mot so thao tac pha che hoa chat

MT S THAO TC PHAMT S THAO TC PHACH HA CHT PHNGCH HA CHT PHNG

TH NGHIM HA HCTH NGHIM HA HC

TRNG I HC AN GIANGTRNG I HC AN GIANGKHOA S PHMKHOA S PHM

B MN HAB MN HA

MT S THAO TC PHAMT S THAO TC PHACH HA CHT PHNGCH HA CHT PHNG

TH NGHIM HA HCTH NGHIM HA HC

TRNG I HC AN GIANGTRNG I HC AN GIANGKHOA S PHMKHOA S PHM

B MN HAB MN HA----------------------------

MT S THAO TCMT S THAO TCPHA CH HA CHTPHA CH HA CHT

PHNG TH PHNG THNGHIM HA HCNGHIM HA HC

I. Pha ch dung dch:I. Pha ch dung dch:1. Nhng qui tc chung1. Nhng qui tc chungv pha ch dung dch:v pha ch dung dch:2. Pha ch dung dch2. Pha ch dung dchcht rn trong nc theocht rn trong nc theonng phn trm.nng phn trm.

a) Theo phng phpa) Theo phng phpng cho:ng cho:

3. Pha ch dung dch3. Pha ch dung dchcht lng trong nccht lng trong nctheo nng phn trm.theo nng phn trm.

b) Theo phng phpb) Theo phng phpthng thng (t ccthng thng (t ccnh ngha):nh ngha):

4. Pha ch dung dch4. Pha ch dung dchtheo nng M:theo nng M:

MT S THAO TCMT S THAO TCPHA CH HA CHTPHA CH HA CHT

PHNG TH PHNG THNGHIM HA HCNGHIM HA HC



II. Pha ch thuc th.II. Pha ch thuc th.1. Pha ch nc vi trong:1. Pha ch nc vi trong:

2. Pha dung dch h tinh2. Pha dung dch h tinhbt.bt.3. Pha dung dch PP3. Pha dung dch PP4. Cht ch th axit4. Cht ch th axit bazbazch t hoa dm bt:ch t hoa dm bt:

Kt thcKt thc

a) Pha cht rn theo Ca) Pha cht rn theo CMMb) Pha cht lng theo Cb) Pha cht lng theo CMM

I.I.Pha ch dung dch:Pha ch dung dch:1. Nhng qui tc chung v pha ch dung1. Nhng qui tc chung v pha ch dungdch:dch: Bnh, l dng pha ch dung dch phi c raBnh, l dng pha ch dung dch phi c ra

sch v trng nc ct trc khi pha.sch v trng nc ct trc khi pha. Phi dng nc ct pha ha cht.Phi dng nc ct pha ha cht. Trc khi pha dung dch cn tnh ton cn thnTrc khi pha dung dch cn tnh ton cn thn

lng cht tan v dung mi.lng cht tan v dung mi. Dung dch kim c phi pha trong bt s.Dung dch kim c phi pha trong bt s. Sau khi pha xong dung dch phi cho vo l cSau khi pha xong dung dch phi cho vo l c

mu sc thch hp, y nt kn, dn nhn cn thn,mu sc thch hp, y nt kn, dn nhn cn thn, ng v tr qui nh. ng v tr qui nh.

Ngi ta thng dng cc loi ng to, bnh nhNgi ta thng dng cc loi ng to, bnh nhmc, pipet chia khi pha ch dung dch. Bnhmc, pipet chia khi pha ch dung dch. Bnhnh mc dng pha ch dung dch theo nng nh mc dng pha ch dung dch theo nng mol v nng ng lng.mol v nng ng lng.






Bnh, l dng pha ch dung dch phi c raBnh, l dng pha ch dung dch phi c rasch v trng nc ct trc khi pha.sch v trng nc ct trc khi pha.

Phi dng nc ct pha ha cht.Phi dng nc ct pha ha cht. Trc khi pha dung dch cn tnh ton cn thnTrc khi pha dung dch cn tnh ton cn thn

lng cht tan v dung mi.lng cht tan v dung mi. Dung dch kim c phi pha trong bt s.Dung dch kim c phi pha trong bt s. Sau khi pha xong dung dch phi cho vo l cSau khi pha xong dung dch phi cho vo l c

mu sc thch hp, y nt kn, dn nhn cn thn,mu sc thch hp, y nt kn, dn nhn cn thn, ng v tr qui nh. ng v tr qui nh.

