`motivisa da miznis zegavlena qmedebis kvalifikaciasa da...

avtoris stili daculia

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti

iuridiuli fakulteti

irakli dvaliZe

`motivisa da miznis zegavlena qmedebis kvalifikaciasa da

sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobaze~

xelmZRvaneli: iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, iuridiuli fakultetis

sruli profesori guram naWyebia

sadisertacio naSromi wardgenilia samarTlis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

Tbilisi 2008

Sinaarsi

gamoyenebuli abreviatura---------------------------- 4 Sesavali----------------------------------------------------- 5-7

Tavi I nebelobiTi qcevis Taviseburebani $ 1. adamiani rogorc Tavisufali arseba da nebis

Tavisufleba------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8-19 $ 2. nebelobiTi qcevis arsi------------------------------------ 20-25 $ 3. motivacia, motivi da mizani----------------------------- 26-32 $ 4. arCevanis problema motivaciis faqtorTa

simravleSi----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33-37 Tavi II motivTa da mizanTa klasifikacia $ 1. fsiqodinamikuri mimarTuleba pirovnebis TeoriaSi:

zigmund froidi--------------------------------------------------------------------- 38-40 $ 2. motivTa klasifikacia TvisebaTa TeoriaSi a) TvisebaTa intuiciur_xasiaTuri moZRvreba:

filip lerSi-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41-42 b) motivTa klasifikacia instinqtTa safuZvelze: uiliam mak-daugoli--------------------------------------------------- 42-44 g) motivTa klasifikacia pirovnebisa da garemos

urTierTobaTa safuZvelze: henri a. miurei------------------------ 45-46 d) motivTa klasifikaciis ierarqiuli modeli:

abraham maslou---------------------------------------------------------------------- 47-49 $ 3. motivTa klasifikacia rusul da qarTul

sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi--------------------------------- 49-56 $ 4. motivTa da mizanTa klasifikaciis kritika da

sakiTxis gadaWra-------------------------------------------------------------------- 57-63

Tavi III motivisa da miznis sisxlissamarTlebrivi funqciebi $ 1. danaSaulis motivi da mizani Zvel qarTul

sisxlis samarTalSi--------------------------------------------------------- 64-67 $ 2. umarTlobis subieqturi elementebi------------------ 68-77 $ 3. braleuli qmedebis motivirebulobis problema-------

----------- 78-86 $ 4. danaSaulis stadiebis gammijnavi subieqturi

kriteriumebi-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 86-91 $ 5. motivisa da miznis roli danaSaulis

amsruleblobisas da danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobisas a) Tanamonawileobis subieqturi mxare----------------- 91-105 b) motivisa da miznis roli Tanaamsruleblobisas--------

--------- 105-108

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g) agent-provokatoris figura sisxlis samarTalSi---------------- 108-124

d) amsruleblisa da Tanamonawilis pasuxismgeblobis Taviseburebani motivisa da miznis mixedviT------------------- 125-131

$ 6. sasjelis individualizacia motivisa da miznis mixedviT------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 131-141

daskvna---------------------------------------------------- 141-143 literatura------------------------------------------------------------ 144-150

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g a m o y e n e b u l i a b r e v i a t u r a : 1. ssk _ sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi; 2. sssk _ sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi; 3. e.w. _ egreT wodebuli; 4. e.i. _ ese igi; 5. ix. _ ixileT; 6. Sead. _ SeadareT; 7. dasax. naSr. _ dasaxelebuli naSromi; 8. gv. _ gverdi; 9. sxv. _ sxva; 10. a.S. _ ase Semdeg; 11. gamom. _ gamomcemloba; 12. Tb. _ Tbilisi; 13. Tsu _ Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti; 14. Тб. _ Тбилиси; 15. Изд. _ Издательство; 16. ЛГУ _ Ленинградский государственный университет; 17. Л. _ Ленинград; 18. КГУ _ Казанский государственный университет; 19. С-Пет. _ Санкт-Петербург; 20. Гос. _ Государство; 21. М. _ Москва; 22. С. _ Страница; 23. S. _ Seite.

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Sesavali

kvlevis aqtualoba. fsiqologiur da iuridiul literaturaSi motivisa da miznis problema erT-erTi centraluri Tu ara, erT-erTi aqtualuri da saTanadod daumuSavebeli sakiTxia. samarTlebrivi azrovnebis sferoSi kacobriobis udides miRwevad iTvleba braleuli pasuximgeblobis principis damkvidreba sisxlis samarTalSi. braleul pasuxismgeblobis srulyofili analizi yovlad SeuZlebelia nebelobiTi qcevis analizis gareSe, romelic, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs motivaciis, motivisa da miznis arsis racionalur da dasabuTebul gaazrebas.

motivisa da miznis araswori gageba mecnierebs dRemde mcdarad afiqrebinebs, rom mecnierebis TiToeulma dargma unda SeimuSaos misi Seswavlis sagnidan gamomdinare motivisa da miznis specifikuri cneba, rac mecnierebaSi sxva araferia Tu ara dualizmi.

cnobilia, rom fsiqologiurad erT qcevas erTi motivi udevs safuZvlad. motivi motivaciis is saboloo Semajamebeli fsiqologiuri aqtia, romelic praqtikul moqmedebas iwvevs. swored amitomaa, rom safuZvelSive mcdaria saubari e.w. `motivTa brZolis~ Sesaxeb, radgan realurad adgili aqvs motivaciis faqtorTa brZolas.

sisxlissamarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, kvlevis aqtualoba sakmaod didia aramarto Teoriuli, aramed praqtikuli Rirebulebis kuTxiTac. sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi dRemde araa erTiani azri motivisa da miznis funqciebis Sesaxeb. aq gansakuTrebiT unda gamoiyos Semdegi problemebi: rogori bunebisaa motivi da mizani da ra rols asruleben isini umarTlobis dafuZnebaSi; ra gavlenas axdenen isini umarTlobis an bralis xarisxze; aseve did yuradRebas iqcevs motivisa da miznis mniSvneloba danaSaulis stadiebis gansazRvrisas da amsruleblobisa da Tanamonawileobis subieqturi mxaris swori dasabuTebisas; gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobda da, SeiZleba iTqvas, dResac araa safuZvlianad Seswavlili motivisa da miznis funqcia sasjelis daniSvnisas.

miuxedavad naSromTa simravlisa calkeuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, warmodgenil disertaciaSi kopleqsurad ZiriTadi, principuli debulebebi gadmocemuli. Temis mravalaspeqtianobis gamo calkeuli problemebis Sesaxeb zedmiwevniT detaluri ganxilva erTi disertaciis farglebSi SeuZlebelia. Tumca, warmodgenili problemebis Tavmoyrili analizi garkveulwilad gauadvilebs am sakiTxiT dainteresebul pirebs ufro orientirebulad da detalurad warmarTon mecnieruli saqmianoba am kuTxiT.

disertaciis mecniereul siaxleze saubrisas xazi unda gaesvas Semdegs:

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_ disertacia pirveli cdaa axleburad iqnes gaazrebuli motivisa da miznis arsi da, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, erToblivad warmoCindes maTi sisxlissmarTlebrivi funqciebi. es ki aadvilebs ufro mkafiod iqnes gagebuli motivisa da miznis udidesi daniSnuleba qmedebis danaSaulad kvalifikaciis sakiTxSi.

_ naSromSi agreTve mocemulia motivisa da miznis axleburi klasifikacia.

_ qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi naklebadaa damuSavebuli umarTlobis subieqturi elementebis problema. am mxriv, udavoa, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces motivsa da mizans. kerZod, naSromSi mocemulia mcdeloba dasabuTdes Tu rodis da ratomaa motivi da mizani personaluri an obieqturi xasiaTis da ra gavlenas axdenen isini umarTlobisa Tu bralis xarisxze. es ki, Tavis mxriv, saSualebas iZleva amsruleblobisas da Tanamonawileobisas sworad ganvsazRvroT damnaSaveTa pasuxismgeblobis simZime.

_ disertaciaSi Rrmadaa gaanalizebuli e.w. agent-provokatoris niSan-Tvisebebi. es sakiTxi ki qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi saTanado doneze damuSavebuli araa.

