) and Association for Clinical Cytogenetics (ACC). This manual describes your training programme over the next three years, the assessment strategies and your portfolio structure. As this is a pilot programme the educational value will be continually evaluated and you will be required to assist this process whenever necessary. This pilot scheme in genetics is designed to explore the merging of the two genetics disciplines (molecular and cytogenetics) into one training programme and to trial the introduction of a basic pathology element, with specific departments in the life sciences in particular blood sciences, cellular pathology and embryology. As this is one year ahead of the main roll out of MSC for Life Sciences, now planned for 2010, this pilot will trial the pathology element slightly differently from the potential structure that may be used for other MSC programmes. The 3 x 3 month pathology modules will be scheduled within the first 2 years of the programme, rather than at the beginning of the course. It is also anticipated that at some point there will be blocks of time spent at the beginning and throughout the programme at The University of Nottingham, details of which will be finalised shortly by the university. A Healthcare Scientist (HCS) will have clinical and specialist expertise underpinned by theoretical knowledge and experience and will;

Undertake complex scientific and clinical roles, including those working directly with patients

Analyse, interpret and compare investigative and clinical options

Make judgements, including clinical judgements involving complicated facts or situations that impact on patients

Initiate and undertake innovation, improvement and R&D, be involved in the education of trainees and other learners in the workplace

More detailed role descriptors for those emerging from STP can be seen in Appendix 2.

1.1 Overall Aim

The overall aim of this STP training and education programme is to prepare the trainee to fulfil the function of a genetics scientist working in a clinical healthcare setting.

Healthcare Scientist Training Programme (STP) in Genetics

1. Introduction

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The programme has been designed not only to combine both the traditional disciplines of molecular and cytogenetics but also to have a strong patient and clinical focus.

1.2 Module Design

The modules have therefore been designed around specific patient pathways which are currently pertinent to genetic testing, but with an eye to the developing technologies and their impact on future service delivery. This is a pilot training programme and as such will evolve as patient and service needs change. The style of the learning outcomes is such that future roles can easily be introduced into the programme. The clinical modules are work based with continuous assessment. Further details of the assessment tools and processes will be provided in due course. The modules are designed in such a way as to build up practical and analytical skills as the trainee progresses through the programme rather than to have separate and artificially distinct cytogenetic and molecular genetic modules. Within the current module design, the practical skills will move from chromosome to gene analysis. Following the engagement of The University of Nottingham it is anticipated that a significant part of the theory including genetics and healthcare and disease diagnosis, will be delivered in national courses. A significant component of the generic curriculum will be delivered in the formal HEI setting. The University of Nottingham will deliver training in bio-informatics and other relevant institutions e.g. Nowgen will be engaged where appropriate. The University of Nottingham will also deliver some of the training on future technologies e.g. second-generation sequencers, but experiential learning will also be included where possible and appropriate. Each clinical module will have appropriate patient interaction which should, where possible, be organised locally.

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2.1 Pathology Rotation The Pathology rotational programmes are available in outline form and will be refined in the autumn of 2009 in partnership with the National Clinical Lead for pathology and the pathology departments who are participating in the pilot. Wherever possible these should include direct clinical contact. The practical details of pathology rotations will need to be organised locally but it will be helpful to the trainees if they are able to follow the general outline of the syllabus as set out below. Whatever the local arrangements, all rotations must be complete within the first two years of the programme to allow the final year for specialisation and research within genetics. The rotational programme for genetics has now been agreed for other disciplines.

2 The Training Programme

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2.2 Academic Course Structure This is a basic preliminary structure which will be confirmed with The University of Nottingham. The trainees will begin on 5th October 2009 in their own laboratory. Early in the programme the PTPs and STPs will come together in a national course organised by The University of Nottingham. Indicative Content of the Initial Course

Introduction to MSC o Career development framework

Overview of course and expectations o Course design and structure o Role of The University of Nottingham and the academic programme

Introduction to health service values and structures o NHS employers o Next Stage Review – current philosophies of patient care o House of Lords Report on Genomic Medicine

Current and future role of healthcare scientists and practitioners o Breadth of role of healthcare scientist o Exciting developments across healthcare

Introduction to ‘Good Laboratory Practice’ and ‘Good Scientific Practice’ o Professionalism o Consent level and confidentiality o Legal frameworks o Clinical governance o The role of audit and research

Leadership and management o Communication o Team working o Teaching others o Managing a team

Introduction to health and safety o Basic laboratory H&S o Importance of samples / patient pathways

Introduction to basic quality control, o National External Quality Assurance Schemes o Quality assurance, o Clinical Pathology Accreditation o Role of performance management in maintaining quality o Role of innovation and service improvement

Introduction to core laboratory skills

Bringing technology into healthcare o Post Human Genome mapping o Sequencing and microarrays

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o Examples from other disciplines o Automation o National Genetics – UK Genetics Testing Network

Introduction to genetics o Basic cell biology o Chromosome structure and function o Meiosis and mitosis o Chromosome segregation o Nucleic acid structure and function, chemical structure of DNA and replication,

transcription and translation

Basic introduction to human pathology o Basic pathology/pathophysiology

Patient’s perspective o Patient focus group talks

Visits to local hospitals/laboratories

Leadership and management

National Masters Level Course – Weeks and location to be confirmed by The University of Nottingham. The indicative content of the course is as follows;

Clinical, Scientific and Medical Knowledge

Basic scientific principles underpinning the clinical laboratory practice of molecular science, blood sciences and cellular sciences

Cellular, tissue and systems responses to disease including o Tissue responses to injury and to repair o Cell death o Inflammation o Neoplasia o Normal and abnormal immune responses o Haemostasis

Structure function relationships and pathogenesis

Clinical and Medical

Incidence and prevalence of disease

Human pathology

Basic clinical medicine (should integrate well with undergraduate medical curriculum)

Differential diagnosis

Presenting symptoms and signs

Natural history and burden of disease

Incidence and prevalence

Common pathophysiology

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Clinical Genetics

Patterns of inheritance – autosomal dominant and recessive, X-linked

Gene structure and function genome variants

Amino acid structure and function, physical attributes

Multi-factorial diseases

Mechanisms of origin of numerical and structural abnormalities, and behaviour of structural chromosome anomalies at meiosis

Understanding of current HGVS and ISCN nomenclature

Genetic basis of acquired disease / Cancer

Consent and ethical, legal and social implications (ESLI)

Biology of disease

Metabolic disorders

Genetics of disease

Epigenetics

Pharmacogenetics

Mitochondrial disorders

Haemoglobinopathies

Population Screening

Health Service Policies

New and Emerging Technologies

There will be additional courses throughout the programme to underpin the work based learning.

MODULE 1 Genetics of learning disorders Aim

To understand the role and application of genetics testing in the diagnosis and management of patients with learning difficulties and the implications to other family members.

This module is work based but is underpinned by a national course. The indicative content of the national course is set out below and will form part of The University of Nottingham’s commitment. Final agreement about the detailed delivery and timing will need to be agreed with The University of Nottingham and it may be that some of the content is delivered around other modules. As such the content for this first module is indicative. The practical skills for the module are indicated below with the detail provided in the Competency Log Book in section 5. During this module it is intended that the trainee will have considerable experience carrying out chromosome analysis and array analysis and they will experience and understand the molecular technology.

