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Mora Splitting in Loanword Compound Clipping Mark Irwin 山形大学人文学部 Tokyo Circle of Phonologists 9 May, 2010

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Page 1: Mora Splitting in Loanword Compound Clippingirwin/site/Home_files/Mora...2μ 4 1% 1μ+1μ 4 1% mo.ga 3μ 83 * 18% * 2μ+1μ 73 16% misu.do 1μ+2μ 10 2% me.ado 4μ ((348 * * 76% *

Mora Splitting in Loanword

Compound Clipping

Mark Irwin

山形大学人文学部

Tokyo Circle of Phonologists9 May, 2010

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Some  Definitions

n Japanese  loanword  (gairaigo):  a  foreign  word  which  has  undergone  adaptation  to  Japanese  phonology,  has  been  borrowed  into  Japanese  after  the  mid-­‐16th  century  and  whose  meaning  is,  or  has  been,  intelligible  to  the  general  speech  community.

n Compound:  in  this  paper,  confined  to  two-­‐element  compounds.

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The  Databasen All  examples  (full  and  reduced  forms)  in  this  paper  

appear  in  at  least  one  of  the  following  sources:

「若者ことば辞典」米川明彦(1997年)

「広辞苑第6番」新村出(2008年)

「パーソナル英和カタカナ語辞典」学研辞典編集部(2001年)

「現代用語の基礎知識1977年」自由国民社

「外来語辞典」あらかわそおべえ(1977年)

「コンサイスカタカナ語辞典第4番」

三省堂編修所(2010年)

the pages of Japanese Wikipedia

(2009-2010)

「カタカナ語を英語にする辞典」丸山孝男・小林忠夫・山崎千秋・寺内正典(1992年)

「研究社新英和大辞典」Watanabe, Skrzypczak &

Snowden(2003年)

「隠語辞典」楳垣実(1955年)

「現代用語の基礎知識2003年」自由国民社

「現代用語の基礎知識2010年」自由国民社

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Loanword  Compound  Reduction

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Loanword  Compound  Reduction

Compound  Clipping misutaa+doonacu

midoo ✗

misudo ✔

etc...

Ellipsis misutaa+doonacumisutaa ✗

doonacu ✗

Portmanteau  Formation misutaa+doonacu

misunacu ✗

etc...

Irwin  (2010)

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EllipsisEng.  ‘front  desk’  ➔  furoNto+desuku  >  furoNto  ‘reception’

Eng.  ‘make-­‐up’  ➔  meeku+aQpu  >  meeku  

Eng.  ‘American’  +  Du.  ‘koffie’  ➔  amerikaN+koohii  >  amerikaN  ‘weak  coffee’

Du.  ‘brandpunt’  ➔  buraNdo+piNto  >  piNto  ‘focus,  point’

Eng.  ‘screwdriver’  ➔    sukuryuu+doraibaa  >  doraibaa  

Fr.  ‘crêpe  de  chine’  ➔    kureepu+de+šiN  >  dešiN  

Eng.  ‘background  music’  ➔  baQku+gurauNdo+myuujiQku  >  baQkumyuujiQku

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Portmanteaus

Fr.  ‘vinyl’  +  Eng.  ‘nylon’  ➔  biniiru+nairoN  >  biniroN

Eng.  ‘Japanese’  +  ‘Asian’  ➔  japaniizu+ajiaN  >  japaniaN

Eng.  ‘yacht’  +  ‘hotel’  ➔  yoQto+hoteru  >  yoQteru

Eng.  ‘motor’  +  ‘apartment’  ➔  mootaa+apaato  >  mopaato

Eng.  ‘freelance’  +  Ger.  ‘Arbeiter’  ➔  furiiraNsu+arubaitaa  >  furiitaa

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Compound  Clippingn Involves  reduction  of  a  loan  compound  to  anything  

from  2  to  6  moras  (μ)  

n Achieved  through  combining  the  initial  moras  of  each  of  the  two  elements  of  which  the  compound  is  composed  (Itô  1990;  Labrune  2002)

n Like  other  forms  of  loanword  compound  reduction,  compound  clipping  is  commonly  employed  in  slang,  jargon  and  youth  speech  and  is  highly  ephemeral  in  nature

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2μ 4 1% 1μ+1μ 4 1% mo.ga

3μ 83  

18%  

2μ+1μ 73 16% misu.do

1μ+2μ 10 2% me.ado

4μ    

348    

76%    

2μ+2μ 343 75% deji.kame

3μ+1μ 1 <  1% buraku.ra

1μ+3μ 4 <  1% pi.kurosu

5μ  

18  

4%  

3μ+2μ 3 <  1% kuuru.bizu

2μ+3μ 15 3% kacu.saNdo

6μ    

3    

<  1%    

3μ+3μ 1 <  1% purasu.tairu

4μ+2μ 1 <  1% bairiN.gyaru

2μ+4μ 1 <  1% seru.mootaa

456 100% 456 100%

Irwin  (2010)