_ axleburadaa gaazrebuli arapirdapiri ganzraxviTa da gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili danaSaulis motivirebis problema, romelic mecnierTa Soris erT-erTi ganuwyveteli davis sagania.

_ da bolos, axleburadaa warmoCenili motivisa da miznis roli sasjelis daniSvnisas im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac isini TavisTavad sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawilis Sesabamisi muxliT an muxlis nawiliT damamZimebel an Semamsubuqebel garemoebad araa gaTvaliswinebuli. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT xazgasasmelia is, rom motivisa da miznis gaTvaliswinebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili danaSaulisTvis sasjelis daniSvnis drosac.

disertaciaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi am sakiTxiT dainteresebul Teoretikos da praqtikos muSakebs, upirveles yovlisa, xels Seuwyobs qcevis motivisa da miznis aspeqtiT marTebulad gaiazron braleuli da samarTliani pasuxismgeblobis principebis arsi.

warmodgenili naSromi nawilobriv Seavsebs qarTul iuridiul literaturas umarTlobis subieqturi elementebis sakiTxSi. garkveulwilad amomwuravadaa Camoyalibebuli motivisa da miznis funqciebi sisxlis samarTalSi, romelsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs qmedebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod an marTlzomierad, ganzrax Tu gaufrTxileblobiT danaSaulad miCnevisTvis, danaSulis stadiebis, amsruleblobisa da Tanamonawileobisas pasuxismgeblobis farglebis sworad gansazRvrisaTvis, pasuxismgeblobis damZimebis an SemsubuqebisaTvis, romelic erTob seriozuli sakiTxia rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT.

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kvlevis mizani. winamdebare sadisertaciao kvlevis mizania iuridiul, fsiqologiur, filosofiur da sociologiur literaturaze dayrdnobiT aixsnas nebelobiTi qcevis fsiqologiuri arsi, motivaciis, motivisa da miznis buneba. amasTan, am naSromis mizans warmoadgens warmoaCinos motivisa da miznis Tavisebureba da funqciebi sisxlis samrTalSi. ufro konkretulad kvlevis mizania gairkves:

_ ra niSnebiT gamoirCeva Tavisufleba da ratomaa aucilebeli adamianis Tavisuflebis dadgena sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisaTvis;

_ ratomaa rom sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba mxolod nebelobiT qcevas ukavSirdeba;

_ motivaciis, motivisa da miznis arsis gansazRvra; _ motivisa da miznis klasifikaciis kriteriumebi da

mniSvneloba; _ gansakuTrebiT didi yuradRebaa gamaxvilebuli

motivisa da miznis sisxlissamarTlebrivi Ffunqciebis analizze.

kvlevis meTodologiuri safuZveli. dasmuli problemis kvlevisas gamoyenebulia istoriuli, formalur-logikuri, dogmaturi, SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi da sxva meTodebi.

disertaciis struqtura da moculoba. naSromi Sedgeba Sesavlis, 3 Tavis, 14 paragrafis, daskvnisa da gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxisagan. naSromis moculoba sul Seadgens 150 gverds.

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T a v i I nebelobiTi qcevis Taviseburebani

$ 1. adamiani rogorc Tavisufali arseba da

nebis Tavisufleba

adamianis pasuxismgeblobis racionaluri dasabuTebis sakiTxSi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba da problematuroba ara marto adamianis, rogorc rTuli biofsiqologiuri da socialuri arsebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TaviseburebebiT aixsneba, aramed TviT pasuxismgeblobis arsis mravalwaxnagianoba aiZulebs mkvlevars igi ganixilos sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT, rac zogjer ekleqtizmiT mTavrdeba.

moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobiT marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisaTvis pasuxismgebloba bralis gareSe dauSvebelia. bralis cneba, bralis normativistuli Teoriis mixedviT, personalur gasakicxaobas gulisxmobs. bralis aseTi ganmarteba, ramdenad dasabuTebulia es calke kvlevis sagania. bralis problemas calke monografiuli naSromi miuZRvna g. naWyebiam. igi bralis arss pasuxismgeblobis arsTan kavSirSi ganixilavs da daaskvnis, rom `brali SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc movaleobisadmi subieqtis upasuxismgeblo damokidebuleba, romelic antisazogadoebrivi qmedebis CadeniT vlindeba.~1 aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom brali ucilobliv gulisxmobs `gasakicxaobis~ moments. marTlac, `gasakicxaoba bralis imanenturi Tvisebaa, radgan igi uaryofiTobis niSniT imTaviTvea aRniSnli da, maSasadame, gasakicxaoba garedan Setanas sruliadac ar saWiroebs.~2 ismis kiTxva: rodis SeiZleba adamians bralad Seeracxos umarTloba? erTi SexedviT martivi SekiTxvisTvis pasuxis gasacemad unda gadaiWras ramodenime sakiTxi, radgan bralis dadgena sasjelis daniSvnis SesaZleblobis wanamZRvaria. am sakiTxebs miekuTvneba: vis aqvs bralis dadgenis ufleba; ra mizani aqvs bralis dadgenas; bralis dadgenisas obieqtur wanamZRvrebTan erTad ra subieqtur winapirobebs unda mieqces yuradReba. swored es ukanaskneli sakiTxia Cveni ganxilvis sagani, rameTu danaSaulebrivi qmedebis daxasiaTeba, danaSaulis fsiqologiuri mxaris axsna, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dasabuTeba SeuZlebelia Tavisuflebis ganxilvis gareSe. rogorc marTebulad aRniSnavs g.

1 naWyebia g. brali, rogorc socialuri filosofiis kategoria. Tb., 2001, gv. 260. 2 iqve, gv. 264.

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tyeSeliaZe: `sisxlisamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisas mxedvilobaSi miiReba moqmedebis Tavisufleba.~3

nebisyofis Tavisufleba filosofiur-fsiqologiuri problemaa imdenad, ramdenadac filosofiis interesis erT-erTi sagans adamianis arsi warmoadgens. misi Seswavla ki Tavisuflebisagan mowyvetiT SeuZlebelia, radgan Tavisufleba mxolod adamians axasiaTebs; imisaTvis, rom adamiani Tavisufali iyos erT-erTi aucilebeli pirobaa is, rom mas nebelobiTi qcevis unari unda gaaCndes, romlis specifikur bunebas fsiqologia ikvlevs. am sakiTxis irgvliv mravali naSromi Seqmnes aramarto filosofosebma da fsiqologebma, aramed iuristebmac. Tumca, naSromSi Segnebulad araa gadmocemuli sakiTxis farTo moculobis istoriuli eqskursi da mxolod ZiriTadi momentebia warmoCenili.

Tavisufleba uZvelesi filosofiuri problemaa. Tavisuflebis gamarTlebis, dafuZnebis Sesaxeb antikuri epoqidan dRemde kacobriobis azrovnebaSi ori urTierTgamomricxvel Teorias Soris mimdinareobs dava.

zogadad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom fatalizmisaTvis amosavalia gardauvalobis aRiareba. yvelaferi, rac samyaroSi xdeba, gardauvalia, calsaxad gansazRvrulia. ar arsebobs SemTxveviToba, amitom samyaroSi araferi ar xdeba winaswari gansazRvrulobis, determinciis gareSe. fatalizmi auryofs Tavisuflebis SesaZleblobas.

rac Seexeba voluntarizms, igi axdens SemTxveviTobis absolutizacias. samyaroSi ar arsebobs determinacia, winaswar gansazRvruloba. adamiani ar eqvemdebareba determinacias, radgan ar arsebobs gardauvaloba. amitom neba warmarTavs sazogadoebis ganviTarebas. amgvarad, voluntarizmi amarTlebs ara Tavisuflebas, aramed TviTnebobas.4

`fatalizmi da voluntarizmi sxvadasxva gziT da meTodiT uaryofs Tavisuflebas. pirveli miiCnevs, rom mxolod gardauvalobaa da amitom Tavisufleba gamoricxulia. meore miiCnevs, rom samyaroSi mxolod SemTxveviTobaa da amitom TviTnebobaa gamefebuli. miuxedavad amosavali principebis dapirispirebisa, isini erTsa da imave Sedegebamde midian.~5

cnobilia, rom nebelobiTi qcevis ganxorcieleba, rogorc wesi, mxolod adamianis Tavisuflebis farglebSia SesaZlebeli. amitom, marTalia, nebis Tavisufleba filosofiuri problemaa, magram igi amasTanave socialuri

3 tyeSeliaZe g. leninuri moZRvreba aucileblobisa da Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dasabuTeba. `marqsistul-leninuri ekonomikuri da samarTlis Teoriis sakiTxebi,~ Tb., 1970, gv. 184. 4 ix. erqomaiSvili v. adamiani, Tavisufleba, ideologia. Tb., 2002, gv. 215-219. 5 iqve, gv. 219.