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Masters level National course to be delivered by the University of Nottingham

Clinical presentation, natural history and modes of inheritance of syndromes and disorders associated with learning difficulties using chromosome abnormalities, fragile X syndrome, Prader Willi and Angelman (PWS/AS) syndromes, and Rett syndrome as examples

Clinical and scientific aspects of chromosome disorders

Telomeric deletions – telomeric structure

Microdeletion syndromes and chromosome architecture: genomic disorders

Dysmorphology and the underlying genetics

The clinical scientific and molecular basis of imprinting disorders with particular reference to PWS/AS syndromes

X-linked mental retardation: the clinical scientific and molecular basis of fragile X syndrome and Rett syndrome

The clinical utility of genetic testing in the above conditions for a range of common clinical scenarios (for example diagnostic testing, carrier testing, identification of normal transmitting males in fragile X, prenatal diagnosis)

Use of pedigree analysis to determine the most appropriate family member for testing for any given referral reason for chromosomal disorder, fragile X, PWS/AS and Rett syndrome

Social benefits of a positive diagnosis in learning disability (educational statements of need, adoption)

Databases and patient support: DECIPHER and Unique

The patient and family perspective of securing a diagnosis, understanding future prognosis and risk

Clinical care pathways associated with genetic testing for learning disorders

Array technology and analysis

Theory behind basic techniques used in this module – chromosome analysis, arrays, sequencing Ethical issues associated with consent and DNA testing

Learning outcomes

Learning outcome 1 Demonstrate an understanding of a range of genetics testing relevant to learning difficulties using, chromosome analysis, micro-array analysis, fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, PWS/AS as examples.

Learning outcome 2 To demonstrate the ability to develop an appropriate testing strategy for learning difficulties.

Learning outcome 3 Demonstrate the ability to perform chromosome analysis.

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Learning outcome 4 Demonstrate the ability to perform microarray analysis.

Learning outcome 5 Demonstrate an ability to perform a basic analysis and interpret fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, PWS/AS.

Learning outcome 6 Demonstrate an understanding of the implications of the genetics tests including ethical, legal and social implications for the effective management of the patients.

Indicative content and practical skills to be delivered in the work place

The principal referral reasons which would indicate testing for each of the conditions under investigation.

Blood sample processing to obtain chromosome preparations suitable for analysis and appropriate staining and banding techniques relevant to this referral group.

Analysis of chromosomes from patients with learning disorders – use of ISCN.

Interpretation of results from chromosome analysis using relevant on- line databases and search engines.

Application of FISH for targeted microdeletion/duplication syndromes: technical processing and fluorescent microscopy.

Assessment of suitability of DNA for microarray analysis.

Microarray technical processing: labelling, hybridisation, scanning.

Microarray data-analysis and using array-CGH software.

Interpretation of the significance of Copy Number Variations (CNVs) using genome browsers and CNV databases and reporting using ISCN.

Design of strategies for extended microarray follow-up using additional techniques.

The clinical, scientific and molecular basis for the repertoire of genetic testing available to investigate the common range of clinical referrals for fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome and PWS/AS syndrome.

Interpretation of results from fluorescent PCR across the FMR1 gene in order to detect results within normal, intermediate and expanded ranges, and results, which are to be designated as failed analyses. Identification of samples which require repeating and/or which require Southern blotting.

Interpretation of results from Southern blotting for the detection of large expansions and methylation status of alleles in Fragile X.

Interpretation of results from MLPA or bisulphite analysis for PWS/AS syndrome.

Use of Southern blotting to detect methylation differences in PWS/AS syndromes.

The basis on which variants identified in the MECP2 gene in Rett syndrome are classified according to their pathology.

Applicability of non-routine investigations available to elucidate unusual results further (for example sequencing of FMR1 gene).

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Understanding of LIMS to access correct reporting templates.

Significance of test results and interpretation in order to inform further testing to answer clinical questions.

Sources of further information for extended testing in learning disability e.g. use of UK Genetics Testing Network (UKGTN) and DECIPHER databases to identify commissioned tests and where they could be undertaken.

Suggested clinical experience – these are suggestions but may vary according to local implementation

Attend genetics dysmorphology counselling clinics

Attend school for children with learning disabilities

Ward rounds with consultant geneticist at a local children’s hospital

Discuss nutritional needs of PWS etc with dietician

MODULE 2 Infertility and disorders of sexual differentiation Aim

To understand the role and application of genetics testing in the diagnosis and management of patients with infertility and disorders of sexual differentiation and the implications to other family members.

This is the second work based module and is designed to look at the disorders of sexual development and infertility. The main practical element of this module will be to become familiar and competent with molecular testing for Cystic Fibrosis (CF) and use this as an example for testing for other single genes disorders and looking at the implications of other CF mutations and different patterns of referral for CF testing. However the trainee will also maintain their competence in chromosome analysis by examining samples from patients with infertility and sexual disorders. MASTERS LEVEL National course to be delivered by The University of Nottingham This module will also be underpinned by a national course, which will either take place alongside this module or in combination with another national course Core content

Basic embryology and normal sexual differentiation.

Range of phenotypes and genotypes associated with disorders of sexual development.

Patterns and causes of abnormal sexual differentiation, both autosomal and sex chromosome related.

The major genes associated with normal sexual differentiation.

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The genetic basis of infertility and options for management.

Ethical, legal and social issues of individuals and families affected by disorders of sexual differentiation.

Learning outcomes

Learning outcome 1 Demonstrate an understanding of a range of genetic testing including chromosome analysis, CF testing, Y deletion screening, androgen receptor mutation analysis, FRAXA testing in premature ovarian failure (POF), relevant to infertility and disorders of sexual differentiation.

Learning outcome 2 To demonstrate the ability to develop an appropriate testing strategy relevant to infertility and disorders of sexual differentiation.

Learning outcome 3 Demonstrate the ability to perform CF testing, FRAXA and chromosome analysis relevant to sexual differentiation and other disorders.

Learning outcome 4 Demonstrate the ability to interpret and report a range of genetic testing relevant to infertility and disorders of sexual differentiation including abnormal results from chromosome constitution, CF, Y deletion, Androgen receptor, POF, sex reversal.

Learning outcome 5 Demonstrate an understanding of the implications of the genetic tests including ethical, legal and social implications for the effective management of the patients.

Learning outcome 6 Understands the necessity of obtaining valid consent from the patient, knowing how to obtain it when it is indicated. Learning outcome 7 Accurately record a family history and synthesise this with relevant clinical information including differential diagnosis(es) to formulate a management plan that takes account of likely clinical evolution.

Indicative content and practical skills to be delivered in the workplace

Review of testing strategies appropriate to this group of referrals and relevant patient pathways

Recognise problems associated with genetic mosaicism in testing this group of patients.

Relevant laboratory techniques used to identify genomic abnormalities in this group of patients

The technical basis of the major genetic tests (e.g. ARMS and OLA) to detect CFTR

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mutations including intron 8 polyT tract variants.

The technical basis of detecting FRAXA premutation alleles in POF referrals by PCR and Southern blot analysis.

Comparative advantages and disadvantages of each method for detecting FRAXA premutations.

Relationships between particular genetic abnormalities and their influence on phenotype.

Diagnostic and prognostic significance of genetic abnormalities found in this group of patients

Recognise and understand this type of genetic testing in relation to other clinical referrals and laboratory investigations.

Suggested clinical experience - these are suggestions but may vary according to local implementation

Attendance at infertility clinics

CF clinics

Assisted conception unit visit

Attendance at paediatric endocrine clinic/ward round

MODULE 3 Population Screening Aim

To understand the role and application of genetic testing in population screening and the associated diagnosis and management of patients.

