modul f t 5 elektronik 4 electronics - yuhuaphysics.com · temperature of the cathode apabila suhu...
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MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
UN
IT 4
UN
IT 4
ElektronikElectronics4
• Menerangkanpancarantermion.Explain thermionic emission.
• Menghuraikanciri-cirisinarkatod.Describe the properties of cathode rays.
• Menghuraikanprinsipkerjaosiloskopsinarkatod.Describe the working principle of the cathode ray oscilloscope.
• MengukurbezakeupayaanmenggunakanO.S.K.Measure potential difference using the C.R.O.
• MengukurselamasayangsingkatdenganmenggunakanO.S.K.Measure short time intervals using the C.R.O.
• MemaparkanbentukgelombangdenganmenggunakanO.S.K.Display wave forms using the C.R.O.
• MenyelesaikanmasalahberdasarkanpemaparanO.S.K.Solve problems based on the C.R.O. display.
4.1 Memahami kegunaan Osiloskop Sinar Katod (O.S.K.)Understanding the uses of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (C.R.O.)
• Menghuraikantransistordalamsebutanterminal-terminalnya.Describe a transistor in terms of its terminals.
• Menghuraikantransistorsebagaiamplifier.Describe how a transistor can be used as a current amplifier.
• Menghuraikantransistorsebagaisuisautomatik.Describe how a transistor can be used as an automatic switch.
4.3 Memahami transistorUnderstanding transistors
• Menghuraikansemikonduktordalamsebutanrintangandanelektronbebas.Describe semiconductors in terms of resistance and free electrons.
• Menghuraikansemikonduktorjenis-ndanjenis-p.Describe n-type and p-type semiconductors.
• Menghuraikandiodsemikonduktor.Describe semiconductor diodes.
• Menghuraikanfungsidiod.Describe the function of diodes.
• Menghuraikankegunaandiodsebagairektifier.Describe the use of diodes as rectifiers.
• Menghuraikankegunaankapasitorsebagaiperataarusoutputdanvoltanoutputdalamlitarrektifier.Describe the use of capacitors to smooth out output current and output voltage in a rectifier circuit.
4.2 Memahami diod semikonduktorUnderstanding semiconductor diodes
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Terminologi / Terminology Penerangan / Explanation
PancarantermionThermionic emission
Elektronyangdibebaskandaripadapermukaanlogamyangdipanaskan.Is the release of electrons from a heated metal surface.
SinarkatodCathode ray
Suatualurelektronyangbergerakdenganlajuyangtinggidalamvakum.A beam of electrons moving at high speed in a vacuum.
• Logammengandungisebilanganbesarelektron yangbebasbergerak.
Metal consists of large number of electrons which are free to move.
• Pada suhu bilik ,elektronbebasbergerak
tetapitidakmempunyai tenaga yang cukup untukmelepasipermukaanlogam.
At room temperature , the electrons are free to move
but do not have enough energy to escape from the metal surface.
Pancaran termion / Thermionic emission
• Filamentungstenyangjugabertindaksebagai katod menjadipanasapabiladilaluioleharus.
The tungsten filament which is also acting as cathode becomes hot when a current passes through it.
• Apabilakatoddisambungkepadaanoddenganvoltanlampautinggi(VLT),elektrondalamfilamentungsten
mendapat tenaga kinetik .When the cathode is connected to the anode by an extra high tension (EHT), the electrons in the tungsten filament gain
kinetic energy .
Sinar katod / Cathode ray
Filamen panas / Hot filament
e
ee
e
Sinar Katod / Cathode Ray
AnodAnode
Katod / filamenCathode / filament
V.L.T. / E.H.T.
ee
– +
+
• Menyatakangetlogiksebagailitarsuisdalamkomputerdansistemelektronikyanglain.State that logic gates are switching circuits in computers and other electronic systems.
• Menyenaraikandanmelukissimbolbagisetiapgetlogik.Menyatakanjugaget-getlogikinidalamjadualkebenaran.List and draw symbols for the following logic gates. Also state the action of these logic gates in a truth table.i. DAN/ANDii. ATAU/ORiii. TAK/NOTiv. TAK-DAN/NANDv. TAK-ATAU/NOR
• Membinajadualkebenaranbagigetlogikdalamgabunganmaksimum2input.Build truth tables for logic gates in combination for a maximum of 2 inputs.
• Menghuraikanaplikasisistem-sistemkawalangetlogik.Describe applications of logic gate control systems.
4.4 Menganalisis get logikAnalysing logic gates
Memahami Kegunaan Osiloskop Sinar Katod (OSK) Understanding the Uses of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (C.R.O.)
4.1
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• Elektrontidakdapatmelepasipermukaanlogam
keranaiaditarikdengan daya tarikan olehnukleusatom.
The electrons cannot escape from the surface because they
are held back by the attractive force of the atomic nucleus.
• Jikalogamdipanaskanpada suhu yang tinggi ,beberapaelektronbebasakan
mendapattenagayangcukup,mampuuntukmelepasipermukaanlogam.
If the metal is heated at a high temperature , some
of the free electrons may gain sufficient energy to escape from the metal surface.
• Elektronyangmendapattenagakinetikyangcukuptinggiakandapatmelepasipermukaanfilamentungsten.Electrons that gain sufficiently high kinetic energy will be able to escape from the surface of the tungsten filament.
• Elektron dipancarkan dandipecutkankepadaanod
dengan beza keupayaan yang tinggi antarakatoddananod.
The electrons emitted are accelerated towards the anode
by the high potential difference between the cathode and anode .
Denganprinsipkeabadiantenaga,bagisetiapelektron,/From the principle of conservation of energy, for each electron,
Tenaga keupayaan elektrik / Electrical potential energy = Tenaga kinetik / Kinetic energy
eV = 12
mv2
Olehitu,Hence,
v =halajuelektron/velocity of the electronsV =perbezaanpotensiantaraanoddankatod/potential difference between anode and cathodee =cassetiapelektron/charge of one electron,1.6×10–19Cm=jisimelektron/mass of electron9×10–31kg
v = 2eVm
FaktorFactor
Kesan ke atas kadar pancaran termionEffect on the rate of thermionic emission
SuhukatodTemperature of the cathode
Apabilasuhu meningkat ,makakadarpancarantermionjuga meningkat .
The rate of thermionic emission increases as the temperature increases .
LuaspermukaankatodSurface area of the cathode
Jikaluaspermukaan bertambah ,kadarpancarantermionjugaakan meningkat .
The rate of thermionic emission increases as the surface area increases .
BezakeupayaanantaraanoddankatodPotential difference between the anode and cathode
Jikabezakeupayaan meningkat ,kadarpancarantermion tidak berubah tetapi
halajuelektronyangdipancarkankearahanod meningkat .
If the potential difference increases , the rate of thermionic emission is unchanged but the
velocity of the emitted electrons towards the anode is higher .
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Ciri-ciri sinar katod / Properties of cathode rays
1 Bergerak lurus dalam vakum / Travel in a straight line in vacuum .
2 Mempunyai tenaga kinetik dan momentum / Possess kinetic energy and momentum .
3 Menghasilkan kesan berpendarfluor / Produce fluorescent effect .
4 Bercas negatif / Negatively charged .
5 Dipesongkan oleh medan elektrik ke arah plat positif / Deflected by an electric field towards a positive plate .
6 Dipesongkan oleh medan magnet / Deflected by a magnetic field .
7 Menyebabkan pengionan molekul gas / Cause ionisation of gas molecules .
8 Boleh menembusi kepingan nipis aluminium, kertas nipis dan lapisan grafit nipis .
Can penetrate thin aluminum foil, thin paper and thin graphite layer .
9 Memberi kesan kepada plat fotografi / Affect photographic plates .
10Menghasilkan haba dan sinar-X dalam tiub sinar-X / Produce heat and X–rays in an X–ray tube .
11Cas untuk satu elektron, e = 1.6 × 10–19 C / Charge of one electron, e = 1.6 × 10–19 C .
12Jisim elektron, me = 9 × 10–31 kg / Mass of electron, m
e = 9 × 10–31 kg .
Kawasan / Region Jenis gerakan / Types of motion
PQ:KatodkeanodCathode to anode Pecutan seragam / Uniform acceleration
QR:AnodkeskrinAnode to screen Halaju seragam / Uniform velocity
R
QP
Jenis pergerakan sinar katod dalam tiub sinar katodTypes of motion of cathode rays in a cathode ray tube
KawasanRegion
Jenis tenagaTypes of energy
P:Katod/CathodeTenaga keupayaan elektrik
Electrical potential energy
PQR:KatodkeAnoddanskrinCathode to anode and screen
Tenaga keupayaan elektrik Tenaga kinetikElectric potential energy Kinetic energy
Perubahan tenaga pada elektron dalam sinar katodEnergy conversion of electrons in cathode rays
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ProsedurProcedure
PemerhatianObservation
PeneranganExplanation
KesimpulanConclusion
Pemanas6Vdihidupkan.A 6 V heater is switched on.
Bayang palang
kelihatan
A shadow of the cross
is seen
Bayangdihasilkanoleh
cahayadari filamen
yang dipanaskan .The shadow is formed by the light rays from the
heated filament .
Lintasan sinar bergerak dalam
garis lurus
Light rays travel in a straight line
Sekarangbekalankuasa3kVdisambungkanantarakatoddananod.Now, a 3 kV power supply is connected between the cathode and anode.
Bayang palangberwarna
hijau dibentukkan .Iasamasaizdansamakedudukandenganbayangyangdihasilkanolehcahayatadi.
A green shadow of the cross is seen. It is the same size and at the same position as the shadow formed by the light earlier.
Bayangpalangdihasilkan
oleh sinar katod .The shadow is formed by the
cathode rays .
Sinarkatodbergerakdalamgaris lurus .
Sinarkatodmenyebabkankesanberpendarfluor .
Sinarkatodmembawa tenaga
kinetik yangditukarkan
kepada tenaga cahaya apabilaiamenghentamskrin.
Cathode rays travel in a straight line .
Cathode rays cause fluorescence .
Cathode rays carry kinetic energy which is
converted to light energy when they hit the screen.
KutubutaramagnetbardibawaberdekatandengansinarkatodThe North pole of a bar magnet is brought close to the cathode rays.
Bayangsinarkatodbergerak dan
tersasar / terpesong
kebawah.The cathode ray shadow
is moved and deflected downward.
Daya saling tindakan / Daya lastik
dihasilkankeranasinarkatodmembawa
cas negatif .