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problemacaa, radgan sazogadoeba da misi ganviTareba warmoudgenelia pirovnebaTa pasuxismgeblobis gareSe. Tavisuflebisa da aucileblobis, adamianis qcevis mizezobrivi ganpirobebulobisa da pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb konkurencias deterministuli da indeterministuli Sexedulebebi uweven.

nebis Tavisuflebis indeterministulma gagebam Tavis apogeas germanul idealistur filosofiaSi miaRwia XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi _ kantisa da hegelis naSromebSi.

kantis mixedviT, adamiani Tavis praqtikul saqmianobaSi araa damokidebuli gare samyaroze: igi emorCileba praqtikuli gonebis brZanebas, e.w. kategoriul imperativs. amitom nebis Tavisufleba aris praqtikuli gonebisa da misi brZanebebisadmi morCileba. adamianis yvela praqtikuli moqmedeba rogorc keTili, ise mankieri, aris misi Sinagani nebis, gansjis apriorul formaTa Sedegi. nebis Tavisufleba arafriT araa determinirebuli. magram rogorc pirvelma mizezma man SeiZleba ganapirobos garkveuli Sedegebis dadgoma. maSasadame, motivi ki ar ganapirobebs nebas, aramed neba ganapirobebs motivs, romelic Tavisuflad irCevs.6

kantis azriT, nebismieri adamiani grZnobs raRac iZulebas, valdebulebas, rom gaakeTos is, rac ewinaaRmdegeba misi piradi bednierebisaken miswrafebas. adamiani Tavisufali mxolod maSinaa, rodesac am valdebulebis mixedviT moqmedebs. roca adamiani survilebsa da midrekilebebs emorCileba, is ar SeiZleba Tavisufali iyos.7

kantisTvis adamianis nebisyofis Tavisufleba rogorc zneobrivi, ise samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis zogad safuZvels Seadgens. Tavisufleba adamianis Sinagani arsis gamovlenas Seadgens da sasjelis is wanamZRvaria, uromlisodac ixsneba sisxlissamarTlebrivi Seracxvis yovelgvari SesaZlebloba.8

cnobilia, rom kantis filisofiuri sistema dualisturi iyo. igi, erTi mxriv, aRiarebs Semecnebisagan damoukideblad arsebul TavisTavad nivTs, romelic Seumecnebadia, meore mxriv, amtkicebs, rom Semecnebis sferoSi Semecneba TviT agebs Tavis sagans. TviT Semecnebac, or, erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel, magram SemecnebisaTvis erTnairad aucilebel wyaros emyareba _ sagnis mocemisa da sagnis gaazrebis unarebs (grZnobadobas da azrovnebas). kanti materiasa da cnobierebas, yofierebas da gansjas ganixilavda

6 ix. Волков Б.С. Проблема воли и уголовная ответственность. Изд. Казанского университета, 1965, с. 107. 7 ix. narkvevebi filosofiis istoriaSi. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu filosofiis istoriis kaTedra, r. gordeziani, g. TevzaZe m. nemsaZe, m. WeliZe, Tb., 1993, gv. 284. 8 ix. vaCeiSvili al. sasjeli da socialuri dacvis RonisZiebani. Tsu gamomcemloba, Tb., 1960, gv. 39.

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rogorc damoukidebel substanciebs, paralelebs. igi mivida daskvnamde, rom SeuTavsebelia aucilebloba da Tavisufleba, adamianis qcevis mizezobrivi ganpirobebuloba da neba. swored amis gamo iyo, rom kantma xelovnurad gaxliCa adamianis moqmedeba, romelSic neba da misi garegani gamovlineba ganixileba rogorc erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli sawyisebi. am koncefciiT ki, Cemi azriT, SeuZlebelia sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dasabuTeba, radgan igi ukavSirdeba ara kauzalur movlenas, aramed garegan moqmedebas, romelic nebelobiTad warimarTeba.

kantis dualisturi Sexeduleba daZlia hegelma dialeqtikuri meTodis gamoyenebiT. igi amtkicebda, rom Tavisufleba da aucilebloba erTiania. Tavisufleba niSnavs aucileblobis gacnobierebas. adamiani Tavisufali xdeba maSin, rodesac igi Seicnobs aucileblobis kanonebs da amis Semdeg mis Sesabamisad moqmedebs. aucilebloba hegels esmoda dialeqtikurad. samyaro aris ideaTa, absoluturi gonis ganfeniloba. aucileblobis kanonebi aris absoluturi gonis kanonebi.9

hegelTan nebis Tavisufleba atarebs abstraqtul, metafizikur xasiaTs. igi araviTar arsebiT mniSvnelobas ar aniWebs pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisas motivebs, miznebs da samarTaldamrRvevis pirovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebel sxva garemoebebs, radgan zedapirulia is mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, danaSaulis Sefasebisas arsebiTia moraluri Tvalsazrisi, danaSaulis subieqturi mxare, romlebic Sereulia trivialur fsiqikur warmodgenebTan, gonebasTan SedarebiT didi mimzidvelobisa da grZnobiTi swrafvis, fsiqikuri zewolis Sesaxeb.10

b. volkovi nebis Tavisuflebis problemas dialeqtikuri materializmis safuZvelze wyvets. misi azriT, fizikuri da fsiqikuri erTiania, romelSic ganmsazRvreli mniSneloba gaaCnia materialurs, fizikurs. SegrZneba aris obieqturi samyaros subieqturi asaxva. adamianis qceva, misi neba, motivebi da miznebi mizezobrivad ganpirobebulia. adamianis qcevis determinirebuloba ar unda gavigoT meqanikurad rogorc qcevis kavSiri garemosTan. garegani garemoebebi zemoqmedeben piris qcevaze ara uSualod, aramed gaSualebulad, cnobierebis gavliT, Sinagani pirobebis gavliT.11

am mxriv, sayuradReboa g. naWyebias mosazreba: _ `sisxlis samarTali mTlianad deterministuli bunebisaa. magram es ar ewinaaRmdegeba debulebas, rom sisxlis samarTali ar daiyvaneba kauzalur procesTa Seswavlamde, radgan determinizmic ar daiyvaneba mizezobriobamde. miT

9 ix. Волков Б.С. dasax. naSr., gv. 109. 10 ix. iqve, gv. 112. 11 ix. iqve, gv. 121-129.

11

umetes, socialur sferoSi saqme Seexeba adamianTa qcevebs, romelTac ara marto mizezobrivi axsna sWirdebaT, aramed Sinagani sazrisis gagebac, rac mizezSi arcaa SesaZlebeli; igi motivisa da miznis sazrisiT gaigeba (xazgasma Cemia. _ i.d.).~12

nebis Tavisuflebis problema kriminalistTa Soris gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda sisxlis samarTlis klasikuri skolis Camoyalibebis Semdeg. sisxlis samarTlis klasikuri skolis warmomadgenelTa umetesoba nebelobis Tavisuflebas aRiareben da miuTiTeben, rom mxolod indeterminizmis farglebSi SeiZleba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dasabuTeba da sasjelis daniSvna. germaneli iuristi bari aRniSnavs, rom absoluturi indeterminizmis aRiareba uZluria daasabuTos racionaluri sisxlis samarTali. igi qadagebs mimarTebiT indeterminizms, romlis mixedviTac: motivebi ganapirobeben adamianis moqmedebas, magram adamiani mainc inarCunebs Tavisuflebis garkveul minimums. msgavs gaugebar daskvnamde midis bindingic: adamianis nebisyofa mizezobriobis kanons emorCileba da amave dros Tavisufalia misgan.13