This module has been designed to give a wider context of genetic testing and its utility following from specific screening programmes; the role of new screening programmes e.g. familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), ffDNA and RNA and their likely impact on genetics departments in the future. The main practical skills will focus on QF-PCR and FISH testing for aneuploidy detection and chromosome and array analysis following an abnormal Ultrasound Scan (USS), and targeted mutation screening. Where possible there should also be experiential learning of ffDNA/RNA technologies. MASTERS LEVEL National Course delivered by The University of Nottingham Course content

The role of screening in the delivery of the Public Health agenda.

Principles of screening and the different approaches including the relationship between the genetic testing and other screening modalities such as Ultrasound Screening (USS)

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and Immunoreactive Trypsin (IRT) across a range of disorders such as MCAD, CF, and PKU.

Review of relevant issues such as compliance and choice, cost effectiveness and clinical pathways.

Principles of population screening including concepts of sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value.

Origin, prevalence and clinical significance of the most commonly encountered chromosome abnormalities and genetic disease encountered in prenatal diagnosis following screening programmes.

Associations between various abnormal ultrasound scan signs and chromosome abnormalities.

Conditions screened in the national newborn screening programmes and the role of genetic testing in screening for these conditions for example Haemoglobinopathies.

Future screening programmes – for example cardiac screening.

Principles and technologies underpinning non-invasive prenatal diagnosis and its role in future screening programmes.

Ethical, legal and social implications for population screening.

Guidelines/models of best practice for screening (such as WHO guidelines) and the role of the National Screening Committee.

Learning outcomes

Learning outcome 1 Demonstrate an understanding of a range of genetic testing relevant to population screening including prenatal screening and following diagnostic testing using as examples Sickle cell/ Thalassaemia, CF, PKU, MCAD, Down syndrome screening, FH, USS and an understanding of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis.

Learning outcome 2 To demonstrate the ability to develop an appropriate genetic testing strategy relevant to diagnosis following population screening.

Learning outcome 3 Demonstrate the ability to perform, QF-PCR and interphase FISH for trisomy detection, high resolution analysis of chromosomes and targeted mutation analysis to nationally agreed standards.

Learning outcome 4 Demonstrate the ability to interpret and report a range of genetics testing relevant to the effective management of the patient, in relation to the national screening programmes and public health.

Learning outcome 5 Demonstrate an understanding of the implications of the genetic testing including ethical legal and social implications for the effective management of the patients.

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Indicative content and practical skills to be delivered in the workplace

Targeted mutation testing and aneuploidy testing without generating unwanted information.

Best practice guidelines when involved in a complex and/or tightly defined care pathway.

Principles and practice of QF-PCR used for aneuploidy detection and in relation to other uses of this technology.

Nature and effect of structural chromosome rearrangements in relation to QF-PCR testing.

Nature and effect of possible artefacts related to QF-PCR.

The nature and effect of mosaicism, maternal cell contamination, twin pregnancies in relation to QF-PCR testing.

Procedures for confirmation of abnormal QF-PCR results.

Principles and practise of interphase FISH and the utility of FISH vs QF-PCR.

ACC/CMGS Best Practice Guidelines relevant to analysis of QF-PCR for diagnosis of aneuploidy.

Utility of high resolution chromosome analysis / array analysis following abnormal USS.

Methods of targeted mutation analysis and their use in screening protocols such as ARMs. OLA, Pyrosequencing.

The integration of targeted mutation analysis associated with screening protocols with genetic testing for the same disease in other care pathways.

The role of genetic testing in the screening programmes, the information that is required to deliver the screening outcomes and therefore the content of the report.

The clinical implications of any of the results from the range of genetic tests.

Suggested clinical experience - these are suggestions but may vary according to local implementation

Observation of abnormal ultrasound scans

Observation of invasive prenatal procedure

Attendance at special fetal medicine genetics clinic

Haemoglobinopathies clinic

MODULE 4 Cancer

Aim

To understand the role and application of genetic testing in the diagnosis and management of patients with acquired and inherited cancer and the implications to other family members.

This module is designed to give a wide understanding of selected acquired and inherited cancers and to develop an understanding of the role of genes involved and how they can be

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analysed. Various cancers will be used as specific examples to demonstrate the underlying principles of oncogenesis and the practice of genetic testing in diagnosis, prognosis and management. MASTERS LEVEL National course to be delivered by the University of Nottingham Course content

Cell cycle regulation.

Gene pathways associated with cancer.

Principles of carcinogenesis, oncogenesis and malignant transformation.

Proto-oncogenes, Oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes.

Common translocations and rearrangements associated with cancer initiation and progression.

Common genetic mutations associated with cancer initiation and progression.

Knudson two hit hypothesis.

Patterns of inheritance associated with predisposition to cancer including the issue of genetic heterogeneity, environmental factors and multifactorial inheritance (including awareness of chromosome instability syndromes).

Principles of high throughput sequencing and its application to screening large genes

Haematopoiesis with particular reference to stem cell theory and classification.

Selection and analysis in mixed cell populations.

The concept of Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) and its utility in disease treatment and monitoring.

Transplantation and chimerism monitoring.

Pharmacogenetics and personalised treatment.

Ethical, legal and social implications of genetic testing in cancer.

Learning outcomes

Learning outcome 1 To demonstrate the ability to develop an appropriate testing strategy for acquired and inherited cancers, such as BRCA, HNPCC, CML, ALL including molecular pathology, emerging bio-markers and methylation including risk assessment. Learning outcome 2 Demonstrate the ability to perform mutation scanning and sequencing of large genes such as the inherited cancer genes, FISH for the detection of cancer fusion genes, quantitation, and chromosome analysis of leukaemia.

Learning outcome 3 Demonstrate the ability to interpret and report a range of genetic testing relevant to cancer including acquired and inherited, predictive testing, pedigree analysis, BRCA, HNPCC, molecular pathology and bio-markers.

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Learning outcome 4 Demonstrate an understanding of the implications of the genetics tests including ethical, legal and social implications for the effective diagnosis and prognostic management of the patients.

Indicative content and practical skills to be delivered in the workplace

Clinical care pathways associated with the samples tested in cancer and the principles of cost effectiveness.

Ethical issues associated with consent including predictive testing.

Basis of inherited predispositions to cancer using examples of two diseases such as BRCA, FAP or HNPCC.

Principles of pedigree analysis and the calculation of risk.

Principles and practice associated with predictive testing in inherited cancer syndromes.

Principles underpinning at least two methods of mutation scanning including sequencing.

Genetic causes of sporadic cancer such as sporadic bowel cancer, the gene pathways involved and their relation to inherited disease.

Gene structure and the range of mutations seen in an exemplar large gene.

Different methodologies that can be used to identify different classes of mutation.

The scientific and mathematical basis of quantitation using standard curves, regression analysis and relevant software.

Use of biomarkers such as somatic mutations such as those found in KRAS in the management and treatment of cancer.

Basis upon which variants identified in the germline are classified according to their pathology.

Utility of genetic testing in generating prognostic information in the management of cancer e.g. common chromosomal rearrangements.

Utility of genetic testing in monitoring the efficacy of treatment in cancer e.g. CML, Breast cancer.

Role of managerial processes such as Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) meetings and guidelines such as Improving Outcomes Guidance and NICE Guidelines.

