Molekulare Elektronik – Einführung

U. Beierlein, B. Nickel, F. SimmelLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München

- Einleitung

- Materialien

- (opto-) elektronische Bauteile

- Ausblick: Anwendungen

Erste Ansätze

Materialien

- kleine Moleküle:Acene:

Anthracene

Pentacene

R. Ruiz et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 4926, 2004

Thiophene:Quinquethiophene

SexithiopheneM. Sokolowski, E. Umbach, Uni Würzburg

Phenyl- und Alkanketten (Einzelmolekül oder SAM):

Phenylene-thiolsAlkanthiole

J. Reichert et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 176804, 2002

M. Reed, Vortrag Bad Honnef, 2003

- Polymere

R.H. Friend et al., Nature 397, 121, 1999

- Carbon nanotubes

H.W. Kroto, J.R. Heath, S.C. O'Brien, R.F. Curl, R.E. Smalley, Nature 318 , 162, (1985) Iijima, Nature 354, 56, 1991

„armchair“ (n = m), „zig-zag“(n, 0) und chirale CNTs (n, m)

Ladungstransport

aus: E. Meijer, Thesis

Transportmechanismen:

- Bandtransport (µ > 10 cm2/Vs): delokalisierte e- in Bändern bei starker WW zwischen den Atomen

- Hopping (µ < 0.1 cm2/Vs): phononenunterstützer Tunnel-Transport über delokalisierte Niveaus

- polaronischer Transport: bei starker e- -Phonon WW, Energieminimierung durch Deformation des Gitters (bzw. Moleküls), e- bewegt sich mit Phononenwolke

(Opto-)elektronische Bauteile aus organischen Materialien

Wiederholung: Halbleiterbauelemente MOSFET

S.M. Sze, Physics of semiconductor devices

LEDpn-Übergang

Photoelement

(Detektor, Solarzelle)

- Bauelemente aus organischen Materialien

SiO2 (Isolator)

Au (source) Au (drain)

SAMs

Transistor Pentacene

Hochdotiertes Si (backgate)

CNT transistor

S.J. Tans, Nature 393, 49, 1998

OLED

R.H. Friend et al., Nature 397, 121, 1999

Solarzelle

S. Yoo, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5427, 2004

Anwendungen

OLEDs:Vorteile:

- hoher Kontrast, starke Farben, homogene Abstrahlung

- niedrige Spannung => Verbrauch

- Temperaturstabilität

- leicht

- flexible Substrate möglich

- billiger

passiv

Sanyo

aktiv

Mit kleinen Molekülen und Polymeren

www.universaldisplay.com/tech.htm PDA Sony mp3 player SunTx

Organische Solarzellen:

Frauenhofer Institut Freiburg

Derzeit Wirkungsgrad bis 8% (Rekord bei Si: 20,3 %, kommerziell: 14-17 %)

Vorteile:

- billig (Herstellung und Materialien)

- flexible Substrate

Konarka technologies

RFID (radio frequency identification)ICs

SonyAntenne + analoger Schaltkreis zum Senden und Empfangen + digitaler Schaltkreis + Speicher

Infineon

Schöne molekulare Elektronik

Schon JH, Berg S, Kloc C, et al.Ambipolar pentacene field-effect transistors and inverters (vol 287, pg 1022, 2000)SCIENCE 298 (5595): 961-961 NOV 1 2002

2. Schon JH, Kloc C, Haddon RC, et al.A superconducting field-effect switch (vol 288, pg 656, 2000)SCIENCE 298 (5595): 961-961 NOV 1 2002

3. Schon JH, Kloc C, Batlogg BFractional quantum Hall effect in organic molecular semiconductors (vol 288, pg 2338, 2000)SCIENCE 298 (5595): 961-961 NOV 1 2002

4. Schon JH, Kloc C, Dodabalapur A, et al.An organic solid state injection laser (vol 289, pg 599, 2000)SCIENCE 298 (5595): 961-961 NOV 1 2002

5. Schon JH, Dodabalapur A, Kloc C, et al.A light-emitting field-effect transistor (vol 290, pg 963, 2000)SCIENCE 298 (5595): 961-961 NOV 1 2002

6. Schon JH, Kloc C, Hwang HY, et al.Josephson junctions with tunable weak links (vol 292, pg 252, 2001)SCIENCE 298 (5595): 961-961 NOV 1 2002

7. Schon JH, Kloc C, Batlogg BHigh-temperature superconductivity in lattice-expanded C-60 (vol 293, pg 2432, 2001)SCIENCE 298 (5595): 961-961 NOV 1 2002

