Materials材料

What are FRP Materials?FRP materials are composites that consist of fiber reinforcements, thermosetting resins and additives, designed and processed to meet specific functional performance criteria.FRP属于复合材料，是由玻璃增强纤维、热固性树脂和添加剂组成，通过设计加工以达到特定的功能标准要求

Ref. AWWA-M45

What makes up a Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) material?FRP由哪些材料组成？

Resin树脂Catalyst / Promoter催化剂/促进剂Reinforcement增强材料

Resin树脂

Polyesters聚酯Vinyl esters乙烯基酯Epoxies环氧Furans呋喃Phenolics酚醛

Resins树脂

There are several different types of polyester and vinylester resins that provide a wide range of performance characteristics聚酯树脂和乙稀基树脂有多种不同类型产品以提供多种性能表现

Resins树脂

Polyesters聚酯:orthophthalic polyester 临苯树脂terephthalic polyester 对苯树脂chlorendic acid polyester 氯代聚酯树脂isophthalic polyester 间苯树脂bisphenol-A fumarate polyester 双酚A富马酸树脂

Resins树脂

Material Chemical Name材料化学名

Chlorendic acid polyester Resin 氯代聚酯树脂

Trade Name商品名称

Hetron 197 (Ashland)Viapal 797/56 (Cytec)

Resins树脂

Material Chemical Name材料化学名

Bisphenol A-Fumarate Resin双酚A树脂

Trade Name商品名称

382-05 (Reichhold) Dion 4010 (Reichhold) Dion 6694 (Reichhold)Atlac 382 (DSM) in Europe

Hetron 700 (Ashland)Vipel ® F282 (AOC)Atlac 711 (Reichhold)

Resins树脂

Vinyl Esters:乙稀基酯树脂

bisphenol-A vinyl ester双酚A乙稀基酯树脂novolac epoxy vinyl ester酚醛环氧乙稀基酯树脂

Resins树脂

Material Chemical Name材料化学名

Bisphenol-Epoxy Vinyl Ester双酚A环氧乙稀基酯树脂

Trade Name商品名称Derakane 411-350 (Ashland) Derakane Momentum 411-350 (Ashland) Derakane 441-400 (Ashland) Dion 9800 (Reichhold)Hetron 922 (Ashland)Hetron 942/35 (Ashland)Atlac 430 (DSM)

Atlac E-Nova FW1045 (DSM)Dion 9100 (Reichhold)Dion 9102 (Reichhold)Vipel® F010 (AOC)Vipel® F007 (AOC)Vipel® F080 (AOC)Vipel® F083 (AOC)Swancor 901(Swancor)

Resins树脂

Material Chemical Name材料化学名

Novolac Vinyl Ester酚醛环氧乙稀基酯树脂

Trade Name产品名称

Derakane Momentum 470-300 (Ashland) Derakane 470-300 (Ashland) Derakane 470HT-400 (Ashland) Hetron 970/35 (Ashland)*** Hetron 980/35(Ashland)

*** Derakane 510N (Ashland)Vipel® F085 (AOC)Vipel® F086 (AOC)*** Vipel® K095-AAA (AOC) Swancor 907 (Swancor)Atlac 590 (DSM)Atlac E-Nova FW2045

*** Have fire retardant properties.具有阻燃效果

Resins树脂

Material Chemical Name材料化学名

Flame Retardant Vinyl Ester阻燃乙稀基酯树脂

Trade Name产品名称

Hetron FR998/35 (Ashland)Derakane 510A-40 (Ashland)Derakane 510C-350 (Ashland)Derakane 510C-350 FR (Ashland)*** Derakane 510N (Ashland)DION FR 9300 (Reichhold)Swancor 905-2 (Swancor)Swancor 905C (Swancor)

Swancor 905-N (Swancor)Hetron FR992 (Ashland)Vipel® K022 (AOC)Vipel® K022-CN (AOC)Vipel® K022-C (AOC)Vipel® K022-E (AOC)Vipel® K023 (AOC)*** Vipel® K095-AAA (AOC)

*** FR Novolac resin阻燃酚醛型树脂

Resins树脂

Furans呋喃树脂Epoxies环氧树脂Phenolics酚醛树脂

Furan Resins呋喃树脂

Furan resins are commonly used in applications that require solvent resistance. They require special curing techniques, andfew fabricators provide furan equipment.呋喃树脂通常应用于对耐溶剂性有要求的环境，在固化过程中要求使用特殊技术，所以只有少数制造商能提供呋喃设备

High temperature resistance耐高温

Furan fabrication requires careful handling, fabrication, and curing techniques呋喃设备制造要求非常小心和仔细的操作, 加工和固化工艺

Furan Resins呋喃树脂

Laminates have lower than published properties of vinylesters,呋喃树脂积层板的性能低于乙稀基酯树脂板Loss of properties is more pronounced as temperatures increase.温度上升时性能指标下降较快Health issues with handling the acid catalyst.使用的酸性催化剂，对身体伤害大Incompatibility with binders used for glass rovings.与玻璃纱的粘结剂不相容

Epoxy Resins环氧树脂

Epoxy resins are commonly used in the manufacture of smaller diameter piping (<30 in. [800 mm] diameter) conveying water, condensates, hydrocarbons, caustics, and dilute acids.