Relationship between chromosome abnormalities and oncogenes and an understanding of the relationships between chromosome abnormality and the molecular biology of cancer.

Role of cytogenetics in bone marrow transplantations.

Role of molecular analysis in the diagnosis and monitoring of leukaemias.

Mixed cell populations seen in cancer and how the testing strategy has to be developed and refined if required to enhance the population of abnormal cells.

Principles of FISH in identification of rearrangements associated with cancer.

Principles underpinning at least one method in quantitation of residual disease e.g. CML, ALL.

Rearrangements and translocations commonly associated with cancer, their clinical significance and the methods used to detect them.

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Other methods used in the diagnosis of leukaemias (i.e. haematology, morphology, immunology).

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Suggested clinical experience - these are suggestions but may vary according to local implementation

MDT meetings

Observing bone marrow aspiration

Attending cancer genetics counselling clinic

Attending haematology clinic

MODULE 5 Managerial and Leadership skills This module will be delivered throughout the course within the context of each module and assessed as part of the module. Aim

To prepare the trainees for effective leadership and managerial responsibilities in their role as HCS.

Learning outcomes

Learning outcome 1 Recognises and accepts the responsibilities and role of the scientist in relation to other healthcare professionals. Learning outcome 2 Communicate succinctly and effectively with other professionals as appropriate offering both professional and clinical advice. Learning outcome 3 Demonstrates increasing ability to prioritise and organise duties in order to optimise the work of the department. Demonstrates improving ability to make appropriate decisions in order to optimise the effectiveness of the scientific team resource. Learning outcome 4 Demonstrates the skills and experience to undertake effective, appropriate leadership and management responsibilities in a genetics laboratory. Learning outcome 5 Teaches a range of health professionals and other audiences in a variety of different ways and assess the quality of the teaching of self and others. Learning outcome 6

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Understands the structure of the NHS and the management of local healthcare systems in order to be able to contribute appropriately in managing genetics services.

Indicative content

Leadership and management theories

Theory of change management

Clinical governance

Audit

Team building and working theories

Attending senior laboratory management meetings

MODULE 6 Research Project carried out in conjunction with The University of Nottingham Aim

To enable the student to gain the skills and knowledge in research methods and apply these skills by identifying an appropriate research question, testing a hypothesis, presenting the results and understanding the limitations and applicability of their research to the NHS.

Learning outcomes

Learning outcome 1 Demonstrate an ability to identify an appropriate area for development and its application to clinical practice.

Learning outcome 2 Demonstrate knowledge of scientific experimental design and planning of a robust scientific experiment, including awareness of health and safety, cost implications and ethical issues.

Learning outcome 3 Demonstrate the ability to conduct a scientific experiment, where there may be more than one variable or where there are two components to the experiment, the second of which is dependent on the results of the first, including problem solving, relevant data collection, analysis methods and statistical evaluation.

Learning outcome 4 Demonstrate an ability to critically evaluate the process and findings of the research and disseminate via a written report. Learning outcome 5 Demonstrate effective time management skills and workload prioritisation in the context of scientific research and writing.

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Learning outcome 6 Undertake research within current ethical and governance guidelines, disseminates the research output and uses own and scientific literature to continually review and develop good scientific practice.

Learning outcome 7 Makes optimal use of current best evidence in making decisions and develops the ability to construct evidence based guidelines and protocols in relation to scientific practise.

Learning outcome 8 Performs audits of scientific practice and apply the findings appropriately and complete the audit cycle within current ethical and governance regulations.

Indicative content to be delivered in the workplace in conjunction with The University of Nottingham

Searching and reviewing literature

Experimental design

Research methodologies

Data analysis tools

Statistics

Health and Safety

Ethics

Additional Generic Competencies There are a number of generic competencies which arise out of Good Scientific Practice and which focus on attitudes, behaviours, knowledge and skills. These will be delivered throughout the programme and include such areas as communication and Health and Safety which will complement and test application of the academic learning. These will be assessed throughout the work based assessment programme and can be demonstrated in the DOPs and CBDs Further examples are given below:

Working with a variety of different teams and team settings and to contribute to discussion on the team’s role in optimising patient safety.

Understands the legal framework within which healthcare is provided in the UK and/or devolved administrations in order to ensure that personal clinical practice is always provided in line with this legal framework.

Understands and demonstrates the use of a range of IT platforms/software appropriate to the role.

Recognises the causes of error and how to learn from them, realising the importance of honesty and effective apology.

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Undertakes research within current ethical and governance guidelines, disseminates the research output and uses own and scientific literature to continually review and develop good scientific practice.

Performs audits of scientific practice and apply the findings appropriately and complete the audit cycle within current ethical and governance regulations.

2.3 Rotational Element The rotational element of the genetics pilot will comprise of three, 12 week placements within other life science disciplines, interspersed over the first two years. The final details will be refined in the autumn of 2009 in partnership with the National Clinical Lead for Pathology and with the pathology departments that are engaging in the pilot. The teaching and learning strategy for these rotational programmes will be based upon case study and approach to learning. The assessment will follow the MSC assessment strategy format described above for genetics training. The following are an indicative outline only. ROTATIONAL ELEMENT 1 Clinical Biochemistry Aim

To achieve a broad understanding of biochemical regulation, where it deviates into pathology and how to measure it.

Learning outcomes

Learning outcome 1 To understand the basic biochemistry of acute medicine.

To include

Acid base imbalance

Electrolytes and water imbalance

Liver function testing

Acute kidney injury

Hyperglycaemia, hypoglycaemia

Hypercalcaemiacoronary syndromes

Poisoning

Learning outcome 2 To understand the biochemistry of chronic disease.

To include

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Chronic kidney disease

Chronic heart disease

Metabolic bone disease

Malignancy, screening and use of tumour markers

Nutrition

Gastrointestinal disease

Monitoring diabetes

Thyroid function testing

Therapeutic drug monitoring

Working with primary care Learning outcome 3 To understand the biochemistry of children. To include

Maternal and neonatal screening

Inborn errors of metabolism – illustrated by one or two disorders Learning outcome 4 To understand and apply relevant techniques. To include

Centrifugation

Measurement of blood gases

Spectroscopy as applied to common analytes

Ion selective electrodes

Automation

Immunoassay

Measurement of glucose and HbA1c

Point of care testing Learning outcome 5 To develop a common understanding of the linkages between other specialist areas. To include

Specimen reception

Reference intervals

Basic internal quality control and external quality assessment

Attend a MDT meeting

Visit automated laboratory

See point of care testing remote from laboratory

See reporting of clinical biochemistry results

Case studies will be used to theme the rotation. For example:

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o Acute myocardial infarction o Diabetic ketoacidosis o Chronic renal failure o Screening for Down Syndrome

ROTATIONAL ELEMENT 2 Immunology Aim

To achieve an understanding of the place of immunology in the diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis of immunodeficiency diseases, autoimmune disease and allergic disease.

Learning outcomes

Learning outcome 1 To demonstrate an understanding of the function of the immune system in health. To include Basic immunology o Components of normal immune response

Learning outcome 2 To demonstrate an understanding of the function of the immune system in disease.

To include

i). Role of immunity in infection and cancer

ii). Autoimmunity o Mechanisms o Common autoimmune disorders

iii). Immunodeficiency o Basics of cellular, complement and humoral immunodeficiency o Common immunodeficiency disorders

iv). Allergy o Mechanisms o Skin prick testing o Common allergies

v). Transplantation o Transplant immunology (major histocompatibility complex) o Immunosuppressive therapy

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vi). Malignancy o Detection of paraproteins

Learning outcome 3 To demonstrate an understanding of the tests and assays used within immunology to support the diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis of infectious diseases, autoimmunity and allergic disease and apply suitable methods.