8. Schon JH, Meng H, Bao ZField-effect modulation of the conductance of single molecules (vol 294, pg 2138, 2001)SCIENCE 298 (5595): 961-961 NOV 1 2002

9. Dodabalapur A, Someya T, Crone B, et al.New applications for organic transistors.ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 224: 002-MTLS Part 1 AUG 18 2002

10. Dodabalapur A, Someya T, Crone B, et al.Chemical and biological sensing with organic transistors.ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 223: 019-PMSE Part 2 APR 7 2002 11. Schon JH, Dorget M, Beuran FC, et al.Superconductivity in a spin-ladder cuprate - ResponseSCIENCE 295 (5562): MAR 15 2002

12. Schon JHCoupling of gate-induced superconducting polythiophene layers through an insulating partPHYSICAL REVIEW B 65 (5): Art. No. 052502 FEB 1 2002

13. Schon JH, Bao ZNanoscale organic transistors based on self-assembled monolayers (Retracted Article. See vol 82, pg 1313, 2003)APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 80 (5): 847-849 FEB 4 2002

14. Schon JH, Bao ZOrganic insulator/semiconductor heterostructure monolayer transistorsAPPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 80 (2): 332-333 JAN 14 2002

15. Schon JHOn the stability of organic field-effect transistor materialsAPPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 79 (25): 4163-4164 DEC 17 2001

16. Schon JH, Kloc C, Batlogg BPentacene based photovoltaic devicesSYNTHETIC METALS 124 (1): 95-97 Sp. Iss. SI OCT 3 2001

17. Schon JH, Meng H, Bao ZNField-effect modulation of the conductance of single moleculesSCIENCE 294 (5549): 2138-2140 DEC 7 2001

18. Schon JH, Kloc C, Dodabalapur A, et al.Grain boundary transport and vapor sensing in alpha-sexithiopheneAPPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 79 (24): 3965-3967 DEC 10 2001

19. Schon JH, Kloc CFast organic electronic circuits based on ambipolar pentacene field-effect transistors (Retracted Article. See vol 82, pg 1313, 2003)APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 79 (24): 4043-4044 DEC 10 2001

20. Schon JH, Dorget M, Beuran FC, et al.Superconductivity in CaCuO2 as a result of field-effect dopingNATURE 414 (6862): 434-436 NOV 22 2001 21. Schon JHCorrelation of the Meyer-Neldel rule and persistent photoconductivity in the organic semiconductor, alpha-sexithiopheneDEFECT AND DIFFUSION FORUM 192-1: 37-42 2001

22. Schon JH, Kloc C, Siegrist T, et al.Superconductivity in single crystals of the fullerene C-70NATURE 413 (6858): 831-833 OCT 25 2001

23. Schon JH, Meng H, Bao ZSelf-assembled monolayer organic field-effect transistorsNATURE 413 (6857): 713-716 OCT 18 2001

24. Schon JH, Kloc C, Batlogg BBallistic hole transport in pentacene with a mean free path exceeding 30 mu m (Retracted article. See Vol 90, pg 3419, 2001)JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 90 (7): 3419-3421 OCT 1 2001

25. Schon JHPlastic Josephson junctions (Retracted Article. See vol 82, pg 1313, 2003)APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 79 (14): 2208-2210 OCT 1 2001

26. Schon JH, Dorget M, Beuran FC, et al.Field-induced superconductivity in a spin-ladder cuprateSCIENCE 293 (5539): 2430-2432 SEP 28 2001

27. Schon JH, Kloc C, Batlogg BHigh-temperature superconductivity in lattice-expanded C-60SCIENCE 293 (5539): 2432-2434 SEP 28 2001

28. Schon JH, Berg S, Kloc C, et al.Persistent photoconductivity in single crystals of the high temperature polymorph of alpha-sexithiopheneSYNTHETIC METALS 123 (1): 125-128 AUG 22 2001

29. Schon JH

New phenomena in high mobility organic semiconductorsPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B-BASIC RESEARCH 226 (2): 257-270 AUG 2001

30. Schon JH, Kloc C, Wildeman J, et al.Gate-induced superconductivity in oligophenylenevinylene single crystals (Retracted Article. See vol 15, pg 478, 2003)ADVANCED MATERIALS 13 (16): 1273-1274 AUG 16 2001 31. Dodabalapur A, Schon JH, Crone B, et al.Physics and chemistry at organic transistor interfaces.ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 221: 468-COLL Part 1 APR 1 2001

32. Schon JHAmbipolar organic field-effect transistors.ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 221: 397-IEC Part 1 APR 1 2001

33. Schon JHElectrically-driven organic solid state lasers.ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 221: 359-INOR Part 1 APR 1 2001