Ngi ta thng dng cc loi ng to, bnh nhNgi ta thng dng cc loi ng to, bnh nhmc, pipet chia khi pha ch dung dch. Bnhmc, pipet chia khi pha ch dung dch. Bnhnh mc dng pha ch dung dch theo nng nh mc dng pha ch dung dch theo nng mol v nng ng lng.mol v nng ng lng.





Kt thcKt thc


2. Pha ch dung dch cht rn trong2. Pha ch dung dch cht rn trongnc theo nng phn trm.nc theo nng phn trm.

Cht rn khng ngm nc nhCht rn khng ngm nc nh NaCl, BaClNaCl, BaCl22,,Trc khi pha cn tnh lng cht tan v lngTrc khi pha cn tnh lng cht tan v lngnc cn dng l bao nhiu, da vo biu thc nngnc cn dng l bao nhiu, da vo biu thc nng %. %.

V dV d: Cn pha 250 g dung dch 10% mt cht cho.: Cn pha 250 g dung dch 10% mt cht cho.Theo biu thc trn th: mTheo biu thc trn th: mdddd = 250 g ;= 250 g ;C% = 10% ; v ta c mC% = 10% ; v ta c mctct l :l :






Cht rn khng ngm nc nhCht rn khng ngm nc nh NaCl, BaClNaCl, BaCl22,,Trc khi pha cn tnh lng cht tan v lngTrc khi pha cn tnh lng cht tan v lngnc cn dng l bao nhiu, da vo biu thc nngnc cn dng l bao nhiu, da vo biu thc nng %. %.

V dV d: Cn pha 250 g dung dch 10% mt cht cho.: Cn pha 250 g dung dch 10% mt cht cho.Theo biu thc trn th: mTheo biu thc trn th: mdddd = 250 g ;= 250 g ;C% = 10% ; v ta c mC% = 10% ; v ta c mctct l :l :

.100 .100% ct ctdd dm ct

m mCm m m





Kt thcKt thc


Dng cn ly 25g cht tan cho voDng cn ly 25g cht tan cho vo225 ml H225 ml H22O (dng ng chia ongO (dng ng chia ong225 ml H225 ml H22O) ta khuy cho tan ht thO) ta khuy cho tan ht thc 250 g dung dch nng 10%.c 250 g dung dch nng 10%.

Cht rn ngm nc nhCht rn ngm nc nh CuSOCuSO44.5H.5H22O,O,CoClCoCl22.6H.6H22O. Trc ht chng taO. Trc ht chng tacng tnh lng cht tan (khng ngmcng tnh lng cht tan (khng ngmnc). Tip theo chng ta tnh lngnc). Tip theo chng ta tnh lngcht rn ngm nc tng ng vicht rn ngm nc tng ng vilng cht tan.lng cht tan.

. % 250.10 25( )100 100

250 25 225( )

ddct

dm

m Cm g

m g

Nh vyNh vy






Dng cn ly 25g cht tan cho voDng cn ly 25g cht tan cho vo225 ml H225 ml H22O (dng ng chia ongO (dng ng chia ong225 ml H225 ml H22O) ta khuy cho tan ht thO) ta khuy cho tan ht thc 250 g dung dch nng 10%.c 250 g dung dch nng 10%.

Cht rn ngm nc nhCht rn ngm nc nh CuSOCuSO44.5H.5H22O,O,CoClCoCl22.6H.6H22O. Trc ht chng taO. Trc ht chng tacng tnh lng cht tan (khng ngmcng tnh lng cht tan (khng ngmnc). Tip theo chng ta tnh lngnc). Tip theo chng ta tnh lngcht rn ngm nc tng ng vicht rn ngm nc tng ng vilng cht tan.lng cht tan.





Kt thcKt thc


Nu gi khi lng mol cht tan lNu gi khi lng mol cht tan lMM11 v khi lng mol cht tan ngmv khi lng mol cht tan ngmnc Mnc M22 th khi lng cht tan ngmth khi lng cht tan ngmnc l mnc l m22 c tnh theo biu thcc tnh theo biu thcsau y :sau y :

2 12

1

.M mm

M





4. Pha ch dung dch4. Pha ch dung dchtheo nng M:theo nng M: 2 1

21

.M mm

M

V d: Cn pha 200 g dung dch ngsunfat 10% t mui CuSO44.5H22O.