Techniques

Microscopy (light, fluorescence)

Flow cytometry

Tissue culture

Immunoassay

Methods for quantitating immunoglobulins

Oligoclonal banding Learning outcome 4 To develop a common understanding of the linkages of this discipline and others.

Suggested case studies

presentation of patient myloma

bone marrow transplant,

di George syndrome,

b12 deficiency

ROTATIONAL ELEMENT 3 Haematology

Aim

To achieve an understanding of haematology, where it deviates into pathology and how to measure it.

Learning outcomes

Learning outcome 1 To understand the principles of physiology underpinning haematology.

Learning outcome 2 To understand the principles of pathophysiology underpinning haematology. Learning outcomes 3 To understand and apply clinical haematological markers of disease. Learning outcomes 4 To understand, select and apply suitable methods for haematology analysis.

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Learning outcomes 5 To develop a common understanding of the linkages of this discipline and others.

Indicative content - Haematology & Transfusion Science

i). Breakdown of 12 Weeks

Haematology ~5 weeks

Transfusion science ~5 weeks

Coagulation ~2 weeks ii). Haematology component

Full blood count (FBC), cell morphology, basic analysers

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)/plasma viscosity (PV)

Reticulocytes

Haemoglobinopathy – illustrated by sickle cell disease

Malignancy – illustrated by common leukaemia iii). Transfusion Science component

ABO grouping

Cross matching

Antibody screening

Aware of transfusion reaction investigations

Foetal maternal haemorrhage

Blood banking

Regulations relating to transfusion iv). Coagulation component

Bleeding disorders

Thrombolytic disorders

Coagulation blood components

Coagulation – laboratory screening

Anticoagulation therapy - monitoring v). Techniques to cover during rotation

Cell counting

Microscopy

Cross matching

Coagulation testing

Immunoassay (ELISA)

Introduction to molecular haematology (FISH, PCR)

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vi). Other components to include

Attend multidisciplinary team meeting

See a blood transfusion

Look at bone marrow

Use case studies to theme the rotation o presentation of an acute leukaemia o chronic liver disease

ROTATIONAL ELEMENT 4 Reproduction

Aim: To achieve an understanding of reproductive health and associated processes and the analytic techniques and therapies used.

Learning outcomes

Learning outcome 1 To understand the underpinning physiology of reproductive process.

Learning outcome 2 To understand the principles underpinning the reproductive process when it fails. Learning outcome 3 To understand and apply testing for the various cells involved in reproduction. Learning outcome 4 To understand, select and apply suitable methods for analysis of the reproductive process. Learning outcome 5 To develop a common understanding of the linkages of this discipline and others.

Indicative content

i). Knowledge

Reproductive physiology

Reproductive pathophysiology

Reproductive endocrinology

Assisted reproductive techniques ii). Andrology

Diagnostic semen analysis o Procedure o Examination of normal and abnormal samples o Case studies

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iii). Embryology

Distance learning on o Collection, handling and assessment of gametes o Micromanipulation o Fertilization methods o Case studies

iv). Techniques

Microscopy

Culture systems

Cryopreservation v). Legislation

Human fertilization & embryology association – role

Case studies PIGD

CBAVD

Miscarriages

ROTATIONAL ELEMENT 5 Histology

Aim: To achieve an understanding of normal and abnormal tissue, cell architecture and associated processes and the analytic techniques and therapies used.

Learning outcomes

Learning outcome 1 To understand the principles of normal tissue architecture.

Learning outcome 2 To understand the principles of the causes of abnormal architecture including reactive and malignant cells. Learning outcome 3 To understand the preparation and processing of tissue biopsies and apply to the investigation of tissue and select the appropriate method. Learning outcome 4 To understand and apply histo and cyto chemical findings to the investigation of disease.

Learning outcome 5 To develop a common understanding of the linkages of this disciplines and others.

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Indicative content

i). Tissue preparation technique

Receipt of tissues

Fixation

Tissue selection

Decalcification

Tissue Processing and embedding

Microtomy

Cryotomy ii). Demonstration techniques

Haematoxylin and haematoxylin and eosin staining

Normal and pathological tissues

Inflammation, fibrosis and malignancy

Nucleic acids

Amyloid

Fibrin

Connective tissue

Carbohydrates and mucins

Lipids

Infective agents

Pigments and minerals iii). Specialised tissues

Muscle biopsy

Nerve biopsy iv). Immunocytochemistry

Immunofluorescence

Immunoenzyme methods v). Molecular diagnostics

RNA/DNA Probes

In situ hybridization vi). Electron microscopy and image capture

Electron microscopy

Demonstration and image capture vii) Clinical context

Case studies to demonstrate the application of histology to a number of common clinical conditions, HER2, muscle biopsy. DLBCL, colorectal CA

28

ROTATIONAL ELEMENT 6 Cytology

Aim: To achieve an understanding of normal and abnormal morphology, associated processes and the analytic techniques and therapies used.

Learning outcomes

Learning outcome 1 To understand the principles of normal tissue morphology.

Learning outcome 2 To understand the principles of the causes of abnormal morphology including reactive and malignant cells. Learning outcome 3 To understand the preparation and processing of tissue cellular samples, apply to the relevant investigation of cellular components and select the appropriate methodology. Learning outcome 4 To understand and apply histo and cyto chemical findings to the investigation of disease. Learning outcome 5 To develop a common understanding of the linkages of this discipline and others.

Indicative content

i)Techniques

Preparation techniques - liquid based cytology

Respiratory tract

Urinary tract

Serous cavities

FNA – collection and preparation

One-stop reporting

Adequacy assessment ii). Clinical context

Case studies to demonstrate the application of diagnostic cytology to a number of clinical conditions

iii). Gynaecological cytology

Female genital tract

Cervical screening programmes

Aetiology and epidemiology of cervical cancer

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Call and recall systems

Liquid based cytology

Primary care

Processing cervical samples

Screening of cervical samples - normal cellular appearance

Screening of cervical samples – organisms

Screening of cervical samples –abnormalities

Patient management

Failsafe

Colposcopy and gynaecology

New technologies

Identification of HPV

Suggested Case study – HPV

Year 1 National and introductory courses 1 month Genetics Module 1 : Genetics of Learning difficulties 5 months Rotational module 1 : 3 months Genetics Module 2: Sexual differentiation and disorders 3 months Year 2 Genetics Module 2 : Sexual development and disorders 1 month Rotational Module 2 : 3 months Genetics Module 3 : Population screening 5 months Rotational module 3 : 3 months Year 3 Genetics Module 4 : Cancer 6 months Research Project : 4 – 6 months

3 Timetable

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In addition to assessment through the academic programme, which will be defined by The University of Nottingham, there will also be continuous assessment across the 3-year training period in the work place, using a series of Directly Observed Procedures (DOPS), Case Based Discussions (CBDs) competence assessment, and multi source feedback. Examples can be found at Appendix 1.

Each trainee will have an electronic portfolio in which all of these documents are kept. All assessments will be completed electronically and analysed on a central database.

Any additional documents that are important to a portfolio for example an audit or presentation can be attached electronically to the portfolio.