A catapult force is produced because the cathode
rays carry a negative charge .
Sinarkatodboleh dipesongkan olehmedan magnet .Peraturantangan
kiriFlemingdigunakanuntukmenentukanarahgerakansinar.
Cathode rays can be deflected by a magnetic field . The Fleming’s left-hand rule
is used to determine the direction of motion.[Perhatian/Note:Arahsinarkatodadalahbertentangandenganaraharus./The direction of the cathode rays is opposite to that of the electric current.]
Ciri-cirisinarkatoddikajidenganmenggunakantiubpalangMaltesedantiubpesongan.The characteristics of cathode rays are investigated by using the Maltese cross tube and deflection tube.
Tiub palang MalteseMaltese cross tube
3 kV
KatodCathode
Bekalan pemanas, 6V
6 V heater supply
AnodAnode
Skrin berpendarfluorFluoresecent screen
VakumVacuum
BayangShadow
Palang maltese aluminiumAluminium Maltese Cross
N
S
Mengkaji ciri-ciri sinar katodTo investigate the characteristics of cathode rays
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ProsedurProcedure
PemerhatianObservation
PeneranganExplanation
KesimpulanConclusion
Bekalanpemanas6Vdanbekalankuasa3kVdisambungkantetapiplatlogamtidakdisambungkebekalankuasa.6 V heater supply and 3 kV power supply are connected but metal plate is not connected.
Tiada medan elektrik diantaraduaplatlogam.
No electric fields between the two metal plates.
Sinar katod bergerak
dalam garis lurus
Cathode ray travels in a
straight line
Bekalanpemanas6Vdanbekalankuasa3kVdisambungkandanbekalankuasa1000Vdisambungkankepadaplatlogam.6 V heater supply and 3 kV power supply are connected and also 1 000 V power supply is connected to the metal plates.
+
–
Terdapatmedan elektrik diantara
kedua-duaplat.Electric field
exists between two plates.
Sinarkatod dipesongkan
ke atas .The cathode ray is
is deflected upward .
Sinar katod bercas
negatif
Cathode ray is negatively
charged
Bekalanpemanas6Vdan3kVbekalankuasadisambungkandanjuga1000Vbekalankuasadisambungkansecarasongsangkepadaplatlogam.6 V heater supply and 3 kV power supply are connected and also the 1 000 V power supply is connected to the metal plates but in reverse order.
+
–
Terdapatmedanelektrikdiantarakedua-duaplat.
Sinarkatod terpesong ke bawah .
Electric field exists between the two plates.The cathode ray is
is deflected downward .
Sinar katod bercas
negatif
Cathode ray is negatively
charged
Tiub pesonganDeflection tube
3 kV
0 – 1 000 V
Plat logamMetal plates
KatodCathode
Bekalan pemanas, 6 V
6 V heater supply
AnodAnode
Skrin berpendarfluorFluoresecent screen
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Tenaga keupayaan elektrik =Tenaga kinetik Electrical potential energy = Kinetic energy eV = E
(1.6 × 10–19C) × (5 × 103V) = E
E = 8.0 × 10–16 J
1 Bezakeupayaanantaraanoddankatoddalamsenapangelektronialah5kV.Hitungkantenagakinetikelektron.[e=1.6×10–19C]The potential difference between the anode and cathode in an electron gun is 5 kV. Calculate the kinetic energy of the electrons. [e = 1.6 × 10–19 C]
Penyelesaian / Solution
E = eV = (1.6 × 10–19C) × (20 × 103V) = 32 × 10–16
= 3.2 × 10–15 J
2 Dalamtiubgambarsettelevisyen,bezakeupayaan20 kVmerentasi anod dan katodmemecutkansinarelektron.Cassatuelektronialah1.6×10–19C.Berapakah tenaga keupayaan setiap elektronyangmenghentamskrin?In a picture tube of a television set, a potential difference of 20 kV is applied across the anode and the cathode to accelerate the electron beam. The charge of each electron is 1.6 × 10 –19 C. What is the kinetic energy of each electron striking on the screen?
Penyelesaian / Solution
Senapang elektronAn electron gun
Sistem pemesonganDeflection system
Skrin pendarfluorFluorescent screen
Control grid• to control brightness of
the spot on the screen
Y-input terminalTerminal y-input
DasarmasaTime base
VakumVacuum
X-plates• to deflect cathode rays
horizontally
Plat-X• untuk memesongkan sinar
katod secara mendatar
Skrin berpendafluor• untuk menghasilkan
tompok yang cerah apabila dihentam oleh sinar katod
Y-plates• to deflect cathode
rays vertically
Flourescent screen• to produce bright spot
when hit by cathode rays
Cathode rays
Sinar katod
Focusing anode• to focus moving
electrons into a fine ray
Grid kawalan • untuk mengawal
kecerahan tompok di atas skrin
Plat-Y• untuk memesongkan
sinar katod secara menegak
Anod memfokus• untuk memfokuskan
elektron yang bergerak kepada sinar yang halus
Accelerating anode• to accelerate electrons
Anod memecut• memecutkan elektron
Filament• supply heat to the
cathode
Filamen• membekalkan
haba kepada katod
Katod• memancarkan elektron
apabila dipanaskanCathode• emit electrons when
heated
Salut grafik / Graphite coating
• Untuk membumikan elektron
yang menghentam skrin
To channel the electrons striking
the screen to the Earth
Tenaga keupayaan elektrik =Tenaga kinetikElectrical potential energy = Kinetic energy
eV = 12
mv2
1.6 × 10–19C × 7 × 103V = 12
× (9 × 10–31kg) × v2
v2 = (1.6 × 10–19C)× (7 × 103V)(4.5 × 10–31kg)
v = 4.99 × 107 m s–1
3 Dalam tiub vakum penerima televisyen, sinarkatod dihasilkan dan memecut melalui bezakeupayaan7kV.Tentukanhalajusinarkatoditu.
[e=1.6×10–19Cdanme=9×10–31kg]
In the vacuum tube of a television receiver, a cathode ray is produced and accelerated through a potential difference 7 kV. Determine the velocity of the cathode ray.[e = 1.6 × 10–19 C and m
e = 9 × 10–31 kg]
Penyelesaian / Solution
Contoh / Example
Struktur dan fungsi bahagian-bahagian yang penting dalam Osiloskop Sinaran Katod (O.S.K.)Structure and functions of the main parts of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope ( C.R.O.)
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Penggunaan O.S.K.Uses of C.R.O.
1 Paparan bentuk gelombang Displaying waveforms
Input-YY-input
Litar dasar masaTime-base circuit
Suis dipadam
Switched off
Suis dihidupkanSwitched on
TiadabekalankuasadisambungkanNo power supply connected
Bekalankuasaa.t.d.c. power supply
Bekalankuasaa.u.a.c. power supply
2 Mengukur beza keupayaan bekalan kuasa Measuring the potential difference of the power supply
Voltana.t./d.c. voltage
V=gandaan-Y×h V = Y-gain × h
Voltana.u./a.c voltage
Voltanpuncak,Vp=gandaan-Y× 1
2(ketinggiangaris
menegak)
Peak voltage, Vp = Y-gain × 1
2(height of the vertical line)
Vr.m.s.
=1
2×V
p
Vr.m.s.
=Vroot mean square
Vp.m.k.d.
=Vpunca min kuasa dua
3 Mengukur sela masa yang singkat dan frekuensiMeasuring short time interval and frequency
Jarakantaraduadenyutanpadaskrin=dcm. The distance between two pulses on the screen = d cm. Kawalandasarmasa=x scm-1. The time-base control setting = x s cm-1.
Tempohbagiduadenyutan,T=xd Period for two pulses, T = xd
[Dalamkesini,unitTialah'saat' In this case, the unit of T is 'second' ]
Suisa.u/a.t/a.c. / d.c. switch
Gandaan-YY-gain
Input-Y/Y-input
Input-X/X-input
Bumi/Earth
KawalandasarmasaTime-base controls
Brilliance (Brightness)Kecerahaan
SuiskuasaPower switch
Fokus/Focus
Anjakan-X/X-shift
Anjakan-Y/Y-shift
SkrinScreen
1cm
h=2cm
Gandaan-Yditetapkanpada2.0Vcm–1.Y-gain is set at 2.0 V cm–1.
Voltanpuncak, Vp=2.0 V cm–1 × 2 cm
=4 V
Vr.m.s.
= V
p
2 = 4 V
2
=2.83 V
d=4cm
1cm
Frekuensi / Frequency, f = 1T
f = 10.04 s
= 25 Hz
Gandaandasarmasaditetapkanpadax= 0.01 s cm–1
The time-base gain is set at x
Jarakantaraduadenyutanpadaskrin,d=4 cm
The distance between two pulses on the screen, d
Olehitu,tempoh,T= 0.01 s cm–1 × 4 cm = 0.04 s
So, period, T
Contoh/Example:
Contoh/Example:
h=sesarantegaktempokcahayah = vertical displacement of the light spot
Vp.m.k.d.
=1
2×V
p
[ ]
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1 Rajah menunjukkan bentuk gelombang yangterhasil daripada bekalan kuasa arus ulang-alikyangdisambungkankepadainput-YpadaO.S.K.[Gandaan-Y disetkan = 20 V cm–1 dan kawalandasarmasa=5mscm-1]The diagram shows a waveform obtained from an a.c. power supply connected to Y-input of a C.R.O.[Y-gain setting = 20 V cm–1 and time-base control setting = 5 ms cm–1]
Tentukan,/Determine,(a) tempohisyaratyangditunjukkan
the period of the signal(b) frekuensiisyarat
the frequency of the signal(c) bezakeupayaanpuncakkepuncak
the peak to peak voltage(d) bezakeupayaanvoltanpuncak
the peak voltage
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) Ketetapan kawalan dasar masa Time-base control setting = 5 ms cm–1
Tempoh / Period, T = 5 ms cm–1 × 14 cm = 70 ms = 7.0 × 10–2 s
(b) Frekuensi / Frequency, f = 1T
= 1
7.0 × 10–2 s = 14.29 Hz(c) Ketetapan gandaan-Y Y-gain setting = 20 V cm–1
Voltan puncak ke puncak Peak to peak voltage, V
pp = 20 V cm–1 × 8 cm
= 160 V
(d) Vp = Vpp
2
= 160 V
2 = 80 V
d=14cm
8cm
2 RajahmenunjukkanbentukgelombangdihasilkanpadaskrinO.S.K.diradarstesenlapanganterbang.TitikX danY menunjukkanmasa penghantaranisyarat ke kapal terbang dan masa penerimaanpantulanisyaratmelaluiradartersebut.