klasikuri skolis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli belingi icavs nebisyofis Tavisuflebas da Seracxaobis bunebaze wers: imisaTvis, rom vinme gavkicxoT da davsajoT, aucilebelia piri iyos Tavisi moqmedebis baton-patroni. Tuki adamianis moqmedebas gansazRvravs sakuTari xasiaTi da motivebi iseTi aucileblobiT, rom moqmedeba misTvis gardauvalia, maSin SueZlebelia imis gageba, Tu rogor SeiZleba misi gakicxva am moqmedebisaTvis. amitom namdvili determinizmis TvalsazrisiT gaugebaria sisxlis samarTali, romelic sasjels brals ukavSirebs. ase, rom sisxlis samarTlis ageba mxolod `avtodeterminizmis,~ e.i. `pirobiTi anu relatiuri indeterminizmis~ safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli, rac imas niSnavs, rom xasiaTisa da motivebis garda adamians aqvs mesame ramec _ `winaaRmdegobis gawevis Zala,~ romelic sawinaaRmdego motivebis SemweobiT mas unars aZlevs uZluri gaxados mozvavebuli motivebi, moaxdinos arCevani da gamoitanos gadawyvetileba. belingis aRniSnul koncefcias al. vaCeiSvili marTebulad uwodebs ucnaurs, radgan `winaaRmdegobis gawevis” unari warmoiSoba rogorc mizezobrivad ganpirobebuli.14

neoklasikosi zaueri aRiarebs nebisyofis Tavisuflebas, romlis gareSec mas warmoudgenlad eCveneba sisxlissmarTlebrivi pasuxismgelobis daweseba. ramdenadac

12 naWyebia g. nebisyofis Tavisuflebis problema sisxlis samarTalSi. sadisertaciao naSromi iuridiul mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tb., 1975, gv. 71-72. 13 ix. vaCeiSvili al. danaSaulis subieqturi mxare sabWoTa sisxlis samarTalSi. Tb., 1957, gv. 66-67. 14 ix. iqve, gv. 69.

12

mecniereba mizezobriobas emyareba, amdenad aq damokidebulebaa sagnebs Soris da amitom mecniereba deteminizms moiTxovs, xolo adamianis qmedebis kategorialuri Sefaseba emyareba Telos da normas.15

kriminalistTa is nawili (magaliTad, mirJiCka, sergeevski, tagancevi), romelic nebisyofis Tavisuflebas motivaciis safuZvelze ganixilavs, deterministul poziciebze dgas, radgan sakmao mizezis kanoni, adamianis fsiqikuri cxovrebis mimarT gamoyenebis SeTxvevaSi, motivaciis saxiT gvevlineba.16

kantisagan gansxvavebiT, anselm foierbaxi uaryofs nebisyofis Tavisuflebas samarTlebriv sferoSi; am sferoSi igi mkacri da Tanmimdevruli deterministia da Tavis fsiqologiuri iZulebis Teorias agebs Tanmimdevruli determinizmis sawyisebze; igi ambobs, rom samarTali ar saWiroebs Tavisuflebis daSvebas; Tavisuflebis azrsa da mniSvnelobas igi gansakuTrebiT zneobis CarCoebiT zRudavs.17

cnobilia, rom sociologiuri skolis farglebSi Camoyalibda e.w. `faqtorTa Teoria,~ romlis mixedviTac danaSaulobis mizezebi mocemul sazogadoebaSi warmoSobil urTierTobebSi unda veZeboT. am moZRvrebaSi danaSaulobis socialur faqtorTa gverdiT didi adgili ukavia damnaSavis biologiuri xasiaTis midrekilebebs. bunebrivia, romAsociologiuri skolis warmomadgenelma listma nebisyofis Tavisuflebis problema sisxlis samarTlis farglebs gareT gaitana. sisxlis samarTali kmayofildeba imis dadgeniT, rom warmodgenebi warmarTaven, stimuls aZleven adamianis nebisyofas. magram eWvgareSea, rom warmodgenebis motivaciuri mniSvnelobis aRiareba ukve TavisTavad determinizmis aRiarebaa.18

rac Seexeba anTropologiur anu pozitiur skolas, man sisxlis samarTalSi Semoitana damnaSavis fatalisturi gageba, ris gamoc gamoiricxa nebisyofis Tavisufleba. am TvalsazrisiT, cxadia, braleuloba da Seracxadoba zedmet cnebebad iyo miCneuli. am cnebebis nacvlad feri sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dasabuTebisaTvis mimarTavs fizikuri Seracxadobis cnebas. ukanaskneli unda gavigoT rogorc damnaSavis fizikuri kavSiri danaSaulebriv SedegTan.19 maSasadame, anTropologiuri skola ukiduresi determinizmis poziciebze dgas.

15 ix. vaCeiSvili al. danaSaulis subieqturi mxare sabWoTa sisxlis samarTalSi. Tb., 1957, gv. 70-71. 16 ix. iqve, gv. 72-73. 17 ix. vaCeiSvili al. sasjeli da socialuri dacvis RonisZiebani. Tsu gamomcemloba, Tb., 1960, gv. 39. 18 ix. iqve, gv. 74-76. 19 ix. vaCeiSvili al. danaSaulis subieqturi mxare sabWoTa sisxlis samarTalSi. Tb., 1957, gv. 80-81.

13

g. naWyebia miuTiTebs, rom “indeterminizmi mTel rig winaaRmdegobas awydeba sisxlis samarTalSi. mTavari ki isaa, rom igi uZluria axsnas TviT danaSaulis buneba. `sxvanairad moqmedebis” upirobo SesaZleblobidan gamomdinare danaSauli adamianis borot nebisyofas miewereba, rac iwvevs an lombrozos biologiuri determinizmis banakSi gadabargebas, an absoluturi SemTxveviTobis daSvebas, e.i. mTeli sisxlis samarTlis uaryofas.~20

filosofiur literaturaSi Tavisuflebis cnebas aqvs ori mniSvneloba: uaryofiTi da dadebiTi. uaryofiTi azriT Tavisufleba samyaros nebismier sagans miewereba da igi mxolod maSinaa Tavisufali Tu misi yofierebis wesis xelisSemSleli, Semaferxebeli garemoebebi ar arsebobs. magaliTad, mdinare Tavisuflad miedineba, Citi Tavisufalia da a.S. Tavisuflebis WeSmariti sazrisi gamoxatulia mis pozitiur, dadebiT mniSvnelobaSi. swored am gagebiT gvainteresebs Cven Tavisufleba, radgan igi iseT qcevas gamoxatavs, romelic sruldeba avtonomiurad, e.i. garegani pirobebisagan damoukideblad, mxolod Sinagani aucileblobis mixedviT. aseTi qcevis ganxorcieleba mxolod adamians SeuZlia, radgan martooden adamians aqvs nebelobiTi qcevis unari.21

Tavisuflebis problemis gamosakveTad aucilebelia adamianisa da pirovnebis gamomxatveli cnebebis gamijvna. adamianis cneba gamoxatavs im arsebiTs, zogads da aucilebels, rac yovel adamians axasiaTebs. yovel adamians erTi buneba, erTnairi yofierebis wesi aqvs, miuxedavad maTi cxovrebis gansxvavebuli istoriuli epoqisa, socialuri pirobebisa, erovnuli kuTvnilebisa da a.S. adamianis cneba aris adamianis anTropologiur-eqsistencialuri daxasiaTeba. anTropologiuri daxasiaTeba adamianis rogorc saxeobis arsebiT niSnebs adgens, xolo eqsistencialuri _ adamianis yofierebis, arsebobis wess gamoxatavs.22

pirovneba aris TviTcnobierebis mqone adamiani, romelic aqtiurad moqmedebs Tavisi individualobis, sakuTari me-s gavlenisa da damkvidrebisaTvis.23

`adamianisATavisuflebisAproblemaAeqsistencialur-anTropologiuria, pirovneba ki istoriul-socialuri... adamiani Tavisufali arsebaa. mas misi mopoveba ar sWirdeba. igi mas mudam aqvs. sakiTxi exeba misi gamovlenis SesaZleblobas. meore adamians ar axasiaTebs. igi man unda moipivos, raTa pirovnebad iqces. es ki damokidebulia imaze,

20 naWyebia g. nebisyofis Tavisuflebis problema sisxlis samarTalSi. sadisertaciao naSromi iuridiul mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tb., 1975, gv. 8. 21 ix. erqomaiSvili v. adamiani, Tavisufleba, ideologia. Tb., 2002, gv. 129-131. 22 ix. iqve, gv. 132. 23 ix. iqve, gv. 135.