Each trainee and each assessor will have a personal log in for the online portfolio. The workplace based assessment schedule is as follows:

Trainees will be expected to maintain their own portfolio and ensure all assessments are done on time. There will be a final assessment the detail of which will be agreed in early 2010. Trainees will be expected to undertake independent study and a list of suggested educational resources are included in Appendix 3.

This will be provided online as part of the e-portfolio

MODULE 1 Genetics of learning disorders

Competency Reviewer Date Comments

Is able to describe and summarise the range of genetic testing relevant to learning

Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module 4

2 DOPS 1 CBD Competencies

2 DOPS 1 CBD Competencies MSF

2 DOPS 2 CBD Competencies

2 DOPS 2 CBD Competencies MSF

4 Trainee Portfolio, Assessment and Competency Strategy

5 Competency Log Book

31

disabilities.

Demonstrates ability to process a blood sample to obtain chromosome preparations suitable for analysis and appropriate staining and banding techniques relevant to this referral group.

Is competent in chromosome analysis from patients with learning disorders including the use of ISCN.

Interprets results from chromosome analysis using relevant on line databases and search engines.

Knows when to refer for further test – e.g. FISH.

Knows how to set up and analyse samples using a microarray platform suitable for the detection of genome anomalies associated with learning disorders.

Interprets the significance of CNVs using genomic databases.

Demonstrate competence in preparing samples for fragment analysis on a genetic analyser e.g. ABI3130 or equivalent.

Confirm the results of PCR across the FMR1 expansion using Southern blot analysis.

Performs a basic analysis and interpretation of fragile X syndrome using results from fluorescent PCR across the FMR1 gene expansion in order to detect results within normal, intermediate and expanded ranges, and results which are to be designated as failed analyses.

Knows how to identify samples which require repeating and / or which require Southern blotting.

Knows how to interpret results from Southern blotting for the detection of large expansions and methylation status of alleles in fragile X.

Understands the role of non-routine investigations available to elucidate unusual results further (for example sequencing of FMR1 gene).

Describe the basis of manifesting female carriers in X-linked disorders.

32

Knows how to interpret results from MLPA or bisulphite analysis for PWS/AS syndrome.

Understands the basis on which variants identified in the MECP2 gene in Rett syndrome are classified according to their pathology.

Understanding of LIMS to access correct reporting templates.

Demonstrates the use of pedigree analysis for a range of genetic disorders, which can result in learning difficulties.

Know how to access sources of further information for extended testing in learning disability (e.g. use of UKGTN database to identify commissioned tests and where they could be undertaken).

Module 2 Infertility and disorders of sexual differentiation

Competency Reviewer Date Comments

Is able to describe and summarise the range of genetic testing relevant to infertility and disorders of sexual differentiation.

Demonstrate ability to accurately analyse both normal and abnormal chromosome complements for this group of patients.

Understand and describe the chromosomal abnormalities associated with abnormal sexual differentiation and infertility.

Be able to identify the various Y-chromosome deletions.

Understand and describe the mechanism leading to Y-chromosome microdeletions and the clinical features associated with each class of deletion.

Understand and describe the molecular pathogenesis of the FMR1 pre-mutation in relation to premature ovarian failure to both the patient and her family.

Describe the genotype/ phenotype correlations associated with androgen receptor mutations and androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Set up either an ARMS or OLA test to

33

detect common CFTR mutations; be able to describe the advantages and disadvantages of each technique.

Be able to analyse, interpret and report on the most common CFTR mutations.

Understand the implications for other family members of identifying a CFTR mutation in an infertile male.

Understand and describe the molecular pathogenesis of CFTR mutations in relation to bilateral CBAVD.

Demonstrate the ability to interpret data produced during testing and compile accurate reports according to best practice guidelines.

Demonstrate an understanding of sex differentiation disorders in relation to genes such as Androgen Receptor. Understand the basis of skewed X-inactivation.

Demonstrate the ability to describe the implications of the genetic tests (including ethical, legal and social implications) for the effective management of this group of patients.

Understand the counselling issues regarding assisted reproduction in couples with infertility.

Be aware of the counselling issues regarding gender assignment in ambiguous genitalia cases.

Briefly discuss the principles of oogenesis, spermatogenesis and fertilisation with respect to chromosome abnormalities.

Demonstrate awareness of the potential role of Assisted Reproductive Techniques imprinting defects.

Module 3 Population Screening

Competency Reviewer Date Comments

Describe the basic principles of screening, compliance and choice, cost effectiveness and clinical pathways.

Describe the different approaches to

34

screening including the relationship between the genetic testing and other screening modalities such as USS and IRT.

State and discuss the origin, prevalence and clinical significance of the most commonly encountered chromosome abnormalities seen in chromosome preparations from prenatal samples from screening programs.

Demonstrate an understanding of the utility of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis.

Describe and perform analysis of QF-PCR for the diagnosis of aneuploidy to defined laboratory standards and demonstrate understanding of the technology.

Describe the local policy for reporting results of normal and abnormal QF-PCR analysis.

Recognise and describe the nature and effect of mosaicism, maternal cell contamination, and twin pregnancies in relation to QF-PCR testing.

Demonstrate awareness of the procedures for confirmation of abnormal QF-PCR results.

To perform interphase FISH and demonstrate an understanding of the technology.

To perform and understand long term cell culture techniques necessary for chromosome analysis from prenatal samples.

To perform high resolution chromosome analysis on samples from prenatal samples.

Demonstrate an understanding of the main clinical features of those conditions associated with chromosome abnormalities commonly encountered at prenatal diagnosis.

Demonstrate an understanding of the associations between various abnormal ultrasound scan signs, chromosome abnormalities and genetic disease.

35

Demonstrate an understanding of a range of testing methods for targeted mutation analysis.

To perform at least one method of targeted mutation analysis using a fast throughput platform.

Demonstrate an ability to interpret the results from a range of tests such as QFPCR, interphase FISH, chromosome analysis and targeted mutation analysis.

To construct accurate, comprehensive and appropriate reports for a range of results associated with aneuploidy testing, chromosome abnormalities and targeted mutation testing.

Compare the ethical, legal and social implications of genetic testing in the context of screening programs with other clinical pathways for example specific diagnostic testing.

Demonstrate an understanding of informed consent relating to screening programs.

MODULE 4 Cancer

Competence Reviewer Date Comments

To demonstrate the ability to manage the referral and testing process for an inherited cancer gene including the management of predictive testing.

To perform mutation detection in a large gene such as an inherited cancer gene to the required quality standard, including any reflex testing required.

To demonstrate the ability to perform FISH analysis on oncology samples using standard and breakapart/fusion probes.

To demonstrate the ability to perform quantitation of residual disease for example BCR-ABL analysis in CML.

To demonstrate the ability to analyse a range of common chromosomal rearrangements associated with haematological malignancy.

Demonstrate the ability to interpret the

36

relationships between chromosome abnormalities, oncogenes and clinical diagnosis in haematological malignancy.

Demonstrate an understanding of the role of genetic testing in the management of bone marrow transplants.

Demonstrate the ability to produce a report for a range of results of genetic testing in a large cancer gene including diagnostic and predictive testing.

Demonstrate the ability to assess the significance of unclassified variants using appropriate tools such as relevant software.

To calculate an a priori and a posterior risk to an individual in a pedigree of being affected with a disorder.

Demonstrate the ability to produce an integrated report from a range of genetic testing in haematological malignancy.