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Mora  SplittingEng.  ‘mass  communication’  ➔  masu+komyunikeešoN  >  masukomi    ‘mass  media’

Eng.  ‘Italian’  +  ‘casual’  ➔  itariaN+kajuaru  >  itakaji  

 Eng.  ‘office  computer’  ➔  ofisu+koNpyuutaa  >  ofukoN

 Eng.  ‘staple’  +  ‘fibre’  ➔  suteepuru+faibaa    >  sufu    ‘rayon’

 Eng.  ‘differential  gear’  ➔  defareNšaru+gia  >  defugia

 Eng.  ‘memory  stick’  ➔  memorii+sutiQku    >  memosute    Eng.  ‘stardust’  +  ‘review’  ➔  sutaadasuto+rebyuu  >  sutarebi    (pop  group)

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Eng.  ‘mass  communication’  ➔  マス + コミュニケーション   >   マスコミ  

Eng.  ‘Italian’  +  ‘casual’  ➔  イタリアン + カジュアル   >   イタカジ  

 Eng.  ‘office  computer’  ➔  オフィス + コンピューター    >   オフコン

 Eng.  ‘staple’  +  ‘fibre’  ➔  ステープル + ファイバー    >   スフ  

 Eng.  ‘differential  gear’  ➔  デファレンシャル + ギア   >   デフギア

 Eng.  ‘memory  stick’  ➔  メモリー + スティック    >   メモステ    Eng.  ‘stardust’  +  ‘review’  ➔  スターダスト + レビュー   >   スタレビ

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n When  transribed  in  kana,  the  picture  becomes  clear  

n Moras  which  are  written  with  a  digraph  (e.g.  ファ,  ビュ,  etc.)  are  split  and  the  

second  small  kana  is  deleted

n Apparently,  just  another  example  of  the  links  between  ‘moraic  phenomena  and  Japanese  orthography’  (Kubozono  1999),  such  as  the  game  of  shiritori

n However....

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Eng.  ‘body  building’  ➔  bodii+birudiNgu  >  bodibiru  

                                                                               ボディ  +  ビルディング        >          ボディビル  

Eng.  ‘vocabulary  building’  ➔  bokyaburarii+birudiNgu  >  bokyabiru

                                                         ボキャブラリー  +  ビルディング        >        ボキャブル

Eng.  ‘pretty’  +  ‘face’  ➔  puriti+feesu   >  purife    (manga)                                                                              プリティ  +  フェイス        >        プリフェ

Eng.  ‘natural  high’  ➔  načuraru+hai  >  načuhai                                                                              ナチュラル  +  ハイ        >        ナチュハイ

Eng.  ‘body  conscious’  ➔  bodii+koNšasu  >  bodikoN                                                                                  ボディー  +  コンシャス        >        ボディコン

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n How  do  we  account  for  pairs  such  as:

           masu+komyunikeešoN  >  masukomi            マス + コミュニケーション     >     マスコミ  

           bokyaburarii+birudiNgu  >  bokyabiru      ボキャブラリー      +      ビルディング          >          ボキャブル

or  

suteepuru+faibaa    >  sufuステープル + ファイバー            >   スフ

           puriti+feesu   >  purife          プリティ      +      フェイス          >          プリフェ

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n Difference  in  behaviour  appears  not  to  be  grounded  in  any  phonological,  morphophonological,  suprasegmental  or  semantic  features

n Behaviour  appears  wholly  random

n Is  there  a  preference  for  or  against  mora  splitting?    

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n Of  the  456  examples  of  compound  clipping  in  my  database,  24  show  the  potential  for  mora  splitting  

n Of  these,  15  (63%)  mora  split,  while  9  (38%)  do  not  

n This  number  of  examples  is  too  small  to  have  any  statistical  significance

n For  this  reason,  I  decided,  by  means  of  a  survey,  to  elicit  native  speaker  clipping  responses  to  semantically  plausible  invented  loanword  compounds  

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n Survey  was  administered  in  written  form  in  Japanese  to  93  Yamagata  University  Japanese  native  speaker  1st-­‐year  students  in  October  2008

n61%  female,  39%  male

n85%  aged  18-­‐19  years,  13%  aged  20-­‐21  years,  2%  aged  22-­‐23  years  old

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n Five  semantically  plausible  invented  loanword  compounds  were  chosen.  All  were  two  element  compounds.  In  all  cases,  the  second  mora  of  one  of  the  elements  is  written  in  a  kana  digraph  (2μ+2μ  being  the  preferred  pattern).

kyaria+rejume        キャリア    +    レジュメ    

terebi+dokyumeNtari        テレビ    +    ドキュメンタリー

sutoriito+debyuu        ストリート    +    デビュー

bijoN+manejimeNto        ビジョン    +    マネジメント

načuraru+kosumetiQku        ナチュラル    +    コスメティック

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n The  survey  also  contained  3  distracters,  gairaigo  compounds  (not  necessarily  invented)  where  neither  element  contained  a  second  mora  written  with  a  kana  digraph:

daburu+esupureQso        

kimuči+bibiNba        

makadamia+čokoreeto        

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n Of  course,  it  was  to  be  expected  that  by  no  means  all  of  the  respondents  would  use  compound  clipping  in  order  to  truncate  the  compounds  in  the  survey  

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Loanword  Compound  Reduction

Compound  Clipping misutaa+doonacu

midoo ✗

misudo ✔

etc...

