Toward Zero Carbon EmissionThermal Power Plants

Kentaro Doi

Director

Low-carbon Society Promotion Office

Global Environment Bureau

Ministry of the Environment, Japan

Global CCS Institute

Japan Regional Members’ Meeting 2014

June 19, 2014

1

Japan’s GHG reduction goal in 2050

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

温室効果ガス排出量（億トン

CO

2）

エネルギー起源CO2排出量（米国エネルギー省オークリッジ国立研究所）エネルギー起源CO2排出量（国際エネルギー機関）エネルギー起源CO2排出量（環境省）温室効果ガス排出量（環境省）

（100歳） （80歳） （60歳） （40歳） （20歳） （0歳）

（ ）内の年齢は、各年に生まれた人が2050年を迎えたときの年齢。

高度成長期 バブル景気

第一次オイルショック

リーマンショック第二次オイルショック

＋温暖化対策

▲80%（90年比）

人口減少のみ考慮

▲21%（90年比）

日本の温室効果ガス排出量と長期目標

○Japan will pursue the goal of 80% reduction in GHG emission by 2050 in order to fulfill the

responsibility as an industrialized country, as is stated in the forth Basic Environmental Plan

(revised in April 2012)○To achieve the 80% reduction goal, global warming measures including innovative energy

efficiency and maximum use of renewable energy will be important

Japan’s GHG emission trends and the long term goal

200

600

800

400

1000

1200

1400

GH

G e

mis

sio

n (

mill

ion tC

O2)

Energy originated CO2 emissions (US DOE Oak Ridge National Laboratory)Energy originated CO2 emissions (IEA)Energy originated CO2 emissions (Ministry of the Environment Japan)GHG emissions (Ministry of the Environment Japan)

(100) (80) (60) (40) (20) (0)

The number in the parentheses ( ) represents the age of the person in 2050 who born in the year

above

High growth

period

Bubble economy

Global Financial

Crisis

The first Oil crisis

The second Oil crisis

2

Global Environment Committee under the Central Environment Council presented the picture of 80% GHG reduction in 2050 as follows:• In the end-use sector, large-scale energy saving and electrification

would be realized particularly in Building and Transportation sectors, which leads to approx. 40% reduction in final energy consumption.

• Energy would be decarbonized, which leads to renewable energydeployment accounting for approx. half of primary energy supply.

• 200 Mt-CO2 would be captured and stored per year.

How 80% GHG reduction in 2050 would look like

Cited from: “Report on Policies and Measures beyond 2013”

by Global Environment Committee under the Central Environment Council (June 2012)

GHG Emissions

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1990 2010 2050

温室効果ガス排出量（百万トン

CO

2） 非エネルギー起源

エネルギー転換

運輸貨物部門

運輸旅客部門

業務部門

家庭部門

産業部門

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1990 2010 2050

温室効果ガス排出量（百万トン

CO

2）

CCS

非エネ

ガス

石油

石炭

Capture and Storage of CO2

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1990 2010 2050

最終エネルギー消費量（百万石油換算トン）

貨物輸送

旅客輸送

業務

家庭

産業

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1990 2010 2050

最終エネルギー消費量（百万石油換算トン）

水素

熱

電力

太陽熱

バイオマス

ガス

石油

石炭

▲4

0%

Innovative Energy Saving

Final Energy Consumption Primary Energy Supply

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1990 2010 2050

一次エネルギー供給量（百万石油換算トン）

地熱

海洋エネルギー

風力

太陽光

太陽熱

水力

廃棄物・廃熱

バイオマス

原子力

ガス

石油

石炭

Thorough Deployment of Renewable Energy

Fin

al E

nerg

y C

onsum

ptio

n

(Mto

e)

GH

G E

mis

sio

ns (

MtC

O2eq)

Fleet

Transport

ation

Passeng

er

Transport

ation

Commercial

Buildings

Housings

Industries

Prim

ary

Energ

y S

upply

(M

toe)

Geothermal

Ocean

Energy

Wind Energy

PV

Solar Thermal

Hydropower

Waste/Waste

Heat

Biomass

Nuclear

Gas

Oil

Coal

Non-

Energy

CCS

Gas

Oil

Coal

3

Conclusion of Director-general level meeting on

thermal power plant bidding by TEPCO (April 2013)

Since effective actions consistent with national plans and targets, are needed in the power sector, promote the

development of a sector-wide framework in which;・The goals are consistent with national plans