[KawalandasarmasapadaO.S.K.=50mscm–1]The diagram shows a waveform obtained on the screen of a C.R.O. at an airport radar station. The points X and Y indicate the time of transmission to an aeroplane and the time of receiving the reflected signals by the radar station.[Time-base control setting of the C.R.O. = 50 ms cm–1]
8cm
XY
HitungCalculate(a) masaisyaratradardariXkeY.
the time travels of the radar from X to Y.(b) jarakantarastesenradardankapalterbang. [Halajucahaya=3×108ms–1]
the distance between the radar station and the aeroplane.[Speed of light = 3 × 108 m s–1]
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) Ketetapan kawalan dasar-masa O.S.K. Time-base control setting of the C.R.O. = 50 ms cm–1
Masa penghantaraan isyarat radar, Time travels of the radar, T = 50 ms cm–1 × 8 cm = 400 ms = 0.4 s
(b) Halaju cahaya = 3 × 108 m s–1
Speed of light = 3 × 108 m s–1
Menggunakan formula, 2D = vt Using formula, 2D = vt Jarak antara stesen radar dan kapal terbang Distance between the radar station and the aeroplane,
D = vt2
= (3 × 108 m s–1 ) ×(0.4 s)
2
= 6.0 × 107 m
Latihan / Exercise
KBAT
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Ciri-ciri semikonduktorProperties of semiconductors
• Contohsemikonduktorialah silikon, germanium dan selenium .
Example of semiconductor are silicon, germanium and selenium .
• Semikonduktortulenbersifatseperti penebat dalamkeadaansejuk,tetapimengalirkanarusyangkecilpadasuhubilik(bersifatkonduktor).
Pure semiconductors act as insulators when they are cold, but conduct a small current when they are at room temperature.
• Semikonduktor intrinsik sepertisilikondangermaniummenunjukkanciri-cirisemikonduktordariatomasalnya.
An intrinsic semiconductor such as silicon and germanium derives its semiconductor properties from its own atoms.
• Apabila beza keupayaan dikenakanmerentasisemikonduktorintrinsik,iaakanmengalirkanarusyangkecil.
When a potential difference is applied across an intrinsic semiconductor, it conducts a very small current.
• Kekonduksiandalamsemikonduktoradalahmelaluipergerakanelektron-elektronbebasdanlohong-lohongdalamarahbertentangan.Conduction in a semiconductor is by means of movement of free electrons and holes in opposite directions.
• Iabolehdijadikankonduktoryangbaikdengan pendopan semikonduktordengansebilangankecilatomasing.
They can be made to conduct better by 'doping' the semiconductor with a small amount of foreign atoms.
Perbandinganantarapenebat,semikonduktordankonduktor:Comparison between insulator, semiconductor and conductor:
PenebatInsulator
SemikonduktorSemiconductor
KonduktorConductor
ContohbahanExample of material
Kaca,seramik,politenaGlass, ceramic, polythene
Silikon,germanium,seleniumSilicon, germanium, selenium
Kuprum,aluminium,besiCopper, aluminium, iron
PembawacasCharge-carriers
Tiada elektron bebas
No free electrons
Elektron bebas dan lohong
Free electrons and holes
Elektron bebas
Free electrons
RintanganResistance
Tinggi
High
Beradaantararintanganpenebat dan
konduktorBetween the resistance of
an insulator and conductor
Rendah
Low
KekonduksianConductivity
Kekonduksian lemah kerana
tiadaelektronbebasyang
mengalirkanaruselektrik.Poor conductivity because
there are no free electrons to move about to conduct electricity.
Kekonduksian meningkat apabilasuhumeningkat.Kekonduksianjugameningkatapabilacahayamataharimenyinarinyaataudengan
kehadiran bendasing .
Conductivity increases when the temperature increases. Conductivity also increases when light shines on it or with the presence of
impurities .
Kekonduksian yang baik keranaterdapatbanyakelektronbebasyangmudahbergerakantaraatom.
Good conductivity because conductors have many free electrons that can move easily between atoms.
Memahami Diod Semikonduktor Understanding Semiconductor Diodes
4.2
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Proses pendopanDoping process
• Pendopan ialahprosesmenambahkanbilanganbendasingyangtertentukedalamatom
semikonduktortulen(semikonduktorintrinsik)untukmeningkatkan kekonduksian .Doping is a process of adding a certain amount of specific impurities into the pure semiconductor atoms
(intrinsic semiconductor) to increase its conductivity .
• Prosespendopanmenghasilkanduajenissemikonduktor.Doping process produces two types of semiconductors.
• Duajenissemikonduktoriniialah semikonduktor jenis-n dan semikonduktor jenis-p .
These two types of semiconductors are the n-type semiconductor and p-type semiconductor .
Semikonduktorjenis-nn-type semiconductors
Semikonduktor jenis-nn-type semiconductors
• Atomsilikon(mempunyaiempatelektronvalens)didopkandenganatom-atom pentavalen
(mempunyailimaelektronvalens)seperti antimoni, fosforus atau arsenik untukmeningkatkanbilanganelektron-elektronbebas.
Silicon atoms (with four valence electrons) doped with pentavalent atoms (which have five valence
electrons) such as antimony, phosphorus or arsenic increases the number of free electrons.• Atompentavalenakanmenggantikanbeberapaatomsilikon,kemudiantiap-tiapsatudaripadaatom
pentavalenakanmempunyai empat ikatan kovalen dansatuelektronbebaslebihan.The pentavalent atoms will replace some of the silicon atoms, then each of the pentavalent atoms will have
four covalent bonds and one extra free electron.
• Olehkeranaatompentavalenmendermalebihanelektron,iadinamakanatom penderma .
Since a pentavalent atom donates an extra electron, it is called donor atom.• Dalamkeadaanini,terdapatlebihbanyakelektronbebasberbandinglohong,olehituelektron
adalahpembawacas majoriti danlohongadalahpembawacas minoriti ,
makaiadinamakan semikonduktor jenis-n .
In this case, there are more free electrons than holes. Therefore, the electrons are the majority charge-
carriers and the holes are the minority charge-carriers and is thus known as an n-type semiconductor .
• Elektron bebas yangberlebihanmenjadipembawacasnegatifdalamsemikonduktorjenis-n.
The excess free electrons become the negative charge-carriers in an n-type semiconductor.
Semikonduktorjenis-nn-type semiconductor
As SiAtomarsenikArsenic atom
AtomsilikonSilicon atom
ElektronElectron
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
As
Si
Si
ElektronbebaslebihanExtra free electron
IkatankovalenCovalent bond
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Semikonduktorjenis-pp-type semiconductors
Semikonduktor jenis-pp-type semiconductors
• Silikonyangdidopkandenganatom trivalen (mempunyaitigaelektronvalens)sepertiboron, indium atau galium akanmeningkatkanbilanganlohong.
Silicon doped with trivalent atoms (which have three valence electrons) such as boron, indium or gallium increase the number holes.
• Atomtrivalenakanmenggantikanbeberapaatomsilikon,menyebabkansilikonkehilangansatuelektrondaripadaempatikatankovalen.The trivalent atoms will replace some of the silicon atoms, resulting in one electron missing from one of the four covalent bonds.
• Atomtrivalenakanmenerimasatuelektron,makaiadinamakanatom penerima .
Since a trivalent atom accepts an electron, it is called the acceptor atom.
• Atomtrivaleninimenghasilkan semikonduktor jenis-p denganmembentukkekurangan
elektronvalensyangdinamakan lohong .
These trivalent atoms produce p-type semiconductors by creating a shortage of valence electrons called holes .
• Dalamkeadaanini,terdapatlebihbanyaklohongterhasil,olehitulohongadalahpembawacasmajoriti danelektronadalahpembawacas minoriti ,semikonduktorini
dinamakan semikonduktor jenis-p .
In this case there are more holes. Therefore, the holes are the majority charge-carriers and the electrons are
the minority charge-carriers and is thus known as p-type semiconductors .
• Lohongberlebihaninimenjadipembawa cas positif dalamsemikonduktorjenis-p.
The excess holes become the positive charge charge-carriers in the p-type semiconductors.
InSi AtomIndiumIndium atom
AtomsilikonSilicon atom
ElektronElectron
LohongHole
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
In
Si
Si
KehilanganelektronmembentuklohongMissing electron created a hole
Semikonduktorjenis-pp-type semiconductor
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Bagaimana simpang p-n berfungsiHow the p-n junction works
• Apabilabahansemikonduktorjenis-pbercantumdenganbahansemikonduktorjenis-n,iniakan
membentukkanditengah-tengahnyasatu lapisan yangdinamakan lapisan susutan .Pada
lapisanini, elektron daribahanjenis-nmenghanyutmerentasisimpanguntukmengisi
lohong dalambahanjenis-p. Lohong daribahanjenis-pmenghanyutdalam
arahbertentangankebahanjenis-n.Hasilnya,lapisansusutanyang nipis terbentuk.Iaadalahkawasansempityangkehilangansemuaelektronbebasdanlohongdanbersifatseperti
silikontulenyangmempunyai kerintangan tinggi .Pengalirancasseterusnyayangmerentasisempadanlapisansusutanakanditolakolehcasdidalamlapisantersebut.
When a p-type semiconductor material is in contact with an n-type semiconductor material, a layer called
the depletion layer is formed in the middle. At this junction, electrons from n-type semiconductor drifts
across the junction to fill in the holes in the p-type semiconductor. The holes from the p-type semiconductor drift in the opposite direction to the n-type semiconductor. As a result, a depletion layer is produced.
It is a very narrow region which has lost all its available free electrons and holes and thus behaves almost
like a pure silicon, with high resistivity . Any further movement of charges across the boundry in the depletion layer will be repelled by the charges in the layer.
Voltansimpang/Junction voltage
Semikonduktorjenis-pp-type semiconductor
LapisansusutanDepletion layer
Semikonduktorjenis-nn-type semiconductor
• Lapisancas negatif dalambahanjenis-pakanmenghalangpembawacasmajoritidari
bahanjenis-n(elektron)daripadamerentasisempadan.Begitujugalapisancas positif dalambahanjenis-nakanmenghalangpembawacasmajoritidaribahanjenis-p(lohong)daripada
merentasisempadandalamarahbertentangan.Inimenyebabkansuatu beza keupayaan
yangbertindakdaribahanjenis-nkebahanjenis-p.Bezakeupayaanmerentasisimpangini
dinamakan voltan simpang . Tiada arus mengalirmelaluisimpangp-n
semasacasberadadalam keseimbangan .
