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Ke y to p l a c e a n u m b e r e d on p l a n wh ic h a re A-Place antt Tour S t - J a c q u e s B R u e dem*nt ioned in the te> t op i l l ua t ra ted . 1 . Riv ol i C-Place de l a Bast i l t e D B o u l e -Louvre 2. T u i l e n e s G ard en s 3 . P l ace d e l aCon cor r f e 4. C h a m p s - E l y s e e s 5. Arc deTrlomphe-Place d e l ' E t o i l e 6 . C h a m p - d e .Ma rs 7. The l n v a l i d e s S, Lu

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lle O f ta Ci t e i n t h e S e < n e . B o is d e V mc e n n e s , P a r i s S h o r e R o a O , Brooklyn, N, Y.Miserable hovels and oId niokc>ries were sIoughed away. an dnarrow streets were widened to give space. vis tas and newset ( ings lo the Calhedral of Not re Dame and to great pu b l i cb u i ld i n gs an d his!oric i n i mmn en t s . Later, w h en H aus s man nwa s eleeLrit to the Academy of Beaux Arts, he boasted to ni sf r i e n d s lhaI he had b een chosen as the "dcinolitioi] artist."

T h r b u i ld i n g o f pa rk^ cunlin ued. The Bois de Vincennesin Uic eastern seclion provided for the poor w o r k i n g p eo p lethe recreat ion grou nd which the Buis d,e Boulogiie offered^ip w ea l lh i e r classea to the west. ln the n o r lh w es t r :o rnerof th e c i t y th e Parc M o n c eau w as remodeled. L a t e r , d u rmgthe thi rd projeet. when Buttes-Chaumont lo the northeast andParc d e M o n t s o u r i s l< i the south were ^ompleted. Paris wasprovided w i t h p ub l i c r eu r ea t i o n areas w h i c h . logether with th ef o r ma l gardens. squares and r i v e r r|uais of former adjnini s -t rat ions . gave the Frci i ch. c ap i t a l the f incst p a r k system intb e w o r ld of the n in e t e e n t h c e n t u r y .

T h e n ew b o u lev a r d s tcad ing f rom the ci ty to the autsk i r t ?b ro u g h t i n t o s h a rp rel i ef the p light of the suburbs. Th edemoli t ion of their o ld q ua r t e r s hu d d r iv e n many of the pooroutsi ci ty limits. and lack of space wi lhin the old. c i t jwalls had forred ni-w factor ies and w o r k e r s l< > spread lo theBobntbs. Here they were caught between lhe ta r i f f barHers.ol d harrirades and new fort i f i cat ions , which . havi ng beenbu i l t w i t h only military consideralions in ni ind . ha d d is-rupteH t-ven the o r i g i n a I p o o r tneatis of c o mmu mc a t i o n .T h e n ew b o u lev a r d s w h i c h h ad a l r ead y been bu i lt usuallyextended only to the barricades. and the s u b n r b s had on!ys k c t c h ) an d i n ad eq ua t e r o n r i e c l i o n s w i t h lhe ci ty . Poor

tonmiun icat ions h i n d e r ed lh e g r o w lh an d p r o s p e r i t y o f t h es u h u r b s an d iiiarred lhe approacb to the magni f i cent ci tyw h i o h Haussinann wa s rehui ld ing. In 18">9 lhe s i lualion hadbee

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cost had il beeii dekyed. Of this total, two and one-halfbillion francs were provided iii the regularly approve

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Th e posi t ion of the Prefect of lhe Seine had hecn sl rong d u r i n g h!sfirst years in ofEce. He had fi rmly enLrenched himself in lhe Holel deVilIe. had corisol idated h i s au lh o r : ly l h r ou g h ou l the city and wasv i r l u a l l y Minisler of Pans. He a l t en d ed the meelings of the StateC ou nr i l and the CouiicII of Min:sters . and his managenienl of the a fFa i rsof Paris became mo re a i iat ional lhan i t iunic ipal considerat Jon.Necdless to say , there wa s criticism of lhe greal p ub l i c w o r ks heha d ini t i a ted . bul i l canie largeK f r on i tr adilior ialis ls who objected toan y i n n o v a t i o n . M an y of his cri t i rs f a S l e d eompfcteIy to grasp thcscope of the work nr the changes whirh were taking plac.e. Thiers. on eof his bilteres t opponents , once rc:marked. ''Do people ou t w a l k i n < :need to go from the Madeletr ie to lhe F. to ile hy the shorlesl roule? Onthe conlrary, promeneurs w a n t to proIong their walks . That's lhereason they will t ake three or four turns up an d d o w n lb e sanie s t reet ."