14

Tu romel sazogadoebaSi cxovrobs igi. pirovnebis Tavisufleba ganpirobebulia sazogadoebis socialur-ekonumikuri da politikuri struqturiT.~24

Temis kvlevis sagnidan gamomdinare CvenTvis sainteresoa adamianis da ara pirovnebis Tavisufleba.

adamians marTalia Seswevs Tavisufali moqmedebis unari, magram garkveul situaciaSi misi moqmedeba ver CaiTvleba Tavisuflad. es is SemTxvevebia, rodesac adamiani iZulebiT moqmedebs. iZulebas adgili aqvs mizezobrivi determinaciis dros. mizanSewonilobas adgili aqvs aracocxal bunebaSi, sadac batonobs garegani iZuleba, radgan sagnis mdgomareobas gansazRvravs mizez-Sedegobrivi jaWvi da mizezi yovelTvis garegania Sedegis mimarT. adamianis garda nebismieri cocxali arseba misi genuri struqturis gamo moqmedebs instinqturad, ris gamoc mas ara aqvs sxvagvarad moqmedebis SesaZlebloba.25

adamians cxovelisagan gansxvavebiT axasiaTebs mizanSewonili saqmianoba, rac codnis safuZvelze xorcieldeba. adamianis moqmedeba mTlianad determinirebuli ar aris garegani faqtorebiT. marTalia, igi cxovelis msgavsad ganicdis bunebrivi garemos zemoqmedebas, magram cxovelisagan gansxvavebiT adamiani aseve iZulebulia angariSi gauwios socialur garemos. miuxedavad amisa, adamianis qceva calsaxadaa determinirebuli, rameTu Sinagani aqtiurobis meoxebiT mas SeuZlia daZlios garegani dawola da imoqmedos Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr. magaliTad, aleqsandre makedonelma daZlia wyurvilis moTxovnileba udabnoSi da jaris mier mirTmeuli erTi muzaradi wyali maT winaSe daaqcia. am saqcieliT man sakuTar meomrebs daumtkica, rom maTTan erTad itans wyurvilsa da yvela sxva gaWirvebas. cnobilia, rom mizezobrioba determinaciis erT-erTi, magram ara erTaderTi saxea. Tavisufleba aramizezobrivad determinirebulia. adamianisa da cxovelis moqmedeba avtonomiuria, Tumca adamianisagan gansxvavebiT am ukanasknelis moqmedeba araa Tavisufali, radgan misi moqmedeba instiqturia, xolo aseTi moqmedeba iZulebiTia. marTalia, adamiansac axasiaTebs instiqturi moqmedeba, magram amgvari moqmedeba ar gansazRvravs misi moRvaweobis ZiriTad Sinaarss (xazgasma Cemia _ i.d.). specifikur-adamianuri saqmianoba cnobieria. adamianis moqmedebas safuZvlad udevs motivacia. vinaidan adamianis nebelobiTi qceva mizandasaxulia, amitom misi moqmedeba motivirebulia. nebelobiT qcevas win uswrebs arCevani, romelic xorcieldeba garkveuli Rirebulebisa da miznis Sesabamisad. maSasadame, mizania is determinanti, romlis gulsTvisac xorcieldeba arCevani. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nebelobiTi

24 erqomaiSvili v. dasax. naSr., gv. 143. 25 ix. iqve, gv. 144-145.

15

qceva calsaxad mizez-Sedegobrivad, fatalisturad determinirebuli ki ar aris, aramed mas miznobrivi determinaciis xasiaTi aqvs.26

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom yoveli Tavisufali qceva motivirebulia, magram ara piriqiT. Tuki moqmedeba xorcieldeba fsiqikuri iZulebiT, maSin moqmedeba motivirebulia, magram araa Tavisufali. motivirebuli qceva mxolod maSinaa Tavisufali Tu igi xorcieldeba yovelgvari iZulebis gareSe.

Tavisuflebas gaaCnia Tavisi struqtura, romelic Semdegi elementebisagan aigeba:

a) alternativebis gacnobiereba. moqmedebis praqtikulad ganxorvilebamde adamiani acnobierebs obieqtur viTarebas da SesaZlo Sedegebs.27

b) arCevani. aucilebloba, romelic adamianma gaacnobiera, unda iqces Sinagan aucileblobad. amisaTvis ar kmara codna. amas sWirdeba arCevani.28

arCevani yovelTvis ar gamoxatavs Tavisuflebas. Tuki arCevani impulsuri an iZulebiTi saxisaa, maSin aseTi moqmedeba Tavisuflebas ver gamoxatavs. Tavisuflebis aucilebeli momentia iZulebis moxsna.

rac ganasxvavebs adamianis qcevas sxva movlenebisagan isaa, rom igi atarebs mizanmimarTul, SerCeviT xasiaTs. adamiani Cveulebriv cdilobs SearCios iseTi qceva, romelic Seesabameba mis ganzraxvebs da miswrafebebs, rasac mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia misi pirovnebis struqturaSi.29

adamianis nebelobiTi qceva yovelTvis Tavisufali da arCeviTia. gamonakliss warmoadgens fsiqikuri iZuleba, rodesac qceva nebelobiTia, magram Tavisufali ar aris. Tuki adamiani imoqmedebda principiT: stimuli _ reaqcia, maSin motivis problemas araviTari azri ar eqneboda.

arCeviTobis sazRvrebi zogadad orgvari faqtoriT ganisazRvreba: obieqturiT da subieqturiT, samyaroTi da pirovnebiT, garegani garemoebebiT da Sinagani pirobebiT. amasTan, es faqtorebi moqmedeben ara paralelurad, aramed urTierTmoqmedebiTa da urTierTganpirobebulobiT. qcevis arCeviToba aris Tavisuflebis gamovlenis forma. qcevis arCeviToba da motivirebuloba arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac arsebobs obieqturi garemoebebi, romlebic uSveben araerTgvarovani gadawyvetilebebis, sxvadasxva nebis gamoxatvis SesaZleblobas. qcevis alternativis gareSe

26 ix. erqomaiSvili v. dasax. naSr. gv. 150-152. 27 ix. iqve, gv. 154. 28 ix. iqve, gv. 156. 29 ix. Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 6.

16

SeuZlebelia nebis gamovlena, Tavisufleba da pasuxismgebloba.30

g) moqmedeba anu nebelobiTi qceva. Tuki adamiani garegan aucileblobas Sinagan moTxovnilebad, survilad aqcevs, maSin misi moqmedeba Tavisufalia. amis saSualebas ki neba iZleva. es ukanaskneli arCevanis gakeTebis safuZvelTagania.31

d) pasuxismgebloba. adamiani erTaderTi arsebaa bunebis qmnilebaTa Soris, romelsac moeTxoveba pasuxi Tavisi qmedebisaTvis. es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom mas axasiaTebs Tavisufleba. adamiani Tavis saqmianobaSi ar aris calsaxad determinirebuli bunebis mier. mas axasiaTebs sxvagvarad moqmedebis SesaZlebloba. unda ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan pasuxismgebloba da pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba. pirveli obieqturi, xolo meore subieqturi movlenaa. pasuxismgebloba yovel adamians axasiaTebs damoukideblad. v. erqomaiSvili marTebulad miuTiTebs, rom pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba aris gancda, Tumca, iqve arasworad miuTiTebs, rom TiTqos pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba zogierT adamians aqvs, xolo zogierTs ara.32 sinamdvileSi msjeloba SeiZleba adamianis pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis xarisxze, vinaidan SeuZlebelia romelime Seracxad adamians pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba saerTod ar gaaCndes.