The layer of the negative charge in the p-type region will prevent the majority charge carriers from the n-type
region (the electrons) from crossing the boundary. Similarly, the positive charge layer in the n-type region will prevent the majority charge carriers from the p-type region (the holes) from crossing the boundry in the opposite
direction. This will result in a potential difference acting from the n-type material to the p-type material
across the junction. This potential difference is known as the junction voltage . In its normal state, a p-n
junction delivers no current since the charges are in equilibrium .
Lohong/HoleElektron/Electron
Semikonduktorjenis-nn-type semiconductor
Semikonduktorjenis-pp-type semiconductor
• Kesanvoltansimpangialahuntuk menghalang pembawacasdaripadamenghanyutmerentasisimpang.Anggaranvoltansimpangbagigermaniumdansilikonialah0.1Vdan0.6Vmasing-masing.
This junction voltage prevents charge carriers from drifting across the junction. The junction voltages for germanium and silicon are approximately 0.1 V and 0.6 V respectively.
Diod semikonduktor / Semiconductor diodes
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Simbol diod semikonduktorSymbol of asemiconductor diode
p n
StrukturStructure
SimbolSymbol
Anod(+)Anode (+)
Katod(–)Cathode (–)
Fungsi diodFunction of diodes
Pincang ke depanForward-biased• Untukmembenarkanaruselektrikmengalirmelaluidiod,bezakeupayaanmerentasidiodmestimelebihivoltansimpang.
In order for an electric current to flow through the diode, the voltage applied across the diode must exceed the junction voltage.
• Dalamsusunanpincangkedepan,bezakeupayaansel lebih besar daripadavoltansimpang.
Lapisansusutanmenjadi nipis , rintangan diod berkurang .Olehituarus yang besar mengalirmelaluidiod.
In a forward-biased arrangement, the cell voltage is greater than the junction voltage. The depletion layer
becomes narrow , the resistance of diode decreases . Hence a large current flows through the diode.
RintanganrendahLow resistance
ArusmengalirCurrent flow
p n
PincangkedepanForward-biased
+ –
BezakeupayaanselCell voltage
VoltansimpangJunction voltage
Rintanganrendah/Low resistance
LapisansusutannipisNarrow depletion layer
Semikonduktorjenis-nn-type semiconductor
Semikonduktorjenis-pp-type semiconductor
Lukislitarindenganmenggunakansimbol.Draw this circuit by using symbols.
• Diodmengalirkan arus kerana lohong darisemikonduktorjenis-pdan elektron
darisemikonduktorjenis-nberupaya merentasi simpang .Mentolakan menyala .
The diode conducts current because the holes from the p-type semiconductor and electrons from the n-type semiconductor are able to cross over the junction . The bulb will light up .
• Fungsidiodmembenarkanarusmengalirdalam satu arah sahaja .
The function of a diode is to allow current to flow in one direction only .
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TerminologiTerminology
Penerangan Explanation
LapisansusutanDepletion layer
IalahkawasanneutralyangtiadapembawacasIs the neutral region which has no charge-carriers
RektifierRectifier
Ialahperantielektrikyangmenukarkanarusulang-alikkepadaarusterusIs an electrical device that converts alternating current to direct current
RektifikasiRectification
Ialahprosesuntukmenukarkanarusulang-alikkepadaarusterusdenganmenggunakandiodIs the process to convert an alternating current into a direct current by using diode
Pincang songsangReverse-biased
• Dalamsusunanpincangsongsang,bezakeupayaansellebih rendah daripadavoltan
simpang.Lapisansusutanmenjadi besar dan rintangan diodmeningkat.Olehitu,tiadaarusmengalirmelaluidiod.
In a reverse-biased arrangement, the cell voltage is lower than the junction voltage. The depletion layer is wide and the resistance of diode increases. Hence, no current flows through the diode.
RintangansangattinggiVery high resistance
TiadaarusNo current
p n
PincangsongsangReverse-biased
– +
BezakeupayaanselCell voltage
VoltansimpangJunction voltage
Rintangantinggi/High resistance
LapisansusutanlebarWide depletion layer
Bahanjenis-pp-type material
Bahanjenis-nn-type material
Lukislitarinidenganmenggunakansimbol.Draw this circuit by using symbols.
• Elektron dan lohong ditarikmenjauhisimpang.Mentol tidak menyala .
Both electrons and holes are pulled away from the junction. The bulb does not light up .
GrafGraph
Graf arus lawan beza keupayaan bagi simpang p-n dalam diod silikon dan diod germaniumGraph of current against voltage for the p-n junction in a silicon and germanium diode
PincangsongsangReverse-biased
PincangkedepanForward-biased
V/Volt0.10 0.6
I /mA
DiodgermaniumGermanium
diode DiodsilikonSilicon diode
Diod sebagai rektifier / Diodes as rectifiers
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Diodialahperantiyangmembenarkanarusmengalirmelalui satu arah sahaja.Iajugadikenalisebagai
rektifier .Prosesyangmenukarkana.ukepadaa.tdikenalisebagai rektifikasi .
A diode is a device that allows current to flow through it in one direction only. It is also called a rectifier . The
process that changes a.c. into d.c. is called rectification .
Jenis rektifikasi
Types of rectification
Rajah litarDiagram of the circuit
Lakaran grafSketch of graph
PeneranganExplanation
RektifikasiseparuhgelombangHalf-wave Rectification
R V
DiodDiode
KeO.S.K.To C.R.O.
a.c
Vin=bezakeupayaaninput(a.u.)V
in = Input voltage (a.c. current)
Vin
0t/s
VR=bezakeupayaanoutput
melaluiO.S.K. Rectified voltage which shows in the C.R.O.
0
VR
t/s
Prosesdimanahanyaseparuh
kitarpertamaarusulang-alik,
dibenarkanmengalirdalam
satu arah .
A process where only half of every
cycle of alternating current is made to
flow in one direction .
Dalamseparuhkitarpertama,
diod dipincang ke depan
danarusdapat mengalir .
In the first half cycle, the diode is
forward-biased and current
can flow .
Arusdihalangmengalir
menerusidioddalamseparuh
kitarkeduaapabiladiod
dipincang songsang .
The current cannot flow through the
diode in the second half-cycle when the
diode is reverse-biased .
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RektifikasigelombangpenuhFull-wave rectification
R VR
KeO.S.K.To C.R.O.
A
B
D4
D1
D2D
3
(i)Separuhkitaranyangpertamaarusu.a. First half of cycle of a.c. current
R VR
KeO.S.K.To C.R.O.
A
B
D4
D1
D2D
3
(ii)Separuhkitaranyangkeduaarusu.a. Second half of cycle of a.c. current
BezakeupayaanoutputmerentsiR
Output voltage across R
0
VR
t/s
(i) (ii) (i) (ii) (i)
Prosesdimana
kedua-dua
separuh daripada
setiapkitaranarusulang-alik,
dibenarkanmengalirdalam
satu arah / arah yang sama .
A process where both halves
of every cycle of an alternating
current is made to flow in the
same direction .
Ketikaseparuhkitaranpertama,
arusa.u.,(i),arusmengalir
dari A ke D1 ke R ,
ke D3 ke B .
In the first half of the cycle of
the a.c. current, (i), the current
flows from A to D1 to R ,
to D3 to B .
Ketikaseparuhkitaran
kedua,(ii),arusmengalir
dari B ke D2 ke R ,
ke D4 ke A .
In the second half, (ii), the current
flows from B to D2 to R ,
to D4 to A .
Araharusulang-alikyang
mengalirmelaluiperintangR
untuksetiapseparuhkitaran
adalah sama .
The direction of alternating current
passing through the resistor R
for each half of the cycle is the
same .
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MeratakanarusmenggunakankapasitorSmoothening the current by using a capacitor
RC VR
KeOSKTo CRO
A
B
D4
D1
D2D
3
Arusmengalir
Current flows
ArusmengalirCurrent flows
ArusselepasmerentasikapasitorAfter the current flows across the capacitor
ArussebelummerentasikapasitorBefore the current flows across the capacitor
0
V
t/s
KapasitorCapacitorKapasitordisambungsecara
selari dengan
perintang .Iadigunakanuntuk:
A capacitor is connected parallel
with the resistor . This device can:
1 Menyimpan cas elektrik Store electric charge
2 Meratakan bentuk gelombang bagi arus outputyang telah direktifikasi Smoothen a waveform in the rectified output
3 Memisahkan arus ulang-alikdan arus terus (sebagai penapis) Separate the a.c. and d.c. (as a filter)
Meratakan gelombang output menggunakan kapasitorSmoothing output wave by using a capacitor• Apabilaarusmelaluiresistordankapasitor,kapasitor
akan dicaskan dan
tenaga disimpan .When a current flows through the resistor and capacitor, the
capacitor is charged and
stores energy .• Apabilatiadaarusmelaluiperintangdankapasitor,kapasitor
dinyahcaskan dantenaganyadigunakanuntukmenghasilkan
beza keupayaan merentasiperintang.When there is no current passing through the resistor and capacitor,
the capacitor is discharged
and the energy from it used to
produce a voltage across the resistor.
• Hasilnya arus terus outputyangrataterhasil.As a result it produces a
smooth d.c. output.
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Raj
ahD
iagr
amP
ener
ang
anE
xpla
natio
n
Rum
us
transistor
For
mul
a of
tr
ansi
stor
I E=I
B+IC
(a)Transistorp-n-p
p-n-
p tr
ansi
stor
C(Pengumpul/
Col
lect
or)
B(Tapak/
B
ase)
E(Pengeluar/
Em
itter)
C(Pengumpul/
Col
lect
or)
E(Pengeluar/
Em
itter)
B(Tapak/
B
ase)
p n p
•Transistormem
punyaitigaelektrodyangbersambungkepada
peng
elua
r (E
),
tapa
k (B
)dan
peng
umpu
l (C
).
A tr
ansi
stor
has
thre
e le
ads
conn
ecte
d to
the
emitt
er (
E)
, ba
se (
B)
and
colle
ctor
(C
) .
•P
enge
luar
mem
ancarkanataumenghantarpembawacasmelalui
lapi
san
tapa
kyang
nipisuntukdikumpulkanoleh
peng
umpu
l.
The
emitt
er e
mits
or
send
s ch
arge
car
ries
thro
ugh
the
thin
ba
se la
yer
to b
e co
llect
ed b
y th
e
colle
ctor
.