To understand the benefits to the patients of an integrated report in molecular pathology, for example in MSI and IHC in colorectal cancer.

Demonstrate an understanding of the prognostic value in genetic testing in the management of cancer patients.

Demonstrate an understanding of the utility of guidelines such as NICE and IOG in the management of patients.

Demonstrate an understanding of informed consent relating to predictive testing.

Module 5 Managerial and Leadership

Competence Reviewer Date Comments

Able to recognises and accept the responsibilities and role of the scientist in relation to other healthcare professionals.

Communicates succinctly and effectively with other professionals as appropriate offering both professional and clinical advice.

Able to prioritise and organise duties in order to optimise the work of the

37

department.

Able to make appropriate decisions in order to optimise the effectiveness of the scientific team resource.

Demonstrates the skills and experience to undertake effective, appropriate leadership and management responsibilities in a genetics laboratory.

Demonstrates the ability to teach a range of health professionals and other audiences in a variety of different ways and able to assess the quality of the teaching of self and others.

Demonstrates an understanding of the structure of the NHS and the management of local healthcare system.

Module 6 Research

Competence Reviewer Date Comments

Able to identify an appropriate area for development and its application to clinical practice.

Demonstrates knowledge of scientific experimental design and planning of a robust scientific experiment, including awareness of health and safety, cost implications and ethical issues.

Able to conduct a scientific experiment, including problem solving, relevant data collection and analysis methods and statistical evaluation.

Able to critically evaluate the process and findings of the research and disseminate via a written report.

Shows effective time management skills and workload prioritisation in the context of scientific research and writing.

Able to undertake research within current ethical and governance guidelines and disseminates the research output.

Uses own knowledge and scientific literature to continually review and develop good scientific practice.

Makes optimal use of current best

38

evidence in making decisions and the ability to construct evidence based guidelines and protocols in relation to scientific practise.

Able to perform audits of scientific practice and apply the findings appropriately and complete the audit cycle within current ethical and governance regulations.

39

Appendix 1

Direct Observation of Practical/Procedural Skills: Template: Genetics STP

Procedure No.

Title

Clinical Context

Genetics of learning disorders

Infertility and disorders of sexual differentiation

Population Screening

Cancer Research project

Assessor’s Name:

Assessor’s position:

Clinical Scientist Band 7

Clinical Scientist Band 8

Genetic Technologist Band 5

Genetic Technologist Band 6

Other

Difficulty of the procedure: low average high

Number of times procedure performed by trainee:

1-4 5-9 >10

Please grade the following areas using the scale below

Belo

w

expecta

tio

ns

for

ST

P1

com

ple

tio

n

Bo

rde

rlin

e f

or

ST

P1

co

mp

letio

n

Me

ets

expecta

tio

ns for

ST

P1 c

om

ple

tio

n

Above

expecta

tio

ns for

ST

P1 c

om

ple

tion U

C1

1. Understands the clinical context of the procedure including priority setting and testing strategies.

2. Understands scientific principles of procedure including basic biology underpinning it and an awareness of troubleshooting

3. Has read, understands and follows the appropriate SOP’s, risk and COSHH assessments, and any other relevant H&S documentation including equipment care and maintenance.

4. Understands and applies the appropriate test validation, IQC,EQA relevant professional/ clinical guidelines

5. Understands and applies associated IT/bioinformatics

6. Accurately completes associated

40

documentation

7. Output meets accepted laboratory/professional standards

8. Carries out the procedure within appropriate time frame

9. Is aware of the limitations of the test and sensitivity/specificity

10. Is able to analyse, interpret and report the results of the procedure and provide appropriate clinical advice

11. Demonstrates awareness of the limits of responsibility and when to seek advice

12. Understands the ethical, legal and social implications of the procedure

13. Consideration of patient/professionalism

14. Overall ability to perform

1 Unable to comment. Please mark this if you have not observed the behaviour

FEEDBACK AND DOCUMENTATION OF LEARNING NEEDS

AGREED ACTION

Outcome Satisfactory Unsatisfactory

Date of assessment

Time taken for assessment:

Signature of Assessor

Signature of Trainee

Time taken for feedback:

41

Case Based Discussion: Template: Genetics STP

Assessor’s Name:

Assessor’s position: Clinical Scientist Band 7

Clinical Scientist Band 8

Other

Please grade the following areas using the scale below

Belo

w

expecta

tio

ns

for

ST

P1

com

ple

tio

n

Bord

erlin

e

for

ST

P1

com

ple

tio

n

Me

ets

expecta

tio

ns

for

ST

P1

com

ple

tio

n

Above

expecta

tio

ns

for

ST

P1

com

ple

tio

n U

C1

1. Understands the clinical context of the scenario including priority setting and testing strategies.

2. Understands scientific principles of scenario

3. Can discuss the relevant procedures involved in the scenario and associated health and safety issues

4. Understands and applies the appropriate test validation, IQC,EQA relevant professional/ clinical guidelines

5. Understands and applies associated IT/bioinformatics and other appropriate resources

6. Is able to interpret and report patient results and provide appropriate clinical advice

7. Can discuss the significance of patient results within the clinical context of the referral

8. Understands the ethical, legal and social implications of the scenario

9. Is aware of the importance of audit and can use this tool effectively

10. Output meets accepted laboratory/professional standards

11. Demonstrates awareness of the limits of responsibility and when to seek advice

12. Consideration of patient/professionalism

13. Overall ability to perform

1 Unable to comment. Please mark this if you have not observed the behaviour

FEEDBACK AND DOCUMENTATION OF LEARNING NEEDS

AGREED ACTION

42

Outcome Satisfactory Unsatisfactory

Date of assessment

Time taken for assessment:

Signature of Assessor

Signature of Trainee

Time taken for feedback:

43

Appendix 2

Role Descriptor Template for Healthcare Scientist (HCS)

A Healthcare Scientist (HCS) will have clinical and specialist expertise underpinned by theoretical knowledge and experience and will:

Undertake complex scientific and clinical roles, including those working directly with patients

Analyse, interpret and compare investigative and clinical options

Make judgements, including clinical judgements involving complicated facts or situations that impact on patients

Initiate and undertake innovation, improvement and R&D and be involved in education of trainees and other learners in the workplace

General Scope in Genetics Health Care scientists of this grade are responsible for their own work, have a significant role in ensuring the accuracy and quality of the work and work in a range of health care settings Scientific and Clinical Practice Scientific interpretation following technical analysis in a range/combination of: -

Molecular testing – for example gene sequencing, fragment analysis

Gene chips – for example resequencing

Molecular cytogenetics – for example microarrays and Fish

Chromosome analysis

Molecular pathology

Oncology

Utilisation of genomic databases/bioinformatics

Detailed data analysis

Clinical and scientific input into specialised services

Involved significantly in the day-to-day leadership of parts of the service to nationally accepted standards (CPA or equivalent)

Involved in a medium-term service improvement and innovation including

Setting of service standards

Evaluation and implementation of new methods

Leading development on clinical protocols

Determine and recommend appropriate testing strategies and consequent clinical protocols

44

Clinical audit

Leading in the identification, evaluation and recommendation for the purchasing and commissioning of new equipment

Patient management and clinical care

Direct delivery of patient care – contribution to:

Collection of clinical samples from patients

Support to specialist clinics for example fetal medicine, genetics oncology, molecular pathology

Perform, report and interpret a range of investigations undertaken directly with patients within a range of settings