・Main business operators including PPSs are participating

・Responsible body is clearly defined (focusing on retail stage)

（２）Consistency with national targets and plans

①In relation to mid-term target：If the business operator takes actions under the sector-wide framework or plans to take

measures including mitigation in abroad to offset the net increase emission over a natural gas power plant, it is judged as

consistent with national targets and plans.②In relation to 2050 target：The government will accelerate development of the technologies which is targeted to be

commercialized by around 2020, conduct survey on potential CO2 storage sites as a prerequisite for CCS, identify

requirements for CCS Ready plants, and request business operators to study continuously including technological

development in order to put carbon capture facilitations towards commercialization.

*Apart from above, Development of “Guidelines for Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions in energy conversion sector”

Evaluate from a stand point below where necessary and reasonable（１）Adoption of BATs (Best Available Technologies)

・The government will identify and publish “Development and commercialization status of cutting-edge power

generation technologies” by size and by fuel types, as s reference for business operators’ consideration and

will request business operators to adopt BATs

○Coal power plant may be awarded a contract if the Thermal power plant bidding is done by TEPCO

○Coal power plant has strength in stable operation and economic efficiency but weakness in

environmental aspects

１．Effective global environmental countermeasures in the power industry

２． Treatment of CO2 within environmental assessment

4

・ In order to achieve Japan’s long term target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050, zero carbon power plants are absolutely necessary.・Especially, coal fired power plants, etc., continue to release large amounts of CO2 during its long lifetime, are recommended to implement CCS for reducing CO2 emission.

～Toward Zero Carbon Emission Thermal Power Plants～Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS)

1. Investigation of potential CO2 storage site (A joint project with METI)・Identify potential CO2 storage sites in waters surrounding Japan, including deep sea areas.

2. Feasibility Study for the introduction of environmentally friendly CCS technology・Study an integrated transportation and storage system based on shuttle shipping.・Assess environmental impact of CO2 absorbent.

New Project by Ministry of the Environment, Japan (Budget for FY2014 : 1,243 Million Yen)

Introduction and Promotion of CCS Equipped Zero Carbon Emission Power Plants

5*CCS: Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage

<Background> Zero-carbon power plants, as well as drastic energy-saving and maximum use of renewable energy,

are essential to reduce GHG emissions by 80% by 2050.Major emission sources that keep releasing large amounts of CO2 during their long-lifetime,

especially coal-fired power plants, etc., are recommended to implement CCS. To introduce CCS, environmental conservation should be considered by taking Japan-specific

factors into account, --- for example, major emission sources spreading throughout Japan, highly-developed coastal areas, etc.

<Purpose> Examining the components and whole system of shuttle ship transportation and injection concept,

which is seen as a feasible technology to efficiently transport CO2 between onshore emission sources and offshore storage sites.

Examining environmental impacts of amine solutions that are used to separate and capture CO2. Investigating the effective introduction of CCS (public acceptance, economic evaluation, etc.)

<Goal>Integrated CCS demonstration project consisting of CO2 separation and capture at emission sources such as coal-fired power plants, CO2 transportation via shuttle ship, injection from the ship under the seabed and monitoring.

Feasibility study for the introduction of environmentally friendly CCS technology

6

Task 2. Study of Shuttle Ship Transportation and Injection System• Study of shipping models and schedules• Preliminary design of a vessel and its components• Technical studies of components and whole system of

transportation and injection, etc.

Task 3. Investigation of an Effective Introduction• Summarization of advantages and challenges of an environmentally friendly CCS• Feasibility study and business incentive evaluation• Strategic examination to enhance public acceptance and consensus building• Exploration of overseas deployment, etc.

Injection wellImpermeablelayer

Saline aquifer

Flexible riser pipe

CO2 shuttle-ship

Coal-fired

power plant,

etc.CO2

Capture

plant

Offshore area (deep water)

Task 4. Investigation for deploying demonstration projects• Review of sites appropriate for integrated CCS demonstration• Study of monitoring methods for deep-water sea area• Plan of integrated CCS demonstration project based on Task1-Task3, etc. 7

Task 1. Evaluation of the Environmental Impacts in the CO2 Capture Process• Evaluation of amine emissions• Investigation on methods to mitigate amine emissions• Risk assessment methodology and guidelines, etc.