•Arahpadapengeluarmenunjukkanarah
alira
n ar
us.
The
arro
w o
n th
e em
itter
sho
ws
the
dire
ctio
n of
the
curr
ent fl
ow.
•Dalam
transistorp-n-p,pengeluarjenis-pmenghantar
loho
ng b
erca
s po
sitif
kepada
pengum
pul.
In p
-n-p
tran
sist
or, t
he p
-typ
e em
itter
sen
ds
posi
tive
hole
s to
the
colle
ctor
.
•Transistorp-n-pterdiridaripadalapisansemikonduktorjenis-nyangdilapisidengandualapisan
semikonduktorjenis-p.
A p
-n-p
tran
sist
or c
onsi
sts
of a
thin
laye
r of
n-t
ype
sem
icon
duct
or s
andw
iche
d by
two
laye
rs o
f p-t
ype
sem
icon
duct
or.
(b)Transistorn-p-n
n-p-
n tr
ansi
stor
C(Pengumpul/
Col
lect
or)
B(Tapak/
B
ase)
E(Pengeluar/
Em
itter)
C(Pengumpul/
Col
lect
or)
E(Pengeluar/
Em
itter)
B(Tapak/
B
ase)
n p n
•Dalam
transistorn-p-n,pengeluarjenis-nmenghantar
elek
tron
ber
cas
nega
tifkepada
pengum
pul.
In a
n n-
p-n
tran
sist
or, t
he n
-typ
e em
itter
sen
ds
nega
tive
elec
tron
s to
the
colle
ctor
.
•Arahdalampengeluarmenunjukkanarah
arus
men
galir
.
The
arro
w o
n th
e em
itter
sho
ws
the
dire
ctio
n of
the
curr
ent fl
ow.
•Transistorn-p-nterdiridaripadalapisansemikonduktorjenis-pyangnipisdandilapisidengandua
lapisansemikonduktorjenis-n.
An
n-p-
n tr
ansi
stor
con
sist
s of
a th
in la
yer
of p
-typ
e se
mic
ondu
ctor
san
dwic
hed
by tw
o la
yers
of n
-typ
e se
mic
ondu
ctor
.
Me
ma
ha
mi T
ran
sist
or
Und
erst
andi
ng T
rans
isto
rs4
.3
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Jenislitar
Type
s of
ci
rcui
ts
LitartransistorI(mem
erlukanduasel
kering)
Tran
sist
or c
ircu
it I
(tw
o dr
y ce
lls a
re n
eede
d)
CI c
R2
E2
E1
R1
B
E
I b
1Nilaiarustapak
sang
at k
ecil
(μA
)berbandingnilai
arus
pen
gum
pul (
mA
).(
I b<<<Ic)
Pem
besaranarus=
I b —– I c
The
base
cur
rent
is
very
sm
all (
in μ
A)
com
pare
d to
the
colle
ctor
cur
rent
(in
mA
). (
I b <<
< I
c)
Cur
rent
am
plifi
catio
n =
I c — I b
2Kenaikan
keci
ldalam
arustapakakanmenyebabkankenaikanyang
besa
rdalam
arus
pengum
pul.(∆
I b<<<∆
I c)
A
smal
l in
crea
se in
the
base
cur
rent
, ∆I b w
ill c
ause
a
big
incr
ease
in th
e co
llect
or c
urre
nt, ∆
I c. (
∆I b <
<<
∆
I c)
3I e=Ib+Ic
Aruspengeluar,IE,adalah
sam
a de
ngan
jumlaharustapakdanaruspengumpul.Daripada
prinsipdiatas,dapatdisimpulkanbahaw
afungsitransistorsebagai
peng
uat a
rus
iaitudengan
mem
benarkanarusyang
keci
luntukmengawalarusyangbesar.
The
Em
itter
cur
rent
, IE
, is
eq
ual
to th
e su
m o
f the
bas
e cu
rren
t and
col
lect
or c
urre
nt. F
rom
the
wor
king
pri
ncip
le
abov
e, w
e co
nclu
de th
at a
tran
sist
or fu
nctio
ns a
s a
curr
ent a
mpl
ifier
by
allo
win
g a
smal
l c
urre
nt to
con
trol
a la
rger
cur
rent
.
LitartransistorII(mem
erlukansatusel)
Tran
sist
or c
ircu
it II
(on
e ce
ll is
nee
ded)
CI c
R2
VR
1B
E
I b
Rx
Ry
Voltan
bateri
Bat
tery
vo
ltage
Voltan
tapak
Bas
e vo
ltage
Rxdan
RY:Pem
bahagivoltan
RX a
nd R
Y :
Volta
ge d
ivid
er
1ApabilaR
Y=0,voltantapakV
RY=0.A
rustapak
tidak
men
galir
menyebabkan
arus
pen
gum
pul
jugatidakmengalir.Transistor
terp
adam
.
Whe
n R
Y =
0, t
he b
ase
volta
ge V
RY =
0. T
he b
ase
curr
ent
does
not
flow
and
the
colle
ctor
cur
rent
als
o do
es n
ot
flow
. The
tran
sist
or
rem
ains
sw
itche
d of
f. I b=0dan/
and
I c=0
2Apabila
rinta
ngan
RY
men
ingk
at,
voltantapakakan
men
ingk
atsehinggavoltantapakmencapainilaim
inimum
yang
tertentu,
arus
tapa
kmengalirdanmenyebabkanaruspengum
puljuga
men
galir
.
Aru
s ta
pak
menyebabkantransistor
dihi
dupk
an.
Whe
n th
e re
sist
ance
of R
Y is
in
crea
sed
,
the
base
vol
tage
will
in
crea
se u
ntil
the
base
vol
tage
exc
eeds
a c
erta
in m
inim
um v
alue
, the
bas
e cu
rren
t flow
s an
d
caus
e a
larg
e c
olle
ctor
cur
rent
to fl
ow. T
he b
ase
curr
ent s
witc
hes
the
tran
sist
or
on.
04-Physic F5 2015 (FSY5p).indd 169 10/15/15 3:30 PM
© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 170
MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
UN
IT 4
UN
IT 4
3Dariprinsipkerjadiatas,bolehdisimpulkanbahaw
atransistorberfungsisebagai
suis
aut
omat
ik.
Olehitu,transistorbolehdihidupkanataudipadamkan.
Fro
m th
e w
orki
ng p
rinc
iple
abo
ve, w
e co
nclu
de th
at a
tran
sist
or fu
nctio
ns a
s an
aut
omat
ic s
witc
h s
o th
at th
e tr
ansi
stor
is
switc
hed
ON
or
OF
F.
4Transistortidakm
empunyai
tena
gany
a se
ndiri
tetapi
tena
gadalam
transistordibekalkanoleh
bekalankuasasepertiselkering.
A tr
ansi
stor
doe
s no
t hav
e its
ow
n en
ergy
. The
en
ergy
in a
tran
sist
or is
sup
plie
d by
the
pow
er s
uppl
y su
ch a
s th
e dr
y ce
ll.
5Fungsiduaresistor,R
xdan
Ryyangdisam
bungsecara
sesi
risepanjangbateriutamaadalah
sebagaipem
bahagi
volta
n.
The
func
tion
of th
e tw
o re
sist
ors,
RX a
nd R
Y , w
hich
are
con
nect
ed in
se
ries
acr
oss
the
mai
n ba
ttery
, is
as a
po
tent
ial d
ivid
er.
6Voltantapakdikiradengan:
The
base
vol
tage
can
be
calc
ulat
ed a
s:
Kegunaan
transistor
Use
s of
a
tran
sist
or
CB
E
Pem
besar
suara
Loud
spea
ker
Mikrofon
Mic
roph
one
Tra
nsi
sto
r se
bag
ai p
eng
uat
isya
rat
The
tran
sist
or a
s an
am
plifi
er
1Apabilaseseorangbercakapmelaluimikrofon,gelom
bangbunyiditukarkankepada
arus
ula
ng-a
lik.
Whe
n a
pers
on s
peak
s th
roug
h a
mic
roph
one,
the
soun
d w
aves
are
con
vert
ed in
to a
n al
tern
atin
g cu
rren
t.
2P
erub
ahan
yan
g ke
cilkepada
arus
tapa
k,m
enyebabkan
peru
baha
n ya
ng b
esar
kepada
arus
pen
gum
pul
.
A
smal
l cha
nge
in
base
cur
rent
, will
cau
se a
bi
g ch
ange
in th
e co
llect
or c
urre
nt.
3Alatpem
besarsuaramenerima
arus
ula
ng-a
lik y
ang
besa
r daripadalitarpengumpuldan
menukarkannyakepadagelombang
buny
i yan
g ku
at.
The
loud
spea
ker
thus
rec
eive
s a
larg
e al
tern
atin
g cu
rren
t fr
om th
e co
llect
or c
ircu
it an
d co
nver
ts it
into
a
loud
sou
nd.
4Kapasitormenghalangarusmantap(arusterus)daripadamengalirkedalam
tran
sist
or dan
mik
rofo
n.
The
capa
cito
r bl
ocks
a s
tead
y cu
rren
t (di
rect
cur
rent
) fr
om fl
owin
g in
to th
e tr
ansi
stor
and
m
icro
phon
e.
VB=
Ry
Ry
+ R
x×V
I G
ain=
I c I b
04-Physic F5 2015 (FSY5p).indd 170 10/15/15 3:30 PM
© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.171
MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
UN
IT 4
UN
IT 4
CB
ER
Tra
nsi
sto
r se
bag
ai s
uis
kaw
alan
su
hu
The
tran
sist
or a
s a
tem
pera
ture
con
trol
led
switc
h
1Apabilatermistorsejuk,iamem
punyai
rinta
ngan
lebi
h be
sar
dariR
.
Whe
n th
e th
erm
isto
r is
col
d, it
has
a
larg
er r
esis
tanc
e th
an R
.
2Olehitu,
beza
keu
paya
anmerentasitermistoradalah
tingg
itetapibezakeupayaanmerentasi
perintang Radalah
rend
ah.
Ther
efor
e, th
e po
tent
ial d
iffer
ence
acr
oss
the
ther
mis
tor
is
high
and
hen
ce th
e po
tent
ial d
iffer
ence
acr
oss
resi
stor
R
is
low
.
3Tiada
arus
tapa
kmengalirdanmenyebabkan
arus
pen
gum
puljugatidakmengalir.M
aka
mentol
tidak
men
yala
.
