module 16 - henderson state university

Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 16 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 1

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PSYCHOLOGY(8th Edition, in Modules)

David Myers

PowerPoint SlidesAneeq Ahmad

Henderson State University

Worth Publishers, © 2007

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Perceptual Organization

Module 16

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Perceptual OrganizationPerceptual Illusions

Form Perception

Motion Perception

Perceptual Constancy

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Perceptual Illusions

To understand how perception is organized, illusions provide good examples. It is as good to

study faulty perception as other perceptual phenomena.

Line AB is longer than line BC.

OBJECTIVE 16‐1| Explain how illusions help

us understand some of the ways we organize

stimuli into meaningful perceptions.

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Tall Arch

Vertical dimension of the arch looks longer than the

horizontal dimension when both are equal.

Rick Friedm

an/ Black Star

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Illusion of a Worm

Figure on the right gives us the illusion of a blue hazy “worm” when it is nothing else but blue lines identical

to the picture on the left.

©1981, by perm

ission of Christoph

Redies

and LotharSpillm

annand Pion

Limited, London

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3‐D Illusion

To perceive this figure in two dimensions takes a great deal of effort.

Reprinted w

ith kind permission of Elsevier Science-N

L. Adapted from

H

offman, D

. & Richards, W

. Parts of recognition. Cognition, 63, 29-78

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When vision competes with other senses vision usually wins – a phenomenon called visual

capture.

How do we form meaningful perceptions from sensory information?

We organize it. Gestalt psychologists showed that a figure formed a “whole” different than its

surroundings.

OBJECTIVE 16‐2| Describe Gestalt

psychologyʹs contribution to our

understanding of perception.

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Organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings

(ground).

Form Perception

Time Savings Suggestion, ©

2003 Roger Sheperd.

OBJECTIVE 16‐3| Explain the figure‐ground

relationship and identify principles of

perceptual grouping in form perception.

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Grouping

Having discriminated figure from ground our perception needs to organize figure into meaningful form using grouping rules.

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Grouping & Reality

Usually grouping principles help us construct reality but at times lead us astray.

Both photos by W

alter Wick. R

eprinted from G

AM

ES

Magazine. .©

1983 PCS G

ames Lim

ited Partnership

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Depth Perception

Visual Cliff

Depth perception enables us to judge distances. Gibson and Walk (1960) suggested that human

infants (crawling age) have depth perception. Even new born animals show depth perception.

Inne

rvis

ions

OBJECTIVE 16‐4| Explain the importance of

depth perception, and discuss the contribution

of visual cliff research to our understanding of

this ability.

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Binocular Cues

Retinal disparity: Images from the two eyes differ. Try looking at your two fingers half an inch apart

about 5 inches away. You will see a “finger sausage” as shown in the inset.

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Binocular Cues

Convergence: Neuromuscular cues. When two eyes move inward (towards the nose) to see near objects, and outward (away from the nose) to see

far away objects.

OBJECTIVE 16‐5| Describe two binocular cues

for perceiving depth, and explain how they

help the brain to compute distance.

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Monocular Cues

Relative Size: If two objects are similar in size, we perceive one that casts a smaller retinal image as

farther away.

OBJECTIVE 16‐6| Explain how monocular

cues differ from binocular cues, and describe

several monocular cues for perceiving depth.

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Monocular Cues

Interposition: Objects that occlude (block) other objects tend to be perceived as closer.

Rene M

agritte, The Blank Signature, oil on canvas, N

ational Gallery of A

rt, Washington. Collection of

Mr. and M

rs. Paul Mellon. Photo by R

ichard Carafelli.

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Monocular Cues

Relative Clarity: Because light form distant objects passes through more air, we perceive hazy objects

as farther away than sharp clear objects.

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Monocular Cues

Texture Gradient: Indistinct (fine) texture signals increasing distance.

©Eric Lessing/ A

rt Resource, N

Y

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Monocular Cues

Relative Height: We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away.

Image courtesy of Shaun P. V

ecera, Ph. D.,

adapted from stim

uli that apperedin V

ecreraet al., 2002

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Monocular Cues

Relative motion: Objects closer to a fixation point move faster and in opposing direction to objects farther away from a fixation point, which move

slower and in the same direction.

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Monocular Cues

Linear Perspective: Parallel lines like rail road tracks, appear to converge with distance. The more the lines converge, the greater their

perceived distance.

©The N

ew Y

orker Collection, 2002, Jack Ziegler

from cartoonbank.com

. All rights reserved.

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Monocular Cues

Light and Shadow: Nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes. Given two identical objects, the

dimmer one seems further away.

From “Perceiving Shape From

Shading”by V

ilayaurS. R

amachandran. ©

1988 by Scientific Am

erican, Inc. A

ll rights reserved.

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Motion Perception

Motion Perception: Objects that tend to travel towards us grow in size and ones that move away shrink in size. The same is true when the observer

moves to or from an object.

OBJECTIVE 16‐7| State the basic assumption

we make in our perceptions of motion, and

explain how these perceptions can be

deceiving.

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Apparent Motion

Phi Phenomenon: When lights flash at certain speed they tend to present illusions of motion. Neon signs use this principle to create motion

perception.

Two lights flashing one after the other.One light jumping from one point to another: Illusion of motion.

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Perceptual Constancy

Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change. Perceptual constancies include constancies of shape and size.

Shape Constancy

OBJECTIVE 16‐8| Explain the importance of

perceptual constancy.

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Size Constancy

Stable size perception amid changing size of the stimuli.

Size Constancy

OBJECTIVE 16‐9| Describe the shape and size

constancy, and explain how our expectations

about perceived size and distance to some

visual illusions.

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Size‐Distance Relationship

The distant monster and the top red bar appear bigger because of distance cues.

From Shepard, 1990

Alan C

hoisnet/ The Image B

ank

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Size‐Distance Relationship

Both girls in the room are of similar height, however we perceive them of different heights as they stand in the two corners of the room.

Both photos from S. Schwartzenberg/ The Exploratorium

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Ames Room

An Ames room is designed to give size‐distance illusion.

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Lightness Constancy

The color and brightness of square A and B are the same.

Courte

sy E

dward

Ade

lson

OBJECTIVE 16‐10| Discuss lightness

constancy and its similarity to color constancy.

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Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination filters the

light reflected by the object.

Color Constancy

Color Constancy

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module 16 - henderson state university

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