环氧树脂通常被用于生产直径较小的管道(小于30英尺[800 mm]直径),可以用来输送水，冷凝物，碳氢化合物，苛性碱，以及稀释后的酸

They are generally not used for vessel fabrication due to health, post cure requirements, etc. 由于健康问题已及后固化要求等原因，通常环氧树脂

不被用于储罐制造

Phenolic Resins酚醛树脂

Phenolic resins are commonly used in solvent resistant and acid type applications, they are not good in caustic. Because of their low smoke properties, they are sometimes used in applications where a fire is a concern. Limited number of fabricators.

酚醛树脂通常被用于要求耐溶剂以及酸性环境下，但在碱性环境下使用情况不佳。由于其燃烧时低烟的特性，酚醛树脂有时会被用于要求防火的产品。制造商数量有限

High temperature resistance耐高温

Catalyst / Promoters催化剂/促进剂

Promoters, accelerators, and inhibitors促进剂，加速剂，阻聚剂

Promoters and accelerators advance the action of the catalyst to reduce the processing time. Inhibitors provide control over the cure cycle and increase the shelf life of the resin mix.促进剂和加速剂能使催化剂的作用加强从而缩短反应时间。阻聚剂能够控制固化速度并使得树脂在混合后保存期时间延长

Promoters/Accelerators促进剂/加速剂

Dimethyl Aniline (DMA)二甲基苯胺(DMA)Diethyl Aniline (DEA) 二乙基苯胺(DEA)Cobalt Naphthenate (6 or 12%)环烷酸钴(6或12％)

Ref. Derakane® Fabricating Tips

Promoters/Accelerators促进剂/加速剂

Catalysts 催化剂

Polyester and Vinyl ester resins are cured by organic peroxide catalysts. The type and amount of catalyst will influence gel time,cure time, curing temperature, and degree of cure. Typical catalysts include methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO).

聚酯树脂和乙稀基酯树脂应使用有机过氧化物催化剂催化固化。催化剂的类型和使用量会影响凝胶时间、固化时间、固化温度和固化度。比较典型的催化剂有过氧化甲乙酮(MEKP)和过氧化苯甲酰(BPO)

Benzoyl Peroxide过氧化苯甲酰Cumene Hydro Peroxide异丙苯过氧化氢Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide过氧化甲乙酮

Non Foaming MEKP substitutes like Trigonox 239A (239A) and CHP-5 are also acceptable不起泡的MEKP替代物比如Trigonox 239A (239A)和CHP-5也是可以接受的

Catalysts 催化剂

Ref. Derakane® Fabricating Tips

Catalysts 催化剂

Typical Catalyst systems典型的催化剂系统

MEKP / CoNap - Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide and Cobalt NapthenateMEKP/CoNap – 过氧化甲乙酮和环烷酸钴

BPO / DMA – Benzoyl Peroxide and Di metyl aniline (typically used for hypochlorite service)BPO / DMA – 过氧化苯甲酰和二甲基苯胺(主要用于次氯酸盐环境下)CHP / CoNap – Cumene hydro peroxide - Cobalt NapthenateCHP / CoNap －异丙苯过氧化氢/环烷酸钴

Note: BPO/DMA requires post cure, Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) requires only DMA and is used in the production of FRP where heavy metals must be avoided.

注：BPO/DMA 要求后固化，过氧化苯甲酰只需要DMA，可用于生产不得有重金属的FRP设备

Typical Catalyst systems典型的催化剂系统

Mixing resins with catalyst and promoters can be difficult. Some fabricators have tried creating a two part system with vinlyester and polyester resins by mixing ½ the quantity of resin with the promoter and the other ½ with the accelerator. This is particularly important when catalyzing resins with BPO/DMA systems.将树脂与催化剂、促进剂混合是比较困难的。有些制造商的办法是将乙稀基酯树脂和聚酯树脂变为一种双组分系统，他们将促进剂加入一半树脂中，并将加速剂加入另一半树脂中。这个办法对BPO/DMA催化系统尤其重要。

Catalysts / Promoters催化剂/促进剂

For optimum results: It is important to maintain the recommended ratio of MEKP to CoNap in the cure system.