r. blekborni sam ZiriTad Teoriul pozicias asaxelebs: mkacr determinizms, msubuq determinizms da libertarianizms. mkacri determinizmis mixedviT, adamianuri qceva sruliad ganisazRvreba im faqtorebiT, romlebic ar imyofeba adamianis cnobierebis sferoSi da arCevanze saubari zedmetia. msubuqi determinizmi cdilobs Tavisuflebis determinizmTan Serigebas. am ukanaskneli mimarTulebis mixedviT adamianebi arCevans akeTeben, magram variantTa SezRuduli ricxvidan.33

libertarianistuli Sexeduleba msubuqi determinizmis Semdgomi gagrZelebaa: marTalia, qceva ar iTvleba absoluturad Tavisuflad, magram adamianis arCevanis winaswarmetyveleba SeuZlebelia. qcevis Tavisufali arCeva ar niSnavs `umizezos,~ radgan ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi arCevani unda iyos SemTxveviTi da amitom arsebobs gansakuTrebuli saxis mizezebi, romlebic adamians saSualebas aZleven airCios moqmedebis sxva saxe, rac gansxvavdeba realurad arsebulisagan.34

30 ix. Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 21-22. 31 ix. erqomaiSvili v. dasax. naSr. gv. 162. 32 ix. iqve, gv. 169-171. 33 ix. Блэкборн Р. Психология криминального поведения. Серия «Мастера психологии», изд. «Питер», С-Пет., 2004, с. 38-39. 34 ix. iqve, gv. 39.

17

determinizmis naklad r. blekborni miiCnevs imas, rom SeuZlebelia awmyos codniT momavlis ganWvreta da meore, _ SeuZlebeli xdeba winaswar mofiqrebuli ganzraxvis arseboba. libertarianizmis farglebSi ori arsebiTi problemaa gadauWreli: 1) yovelTvis sruliad damoukidebelia Tu ara adamianis arCevani da 2) uSvebs Tu ara tragikuli kriteriumi “sxvagvarad qcevis SesaZleblobis” mecnierul Semowmebas.35

amrigad, SeiZleba iTqva, rom nebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb indeterministuli da deterministuli koncefciebis mokle mimoxilvam migviyvana daskvnamde, rom orive ukiduresobaSi vardeba. d. uznaZis azriT, `faqtia, rom motivaciis gareSe nebelobis aqti ar xdeba. maSasadame, determinizmi marTalia: nebelobis aqts motivi gansazRvravs, magram faqtia isic, rom erTidaigive motivi yovelTvis erTsadaimave aqts ar iwvevs. erTxel rom igi erT Sedegs iZleva, meorejer mis mimarT sruliad uZluri rCeba. mizezobriobis cnebas aseTi faqtebi sruliad ar egueba. mizezi gansazRvrul pirobebSi yovelTvis gansazRvrul Sedegs iwvevs. amitomac, SeuZlebelia romelime garkveuli motivi an motivTa jgufi kauzalurad daukavSiro garkveul nebelobis aqts. maSasadame, determinizmi mainc ar aris marTali.~36

vinaidan subieqti TviTon qmnis Tavis TavSi gansazRvruli moqmedebis ganwyobas, amitom moqmedebasac igi iwvevs, rac moqmedebis Tavisuflebaze miuTiTebs, e.i. nebelobis Tavisuflebis gancda udavoa. amasTan, nebelobiTi qcevis kauzalobas ganapirobebs is faqti, rom nebismier qcevas ganwyoba udevs safuZvlad, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, warmosaxuli anu azriTi situacia gansazRvravs.37

msgavsi mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli r. naTaZes, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom nebelobiTi moqmedebis determinacias, misi azriT, cnobierebis procesi ganapirobebs: _ `nebisyofis aqtis Tavisufleba mis uSualo situaciisagan damoukideblobaSi mdgomareobs; nebismieri moqmedeba isevea mizezobrivad gansazRvruli, rogorc yoveli moqmedeba, oRond nebiemieri moqmedebis determinacia rTulia, igi pirovnebis cnobierebis procesiT aris gaSualebuli.~38

marTebulad unda CaiTvalos d. uznaZis mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, nebelobis Tavisuflebis problemis indeterministuli da deterministuli gadaWris mcdeloba or ukiduresobas warmoadgens. am sakiTxis sworad gansazRvrisaTvis mas Sualeduri pozicia ukavia. es kargad Cans misi Semdegi msjelobidan: `nebeloba Tavisufalia,

35 ix. Блэкборн Р. Психология криминального поведения. Серия «Мастера психологии», изд. «Питер», С-Пет., 2004, с. 39. 36 uznaZe d. zogadi fsiqologia. gamomcemloba `aRmaSenebeli,~ tomi III_IX, Tb., 1998, gv. 219. 37 ix. iqve, gv. 220. 38 naTaZe r. zogadi fsiqologia. Tsu gamomcemloba, 1977, gv. 550.

18

ramdenadac aqtualuri situaciis gavlenas ar emorCileba, radgan aqedan momdinare iZulebas ar ganicdis. igi Tavisufalia, ramdenadac masze moqmedi situacia warmosaxviTia, maSasadame, subieqtis mieraa gacnobierebuli. magram igi determinirebulia, araa Tavisufali, ramdenadac, Tumca warmosaxuliT, magram mainc situaciiTaa pirobadebuli.~39

ase, rom adamians, romelsac ar gaaCnia sxvagvarad qcevis SesaZlebloba, SeuZlebelia bralze agebulma sisxlis samarTalma daakisros pasuxismgebloba. bralis gareSe pasuxismgebloba ki sasjelis miznebs ganuxorcielebels datovebda.

adamianis Tavisufleba SeiZleba realizebl iqnes iseT samyaroSi, sadac arsebobs aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis erTianoba... raimes moxdena aucilebelicaa da SemTxveviTic. amgvar samyaroSi adgili aqvs albaTuri, statistikuri xasiaTis kanonzomierebas. aucilebloba gamoxatavs ara gardauvalobas, aramed moxdenis sixSires. aseTi aucilebloba ar gamoricxavs SemTxveviTobas, romelic arsebobs rogorc gadaxra kanonzomierebidan.40

39 naTaZe r. dasax. naSr. gv. 220. 40 ix. erqomaiSvili v. dasax. naSr., gv. 245.

19

$ 2. nebelobiTi qcevis arsi adamianma SeiZleba ganaxorcielos instiqturi,

impulsuri da nebelobiTi moqmedeba. braleuli pasuxismgeblobis principidan gamomdinare sisxlis samarTals mxolod nebelobiTi qceva ainteresebs, magram es imas ar niSnvas, rom sisxlis samarTalma unda Seqmnas fsiqologiisagan gansxvavebuli qcevis sakuTari cneba da masSi Seitanos marTlwinaaRmdegobisa da braleulobis momentebi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi es iqneba sakiTxisadmi dualisturi midgoma, rac sisxlis samarTalSi sxva araferi iqneba Tu ara fsiqolozmi. am mxriv, marTebulia T. wereTlis azri, romlis Tanaxmadac, `qcevis fsiqologiuri cneba ar gulisxmobs samarTlebriv Sefasebas; qceva fsiqologiuri gagebiT iuridilad SeiZleba iyos marTlzomieri da aramarTlzomieri an braleuli da arabraleuli.~41

sisxlis samarTlis mecniereba zogjer sxva mecnierebis gavlenas ganicdis. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos fsiqologiis `SeWris~ Sesaxeb, rac `fsiqologizmis~ safrTxes qmnis sisxlis samarTalSi. es problema gansakuTrebiT Tavs iCens danaSaulisa da nebelobiTi qcevis urTierTmimarTebasTan, motivTan, miznTan da bralTan dakavSirebiT.

garkveul SemTxvevebSi imdenad didia fsiqologiuri xerxebiTa da meTodebiT samarTlebrivi cnebebis ganmartebis mcdeloba, rom zogierTi mecnieri gakvirvebiT msjelobs amis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, germaneli mecnieri nasi aRniSnavs: `arsad da arc erT mecnierebaSi fsiqologiis Semecnebani ise intensiurad da globalurad ar asaxula, rogorc XIX saukunis iurisprudenciaSi... gasaocaric aris is siRrmiseuli sizuste, romliTac urTulesi fsiqologiuri cnebebi da miRwevebi gamoiyeneba. xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca bralis problemisadmi miZRvnil iuridiul nawarmoebSi ufro specialuri fsiqologiuri, vidre samarTlebrivi litereturaa citirebuli. amitomac araferi iyo sakvirveli imaSi, rom obieqturad ganwyobili zogierTi kriminalisti samarTlis mecnierebis srul fsiqologizirebaze werda.~42

g. naWyebiam sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebaSi fsiqologizmisa da normativizmis problemas mcire monografiuli naSromi miuZRvna, romelSic avtori cdilobs qarTveli kriminalistis b. xaraziSvilis mosazrebebs sakuTari mecnieruli dasabuTeba misces.43

41 Церетели Т.В. Причинная связь в уголовном праве. Гос. изд. «Юридической литератури», изд. второе, исправленное и дополненное, М., 1963, с. 25. 42 cit. l-g. kutalias mixedviT: bralis Sesaxeb fsiqologiuri moZRvrebis frankiseuli kritikisaTvis, Jurnali `samarTali,~ 1998, #7-8, gv. (G. Nass. Wandlungen des Schuldbegriffs im Laufe des Rechtdenkens, Berlin, 1963, s. 97). 43 ix. Начкебия Г.И. Психологизм и нормативизм в науке уголовного права. Изд. «Меридиани», Тб, 2000.