Outline of the Project

Project leaderDr. Makoto Akai (AIST)

Ministry of the Environmentcontract

Advisory Committee for introducing environmentally friendly CCS

Subcommittee for shuttle-ship transportation and injection technologies

Subcommittee for environmental impact of CO2 separation and capture absorbent

Advice

Report

Consortium

Mizuho Information & Research Institute, Inc. (organizer)

National Institute of Advanced Industrial science and Technology

Toshiba Corporation Chiyoda Corporation

JGC Corporation Quintessa Japan Quintessa

CO2 capture process （emission test and design of plant etc.）

Plan of integrated CCS demonstration project Examination of public acceptance

Shuttle Ship transportation and injection system, Demonstration site

Summarization of advantages and challenges of environmentally friendly

CCS, Study of monitoring methods

Risk assessment of CO2 capture process, Investigation of an effective introduction, consortium secretariat

Actor Network of the Project

8

<Details>① Understanding environmental load of CO2 capture processUnderstanding the actual status of environmental effects of amine solutions during the use phase and the disposal phase is required.

② Evaluation of amine emissionsQuantitative analysis of amine compounds in emission tests undercontinuous operation of Mikawa Post Combustion Capture PilotPlant will be carried out.

③ Assessing environmental riskTaking into account the results of ①,② and④, we will determinethe chemical substances subject to risk assessment, define thescope of the assessment, and conduct risk assessments.

④ Investigation of methods to mitigate amine emissionsUsing the newly constructed system which enables control ofamine emission to a low level, optimum operation parameters willbe investigated and mitigation of the amines emissions will beconfirmed to study emission reduction methods.

⑤ Drafting guidelinesTo minimize environmental impacts of CO2 capture process, and toencourage plant owners to construct and install the equipmentappropriately, we will draft guidelines, which include guidelinevalues for environmental risk assessment.

⑥ Front-end design for CO2 capture demonstration projectIn order to construct and execute the demonstration facility after FY2016, front-end design of CO2 capture facility, with the capacity to capture around 1000 tons of CO2 per day or more, will be designed.

<Background and goals> CO2 absorbents (amine solutions) may affect the

environment when released in the atmosphere. Nitrosamine, a group of some amine derivatives,

may have risks to human health. To draft guidelines for risk assessment, which

include guideline values, by grasping theenvironmental load through the assessment ofrisks of CO2 capture process.

To study the impact of emissions from aminesolutions on environment and flue gascomposition, and the emission reductiontechnologies.

Toshiba Mikawa Post Combustion Capture Pilot Plant（at Omuta, Fukuoka Prefecture）

Task 1. Evaluation of the Environmental Impacts in the CO2 Capture Process

9

<Background and goals>Why we need offshore CO2 storage

Major CO2 sources exist along the coasts. Japanese coastal waters are actively used.

Key Benefits of CO2 shuttle ship transportation system1. Mitigation of source-sink matching2. Easy to early start-up and project expansion (flexible about changes in plan, etc.)

Objectives Clarifying the requirements for the whole system and its components Preliminary designing of the whole system Planning the system operational verification test (SOVT) for onboard FRP pickup and coupling

CO2 Carrier

Satellite

Communication buoy

Pickup buoyPickup float

Coupler + Winch

Riser end fitting

Bend stiffener

Flexible riser pipe + Umbilical cable

Pipe protectorAnchor Bend restrictor Christmas tree

Signal & Battery charging wire

Mooring wire

Battery

Pickup rope

Pickup wire

CO2 Shuttle Ship Transportation & Onboard Injection System

Task 2. Study of Shuttle Ship Transportation and Injection System

10

Sub-tasks Details

1. Research of cases on Ship Transportation of CO2

• Research of cases on ship transportation of CO2

• Identifying the appropriate cases for CO2 shuttle ship transportation system

2. Study of the requirements for CO2 transportation and injection

• Extraction of requirements for transportation and injection and planning the preliminary master plan / shipping plan for the shuttle ship transportation system that meets the requirements

3. Technical study of the system components and the whole system

• Study of the design conditions of the system components and equipments based on the requirements (given by Sub-task 2)

• Technical study of the whole system (See right)

