mora splitting in loanword compound clippingirwin/site/home_files/mora...2μ 4 1% 1μ+1μ 4 1% mo.ga...
TRANSCRIPT
Mora Splitting in Loanword
Compound Clipping
Mark Irwin
山形大学人文学部
Tokyo Circle of Phonologists9 May, 2010
Some Definitions
n Japanese loanword (gairaigo): a foreign word which has undergone adaptation to Japanese phonology, has been borrowed into Japanese after the mid-‐16th century and whose meaning is, or has been, intelligible to the general speech community.
n Compound: in this paper, confined to two-‐element compounds.
The Databasen All examples (full and reduced forms) in this paper
appear in at least one of the following sources:
「若者ことば辞典」米川明彦(1997年)
「広辞苑第6番」新村出(2008年)
「パーソナル英和カタカナ語辞典」学研辞典編集部(2001年)
「現代用語の基礎知識1977年」自由国民社
「外来語辞典」あらかわそおべえ(1977年)
「コンサイスカタカナ語辞典第4番」
三省堂編修所(2010年)
the pages of Japanese Wikipedia
(2009-2010)
「カタカナ語を英語にする辞典」丸山孝男・小林忠夫・山崎千秋・寺内正典(1992年)
「研究社新英和大辞典」Watanabe, Skrzypczak &
Snowden(2003年)
「隠語辞典」楳垣実(1955年)
「現代用語の基礎知識2003年」自由国民社
「現代用語の基礎知識2010年」自由国民社
Loanword Compound Reduction
Loanword Compound Reduction
Compound Clipping misutaa+doonacu
midoo ✗
misudo ✔
etc...
Ellipsis misutaa+doonacumisutaa ✗
doonacu ✗
Portmanteau Formation misutaa+doonacu
misunacu ✗
etc...
Irwin (2010)
EllipsisEng. ‘front desk’ ➔ furoNto+desuku > furoNto ‘reception’
Eng. ‘make-‐up’ ➔ meeku+aQpu > meeku
Eng. ‘American’ + Du. ‘koffie’ ➔ amerikaN+koohii > amerikaN ‘weak coffee’
Du. ‘brandpunt’ ➔ buraNdo+piNto > piNto ‘focus, point’
Eng. ‘screwdriver’ ➔ sukuryuu+doraibaa > doraibaa
Fr. ‘crêpe de chine’ ➔ kureepu+de+šiN > dešiN
Eng. ‘background music’ ➔ baQku+gurauNdo+myuujiQku > baQkumyuujiQku
Portmanteaus
Fr. ‘vinyl’ + Eng. ‘nylon’ ➔ biniiru+nairoN > biniroN
Eng. ‘Japanese’ + ‘Asian’ ➔ japaniizu+ajiaN > japaniaN
Eng. ‘yacht’ + ‘hotel’ ➔ yoQto+hoteru > yoQteru
Eng. ‘motor’ + ‘apartment’ ➔ mootaa+apaato > mopaato
Eng. ‘freelance’ + Ger. ‘Arbeiter’ ➔ furiiraNsu+arubaitaa > furiitaa
Compound Clippingn Involves reduction of a loan compound to anything
from 2 to 6 moras (μ)
n Achieved through combining the initial moras of each of the two elements of which the compound is composed (Itô 1990; Labrune 2002)
n Like other forms of loanword compound reduction, compound clipping is commonly employed in slang, jargon and youth speech and is highly ephemeral in nature
2μ 4 1% 1μ+1μ 4 1% mo.ga
3μ 83
18%
2μ+1μ 73 16% misu.do
1μ+2μ 10 2% me.ado
4μ
348
76%
2μ+2μ 343 75% deji.kame
3μ+1μ 1 < 1% buraku.ra
1μ+3μ 4 < 1% pi.kurosu
5μ
18
4%
3μ+2μ 3 < 1% kuuru.bizu
2μ+3μ 15 3% kacu.saNdo
6μ
3
< 1%
3μ+3μ 1 < 1% purasu.tairu
4μ+2μ 1 < 1% bairiN.gyaru
2μ+4μ 1 < 1% seru.mootaa
456 100% 456 100%
Irwin (2010)
Mora SplittingEng. ‘mass communication’ ➔ masu+komyunikeešoN > masukomi ‘mass media’
Eng. ‘Italian’ + ‘casual’ ➔ itariaN+kajuaru > itakaji
Eng. ‘office computer’ ➔ ofisu+koNpyuutaa > ofukoN
Eng. ‘staple’ + ‘fibre’ ➔ suteepuru+faibaa > sufu ‘rayon’
Eng. ‘differential gear’ ➔ defareNšaru+gia > defugia