Advise on prescribing in relation to genomic medicine within all settings

Provide specialist input to patients across the range of care pathways and health care settings

Provide appropriate clinical and scientific advice and interpretation of analytical results

Participate in multidisciplinary meetings for example pathology, haematology, oncology and fetal medicine

Apply and promote evidence-based practice and use of relevant clinical protocols Management and Leadership

Lead teams of staff in development and delivery of defined areas of service

Lead service improvement and innovation projects in agreed areas of practice

Performance manage designated section/s of the department to nationally accepted standards and outcomes

Promote flexible and adaptable leadership response to the demands of the service and to the needs of patients

Communication and working with others

Communication and interpretation of complex clinical, scientific and technical information to a wide range of people including, clinicians, managers, patients and the public

Liaise with senior scientists and clinical users of the service on appropriateness of investigations, interventions and tests

Communicate scientific innovation and service redesign for example by advising primary care and through the use of genomic medicine

Communicate research and development findings in written and oral formats to internal and external contacts

Education and training

Clinical, scientific and technical teaching and training of peers, undergraduates, post graduates and other healthcare professionals within relevant areas of practice

45

Inform and advise patients and the public on the use of relevant clinical laboratory or scientific services

Undertake assessment in a variety of settings

Research, Development and Innovation

Identify research needs and opportunities aimed at improving patient care through genetics

Management and implementation of R&D projects including translational research for example identification of novel genes and genomic diagnostic testing

Leading the transformation and application of new technologies for clinical use

Undertake medium term service development and enhancement including scientific methods development

Assimilate current research and development data into provision of the most up to date genetic testing for patient care.

Evaluate, publish developments and innovation

Contributing to local innovations in health care Clinical Governance

Maintain standards for laboratory health and safety procedures

Comply with quality and governance procedures within the department including risk management and risk mitigation

Maintain high standards of professional and personal conduct

Ensure that patient safety and experience and effectiveness of service are maximised

Perform, analyse and report on relevant clinical audits

46

Appendix 3 Educational Resources

GENETICS AND CELL BIOLOGY Molecular Biology of the Gene (5th edition), Watson, Baker, Bell, Gann and Losick (2004) Benjamin Cummings Publishing Co. Inc. Genes VIII, Lewin (2004) John Wiley Molecular Cell Biology (5th edition), Lodish, ed. (2003) Freeman CLINICAL GENETICS ABC of Clinical Genetics (3rd edition) Kingston (2002) BMJ Books Medical Genetics. Young (2005), Oxford Medical Publications Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics (4th edition) Emery and Rimoin, eds. (2002) Churchill Livingstone Practical Genetic Counselling (6th edition), Harper (2004) Arnold publications Mendelian Inheritance in Man: Catalogues of Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive, and X-linked Phenotypes. McKusick (1998) Johns Hopkins University Press (This book provides a useful adjunct to online OMIM searches, which trainees will also be expected to become familiar with) Emery’s Elements of Medical Genetics (12th edition) Emery, Turnpenny and Ellard eds. (2005) Churchill Livingstone MOLECULAR GENETICS Human Molecular Genetics (3rd edition) Strachan and Read (2004) Bios Scientific Publishers. Introduction to risk calculation in genetic counselling. Young (1999) Oxford Medical Publications PCR Technology. Current Innovations. Griffin and Griffin (2002) CRC Press DNA Microarrays: A molecular cloning manual. Bowtell and Sambrook (2002) Cold Spring Harbour Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Vol. I,II and III (3rd edition), Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis (2001) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

47

Molecular Diagnosis of Genetic Disease (2nd edition), Elles and Mountford (2002) Humana Press Molecular Biology of Cancer. Macdonald (2004) Taylor and Francis pubs. PCR. McPherson, Quirke and Taylor (eds.), (1991), Oxford University Press PCR 2. McPherson, Hames and Taylor (eds.) 1995 Oxford University Press HUMAN DEVELOPMENT/PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS Before we are born: Essentials of embryology and birth defects. Moore and Persaud (2003), Elsevier The Malformed Fetus and Stillbirth: A Diagnostic Approach. Winter, Knowles, Bieber and Baraitser (2000) John Wiley Chorion VIllus Sampling. Liu, Symonds and Golbus, eds. (1987) Chapman and Hall CONSTITUTIONAL CYTOGENETIC INVESTIGATION/MICROSCOPY

Hammerton. 2000. Human Cytogenetics Vols. I & II. Academic Press.

Human Chromosomes: Structure, Behaviour, and Effects. Therman (2001) Springer-Verlag Human Cytogenetics: Malignancy and acquired abnormalities. Rooney and Czepulkowski, eds. (2001) Oxford University Press Catalogue of Unbalanced Chromosome Aberrations in Man (2nd edition). Schinzel (2001) Walter de Gruyter An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN) 2009 Ed L G Shaffer, M L Slovak, L J Campbell Light Microscopy in Biology: A Practical Approach. Lacey, ed. (1989) IRL Press Human Cytogenetics vol I Constitutional Analysis (2nd edition) Rooney and Czepulkowski (1992) Oxford University Press Chromosome Abnormalities and Genetic Counselling Gardner and Sutherland 3rd Ed 2004 Catalogue of Unbalanced Chromosome Aberrations in Man Schinzel 2nd Ed 2001

48

OTHER SUBJECTS Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. Taylor, ed. (2000) Saunders Essential Haematology (4th edition). Hoffbrand and Pettit (2001) Blackwell Essential Immunology (10th edition). Roitt (2001) Blackwell HEALTH AND SAFETY/DATA PROTECTION The Management of Health and safety at Work Regulations (1999), HMSO The COSHH Regulations (2002), HMSO Categorisation of Pathogens According to Hazard and Categories of Containment, Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (1984) HMSO Safety in Health Service Laboratories (Hepatitis B), Health Services Advisory Committee (1985) HMSO Safety in Health Service Laboratories: the Labelling, Transport and Reception of Specimens, Health Services Advisory Committee (1986) HMSO The Genetics manipulation Regulations (1989) HMSO GENETICS WEB LINKS: Genetics databases OMIM- On-line Mendelian Inheritance in Man http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/omim GeneCards http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il/cards/ GeneClinics http://www.geneclinics.org/ Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) http://archive.uwcm.ac.uk/uwcm.mg/hgmd0.html Orphanet http://orpha.net/ UK Genetic Testing network www.ukgtn.org

49

Aids to learning genetics / genetics information DNA from the Beginning http://vector.cshl.org/dnaftb/ Human Genome project http://www.genome.goc/ CD materials produced by London Ideas Genetics Knowledge Park http://www.londonideas.org/internet/school/index.html National Genetics Education and Development Centre http://www.geneticseducation.nhs.uk/ Professional organisations Association for Clinical Cytogenetics http://www.cytogenetics.org.uk Clinical Molecular Genetics Society http://www.cmgs.org/new_cmgs/ British Society for Human Genetics http://www.bshg.org.uk European Society of Human Genetics http://www.eshg.org Ethical issues Nuffield Council on Bioethics http://www.nuffield.org/bioethics/index.html GeneWatch UK http://www.genewatch.org/ OTHER USEFUL SERIES/JOURNALS American Journal of Human Genetics American Journal of Medical Genetics Clinical Genetics

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Genomics Human Genetics Human Molecular Genetics Human Mutation Journal of Medical Genetics Lancet Nature Nature Genetics New England Journal of Medicine Prenatal Diagnosis Scientific American Science Trends in Genetics