Political hostilities were not a ser ioug threal as hm g as the Empcrorcontrolled lhe Legis la ture . and tbe press was mu/ . / led . A f l e r 1860.however . th e Emp ero r ' s p o s it i o n w as w eaken e d . Affairs in I l a l >a l iena tc< i th e cUricaI pa r l y . and thc f r t - e l rade agreement w i f h F.nglandlhe prolec t ionis t s ; lhe oppos it ion of the R igh t becarne s!r

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wide thon>ughfares an d bridgea, slum c iea rancL- , w a t e r .sewers and incidental utililk>s an prac l iced ihe neighborboodrehabi l i ta t ion whieh is so pr o m i n e n t i n tbe jargon of ou rm o de r n planners and so (ar f rom their practices.

Seco(id: I t musl be said thal R a n > n Haiissmai in go t loo farabead of the procession. He paid no attention to p u b l i co p i n i i i n . he ignored pa r l i a m e n t a r y procedure. l ic l l ou led baaiel awa. No greal program of n i u n i e i p a l r e c o n s t r u f t J o n can res tupiiii ati) other basis than lhat of iiiformed majorily publ ic.>pii i ion, an d tliu majorily has Io be substan t ia I , H nussmannk n e w w h a l th e publ ic ough l to want. b u t h e d i d u o l concernh t m s e l f wilh educat i t ig pu b l i r opinion an d bui ld in^ ; up th esupport which wonld have allowed him to finish his w o r k .

Third: Haassmann's financiaI melhods were of ten bizar rean d n n s o u n d . He did noI coniprehend th e limits of pub li c .borrowing, lhe neressity of doing certain things on a pay-as -yo i i -go basis, the importante of revenues, the difFerence be-hveen l emporar i ly infla ted an d p e r m an e n t l y intrpased vaIues .and t h e c o m pa r a t i ve i m po r t a n c e < > f s u b s t a n c e a n d show.

Fourth: Haussmaiin did no t balance properIy the needsof al l classes. a n d b e tended to neglcct the lower middIe cl assan d lh e poor.

K i f l h : The theory o f "productivc uxpci ises," t h a t ia . o f en-couraging prjvaU* enlerprise. tbe (low of capital. and increasein revenue by public w>orks. is one w h i c h requires consta t i tc h c c k i n g n n d s c r u l i n y . M a n y thiiigs need to be done w h i c hdon'l "pay" in the o r d i i i a r y sense of that ovenvorked word,but those which ar e siipposed Io pay should bc n i a de lo stai;don their ow n feet w i t h o u t crutches.

Sixth: H a u s s i n a n n . prcbably t h r n u g h no fauI l of hi s own,wa # tb e v i c l i m of an o u t r a g e o u s s y s t em of con tI i ;mnation andn du b i o u a syslem of contracl w o r k . Excessive awards bylhe courta were fu r ther fompl ica ted by unsound methodsof pa j m e n t . an d conlractors bad th e public ofik ' i a ls at theirmercy.

F i n a U y . Jt should be n o l e d thal. in spite of bis eccenlrk-ities.I I a u s p i n a n n l a9ted seven tcen y e a r s as head of uhc publ i t : worksin Paris. an d l h a t th is period wa s long enoug l i to enable hi mto carry out a program which is lhe more astonishing as wereaI ize how far he was in ad v an e e of h is time, ho w great weretb e obstacli-s which he faced. an d h o w b o l d l y he faced lhcm.

Th e Paris of Haussmann has had a rharnied i i fe. It s u r -vived alniost unscathed the hu in i l ia( ion of 1870. Joffre andhis t a x i c a b ^ s a ve d it in 1914. an d as an open city it overawedHitWs sightsfeiiig goose-steppers in 1940. Its spirit for then ion icn t is dead. bu t phyaicsDy the old Baron w o u l d he alh o m e in it t od a> an d c o u l H conf iden l ly predirt i ts revival inlb r f u l o r e .

C O M M U N I T Y R E C R E A T I O N CENTER

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