Eng. ‘memory stick’ ➔ memorii+sutiQku > memosute Eng. ‘stardust’ + ‘review’ ➔ sutaadasuto+rebyuu > sutarebi (pop group)
Eng. ‘mass communication’ ➔ マス + コミュニケーション > マスコミ
Eng. ‘Italian’ + ‘casual’ ➔ イタリアン + カジュアル > イタカジ
Eng. ‘office computer’ ➔ オフィス + コンピューター > オフコン
Eng. ‘staple’ + ‘fibre’ ➔ ステープル + ファイバー > スフ
Eng. ‘differential gear’ ➔ デファレンシャル + ギア > デフギア
Eng. ‘memory stick’ ➔ メモリー + スティック > メモステ Eng. ‘stardust’ + ‘review’ ➔ スターダスト + レビュー > スタレビ
n When transribed in kana, the picture becomes clear
n Moras which are written with a digraph (e.g. ファ, ビュ, etc.) are split and the
second small kana is deleted
n Apparently, just another example of the links between ‘moraic phenomena and Japanese orthography’ (Kubozono 1999), such as the game of shiritori
n However....
Eng. ‘body building’ ➔ bodii+birudiNgu > bodibiru
ボディ + ビルディング > ボディビル
Eng. ‘vocabulary building’ ➔ bokyaburarii+birudiNgu > bokyabiru
ボキャブラリー + ビルディング > ボキャブル
Eng. ‘pretty’ + ‘face’ ➔ puriti+feesu > purife (manga) プリティ + フェイス > プリフェ
Eng. ‘natural high’ ➔ načuraru+hai > načuhai ナチュラル + ハイ > ナチュハイ
Eng. ‘body conscious’ ➔ bodii+koNšasu > bodikoN ボディー + コンシャス > ボディコン
n How do we account for pairs such as:
masu+komyunikeešoN > masukomi マス + コミュニケーション > マスコミ
bokyaburarii+birudiNgu > bokyabiru ボキャブラリー + ビルディング > ボキャブル
or
suteepuru+faibaa > sufuステープル + ファイバー > スフ
puriti+feesu > purife プリティ + フェイス > プリフェ
n Difference in behaviour appears not to be grounded in any phonological, morphophonological, suprasegmental or semantic features
n Behaviour appears wholly random
n Is there a preference for or against mora splitting?
n Of the 456 examples of compound clipping in my database, 24 show the potential for mora splitting
n Of these, 15 (63%) mora split, while 9 (38%) do not
n This number of examples is too small to have any statistical significance
n For this reason, I decided, by means of a survey, to elicit native speaker clipping responses to semantically plausible invented loanword compounds
n Survey was administered in written form in Japanese to 93 Yamagata University Japanese native speaker 1st-‐year students in October 2008
n61% female, 39% male
n85% aged 18-‐19 years, 13% aged 20-‐21 years, 2% aged 22-‐23 years old
n Five semantically plausible invented loanword compounds were chosen. All were two element compounds. In all cases, the second mora of one of the elements is written in a kana digraph (2μ+2μ being the preferred pattern).
kyaria+rejume キャリア + レジュメ
terebi+dokyumeNtari テレビ + ドキュメンタリー
sutoriito+debyuu ストリート + デビュー
bijoN+manejimeNto ビジョン + マネジメント
načuraru+kosumetiQku ナチュラル + コスメティック
n The survey also contained 3 distracters, gairaigo compounds (not necessarily invented) where neither element contained a second mora written with a kana digraph:
daburu+esupureQso
kimuči+bibiNba
makadamia+čokoreeto
n Of course, it was to be expected that by no means all of the respondents would use compound clipping in order to truncate the compounds in the survey
Loanword Compound Reduction
Compound Clipping misutaa+doonacu
midoo ✗
misudo ✔
etc...