为达到 佳效果：在固化系统中保持MEKP与CoNap的使用比例是很重要的

A minimum ratio of 3:1 (MEKP: CoNap) is required. 小比例3:1(MEKP:CoNap)是必须的

A maximum ratio of 10:1 has also proven satisfactory.大比例10:1也被证明是可行的

Using proportions outside of a 3:1 to 10:1 range may produce a poorly cured laminate with low Barcol hardness and inadequate corrosionprotection.使用在3:1到10:1范围之外的比例催化会造成固化后的积层板巴氏硬度较低，同时耐腐蚀能力较差

The ratios can be made less critical by use of dimethyl aniline as an accelerator. 如果要降低这个比例的敏感程度, 可以使用二甲基苯胺作为催化加速剂.

MEKP CATALYSTMEKP催化剂

MEKP is especially dangerous to the eyes. Workers should wear goggles at all times when handling, measuring, and mixing the catalyst.MEKP对眼睛非常危险，操作人员在操作，测量，混合该催化剂时必须一直佩戴护目镜

MEKP is a contact poison, and may cause skin burns. Proper protective clothing should be used to minimize contact.MEKP对人体造成触性伤害，会造成皮肤灼伤。必须穿着合适的保护服装以达到 小直接接触

NEVER !!!永远不要!!!

Promoters should never be mixed directly with a peroxide such as MEKP, a violent reaction will occur.促进剂绝对不能同过氧化物例如MEKP直接混合，这会造成爆炸

DMA

The accelerator DMA is also a contact poison. To prevent absorption through the skin, workers should wear protective clothing as well as eye protection when handling, measuring, or mixing this material.加速剂DMA也会对人体造成接触性伤害。为了避免被皮肤吸收，操作人员在操作，测量或混合该助剂时必须穿着保护性服装并佩戴护目镜

Additives添加剂

GEL TIME RETARDER such as 2,4-Pentanedione (Acetylacetone) 缓聚剂, 比如2,4-戊二酮(乙酰丙酮)(2,4-P) can be incorporated into systems of MEKP, CHP, 239A, or CHP-5 and CoNap at a level of 0.05 to 0.30 to retard the gelling of some resins. 2,4-戊二酮可被加入MEKP,CHP,239A或CHP-5,CoNap 催化系统，比例在0.05到0.30以起到延迟树脂凝胶的作用

Additives添加剂

Ref. Derakane® Fabricating Tips

Reinforcements增强材料

Reinforcements增强材料

Glass (Fiberglass) is the most common reinforcement for pipe manufacturing.玻璃纤维在管道生产中是 常见的增强材料

Graphite碳纤维

Aramid (Kevlar® )芳族聚酰胺(凯夫拉尔)

Other fibers其它纤维

Reinforcement Types增强材料种类

Veil表面毡Chopped Strand Mat短切毡Woven Roving方格布Continuous Strands连续纤维

Reinforcements增强材料

Ref. Derakane® Fabricating Tips

Reinforcements增强材料

Veil ( Glass or Synthetic)表面毡（玻纤或合成纤维）

Reinforcements增强材料

Ref. Derakane® Fabricating Tips

Fibers: Chopped Strand Mat短切毡

Reinforcements增强材料

Ref. Derakane® Fabricating Tips

Fibers: Woven Roving方格布

Woven Roving方格布

Typically available in 18 (600 g/m2) and 24 (800 g/m2) oz./yd2.通常规格是18盎司/平方码(600 g/m2)和24盎司/平方码(800 g/m2)

It has two directions which are defined as warp and weft.方格布有经纬两个方向

It is typically used in combination with chopped strand mat.通常同短切毡配合使用

Fibers: Carbon碳纤维

Special Fibers特殊纤维: Quad Mat方格毡

Reinforcements增强纤维

Ref. Derakane® Fabricating Tips

Fibers: Filament winding roving缠绕纱

Reinforcements增强材料

Ref. Derakane® Fabricating Tips

Fillers填料

Inorganic materials, such as hydrated alumina, glass micro spheres, clay, talc, calcium carbonate, sand and calcium silicate无机材料，如水合氧化铝，玻璃微珠，粘土，滑石粉，碳酸钙，沙和硅酸钙

Pigments颜料

The pigment choice affects the difference in reflected and transmitted color, clarity of the resin mix, reaction between dyes and other additives, such as catalysts, and the end product color fastness and heat resistance颜料的选择会影响到色彩的反射和透过、树脂混合后的清度、染色剂和其他添加剂（比如催化剂）的反应以及 终产品的颜色坚牢度和耐热性

Chemical Resistance耐化学性

Resistance to corrosion in aggressive environments is one of the primary reasons for specifying FRP. 采用FRP的一个主要原因是它在苛刻环境下的耐腐蚀能力