The
base
cur
rent
doe
s no
t flow
and
ther
efor
e th
e co
llect
or c
urre
nt d
oes
not fl
ow. T
he b
ulb
does
not
ligh
t up
.
4Apabilasuhu
men
ingk
at,
rinta
ngan
termistorberkurang.Bezakeupayaanmerentasitermistorberkurang.
Whe
n th
e te
mpe
ratu
re
rise
s, t
he
resi
stan
ce o
f the
ther
mis
tor
falls
. The
pot
entia
l diff
eren
ce a
cros
s th
e th
erm
isto
r de
crea
ses.
5Maka,bezakeupayaanmerentasiRadalahsangattinggi.
Th
eref
ore,
the
pote
ntia
l diff
eren
ce a
cros
s R
incr
ease
s an
d be
com
es v
ery
high
. 6
Maka,arustapakbertam
bah.Inim
enyebabkanaruspengum
pul,
I c,bertambahbesar.Makamentol
menyala.
Ther
efor
e, th
ere
is a
n in
crea
se in
the
base
cur
rent
. Thi
s ca
uses
the
colle
ctor
cur
rent
, Ic , t
o be
com
e hi
gh. S
o, th
e bu
lb li
ghts
up.
CB
ER
1
R
PPC
/ LD
R
Cahaya
/ Lig
htT
ran
sist
or
seb
agai
su
is k
awal
an c
ahay
aT
he tr
ansi
stor
as
a lig
ht c
ontr
olle
d sw
itch
Litarmem
adam
kanmentolpadawaktumalam
danmenyalapadasiangharisecaraautom
atik.
Cir
cuit
switc
hes
off t
he b
ulb
at n
ight
and
sw
itche
s on
the
bulb
at d
ay ti
me
auto
mat
ical
ly.
1Padasianghari,perintangpekacahaya(PPC)mem
punyairintanganyangkecil.Olehitu,
beza
keu
paya
anmerentasiPPC
rend
ahtetapibezakeupayaanmerentasi
rinta
ngan
Radalah
tingg
i.A
rustapak,I
Bmengalirmenyebabkan
arus
pen
gum
pul,
I cyang
besa
rmengalir.M
entol
men
yala
.
In d
aylig
ht, t
he li
ght-
depe
nden
t res
isto
r (L
DR
) ha
s a
very
low
res
ista
nce.
The
refo
re th
e po
tent
ial d
iffer
ence
acr
oss
LDR
is
low
and
hen
ce th
e po
tent
ial d
iffer
ence
acr
oss
resi
stor
R is
hi
gh. T
he b
ase
curr
ent,
I B fl
ows
and
caus
e a
larg
e co
llect
or c
urre
nt, I
c fl
ows.
The
bul
b lig
hts
up.
Termistor
Ther
mis
tor
04-Physic F5 2015 (FSY5p).indd 171 10/15/15 3:30 PM
© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 172
MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
UN
IT 4
UN
IT 4
2Padawaktumalam
,PPCmem
punyai
rinta
ngan
yan
g sa
ngat
ting
gi.O
lehitu,bezakeupayaanmerentasi
PPCadalah
tingg
itetapibezakeupayaanmerentasiperintangRadalah
rend
ah.
In d
arkn
ess,
the
light
-dep
ende
nt r
esis
tor
(LD
R)
has
a ve
ry
high
res
ista
nce
. The
refo
re, t
he p
oten
tial d
ifere
nce
acro
ss L
DR
is
high
and
hen
ce th
e po
tent
ial d
iffer
ence
acr
oss
resi
stor
R is
lo
w.
3Makatiadaarustapakmengalirdanmenyebabkanaruspengum
pultidakmengalir.M
entol
tidak
men
yala
.
The
base
cur
rent
doe
s no
t flow
and
cau
se th
e co
llect
or c
urre
nt d
oes
not fl
ow. T
he b
ulb
does
not
ligh
t up
.
CB
ER
Cahaya
Ligh
t
PPC/L
DRAR1
Mentol
Bul
b
9V
Lit
ar m
enya
laka
n m
ento
l pad
a w
aktu
mal
am d
an d
ipad
amka
n p
ada
sian
g h
ari s
ecar
a au
tom
atik
Cir
cuit
switc
hes
on th
e bu
lb a
t nig
ht a
nd s
witc
hes
off
the
bulb
at d
ay ti
me
auto
mat
ical
ly
1Disianghari,PPC(
R)mem
punyai
rinta
ngan
yan
g re
ndah
seperti
R1.
Vol
tan
tapa
k
adalahrendahmenyebabkan
arus
tapa
k tid
ak m
enga
lirdanaruspengum
puljugatidakmengalir,
I B=0,I
c=0.
Tra
nsis
tor
terp
adam
.Mentol
tidak
men
yala
.
In d
aylig
ht, t
he L
DR
(R
) ha
s a
very
lo
w r
esis
tanc
e a
s co
mpa
red
to R
1. Th
e ba
se v
olta
ge is
too
low
. The
base
cur
rent
doe
s no
t flow
and
the
colle
ctor
cur
rent
als
o do
es
not fl
ow,
I B =
0, I
c = 0
. The
tran
sisi
tor
is
switc
hed
off
. The
bul
b is
do
es n
ot li
ght u
p.
2Dalam
keadaangelap,P
PCmem
punyai
rinta
ngan
yan
g tin
ggi
,bezakeupayaanmerentasiPPC
cukup
tingg
iuntukmenghidupkantransistortetapi
beza
keu
paya
anmerentasiperintangR
1
adalah
rend
ah.
In d
arkn
ess,
the
LDR
has
a v
ery
high
res
ista
nce
, the
po
tent
ial d
iffer
ence
acr
oss
the
LDR
is
high
enou
gh to
sw
itch
the
tran
sist
or o
n an
d he
nce
the
pote
ntia
l diff
eren
ce a
cros
s re
sist
or R
1 is
low
.
3B
eza
keup
ayaa
n ta
pak
/ Vol
tan
tapa
kadalah
tingg
i,
arus
tapa
k,I
B,mengalirdan
menyebabkanaruspengum
pul,
I c,yang
besa
rmengalir.M
entol
men
yala
.
The
base
vol
tage
is
high
, the
ba
se c
urre
nt, I
B , i
ncre
ases
and
flow
s an
d ca
uses
a
larg
e c
olle
ctor
cur
rent
,
I c , t
o flo
w. T
he b
ulb
light
s up
.
04-Physic F5 2015 (FSY5p).indd 172 10/15/15 3:30 PM
© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.173
MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
UN
IT 4
UN
IT 4
6V
R
Termistor
Ther
mis
tor
10kΩ
1kΩ RB
Suisgeganti
Rel
ay s
witc
h
Pen
gger
aA
larm
Su
is k
awal
an h
aba
atau
pen
gg
era
suh
u t
ing
gi /
Hea
t-co
ntro
lled
switc
h or
hig
h te
mpe
ratu
re a
larm
1Termistorialah
perin
tang
yangmanarintanganberubahapabilasuhuberubah.
A th
erm
isto
r is
a
resi
stor
in w
hich
its
resi
stan
ce c
hang
es a
s th
e te
mpe
ratu
re c
hang
es.
2R
inta
ngan
termistormengurangsebaiksahaja
suhu
meningkat.
The
resi
stan
ce o
f the
ther
mis
tor
falls
as
the
tem
pera
ture
ris
es.
3TermistordanperintangRdalam
rajahmenghasilkan
pem
baha
gi k
eupa
yaan
merentasibekalankuasa,
6V.
The
ther
mis
tor
and
resi
stor
R in
the
diag
ram
form
a
pote
ntia
l div
ider
acr
oss
the
6 V
sup
ply.
4Padasuhubilik,termistormem
punyai
rinta
ngan
yan
g tin
ggi
dibandingkandenganR.
At r
oom
tem
pera
ture
, the
ther
mis
tor
has
a hi
gh r
esis
tanc
e a
s co
mpa
red
to R
.
5Olehitu,
beza
keu
paya
an
merentasitapaktransistoradalah
rend
ahdantidak
mencukupiuntukmenghidupkansuistransistor.
Ther
efor
e, th
e po
tent
ial d
iffer
ence
acr
oss
the
base
of t
he tr
ansi
stor
is to
o lo
w a
nd n
ot e
noug
h to
sw
itch
the
tran
sist
or
on.
6Apabilasuhumeningkat,
rinta
ngan
termistor
berk
uran
gRintangantermistormenjadisangat
kecilberbandingdenganrintanganR.
Whe
n th
e te
mpe
ratu
re r
ises
, the
re
sist
ance
of t
he th
erm
isto
r de
crea
ses
sig
nific
antly
. The
res
ista
nce
of
the
ther
mis
tor
is v
ery
smal
l as
com
pare
d to
the
resi
stan
ce o
f R.
7Maka,bezakeupayaanmerentasiRadalah
tingg
i.B
ezakeupayaantapakadalah
tingg
idan
arus
tapa
kyangmengalir,I
B,adalahcukuptinggiuntukmenghasilkan
arus
pen
gum
pul
,
I cyangbesar.Icadalahcukupbesaruntukmenghidupkantransistordanmengalirmelaluigegelunggeganti.
Suisgeganti
ditu
tup
(suisgegantidihidupkan)danmenyebabkan
peng
gera
ber
buny
i.
Hen
ce, t
he p
oten
tial d
iffer
ence
acr
oss
R is
hi
gh. T
he b
ase
volta
ge is
hi
gh ;
and
the
base
cur
rent
I B, w
hich
flow
s is
hi
gh e
noug
h to
pro
duce
a la
rge
colle
ctor
cur
rent
I c. Ic is
larg
e en
ough
to s
witc
h th
e
tran
sist
or o
n an
d flo
ws
thro
ugh
the
rela
y co
il. T
he r
elay
sw
itch
is
clos
ed (
rela
y is
sw
itche
d on
) an
d th
is c
ause
s th
e
alar
m to
be
activ
ated
.
8Dioddalamlitarkawalanhabaadalahuntuk
mel
indu
ngitransistordarirosakoleh
d.g.
e te
raru
h ya
ng b
esar
dalam
gegelunggegantiapabila
arus
pen
gum
pul I
cmenurunke
sifa
r.