Kt thcKt thc


1 1

2

2

200.10 20( ); 64 32 64 160( )100

64 32 64 (5.18) 250( )250.20 31,25( )160

m g M g

M g

m g






Phi ly 31,25 g CuSOPhi ly 31,25 g CuSO44.5H.5H22O vO vong 168,75 ml Hong 168,75 ml H22O (200O (200 31,25)ml ta31,25)ml tacc dung dch ng sunfat 10% ..

1 1

2

2

200.10 20( ); 64 32 64 160( )100

64 32 64 (5.18) 250( )250.20 31,25( )160

m g M g

M g

m g

Nh vyNh vy





Kt thcKt thc


3. Pha ch dung dch cht lng trong3. Pha ch dung dch cht lng trongnc theo nng phn trm.nc theo nng phn trm. Phng php ny thng c dng Phng php ny thng c dng

pha long axit (pha dung dch c nngpha long axit (pha dung dch c nng thp t mt dung dch c nng thp t mt dung dch c nng cao cho trc).cao cho trc).

Trong trng hp ny chng ta p dngTrong trng hp ny chng ta p dngphng php ng cho tnh tonphng php ng cho tnh tons nhanh hn hoc tnh ton chnh tcs nhanh hn hoc tnh ton chnh tcnhng s lu hn nhiu.nhng s lu hn nhiu.

V dV d: Cn pha 250 g dung dch H: Cn pha 250 g dung dch H22SOSO4410% t axit H10% t axit H22SOSO4492%(D=1,824g/ml).92%(D=1,824g/ml).






Phng php ny thng c dng Phng php ny thng c dng pha long axit (pha dung dch c nngpha long axit (pha dung dch c nng thp t mt dung dch c nng thp t mt dung dch c nng cao cho trc).cao cho trc).

Trong trng hp ny chng ta p dngTrong trng hp ny chng ta p dngphng php ng cho tnh tonphng php ng cho tnh tons nhanh hn hoc tnh ton chnh tcs nhanh hn hoc tnh ton chnh tcnhng s lu hn nhiu.nhng s lu hn nhiu.

V dV d: Cn pha 250 g dung dch H: Cn pha 250 g dung dch H22SOSO4410% t axit H10% t axit H22SOSO4492%(D=1,824g/ml).92%(D=1,824g/ml).





Kt thcKt thc


a) Theo phng php ng cho:a) Theo phng php ng cho:

92%92% 1010 0 = 100 = 10(axit)(axit)

10%10%

0%0% 9292 10 = 8210 = 82(nc)(nc)






92%92% 1010 0 = 100 = 10(axit)(axit)

10%10%

0%0% 9292 10 = 8210 = 82(nc)(nc)

2

1 0 58 2 4 1

a xitH O





Kt thcKt thc


( c axit c nng 10% th ly 5( c axit c nng 10% th ly 5phn khi lng axit 92% v ly 41phn khi lng axit 92% v ly 41phn khi lng nc)phn khi lng nc)

2

250.5 27, 2( )(41 5)27, 2 14, 9( )

1,824250.41 222,8( ) 222,8( )(41 5)

axit

axit

H O

m g

V ml

m g ml






2

250.5 27, 2( )(41 5)27, 2 14, 9( )

1,824250.41 222,8( ) 222,8( )(41 5)

axit

axit

H O

m g

V ml

m g ml

Nh vyNh vy

Dng pipet ht 14,9ml axit cho vo ngDng pipet ht 14,9ml axit cho vo ngong cha sn 100ml nc ct (cho rt tong cha sn 100ml nc ct (cho rt tt) sau cho phn nc cn li l c.t) sau cho phn nc cn li l c.