20

Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobs b. xaraziSvilis mier wamoyenebuli ori debuleba: pirveli, ratom araa danaSauli nebelobiTi qcevis nairsaxeoba da meore, ratom gvTavazobs avtori `danaSaulis motivis~ nacvlad `damnaSavis qcevis motivs.~ am ukansknelis Sesaxeb qvemoT iqneba saubari.

b. xaraziSvili miuTiTebda, rom danaSauli TviTon ki ar aris damoukidebeli fsiqologiuri qceva, aramed danaSauli motivisa da miznis ganxorcielebis xerxia.44 erTi sityviT, amas imiT asabuTebda, rom SeuZlebelia Seiqmnas qcevis fsiqologiurisagan gansxvavebuli qcevis normatiuli cneba, radgan danaSauli SefasebiTi cnebaa, xolo fsiqologia, romelic faqtebis mecnierebaa, Sefasebas moklebulia. amitom danaSaulic ver iqneba qcevis nairsaxeoba.

am gansazRvrebis Sesaxeb marTebulad miuTiTbs g. naWyebia da amas imiT xsnis, rom `danaSaulis niSnebi miewereba ara qcevas fsiqologiuri gagebiT, aramed am qcevis ganxorcielebis xerxs. es bunebrivia, radgan normatiulad fasdeba ara qceva TavisTavad, aramed am qcevis ganxorcielebis xerxi.~45

sisxlis samarTalSi fsiqologizmis daZlevis mcdeloba friad sayuradReboa. motivis Camoyalibeba moicavs miznis miRwevis saSaulebisa da xerxis gacnobierebasac. maSin logikuria Tu vityviT, rom amis gamo motivi da mizani ar SeiZleba sxva Sefasebas imsaxurebdes da maTi ganxorcielebis xerxi sxvas. amas g. naWyebiac aRiarebs: samarTlis poziciidan fasdeba jer qmedeba, rogorc motivisa da miznis marTlsawinaaRmdego xerxi, xolo xerxis Sefasebis kvalobaze fasdeba motivic da mizanic. `magaliTad, materialuri gamdidrebis motivi da mizani TavisTavad uaryofiT movlenas ar warmoadgens, magram sakmarisia, rom subieqtma am miznis misaRwevad danaSaulebrivi xerxi SearCios, rom motivi da mizani `angarebad~ Sefasdes. es imaze metyvelebs, rom danaSaulebrivi qmedeba qcevis, anu motivisa da miznisagan mowyvetiT SeuZlebelia.~46 marTlac, qcevis Sefaseba motivisa da miznis gareSe SeuZlebelia, radgan qcevis mxolod obieqturi TvalsazrisiT Sefaseba ver xsnis qcevis fsiqologiur arss. `fsiqologiuri Tvalsazrisi, _ wers S. CxartiSvili, _ qcevas motivisa da miznisagan ver gamoyofs. rogoricaa motivi, iseTivea mizanic da qcevac.~47

am mxriv, sayuradReboa b. volkovis kritika m. Sargorodskis mimarT, romlis azriTac, TiTqos SesaZlebeli iyos, rom erTi da igive motivma SeiZleba warmoSvas sikeTec da borotebac. `motivsa da mizans Soris, _ wers b. volkovi, _

44 ix. Хорнабуджели Б.В. Психологическая сторона вины. Тб., 1981, с. 6. 45 naWyebia g. brali, rogorc socialuri filosofiis kategoria. Tb., 2001, gv. 219-220. 46 iqve, gv. 220. 47 CxartiSvili S. nebismieri qcevis motivis problema, Tb., 1958, gv. 73.

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arsebobs uwyveti kavSiri... Tavis konkretul Sinaarss motivi iZens moqmedebis miznis saSualebiT. motivi konkretuli qcevis gareSe ar arsebobs. mas azri gaaCnia garkveul moqmedebasTan kavSirSi, romlisganac saboloo jamSi motivi unda daxasiaTdes.“48

es mosazreba dazustebas moiTxovs. motivaciis procesi miznis gacnobierebasac gulisxmobs. sxvadasxva miznis gacnobiereba motivacias da Sesabamisad motivsac Sinaarsobrivad da ara formiT cvlis. magaliTad, aviRoT zizRi da aucilebeli mogeriebis viTareba. Tu piri Tavdamsxmels daazianebs Tavdacvis mizniT, maSin ganxorcielebuli qmedeba samarTlis TvalsazrisiT misaRebia; Tuki zizRi safuZvlad daedo Tavdamsxmelis dazianebas imis gamo, rom masTan warsulSi usiamovneba hqonda, maSin zizRi dasagmobia. amitom ufro marTebuli iqneba Tu vityviT, rom Sinaarsobrivad erTi da igive motiviT ar SeiZleba rogorc saqebari, ise dasagmobi moqmedebis ganxorcileba.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, erTi mxriv, konkretuli qcevis motivisa da miznis, xolo, meore mxriv, am qcevis xerxisa da saSualebis sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT Sefaseba gaumarTlebelia, radgan isini urTierTdakavSirebuli cnebebia.

Tanamedrove mecnierebis ganviTarebis maRali donis miuxedavad, jer kidev araa saTanadod Seswavlili adamianis aqtivobis ganmapirobebel faqtorTa buneba, sistema da maTi urTierTdamokidebuleba. aq, upirveles yovlisa, unda gairkves motivaciis, motivis, ganwyobis, miznisa da nebelobiTi moqmedebis urTierTdamokidebuleba da ganpirobebuloba. am sakiTxebis araswori gageba iwvevs mocemuli fsiqologiuri kategoriebisa Tu cnebebis gaigivebas da adamianis nebelobiTi moqmedebis araswor axsnas.

fsiqologiis ganviTarebis istorias Tu gadavxedavT, davinaxavT, rom adamianis moqmedebis axsnis sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba ikveTeba. pirvel mimarTulebas aqcenti pirovnul Taviseburebebze gadaaqvs. meore mimarTuleba cdilobs adamianis aqtivobis gasaRebi gare samyaroSi, Seqmnil situaciaSi eZebos. da bolos, aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi mesame midgomas Semrigebluri pozicia ukavia da adamianis moqmedebis fsiqologiuri arsis dasadgenad Tanabrad eyrdnoba pirovnul (subieqtur) da situaciur (obieqtur) faqtorTa zemoqmedebis xarisxobriv maCveneblebs da pirvel or mimarTulebasTan SedarebiT ufro konkretuli xasiaTis debulebebs ayalibebs.

udavoa is faqti, rom nebelobiTi qcevis ganxorcielebisas SeuZlebelia upiratesoba adamianis qcevis an Sinagan faqtorebs an garegan faqtorebs mivaniWoT. yoveli adamiani ganumeorebelia da amitom yoveli maTganis qcevac 48 Волков Б.С. Проблема воли и уголовная ответственность. Изд. Казанского университета, 1965, с. 76-77.