FRP resists a wide range of chemicals. The chemical resistance of FRP depends primarily on the particular resin matrix material used.FRP能够耐多种化学品，其耐腐蚀性能主要决定于所选的树脂

Chemical Resistance耐化学性

Although other factors, such as liner construction, cure, and fabrication method may influence the chemical resistance of fiberglass pipe, the primary factor is the resin.尽管其它因素，诸如内衬结构、固化条件、制造方法也会影响玻璃钢管道的耐腐蚀性能，但主要的因素在于树脂的选择

Temperature Resistance耐温性

The temperature resistance of FRP materials also depends largely upon the resin matrix. FRP设备的耐温性能很大程度上也取决于树脂的选择The allowable upper limit of service temperature will also be influenced by the chemical environment and the stress condition of the system.

FRP设备的耐温上限也会受到化学环境和受力条件的显著影响.

Temperature Resistance耐温性

In general, the effect of chemical agents is more aggressive at higher concentrations and elevated temperatures总体来说，化学品在高浓度和高温情况下的腐蚀性会更强

Abrasion Resistance耐磨性能

FRP provides generally good abrasion resistance and can be custom made for extremely abrasive service by loading the liner with sand, silica flour, or silicon carbide

FRP设备通常具有出色的耐磨性能，通过在内衬中添加砂子，石英粉或碳化硅, FRP设备在极端苛刻的磨损环境中也能够得到使用.

Flame Retardants阻燃性

Thermoset resin systems used to fabricate FRP equipment are organic materials. Therefore, under the proper combination of heat and oxygen, a thermoset resin, like any organic matter, will burn.用来制造FRP设备的热固型树脂均为有机化学产品。因此在合适的热量和氧气作用下，同其它有机化学材料一样热固性树脂也会燃烧

Flame Retardants阻燃性

If required, the fire performance of fiberglass pipe can be enhanced by using resin systems that contain halogens or phosphorous.

因此，如果有必要可以通过使用含卤素或磷的树脂使玻璃钢管道具有阻燃效果

Flame Retardants阻燃性

Use of hydrated fillers also enhances flame resistance.使用水合的填料也能提高阻燃性能Additives, primarily antimony oxides, can also increase the

effectiveness of halogenated resins.

添加剂，主要是锑氧化物，也能增强卤素树脂的阻燃效果(Derakane 500 series are fire retardant resins typical additive

is Nyacol or Antimony trioxide or pent oxide)(Derakane500系列产品为阻燃树脂，主要的添加剂是三氧化锑或五氧化二锑

Flame Retardant阻燃性

Flame retardant resins sometimes require the addition of Antimony Trioxide or Pentoxide in order to achieve maximum fire retardancy.阻燃树脂有时要求添加锑的三氧化物或五氧化物以达到 大阻燃效果When these resins require additives in order to achieve maximum flame resistance, these additives will make the resin cloudy creating a laminate that is difficult to inspect, 当由于要达到 大阻燃效果而在树脂中加入这些添加剂时，添加剂会使积层板颜色混浊并难以检查Because of this situation, the additives are not used in the corrosion barrier.考虑到检验困难，在FRP设备的防腐层中一般不使用添加剂.

Weathering Resistance耐候性

Most of the thermosetting resin systems used in the fabrication of fiberglass pipe are subject to some degradation from ultraviolet (UV) light. 大多数在玻璃钢管道中使用的热固性树脂在UV照射情况下会产生降解This degradation, however, is almost entirely a surface phenomenon commonly called “fiber bloom”.

这种降解是只发生在表面的现象 ，通常称为“纤维花”

The use of pigments, dyes, fillers, or UV stabilizers in the resin system, or painting of exposed surfaces, can help reduce significantly any UV surface degradation.在树脂系统中添加颜料、染料、填料或抗UV老化剂，或者在暴露的表面涂刷涂料能明显帮助减缓UV降解

CHECKING FORCOMPLETE CURE完全固化的检查

Barcol hardness values are used to indicate the completeness of resin cure in FRP laminates.巴氏硬度通常用来反映FRP积层中板树脂的固化情况To test for Barcol hardness, use the Barcol Tester # 934.1 to take readings on both the inside and outside surfaces of the part (10 to 12 readings in all).可以用巴氏硬度计#934.1来测量，数据在内外表面读取(一般总共取10到12个读数 )Reject the highest and lowest readings and average the remaining values to get the Barcol hardness value.除去 高和 低读数，剩下的取平均值就得到相应的巴氏硬度

Barcol Hardness Tester – Impressor巴氏硬度测量仪

Right product for the right application

好的产品要有正确的应用

Questions问题 ???