Dio
de in
the
heat
-con
trol
led
circ
uit i
s to
pr
otec
t th
e tr
ansi
stor
from
bei
ng d
amag
ed b
y th
e la
rge
indu
ced
e.m
.f.
in th
e re
lay
coil
whe
n th
e co
llect
or c
urre
nt I c
dro
ps to
ze
ro
BC
E
04-Physic F5 2015 (FSY5p).indd 173 10/15/15 3:30 PM
© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 174
MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
UN
IT 4
UN
IT 4
Vp
VXZ
= Rp
Rp + Rs
2 V12 V =
10 k Ω10 k Ω + R
s
10 k Ω + Rs = 60 k Ω
Rs = 50 k Ω
IE = I
B + I
c
= 5 mA + 120 mA
= 125 mA
1 Rajah menunjukkan litar transistor. Perintang Pmempunyai rintangan 10 kΩ.Untukmenyalakanmentol, beza keupayaan merentasi perintang Pmestilahsekurang-kurangnya2V.The diagram shows a transistor circuit. Resistor P has a resistance of 10 kΩ. In order to light up the bulb, the potential difference across resistor P must be at least 2 V.
12VT
P
SX
Y
Z
Apakahnilai tertinggiperintangSapabilamentolmenyala?What is the maximum value of resistor S when the bulb lights up?
PenyelesaianSolution
3
(a) (i) NamakankomponenP. Name component P. (ii) ApakahfungsibagikomponenP? What is the function of component P?(b) ApakahfungsiperintangR? What is the function of resistor R?(c) (i) ApakahyangakanberlakukepadabezakeupayaanV
ppadawaktumalam?
What happens to potential difference Vp at night?
(ii) Terangkankenapamentolmenyalapadawaktumalam. Explain why the bulb is lighted up at night.(d) MentolMberlabel240V,60WmulamenyalaapabilaV
pmempunyainilaiminimum2.0Vdanrintangan
bagiperintangPadalah10kΩ.TentukanrintanganperintangS. Bulb M, labelled 240 V, 60 W starts to light up when V
p has a minimum value of 2.0 V and the resistance of resistor P is
10 kΩ. Determine the maximum resistance of resistor S.
2 Rajahmenunujukkansimbolrintangann-p-n.The diagram shows the symbol of an n-p-n transistor.
B
C
E
120mA
5mA
Ie
ApakahnilaiIe?
What is the value of Ie?
PenyelesaianSolution
SuisgegantiRelay switch
R
P
S
6V
Q
240Va.u.240 V a.c.
Vp
M
X
Y
Z
Latihan / Exercise
KBAT
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Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) (i) Perintang peka cahaya (PPC) / Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR)
(ii) mengawal voltan tapak secara automatik / automatically controls the base voltage.(b) Mengawal dan mengehadkan arus tapak supaya transistor tidak rosak. Control and limit the base current 80 that the transistor is not damaged.(c) (i) Beza keupayaan merentasi V
p meningkat
Potential difference across Vp increases.
(ii) Pada waktu malam PPC mempunyai rintangan yang sangat tinggi. Beza keupayaan merentasi LDR sangat tinggi. Maka, voltan tapak adalah tinggi. Arus tapak mengalir dan ini menyebabkan arus pengumpul yang tinggi mengalir. Transistor dihidupkan dan mentol menyala.
At night the LDR has a very high resistance. The potential difference across LDR is very high. Hence the base voltage is high. The base current flows and produces a large collector current flow. The transistor is switched on and the bulb lights up.
(d) Vp
VXZ = Rp
Rp + Rs
... 2.0 V6.0 V
= 10 k Ω10 kΩ + Rs
... 10 kΩ + Rs = 30 kΩ
... Rs = 20 kΩ
4 Litardibawahdigunakansebagaisuisberasaskanhaba.The circuit below is used as a heat-operated switch.
5kΩ
10VR
2
R1
X
A
B
C
(a) (i) ApakahkomponenX? What is the component, X? (ii) LukisrajahkomponenX. Draw the component, X.(b) NamakanterminalA,BdanC. Name the terminals, A, B and C.(c) Untuk menghidupkan mentol, beza
keupayaanmerintangiXmestipalingkurang4V.
In order to light the bulb, the potential difference across X must be at least 4 V.
(i) Apakah rintangan X apabila mentolmenyala?
What is the resistance of X when the bulb lights up?
(ii) Apakah yang berlaku kepada mentol XapabilarintanganXialah1kΩ?
What happens to the bulb if X has a resistance of 1 kΩ?
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) (i) Termistor / Thermistor (ii)
(b) A: Tapak / Base B: Pengumpul / Collector C: Pengeluar / Emitter
(c) (i) RX
5 k Ω + RX
= 4 V10 V
... 10RX = 20 k Ω + 4R
X
... 10RX - 4R
X = 20 k Ω
... 6RX = 20 k Ω
... RX = 3.33 k Ω
(ii) VX = 1 k Ω
(1 + 5) k Ω × 10 V
= 1.67 V
VX < V
minimum
Oleh itu, mentol tidak menyala. So, the bulb does not light up.
KBAT
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TerminologiTerminology
PeneranganExplanation
GetlogikLogic gate
Satulitarelektronikyangmempunyaisatuinputataulebihdansatuoutput.An electronic circuit with one or more inputs and a single output.
JadualkebenaranTruth table
Jadualyangmenyenaraikansemuakemungkinaninputdanoutputgetlogik.A table that summarises all the possible inputs and outputs of a logic gate.
AlgebraBooleanBoolean algebra
UngkapanBooleialahsuatubentukungkapanyangbolehmeringkaskanoperasilogiksuatugetlogik.The Boolean algebra is one form of expression which can be used to summarise the logic operation of a logic gate.
Algebra BooleanBoolean algebra
Simbol Get logikLogic gate Symbol
Jadual kebenaranTruth table
X = A
TAK / NOT
XA
Input / InputA
Output / OutputX
0 1
1 0
X = A . B
DAN / AND
A
XB
Input / Input Output / OutputXA B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
X = A + B
ATAU / OR
B
XA
Input / Input Output / OutputXA B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
1 Getlogikialahlitaryangmempunyaisatuataulebihisyaratinputtetapihanyasatuisyaratoutput.A logic gate is a circuit that has one or more input signals but only one output signal.
2 Setiapinputdanoutputbolehsamaadatinggi(logik1)ataurendah(logik0).Each input and output can be either high (logic 1) or low (logic 0)
3 Sistembinari"0"mewakili0Vdanbinari"1"mewakilivoltanbukansifar.A binary "0" represents 0 V, and a binary "1" represents a non-zero voltage.
4 Jadualkebenaranmenyenaraikankemungkinansemuainputdanoutputyangsepadan.A truth table lists all input possibilities and the corresponding output for each input.
Menganalisis Get Logik Analysing Logic Gates
4.4
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IT 41 RajahmenunjukkangetlogikdenganinputPdanQ.
The diagram shows a logic gate with inputs P and Q.
P
XQ
JikainputP=0011010daninputQ=1100011,apakahoutputX?If the input P = 0011010 and the input Q = 1100011, what is the output X?
PenyelesaianSolution
X = A + B
TAK-ATAU / NOR
B
XA
Input / Input Output / OutputXA B
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
X = A . B
TAK-DAN / NAND
A
XB
Input / Input Output / OutputXA B
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
X = A B
X-ATAU / X-OR
X
A
B
Input / Input Output / OutputXA B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
X=1111101
P0011010
Q1100011
X1111101
Input Output
Latihan / Exercise
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2 RajahmenunjukkanduaisyaratyangmenghubungkaninputAdanBdalamsuatugetOR.The diagram shows two signals connected to the inputs A and B of an OR gate.
A
XB
InputInput
A
B
LukiskanisyaratoutputX.Draw the output signal X.
PenyelesaianSolution
OutputOutput
A
B
X
InputInput
3 RajahmenunjukkangabungangetlogikdenganinputAdaninputB.JikainputA=0011daninputB=0101,apakahoutputX?The diagram shows the combination of logic gates with inputs A and B. If the input A = 0011 and the input B = 0101, what is the output X?
A
X
B
PenyelesaianSolution
X = 1110
A
XB
0011
0101
1110
11100001
0101
0011
1110
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1 Kipasautomatikuntuksistemperdinginan Automatic fan for cooling system
Input / Input Output / Output
Pengesan cahaya
Light detector
Pengesan suhuTemperature
detector
HabaHeater
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
HabaHeater
Pengesancahaya
Light detector
PengesansuhuTemperature
detector
2 SistempenggeraKebakaran Fire alarm system
Input / Input Output / Output
Pengesan asapSmoke detector
Pengesan habaHeat detector
Bunyi isyaratSiren
0 0Tidak aktif
Not activated
0 1Aktif
Activated
1 0Aktif
Activated
1 1Aktif
Activated
BunyiisyaratSiren
Pengesanasap
Smoke detector
Pengesanhaba
Heat detector
3 Sistemkawalanapi Fire control system
Input / Input Output / Output
Pengesan asap
Smoke detector
Pengesan haba
Heat detector
Alat Pemadam api
Fire extinguisher
Penggera kebakaranFire alarm
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1
AlatpemadamapiFire extinguisher
Penggerakebakaran
Fire alam
Pengesanasap
Smoke detector
Pengesanhaba
Heat detector
Aplikasi Get Logik dalam Sistem KawalanApplications of Logic Gates in Control Systems
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InputInput
OutputOutput
SuisSwitch
Pengesan suhu
Temperature detector
Pengesan cahaya
Light detector
HabaHeater
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1
4 Pemanasautomatik/Automatic heater
PengesansuhuTemperature
detector
Pengesancahaya
Light detector
Switch/Suis
HabaHeater
InputInput
OutputOutput
SuisSwitch
Pengesan cahayaLight sensor
Lampu jalanStreet light
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 1
5 SistemkawalanuntuklampujalanControl system for street lights
SuisSwitch
LampujalanStreet light
Pengesancahaya
Light detector
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(a) (i) get ATAU / OR gate (ii) output C
Input Output
X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
(b) (i)
(ii) Z = X + Y
(b) GetlogikLdisambungdengangetlogikMdanNsepertiditunjukkandalamrajahdibawah. Logic gate L is connected to logic gates M and N as shown in the diagram below.
L
N
M
Z
X
Y
(i) Lengkapkanjadualkebenarandibawah. Complete the truth table below.
Input / Input Output / Output
X Y Z
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
(ii) NyatakanalgebraBooleanyangmengaitkanX,YdanZ. State the Boolean algebraic to relate X, Y and Z.
PenyelesaianSolution
1 (a) Rajahmenunjukkangetlogik,L,denganisyaratdalamAdanB.The diagram shows a logic gate, L, with input signals A and B.