Kt thcKt thc


b) Theo phng php thngb) Theo phng php thngthng (t cc nh ngha):thng (t cc nh ngha):

250.10 25( )100axitnguyenchat

m g (100 g dd 92% c 92 g axit nguyn cht

x g 25 g axit nguyn cht)92%

25.100 27, 2( )92axit

m g





4. Pha ch dung dch4. Pha ch dung dchtheo nng M:theo nng M: 27,2 14,9( )

1,824axitV ml

92%25.100 27, 2( )

92axitm g

2 2250 27,2 222,8( ) 222,8( )H O H Om g V ml

Nh vy : Nh vy :





Kt thcKt thc


4. Pha ch dung dch theo nng M:4. Pha ch dung dch theo nng M:

Theo nh ngha, nng mol/l l s molTheo nh ngha, nng mol/l l s molcht tan c trong mt lt dung dch (1000cht tan c trong mt lt dung dch (1000ml dung dch). Thng ngi ta k hiuml dung dch). Thng ngi ta k hiunng mol/l l Cnng mol/l l CMM..






.1 0 0 0( ) ( )M

mn

Mn nC

V l V m l





Kt thcKt thc


a. Pha cht rn theo Ca. Pha cht rn theo CMM::V d: Cn pha 250 ml dung dch NaCl 0,1M.V d: Cn pha 250 ml dung dch NaCl 0,1M.

MMNaClNaCl = 58,5. 1 lt dung dch NaCl 0,1M= 58,5. 1 lt dung dch NaCl 0,1M(1 lt c 0,1 mol NaCl nguyn cht).(1 lt c 0,1 mol NaCl nguyn cht).

1000ml (1 lt) c 0,1 mol NaCl1000ml (1 lt) c 0,1 mol NaCl250 ml250 ml c x mol NaClc x mol NaCl

Cn 1,5 g NaCl nguyn cht cho voCn 1,5 g NaCl nguyn cht cho vong ong, ri tip tc cho nc vo cho ting ong, ri tip tc cho nc vo cho tivch 250 ml (mun c chnh xc hn thvch 250 ml (mun c chnh xc hn thpha ch vo bnh nh mc 250ml).pha ch vo bnh nh mc 250ml).

250.0,1 0,025( )100058,5.0,025 1,4625( ) 1,5( )NaCl

x mol

m g g






a. Pha cht rn theo Ca. Pha cht rn theo CMM::V d: Cn pha 250 ml dung dch NaCl 0,1M.V d: Cn pha 250 ml dung dch NaCl 0,1M.

MMNaClNaCl = 58,5. 1 lt dung dch NaCl 0,1M= 58,5. 1 lt dung dch NaCl 0,1M(1 lt c 0,1 mol NaCl nguyn cht).(1 lt c 0,1 mol NaCl nguyn cht).

1000ml (1 lt) c 0,1 mol NaCl1000ml (1 lt) c 0,1 mol NaCl250 ml250 ml c x mol NaClc x mol NaCl

Cn 1,5 g NaCl nguyn cht cho voCn 1,5 g NaCl nguyn cht cho vong ong, ri tip tc cho nc vo cho ting ong, ri tip tc cho nc vo cho tivch 250 ml (mun c chnh xc hn thvch 250 ml (mun c chnh xc hn thpha ch vo bnh nh mc 250ml).pha ch vo bnh nh mc 250ml).

250.0,1 0,025( )100058,5.0,025 1,4625( ) 1,5( )NaCl

x mol

m g g

Nh vyNh vy





Kt thcKt thc


b. Pha cht lng theo Cb. Pha cht lng theo CMM::V d: Pha 1 lt dung dch HCl 0,1MV d: Pha 1 lt dung dch HCl 0,1M

gxMnmmolxlVCn

HCl

MHCl

65,35,361,0.1,011,0)(.






(100 g dd axit HCl 37% c 37 g axit nguyn chtx g 3,65 g axit nguyn cht)

mlDmV

gxmx

HCl

axit

36,818,1865,9

865,937

10065,3%37

Nh vyNh vyDng pipet ly 8,36ml HCl (D=1,18g/ml)Dng pipet ly 8,36ml HCl (D=1,18g/ml)cho vo bnh nh mc 1 lt cha sncho vo bnh nh mc 1 lt cha sn200ml nc ct, sau cho nc ct vo200ml nc ct, sau cho nc ct von vch.n vch.