Ellipsis misutaa+doonacumisutaa ✗
doonacu ✗
Portmanteau Formation misutaa+doonacu
misunacu ✗
etc...
Irwin (2010)
n We find respondents who offer ellipsis...
terebi+dokyumeNtari > terebikyaria+rejume > rejume
n ... and portmanteaus
načuraru+kosumetiQku > načumetiQkusutoriito+debyuu > sutobyuu
n And even respondents who offered Roman letter acronyms...
terebi+dokyumeNtari > TV-‐Dkyaria+rejume > CR
n ...and what might be called ‘switching’
bijoN+manejimeNto > manebijonačuraru+kosumetiQku > kosuraru
n Moreover, even when respondents did back-‐clip a compound, they did not always clip at the ‘splittable mora’ under investigation
terebi+dokyumeNtari > teredo (2μ+1μ)
kyaria+rejume > kyarire (3μ+1μ)
bijoN+manejimeNto > bimane (1μ+2μ)
načuraru+kosumetiQku > nakosu (1μ+2μ)
n All responses like those just described were labelled ‘irrelevant’ (k )
n The remaining responses, where the clipping occurred at the appropriate juncture, were labelled ‘relevant’ (☺)
loanword compound ☺ J most common
J response
kyaria+rejume 62% 38% kya.jume
terebi+dokyumeNtari
66% 34% tere.meNtarii
sutoriito+debyuu 38% 62% suto.debyuu
bijoN+manejimeNto
72% 28% bijoN.mane
načuraru+kosumetiQku
73% 27% načuraru.kosu
ALL 62% 38%
n Relevant responses were divided into those where mora splitting occurred (☺μ) and those where it did not (☺μ)
loanword compound ☺μ ☺μ most common
☺ response
kyaria+rejume 26% 74% kyari.reju
terebi+dokyumeNtari
7% 93% tere.dokyu
sutoriito+debyuu 11% 89% suto.debyu
bijoN+manejimeNto
21% 79% bijo.mane
načuraru+kosumetiQku
3% 97% naču.kosume
ALL 14%(n = 39)
86%(n = 247)
n The ratio of split to unsplit responses was 14 : 86, indicating clearly that mora splitting is marked
n terebi + dokyumeNtari (7 : 93) and načuraru + kosumetiQku (3 : 97) were especially resistant to mora splitting
Conclusions
n Neither the position (first or second) of the element in which the splittable mora occurs, the length of the element in which it occurs, the distance from the end of the element in which it occurs, nor the type of syllable (light or heavy) in which it occurs appear to have any significance
n As all splittable morae in this survey were restricted to those with palatal glides, further research is required on the splitting ratios for kana digraphs without glides, such as ファ, ディ, トゥ
Conclusions
Further Researchn As all splittable moras in this survey were restricted
to those with palatal glides, further research is required on the splitting ratios for kana digraphs without glides, such as ファ, ディ, トゥ
n Does mora splitting vary by age, by region, or by socio-‐economic group?
n Are those compounds which exhibit mora splitting attested earlier or later than those which do not?
• Irwin, Mark. 2010. Loanwords in Japanese. Leiden: Brill.
• Itô, Junko. 1990. Prosodic Minimality in Japanese. In Papers from the 26th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society Vol 2: The Parasession on the Syllable in Phonetics and Phonology, ed. Michael Ziolkowski, Manuela Noske and Karen Deaton, 213-239. Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.
• Kubozono, Haruo. 1999. Mora and Syllable. In The Handbook of Japanese Linguistics, ed. Natsuko Tsujimura, 31-61. Oxford: Blackwell.
• Labrune, Laurence. 2002. The Prosodic Structure of Simple Abbreviated Loanwords in Japanese: A Constraint-Based Account. 音声研究 6.1: 98-120.
references