CAB
L
IsyaratinputAInput signal A
IsyaratinputBInput signal B
(i) NamakangetlogikL. Name the logic gate L. (ii) LukisisyaratoutputCdalamgrafdibawah. Draw the output signal C in the graph below.
0011
0111
N
M
Z
X
Y0101
1110
0011
0101 0110L
0011
0101
Latihan / Exercise
KBAT
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2 Rajahmenunjukkanlitaryangdigunakansebagaisistemkeselamatandidalamrumah.The diagram shows a circuit being used as a safety system in a house.
L
M
R
S PintupagarGate
PintuDoor
A
B
SuisutamaMain switch
SuistersembunyiHidden switch
(a) NamakangetlogikR. Name logic gate R. (b) Denganmenggunakanduasuis,duaselkeringdansebijimentol,lukissebuahlitaryangsamadengan
getlogikS. Using two switches, two dry cells and a bulb, draw a circuit that is equivalent to logic gate S. (c) Jadualkebenaranmewakiliget-getlogikberdasarkanrajahdiatas. The following truth table represents the logic gates in the diagram above.
Input / Input Output / Output
A B L M
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
(i) Lengkapkanjadualkebenarandiatas. Complete the truth table above. (ii) NyatakanalgebraBooleanuntukmenghubungkaitL,AdanB. State the Boolean algebra to relate L, A and B. (iii) Apakahyangberlakukepadapintudanpintupagarapabilasuisutamaditutup? What happens to the door and the gate when the main switch is closed?
PenyelesaianSolution
(a) get DAN / AND gate
(b)
(c) (i)
(ii) A . (A + B)
(iii) Kedua-dua pintu dan pagar terbuka. Both the door and the gate are open.
A B L M
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1
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1 Antara komponen elektronik berikut, yangmanakah boleh menyimpan cas dan sebagaiperata arus dalam litar rektifikasi? /Which of the following electronic components can store charge and also smoothen the output current of a rectification circuit?A Perintang/ResistorB Diod/DiodeC Kapasitor/CapacitorD Termistor/Thermistor
2 Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan surihan osiloskop yangdihasilkanolehinput2Vpadafrekuensi50Hz.Diagram 1.1 shows the oscilloscope trace produced by an input of 2 V at a frequency of 50 Hz.
Rajah 1.1 / Diagram 1.1
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan surihan dari input barupadaosiloskopyangsama.Diagram 1.2 shows the trace from a new input on the same oscilloscope.
Rajah 1.2 / Diagram 1.2
Berapakannilaiinputyangbaru?What is the value of the new input ?A 1Vpada50Hz/1 V at 50 HzB 2Vpada50Hz/2 V at 50 HzC 2Vpada100Hz/2 V at 100 HzD 4Vpada50Hz/4 V at 50 Hz
3 KelajuanelektronyangdibebaskandarisenapangelektronO.S.K.bergantungpadaThe speed of the electrons that emerges from the electron gun of a C.R.O. depends onA jarakantarakatoddengangrid. the distance between the cathode and the grid.B bezakeupayaanantarakatoddengananod. the potential difference between the cathode and the
accelerating anode.C jarakantaraskrindengananodpemecut. the distance of the screen from the accelerating anode.D bezakeupayaanantaraplat-platY. the potential difference between the Y-plates.
4 Rajah4menunjukkan litarsatudioddanresistordisambungkepadasebuahtiubsinarkatod(CRO).Suis dasarmasa dihidupkan. /Diagram 3.1 shows a diode and a resistor are connected to a cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO). The time base is switched on.
Bekalanutamaa.t.a.c., mains supply
ResistorResistor
DiodDiode
c.r.o
Rajah 4 / Diagram 4
Antara berikut, yang manakah menunjukkansurihanyangdihasilkanpadaskrintiubsinarkatod(CRO)?Which trace would appear on the screen of the cathode-ray oscilloscope?
A C
B D
5 Rajah5menunjukkanduadiodyangdisambungkanselaridalamsuatulitar.Diagram 5 shows two diodes which are connected in parallel in a circuit.
S
P
R
Q
Rajah 5 / Diagram 5
ApabilasuisSditutup,mentolyangmanakahakanmenyala?When switch S is closed, which bulb/bulbs will light up?A Psahaja/P onlyB PdanQsahaja/P and Q onlyC PdanRsahaja/P and R onlyD P,QdanR/P, Q and R
atihan Pengukuhan / Enrichment ExerciseL
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6 Rajah6menunjukkanprosespancarantermion. Diagram 6 shows the process of thermionic emission.
LogamMMetal M
Y Y Y
X
Y
Rajah 6 / Diagram 6
Antaraberikut,yangmanakahbetultentangXdanY?Which of the following is correct about X and Y?
X Y
ACahayadikenakan
Light is appliedElektronElectron
BCahayadikenakan
Light is appliedIonpositifPositive ion
CHabadikenakan
Heat is appliedElektronElectron
DHabadikenakan
Heat is appliedIonpositifPositive ion
7 Rajah 7 menunjukkan litar menyalakan diodpemancarcahaya(LED)padawaktusiang.Diagram 7 shows the circuit light up the light-emitting diode (LED) during daylight.
LED
BateriBattery
Transistornpnnpn transistor
PerintangR2
Resistor R2
X
Y
Rajah 7 / Diagram 7
Antara berikut, yang manakah betul tentangkomponen-komponen X dan Y? / Which of the following is correct about components X and Y?
Komponen XComponent X
Komponen YComponent Y
ATermistorThermistor
PerintangResistor
BPerintangR
Resistor RTermistorThermistor
CPerintangPekaCahaya/Light-
Dependent Resistor
PerintangResistor
DPerintang
Resistor
PerintangPekaCahaya/Light-
Dependent Resistor
8 Rajah 8 menunjukkan satu kombinasi dua getlogik.Diagram 8 shows a combination of two logic gates.
PX
Q
Rajah 8 / Diagram 8
Jadualkebenaranmanakahyangbetul?Which truth table is correct?
A P Q X
0011
0101
0110
B P Q X
0011
0101
1011
C P Q X
0011
0101
1101
D P Q X
0011
0101
1010
9 Rajah 9menunjukkan struktur sebuah osiloskopsinarkatod.Diagram 9 shows the structure of a cathode ray oscilloscope.
DCBA Alur elektronElectron beam
Rajah 9 / Diagram 9
AntarakomponenA,B,CdanD,yangmanakahmenyebabkan pemesongan sinar katod secaramenegak?Which component, A, B, C or D, causes the cathode rays to be deflected vertically?
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X
1 Rajah1.1danRajah1.2menunjukkanduadiodAdanB,duamentolPdanQdisambungkepadasatuselkeringdenganduasusunanyangberbeza.Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 shows two diodes A and B, two bulbs P and Q are connected to a dry cell with two different arrangements.
A P
B Q
SuisSwitch
Rajah 1.1 / Diagram 1.1
A P
B Q
SuisSwitch
Rajah 1.2 / Diagram 1.2
(a) BerdasarkanRajah1.1danRajah1.2, Based on Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2,
(i) bandingkansambungandiod-diodkepadaterminalselkering. Compare the connection of diodes to the terminal of the dry cell.
Rajah 1.1 – anod pada diod disambungkan ke terminal positif sel kering.
Rajah 1.2 – anod pada diod disambungkan ke terminal negatif sel kering.
Diagram 1.1 – anode of the diode is connected to positive terminal of dry cell.
Diagram 1.2 – anode of diode is connected to the negative terminal of dry cell.
(ii) bandingkannyalaanmentol-mentolitu. compare the lighting of the bulbs.
Mentol dalam Rajah 1.1 menyala, mentol dalam Rajah 1.2 tidak menyala
Bulb in Diagram 1.1 lights up, bulb in Diagram 1.2 does not light up.
10 Rajah 10menunjukkan satu kombinasi bagi tigaget logik. Isyarat X dan isyarat Y dibekalkankepadainput.Diagram 10 shows a combination of three logic gates. Signal X and signal Y are supplied to the input.
OutputOutput
InputInput
X
Y
X
Y
Rajah 10 / Diagram 10
Isyaratoutputmanakahyangbetul?Which output signal is correct?
A
B
C
D
oalan Struktur / Structure QuestionsS
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(iii) hubungkaitkanantarasambungandiod-diodkepadaterminalselkeringdengannyalaanmentol. relate the connection of diodes to the terminal of the dry cell with the lighting of the bulbs.
Mentol tidak menyala apabila terminal positif diod disambung kepada terminal negatif bateri // pincang
songsang. Mentol menyala apabila terminal positif diod disambung kepada terminal positif bateri //
pincang depan.
The bulb does not light up when the positive diode is connected to negative terminal of battery // reversed biased.
The bulb light up when the positive diode is connected to positive terminal of battery// forward biased.
(b) (i) Lukiskan susunan radas empat diod dan bekalan kuasa yang sesuai di dalam ruangan yangdisediakandalamRajah1.3untukmenghasilkanlitarrektifikasigelombangpenuh.
Draw the arrangement of four diodes and suitable power supply in the space given in Diagram 1.3 that can be used to produce full wave rectifier circuit.
R V8
C
KeOSKTo CROa.c.
D4 D
1
D2D
3
Rajah 1.3 / Diagram 1.3
(ii) Lukiskanbentukrektifikasigelombangpenuh. Draw the wave form of full wave rectification.
(iii) Namakan satu komponen elektronik yang boleh digunakan untuk melicinkan arus elektrik yangterhasil.
Name an electronic component that can be used to smoothen the current produced.
Kapasitor
Capacitor
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2 Rajah2menunjukkanlitaryangmengandungitransistor-npnyangbertindaksebagaisuisautomatik.Diagram 2 shows a circuit with a npn transistor which acts as an automatic switch.
LED
R2
LDR
R1
Rajah 2 / Diagram 2
TransistoritumenyebabkanLEDmenyalaapabilakeadaangelap.Tuanrumahinginsebuahpenghawadinginberlabel240V,1000W,dalambiliknyadihidupkansecaraautomatikapabilabilikitupanas.Lukislitaryangdiubahsuaiuntukmenunjukkanbagaimanapenghawadinginbolehdihidupkansecaraautomatikapabilabilikitupanas.The transistor causes the LED to light up when it is dark. The house owner wants an air-conditioner labelled 240 V, 1000 W, in a room to be automatically switched on when the room is hot. Draw a modified circuit to show how the air-conditioner can be automatically switched on when the room is hot.
R2
GegantiRelay
BateriBattery
PenghawadinginAir-conditioner
TermistorThermistor
Perintang,R1
Resistor, R1
240V
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