Kt thcKt thc


mlDmV

gxmx

HCl

axit

36,818,1865,9

865,937

10065,3%37


Nc vi trong cng l thuc th Nc vi trong cng l thuc th nhn ra kh COnhn ra kh CO22. y l dung dch. y l dung dchkim r tin nht c dng rt nhiukim r tin nht c dng rt nhiutrong qu trnh th nghim, ngoi vaitrong qu trnh th nghim, ngoi vaitr l thuc th ca COtr l thuc th ca CO22, n cn c, n cn cdng loi b cc cht c c tnhdng loi b cc cht c c tnhaxit nh NOaxit nh NO22, SO, SO22, H, H22SS






Nc vi trong cng l thuc th Nc vi trong cng l thuc th nhn ra kh COnhn ra kh CO22. y l dung dch. y l dung dchkim r tin nht c dng rt nhiukim r tin nht c dng rt nhiutrong qu trnh th nghim, ngoi vaitrong qu trnh th nghim, ngoi vaitr l thuc th ca COtr l thuc th ca CO22, n cn c, n cn cdng loi b cc cht c c tnhdng loi b cc cht c c tnhaxit nh NOaxit nh NO22, SO, SO22, H, H22SS





Kt thcKt thc


Cch pha nc vi trong nh sau:Cch pha nc vi trong nh sau:

Ha tan vi ti Ca(OH)Ha tan vi ti Ca(OH)22 vo nc ( tanvo nc ( tanca vi ti rt b : 0,156 g Ca(OH)ca vi ti rt b : 0,156 g Ca(OH)22 trongtrong100 g H100 g H22O 20O 20ooC): cho t vi ti vo bnhC): cho t vi ti vo bnhcu, cho nc vo gn y ti c bnh cu, cho nc vo gn y ti c bnh din tch tip xc gia cht lng vi khngdin tch tip xc gia cht lng vi khngkh l b nht. Khuy cho vi trn u vikh l b nht. Khuy cho vi trn u vinc.nc.

y kn v lng dung dch vi ngy.y kn v lng dung dch vi ngy. Thnh thong li lc bnh.Thnh thong li lc bnh. Trc khi dng phi lng dung dch viTrc khi dng phi lng dung dch vi

gi ri gn cn thn hoc lc dung dchgi ri gn cn thn hoc lc dung dchtrong sut.trong sut.






Ha tan vi ti Ca(OH)Ha tan vi ti Ca(OH)22 vo nc ( tanvo nc ( tanca vi ti rt b : 0,156 g Ca(OH)ca vi ti rt b : 0,156 g Ca(OH)22 trongtrong100 g H100 g H22O 20O 20ooC): cho t vi ti vo bnhC): cho t vi ti vo bnhcu, cho nc vo gn y ti c bnh cu, cho nc vo gn y ti c bnh din tch tip xc gia cht lng vi khngdin tch tip xc gia cht lng vi khngkh l b nht. Khuy cho vi trn u vikh l b nht. Khuy cho vi trn u vinc.nc.

y kn v lng dung dch vi ngy.y kn v lng dung dch vi ngy. Thnh thong li lc bnh.Thnh thong li lc bnh. Trc khi dng phi lng dung dch viTrc khi dng phi lng dung dch vi

gi ri gn cn thn hoc lc dung dchgi ri gn cn thn hoc lc dung dchtrong sut.trong sut.





Kt thcKt thc


2. Pha dung dch h tinh bt.2. Pha dung dch h tinh bt.

H tinh bt c dng rng ri nht H tinh bt c dng rng ri nht nhn ra iot t do.nhn ra iot t do.

Mun pha khong 200ml h tinh btMun pha khong 200ml h tinh btth ly 0,5 g tinh bt. Nghin tht nhth ly 0,5 g tinh bt. Nghin tht nhcho vo nc lnh lm thnh btcho vo nc lnh lm thnh btlong. Va khuy u, va t t btlong. Va khuy u, va t t btlong vo khong 180 ml nc unlong vo khong 180 ml nc unsi s c h tinh bt.si s c h tinh bt.






H tinh bt c dng rng ri nht H tinh bt c dng rng ri nht nhn ra iot t do.nhn ra iot t do.

Mun pha khong 200ml h tinh btMun pha khong 200ml h tinh btth ly 0,5 g tinh bt. Nghin tht nhth ly 0,5 g tinh bt. Nghin tht nhcho vo nc lnh lm thnh btcho vo nc lnh lm thnh btlong. Va khuy u, va t t btlong. Va khuy u, va t t btlong vo khong 180 ml nc unlong vo khong 180 ml nc unsi s c h tinh bt.si s c h tinh bt.