34. Schon JH, Kloc C, Fichou D, et al.Conjugation length dependence of the charge transport in oligothiophene single crystals - art. no. 035209 (Retracted article. See vol B 66, 249906, 2002)PHYSICAL REVIEW B 64 (3): Art. No. 035209 JUL 15 2001

35. Schon JH, Kloc C, Batlogg BHole transport in pentacene single crystals - art. no. 245201 (Retracted article. See vol B 66, art. no. 249903, 2002)PHYSICAL REVIEW B 63 (24): Art. No. 245201 JUN 15 2001

36. Schon JH, Kloc C, Batlogg BBand-like charge transport in C-60 single crystalsPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B-BASIC RESEARCH 225 (1): 209-213 MAY 2001

37. Schon JH, Kloc CCharge transport through a single tetracene grain boundaryAPPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 78 (24): 3821-3823 JUN 11 2001

38. Schon JH, Kloc COrganic metal-semiconductor field-effect phototransistorsAPPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 78 (22): 3538-3540 MAY 28 2001

39. Schon JHHigh mobilities in organic semiconductors: basic science and technologySYNTHETIC METALS 122 (1): 157-160 Sp. Iss. SI MAY 1 2001

40. Schon JH, Kloc C, Batlogg BAmbipolar organic devices for complementary logicSYNTHETIC METALS 122 (1): 195-197 Sp. Iss. SI MAY 1 2001 41. Siegrist T, Kloc C, Schon JH, et al.Enhanced physical properties in a pentacene polymorphANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION 40 (9): 1732-1736 2001

42. Schon JH, Kloc C, Batlogg BUniversal crossover from band to hopping conduction in molecular organic semiconductorsPHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 86 (17): 3843-3846 APR 23 2001

43. Katz HE, Siegrist T, Schon JH, et al.Solid-state structural and electrical characterization of N-benzyl and N-alkyl naphthalene 1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic diimidesCHEMPHYSCHEM 2 (3): 167-172 FEB 16 2001

44. Schon JH, Bucher EElectrical properties of n-type CuGaSe2THIN SOLID FILMS 387 (1-2): 23-25 MAY 29 2001

45. Schon JHComposite fermions in organic semiconductorsPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B-BASIC RESEARCH 224 (2): R7-R9 MAR 2001

46. Schon JH, Kloc C, Hwang HY, et al.Josephson junctions with tunable weak linksSCIENCE 292 (5515): 252-254 APR 13 2001

47. Schon JH, Kloc C, Batlogg BLow-temperature transport in high-mobility polycrystalline pentacene field-effect transistors - art. no. 125304 (Retracted article. See vol B 66, art. no. 249907, 2002)PHYSICAL REVIEW B 63 (12): Art. No. 125304 MAR 15 2001

48. Schon JH, Schenker O, Batlogg BSolution processed CdS thin film transistors (Retracted Article. See vol 466, pg 351, 2004)THIN SOLID FILMS 385 (1-2): 271-274 APR 2 2001

49. Schon JH, Kloc C, Batlogg BExcitation gaps in the fractional quantum Hall effect in tetraceneJOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER 13 (7): L163-L167 FEB 19 2001

50. Schon JH, Dodabalapur A, Bao Z, et al.Gate-induced superconductivity in a solution-processed organic polymer filmNATURE 410 (6825): 189-192 MAR 8 2001 51. Schon JH, Bao ZAInfluence of disorder on the electron transport properties in fluorinated copper-phthalocyanine thin filmsJOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 89 (6): 3526-3528 MAR 15 2001

52. Arushanov E, Schon JH, Lange HTransport properties of Cr-doped beta-FeSi2THIN SOLID FILMS 381 (2): 282-286 JAN 15 2001

53. Frolov SV, Kloc C, Schon JH, et al.Transient spectroscopy of tetracene single crystalsCHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 334 (1-3): 65-68 FEB 2 2001

54. Lee M, Schon JH, Kloc C, et al.Electron-phonon coupling spectrum in photodoped pentacene crystalsPHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 86 (5): 862-865 JAN 29 2001

55. Schon JH, Bucher EPersistent photoconductivity in n- and p-type CuGaSe2JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS 34 (1): 25-29 JAN 7 2001

56. Schon JH, Batlogg BTrapping in organic field-effect transistorsJOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 89 (1): 336-342 JAN 1 2001

57. Chen XL, Bao ZN, Schon JH, et al.Ion-modulated ambipolar electrical conduction in thin-film transistors based on amorphous conjugated polymersAPPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 78 (2): 228-230 JAN 8 2001