Ellipsis misutaa+doonacumisutaa ✗

doonacu ✗

Portmanteau  Formation misutaa+doonacu

misunacu ✗

etc...

Irwin  (2010)

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n We  find  respondents  who  offer  ellipsis...

terebi+dokyumeNtari  >  terebikyaria+rejume  >  rejume

n ...  and  portmanteaus

načuraru+kosumetiQku  >  načumetiQkusutoriito+debyuu  >  sutobyuu

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n And  even  respondents  who  offered  Roman  letter  acronyms...

terebi+dokyumeNtari  >  TV-­‐Dkyaria+rejume  >  CR

n ...and  what  might  be  called  ‘switching’

bijoN+manejimeNto  >  manebijonačuraru+kosumetiQku  >  kosuraru

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n Moreover,  even  when  respondents  did  back-­‐clip  a  compound,  they  did  not  always  clip  at  the  ‘splittable  mora’  under  investigation

terebi+dokyumeNtari  >  teredo  (2μ+1μ)

kyaria+rejume  >  kyarire  (3μ+1μ)

bijoN+manejimeNto  >  bimane  (1μ+2μ)

načuraru+kosumetiQku  >  nakosu  (1μ+2μ)

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n All  responses  like  those  just  described  were  labelled  ‘irrelevant’  (k )

n The  remaining  responses,  where  the  clipping  occurred  at  the  appropriate  juncture,  were  labelled  ‘relevant’  (☺)

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loanword  compound ☺ J most  common    

J  response

kyaria+rejume 62% 38% kya.jume

terebi+dokyumeNtari

66% 34% tere.meNtarii

sutoriito+debyuu 38% 62% suto.debyuu

bijoN+manejimeNto

72% 28% bijoN.mane

načuraru+kosumetiQku

73% 27% načuraru.kosu

ALL 62% 38%

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n Relevant  responses  were  divided  into  those  where  mora  splitting  occurred  (☺μ)  and  those  where  it  did  not  (☺μ)

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loanword  compound ☺μ ☺μ most  common    

☺  response

kyaria+rejume 26% 74% kyari.reju

terebi+dokyumeNtari

7% 93% tere.dokyu

sutoriito+debyuu 11% 89% suto.debyu

bijoN+manejimeNto

21% 79% bijo.mane

načuraru+kosumetiQku

3% 97% naču.kosume

ALL 14%(n  =  39)

86%(n  =  247)

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n The  ratio  of  split  to  unsplit  responses  was  14  :  86,  indicating  clearly  that  mora  splitting  is  marked

n terebi  +  dokyumeNtari  (7  :  93)  and  načuraru  +  kosumetiQku  (3  :  97)  were  especially  resistant  to  mora  splitting

Conclusions

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n Neither  the  position  (first  or  second)  of  the  element  in  which  the  splittable  mora  occurs,  the  length  of  the  element  in  which  it  occurs,  the  distance  from  the  end  of  the  element  in  which  it  occurs,  nor  the  type  of  syllable  (light  or  heavy)  in  which  it  occurs  appear  to  have  any  significance

n As  all  splittable  morae  in  this  survey  were  restricted  to  those  with  palatal  glides,  further  research  is  required  on  the  splitting  ratios  for  kana  digraphs  without  glides,  such  as  ファ,  ディ,  トゥ

Conclusions

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Further Researchn As  all  splittable  moras  in  this  survey  were  restricted  

to  those  with  palatal  glides,  further  research  is  required  on  the  splitting  ratios  for  kana  digraphs  without  glides,  such  as  ファ,  ディ,  トゥ

n Does  mora  splitting  vary  by  age,  by  region,  or  by  socio-­‐economic  group?

n Are  those  compounds  which  exhibit  mora  splitting  attested  earlier  or  later  than  those  which  do  not?

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• Irwin, Mark. 2010. Loanwords in Japanese. Leiden: Brill.

• Itô, Junko. 1990. Prosodic Minimality in Japanese. In Papers from the 26th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society Vol 2: The Parasession on the Syllable in Phonetics and Phonology, ed. Michael Ziolkowski, Manuela Noske and Karen Deaton, 213-239. Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.

• Kubozono, Haruo. 1999. Mora and Syllable. In The Handbook of Japanese Linguistics, ed. Natsuko Tsujimura, 31-61. Oxford: Blackwell.

• Labrune, Laurence. 2002. The Prosodic Structure of Simple Abbreviated Loanwords in Japanese: A Constraint-Based Account. 音声研究 6.1: 98-120.

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