Global production and work in the IT-

industry

信息技术产业的全球生产与工作

Boy Lüthje 吕博艺

Institute of Social Research

University of Frankfurt

Germany

德国法兰克福大学社会研究所

Outline 纲要

1. Changes in the global production system of the IT industry 信息技术产业全球生产制度的变迁

2. Global production networks and work 全球生产网络与工作

3. Labor standards, innovation, and global regulation 劳工标准、创新、以及全球规制

The vertically integrated computer industry

Circa 1980

______________________________________________________________

Sales and

Distribution

Application

Software

Operating

System

Computer

Chips

IBM DEC Siemens Fujitsu ...........

______________________________________________________________

Adapted from: A. Grove, Only the Paranoid Survive, New York/London 1996

The horizontal computer industry

Circa 1995

____________________________________________

Sales and

Distribution Retail Stores Superstores Mail Order

Application

Software Word Word Perfect etc.

Operating

System DOS/Windows OS/2 Mac UNIX

Computer Compaq Dell Packard Bell HP IBM etc.

Contract

Manufacturers Solectron SCI Flextronics IBM etc.

Chips Intel Architecture Motorola RISCs

____________________________________________

Adapted from: A. Grove, Only the Paranoid Survive, New York/London 1996

EMS Revenues 1989-2001 1989年－2001年 电子制造服务的收入

Source: Technology Forecasters, Inc.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001E

US

$ B

illio

n

Electronics Contract Manufacturing Revenues

2003-2008

2003年－2008年 电子合同制造的收入

Source: ISuppli

Top Ten EMS

2005

Rank

Company

Name

2005

Annual

Revenue

(000)

1 Foxconn $20,981

2 Flextronics $15,582

3 Sanmina-SCI $11,343

4 Solectron $10,207

5 Celestica $8,471

6 Jabil $8,057

7 Elcoteq $5,179

8 Venture $3,238

9 Benchmark $2,257

10 USI $1,621

Total Top 10 $86,936

Data by iSuppli Corp.

Figures in $US Millions

Top Ten ODMs

2005

Rank

Company

Name

2005 Annual

Revenue(000)

1 Quanta $12,523

2 Asustek $10,737

3 Compal $6,860

4 Lite-On $5,054

5 Inventec $5,048

6 BenQ $5,043

7 Wistron $4,814

8 Inventec

Appliance $3,577

9 Tatung $2,338

10 Mitac Intl $2,307

Total Top 10 $58,300

Global Supply Chain Consolidation

全球供应链的合并

HP/Compaq 惠普/康柏

Pre-merger Compaq/HP HP 2004

63 manufacturing facilities 32

142 distribution hubs 88

1500 suppliers ca. 700

385 logistics partners 119

7000 IT applications ca. 4000

22000 data servers 19000

Ca. 300 data centers 88

3bn$ cost savings over first 2 years

Massive pressure on manufacturing partners

Source: HP company information

The crisis of the Silicon Valley Model

硅谷模式的危机(2001 ff.)

Rapid innovation results in over-capacities in key

product markets (e.g. PC) 飞速的创新导致关键产品市场生产能力过剩（比如，个人电脑）

CM companies as ―regulators‖ of global over-

capacities 合同制造企业成为全球生产能力过剩的“调节器”

Massive plant closures and job cuts 大规模关闭工厂以及裁员

The shift of manufacturing to China 制造业向中国转移

2.

Global Production Networks and

Work

全球生产网络与工作

Is Fordism coming back?

福特制回来了吗？

Vertical re-integration „at the bottom―

“在底端”的垂直化重新整合

Global locations Flextronics International, 2000

2000年伟创力的全球布局

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―The forbidden city of Terry Guo‖

―郭台铭的紫禁城” (Source: The Wall Street Journal)

Flexible mass production regime South China

State-of-the-art working conditions and technology

Low wages, mostly hourly, long working hours

High wage differentials operator vs. specialized workers, mgmt

High degree of Taylorist segmentation

Line workers migrant women workers (dagongmei)

Recruitment through labor agencies in rural areas in inner China

Low-end ―corporate welfare state―: dormitories, entertainment activities

Regulation of migration problems through dormitory system

Relatively strong labor laws – no enforcement

Trade Unions as part of management and ―Corp Soc Responsibility‖

3.

Labor standards, innovation,

and global regulation

劳工标准、创新、以及全球规制

Policy alternatives beyond Neo-

Liberalism

超越新自由主义的政策选择

New dynamics of industrial development

产业发展的新动态

• Vertical Specialization at the top drives vertical re-integration from below

顶端的垂直专业化推动从下面开始的垂直化重新整合

• Rapid industrial upgrading in emerging economies

在新兴经济中飞速的产业升级

• But: cluster effects mostly between multinationals – little impact on indigenous suppliers

然而：集群效应通常存在于跨国公司之间——并没给本土供应商带来多大影响

• Work and labor standards the weakest link

工作与劳工标准是最薄弱的环节

Emerging economies 新兴经济

• Vertical re-integration – but market cycles and profits under control of global brands

垂直化重新整合——但市场周期和利润处于全球品牌商控制之下

• Qualitative upgrading and cross-linkages with local supply and design firms?

质的提升，以及本土供应和设计企业之间交互链接

• Chinese multinationals as drivers for re-integration of local value chains (e.g. Huawei, ZTE, Konka)? 中国跨国公司作为本土价值链重新整合的驱动者（比如，华为、中兴通讯、康佳）

• Control of labor standards and enforcement of labor laws! 劳工标准的控制以及劳动法的执行

Global policies 全球政策

• Protectionism is no answer

保护主义不是答案

• Developing sustainable models of technology

and consumption (e.g. electronic waste)

发展可持续的科技和消费模式（比如，电子垃圾）

• Instead of „Corporate Responsibility―: Control of

brands concerning labor and environmental

standards

取代“企业社会责任”：在劳工与环境标志方面控制品牌商

Labor standards and production

politics 劳工标准与生产政治

• Control of labor standards from below: labor laws, active trade unions, collective bargaining, industry-wide wage standards 自下而上地控制劳工标准：劳动法、活跃的工会、集体谈判、行业级工资标准

• Global benchmarking of „decent work― “体面劳动”的全球基准评价

• Assembly: Teamwork and workers’ control instead of Neo-Taylorism

组装：团队合作与工人的控制，而非新泰勒制

„Trust is good, control is better―

―信任是好的，而控制更好” • Re-Regulation of key product markets and

networks (e.g. mobile phones)

对关键产品市场和网络进行重新规制（比如，手机）

• Strict control of electronic waste (EU and Chinese guidelines vs. U.S.)

严格控制电子垃圾（欧盟、中国准则与美国）

• Use popular know-how in recycling

在回收时运用普及的知识

• Next step: labor standards as criteria of product certification

下一步：劳工标准作为产品认证的基准

谢谢！