Kt thcKt thc


3. Pha dung dch phenolphthalein.3. Pha dung dch phenolphthalein.

Phenolphtalein l cht mu tng hp, nPhenolphtalein l cht mu tng hp, nbin i mu theo mi trng phn ng.bin i mu theo mi trng phn ng.

Khng c mu trong mi trng axit vKhng c mu trong mi trng axit vtrung tnh (pH

4. Cht ch th axit4. Cht ch th axit baz ch tbaz ch thoa dm bt:hoa dm bt:Nu khng c cc cht ch th trn y th miNu khng c cc cht ch th trn y th mitrng axit, baz ta c th ch ly cht ch th rttrng axit, baz ta c th ch ly cht ch th rtn gin, d dng s dng nh sau :n gin, d dng s dng nh sau :

Thi nh cnh hoa dm bt ti hoc kh, ngmThi nh cnh hoa dm bt ti hoc kh, ngmvo cn trong mt l c nt mi. Cng nhiu cnhvo cn trong mt l c nt mi. Cng nhiu cnhhoa, cht ch th cng c.hoa, cht ch th cng c.

y nt kn, ngm sau vi ngy.y nt kn, ngm sau vi ngy. Dung dch c mu tm cng ngy cng m.Dung dch c mu tm cng ngy cng m. Khi cn sau 2 gi c th dng lm cht ch th axit,Khi cn sau 2 gi c th dng lm cht ch th axit,

baz.baz. Khi dng chng ta cht dung dch ra.Khi dng chng ta cht dung dch ra. Cht ch th ny trong mi trng axit s c muCht ch th ny trong mi trng axit s c mu

hng (). Trong mi trng trung tnh khng chng (). Trong mi trng trung tnh khng cmu (tm). Trong mi trng kim c mu xanhmu (tm). Trong mi trng kim c mu xanhnhng khng bn v n nhanh chng bin i sangnhng khng bn v n nhanh chng bin i sangmu vng.mu vng.






Nu khng c cc cht ch th trn y th miNu khng c cc cht ch th trn y th mitrng axit, baz ta c th ch ly cht ch th rttrng axit, baz ta c th ch ly cht ch th rtn gin, d dng s dng nh sau :n gin, d dng s dng nh sau :

Thi nh cnh hoa dm bt ti hoc kh, ngmThi nh cnh hoa dm bt ti hoc kh, ngmvo cn trong mt l c nt mi. Cng nhiu cnhvo cn trong mt l c nt mi. Cng nhiu cnhhoa, cht ch th cng c.hoa, cht ch th cng c.

y nt kn, ngm sau vi ngy.y nt kn, ngm sau vi ngy. Dung dch c mu tm cng ngy cng m.Dung dch c mu tm cng ngy cng m. Khi cn sau 2 gi c th dng lm cht ch th axit,Khi cn sau 2 gi c th dng lm cht ch th axit,

baz.baz. Khi dng chng ta cht dung dch ra.Khi dng chng ta cht dung dch ra. Cht ch th ny trong mi trng axit s c muCht ch th ny trong mi trng axit s c mu

hng (). Trong mi trng trung tnh khng chng (). Trong mi trng trung tnh khng cmu (tm). Trong mi trng kim c mu xanhmu (tm). Trong mi trng kim c mu xanhnhng khng bn v n nhanh chng bin i sangnhng khng bn v n nhanh chng bin i sangmu vng.mu vng.





Kt thcKt thc


Hoa dm btHoa dm btI. Pha ch dung dch:I. Pha ch dung dch:1. Nhng qui tc chung1. Nhng qui tc chungv pha ch dung dch:v pha ch dung dch:2. Pha ch dung dch2. Pha ch dung dchcht rn trong nc theocht rn trong nc theonng phn trm.nng phn trm.









Kt thcKt thc


CHC TP TH 32B1CHC TP TH 32B1VUI, KHE, HCVUI, KHE, HC

GII V THNH TGII V THNH T..






CHC TP TH 32B1CHC TP TH 32B1VUI, KHE, HCVUI, KHE, HC

GII V THNH TGII V THNH T..





Kt thcKt thc


mot so thao tac pha che hoa chat

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