4. Preliminary design of the key components

• Preliminary design of the key componentsfor onboard direct injection of CO2

5. Preliminary design of the shuttle ship

• Preliminary design of the shuttle ship including the key onboard equipments

• Preliminary logic design of DPS*• Identifying the technical challenges

6. Study of the contingency plan

• Identifying the emergency situations• Contingency planning

7. Planning the System Operational Verification Test (SOVT)

• Planning the SOVT for onboard FRP* pickup and coupling

• Liquefied CO2 flow test• Research of subsea equipments

Task 2. Study of Shuttle Ship Transportation and Injection System

Buffer Tank

CO2 Capture

Liquefaction

Loading

Shuttle ship

Cargo Tanks

Injection Pump

FRP Pickup Equipments

FRP* Pickup Buoy

Wellhead

Injection Wells

Sink

Christmas Tree

Communication Buoy

Equipments

FRP Coupler

On

bo

ard C

O2

Injectio

n

Umbilical Cables

Compression

Drying

CO

2 Liq

uefactio

n &

Load

ing

Scop

e of th

e CO

2 sh

uttle sh

ip tran

spo

rtation

system

*DPS: dynamic positioning system*FRP: flexible riser pipe

CO2 Shuttle Ship Transportation System

11

<Background and goals> Consensus building among all stakeholders including

general public is important to effective start-up CCS projects.

To identify the issues of CCS consensus-building, we will summarize the advantages and challenges of environmentally friendly CCS, investigate and analyze the policies, economy and public acceptance that affect the consensus-building, and explore overseas deployment of CCS.

Framework of Task 3

<Details>Summarization of advantages and challenges of environmentally friendly CCS Definition of environmentally friendly CCS Summarization of the advantages and challenges

based on a long-term energy & electricity supply-demand analysis

Economic evaluation Evaluation of the whole business and life cycle CO2

emission focusing on CO2 storage with shuttle-ship transportation.

Evaluation of incentives for CCS operators.Examination of public acceptance Establishment of a scheme for consensus building

featuring public involvement and knowledge management. Identification of stakeholders’ awareness and

knowledge-gaps between experts and non-experts. Design and development of required software and

systems.Investigation of an effective introduction Identifying of secondary effects of environmentally

friendly CCS. Summarization of possible challenges and

communication methods.Exploration of overseas deployment Exploration of how to deploy CCS under Joint

Crediting Mechanism (JCM) in developing nations. Establishment of stakeholder relationships. 12

Task 3. Investigation of an Effective Introduction

Summarization of

advantages and

challenges of

environmentally friendly

CCS

Economic evaluation

Examination of

public acceptance

Investigation of an effective introduction

Exploration of

overseas deployment

Stakeholders regarding CCS

Domestic

International

General Public

Project Developers

Companies

exceptProject Developers

NGO

Experts

(Academic experts, etc.)

Government

Governments,Companiesetc.

Clarification of meaning and importance of environmentallyfriendly CCS

Policies and impactsnecessary for CCS deployment

Establishment of scheme for enhancement of public acceptance

Clarification of meaning of CCSin overseas deployment

Subtasks Goals of Subtasks

Media

Study on monitoring methods

<Background and goals> Shuttle-ship transportation distance, availability,

monitoring methods, etc. depend on the location and properties of the demonstration site.

Preliminary assessment for potential environmental impacts and establishment of CO2 monitoring technologies in deep-water are required.

It is important to understand the basic properties of CO2 hydrate barrier layers in deep-water, which has potential to seal CO2 leakage routes.

For successful integrated CCS demonstration project, we have to plan it by examining each issue and optimizing the whole system.

<Details>① Review of demonstration sites Review of demonstration sites appropriate for

environmentally friendly CCS demonstration Consideration of transportation distance from the

capture site and marine-weather and -environment, etc.

② Study of monitoring methods Development of pCO2-pH tandem sensors and

anti-biofouling technologies optimum for deep sea monitoring

Development and validation of a simulator to estimate CO2 leakage point and its amount

Development and validation of a 3-phase (solid-liquid-gas) flow simulator based on lab measurement of bubbles leaking from geological layers into water

Evaluation of basic properties of CO2 hydrate barrier layers through lab tests and simulations

③ Plan of integrated CCS demonstration project Review of issues and risks of each element and

optimization of the whole system, targeting the integrated project ranging from CO2-separation and -capture at coal power plants, shuttle-ship transportation, storage, and monitoring

13

Autonomous underwater vehicle(AUV)Multi-point

anchored station

pCO2-pH tandem sensor

Dispersion in seawater

Dispersion in geologicalformation

CO2 hydrate barrier layer

Task 4. Investigation for Deploying Demonstration Projects

Thank you for your attention !

14