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gansxvaveblia. ufro metic, erTi da igive obieqtur situaciaSi esa Tu is individi SeiZleba gansxvavebulad moiqces. ratom xdeba ase? am kiTxvaze pasuxi erTia: adamiani araa statikuri arseba, igi dinamiuria, rac ganpirobebulia samyarosadmi misi SemecnebiTi da SefasebiTi damokidebulebis TavisuflebiT, romelic iwvevs mravalgvari moTxovnilebebis, interesebis, ganwyobis warmoSobas, axali unarebis SeZenas da a.S.

dabejiTebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom fsiqoligiaSi yvelaze rTuli adamianis nebelobiTi qcevis sakiTxia: Tu ratom iqcevian a. da b. gansxvavebulad erTi da igive situaciaSi an ratom iqcevian isini erTnairad sxvadasxva situaciaSi kvlav davis sagans warmoadgens.

am mxriv, sainteresoa h. hekhauzenis msjeloba: `Zalian gavrcelebulia qcevis mizezebis axsnis sami gza: viTvaliswinebT mxolod adamianis individualur Taviseburebebs, an mxolod situaciis Taviseburebebs, an qcevis mizezebs veZebT pirovnebisa da situaciis urTierTqmedebis TaviseburebebSi. h. hekhauzenis azriT, Tanamedrove fsiqologiisaTvis amgvari kvlevis yovelgvari xerxi sasargebloa, magram sakmaod `meamituria,~ gamartivebulia.~49

Tu rogor vxsniT qcevas, es garkveulwilad damokidebulia Sedarebis parametrTa nairsaxeobaze. Sedareba SeiZleba vawarmooT sami ganzomilebiT. pirveli, adamianebis qceva sxvadasxva situaciebis mixedviT; meore, drois sxvadasxva momentebis mixedviT; da bolos, gansxvavebul individTa qcevis mixedviT. rTuli situaciis Secvlisas an drois mimdinareobisas garkveuli qceva mcired icvleba da arsebiTad gansxvavdeba analogiur pirobebSi sxva adamianTa qcevisagan, maSin qcevis mizezi mocemuli adamianis individualur TvisebebSi unda veZeboT. esaa qcevis axsna pirveli TvalsazrisiT, romelic safuZvlad udevs pirovnebis fsiqologias. Tuki qceva arsebiTad icvleba erTi situaciidan meoreze gadasvlisas, Tanac igi drois sxvadasxva momentebSi sxvadasxvagvarad gvevlineba, maSin _ qcevis mizezebi situaciis TvisebebSi unda veZeboT. esaa qcevis axsna meore TvalsazrisiT, romelic gabatonebulia socialur fsiqologiaSi da efuZneba klinikuri fsiqologiis Teoriul swavlebas. da bolos, Tu Rrma analiziT mivalT daskvnamde, rom moqmedebebs Soris gansxvavebaSi, amasTan, drois sxvadasxva momentebSi, monawileobs rogorc pirovnuli, ise situaciuri faqtorebi, adgili aqvs qcevis axsnas mesame TvalsazrisiT. amgvari axsna damaxasiaTebelia motivaciis

49 Хайнц Хекхаузен, Мотивация и деятельность. Cерия «Мастера психологии», 2-е издание, изд. «Питер», М., С-Петербург и т.д., 2003, с. 31; qcevis ganpirobebulobaze ixileT agreTve: Блэкборн Рональд. Психология криминального поведения. Серия «Мастера психологии», изд. «Питер», С-Пет., 2004, с. 34, sadac avtori svams kiTxvas: razea damokidebuli qceva _ adamianze Tu situaciaze?

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fsiqologiisaTvis, agreTve kognituri fsiqologiisa da pirovnebis Tanamedrove kvlevisaTvis.50

vinaidan sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba mxolod nebelobiT qcevas ukavSirdeba unda gavakvioT nebelobiTi qcevis Tavisebureba.

adamianis fsiqikis ZiriTad Sinaarss gancdaTa sami gansxvavebuli klasi Seadgens: adamiani an obieqtur sinamdviles ganicdis, e.i. Semecnebis procesebi aqvs, an Tavis subieqtur mdgomareobas ganicdis, e.i. grZnobebi aqvs, anda, dasasruls, Tavis aqtivobas ganicdis, e.i. nebelobis procesebi aqvs.51

instinqturi da impulsuri qceva avtomaturad xorcieldeba da igi cxovelsac axasiaTebs. impulsuri qceva yovelTvis instinqturia, magram ara piriqiT. impulsur qcevas axasiaTebs myisieroba, xolo impulsuri qceva droSi „gangrZobadi“ qcevaa. magaliTad, cxovelis mier sakvebis momarageba impulsuria.

r. naTaZe sworad miuTiTebs, rom „adamians cxovelisagan gansxvavebiT aqtivobis iseTi forma gaaCnia, rogoricaa nebismieri moqmedebis unari _ nebisyofa.“52

adamianis saqmianobis warmarTvisaTvis mxolod instinqti sakmarisi araa. adamians mis winaSe mdgari amocanebis gadawyvetaSi exmareba cnobiereba, romelic sagnobrivi viTarebis codnaa, gaazrebaa da mis safuZvelze adamiani axorcielebs mizandasaxul qcevas.53 maSasadame, cnobiereba fsiqikuri saqmianobis, rogorc gancdis, Sedegia, magram ar aris misi igiveobrivi. swored, cnobiereba aZlevs adamians azrovnebis saSualebas da mis safuZvelze igi axorcielebs nebelobiT qcevas.

am mxriv, sworia b. xaraziSvilis mtkiceba, rom nebelobiTi qceva azrovnebis gareSe ar arsebobs. `Tu impulsuri qcevis ganwyobas uSualod moTxovnileba qmnis, maSin nebismieri qcevis dros, motivTan erTad Tavs iCens ukve odesRac dakmayofilebuli moTxovnilebiT Seqmnili fiqsirebuli ganwyobac.~54

nebismieri qcevis umniSvnelovanes niSans warmoadgens ganxorcielebuli qcevis gacnobiereba. kerZod, gadawyvetilebis miReba da misi Sesruleba SeuZlebelia imis gareSe, rom adamianma ar gaacnobieros ganxorcilebuli

50ix. Хайнц Хекхаузен. dasax. naSr., gv. 31. 51 ix. uznaZe d. dasax. naSr., gv. 33. 52 naTaZe r. dasax. naSr., gv. 549. 53 cnobierebisa da instinqtis niSnebisa da maTi gansxvavebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix: 1) erqomaiSvili v. filosofia. gadamuSavebuli da Sevsebuli gamocema, gamomcemloba `kvari,~ Tb., 2002, gv. 122-125; cnobierebis arsis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve: 2) beWvaia d. sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi. Tsu gamomcemloba, Tb., 1990, gv. 228. 54 ix. xaraziSvili b. sicruis fsiqologia (eTikur-samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi), gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo,~ Tb., 1975, gv. 42.

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qcevis socialuri sazrisi da is Sedegebi, romlebic SeiZleba dadges amis gamo. nebelobiTi SeiZleba iyos mxolod gacnobierebuli qceva.55

vinaidan adamians SeuZlia cnobierad warmarTos sakuTari qceva, es misi nebis Tavisuflebaze mianiSnebs. neblobiTi moqmedebis ganxorcielebisas ki adamiani winaswar ganWvrets mosalodnel Sedegebs da amis Sesabamisad irCevs moqmedebis mizans, romlis miRwevac motivis dakmayofilebas iwvevs.

adamianis qcevas sxva movlenebisagan is ganasxvavebs, rom igi atarebs mizanmimarTul, SerCeviT xasiaTs. adamiani Cveulebriv cdilobs SearCios iseTi qceva, romelic Seesabameba mis zraxvebs da miswrafebebs, rasac mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia misi pirovnebis struqturaSi. vinaidan qceva xorcieldeba sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis sistemaSi, amdenad pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba eniWeba nebelobiT procesSi Cadenili qmedebis socialur sazrisisa da mniSvnelobis gacnobierebas. kerZod, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba es qceva samarTlebriv da zneobriv moTxovnebs da a.S.56

nebelobiTiAqcevisAgacnobierebulAxasiaTsaAdaAmizanmimarTulebaze miuTiTebs T. wereTelic: „adamianis nebelobiTi moqmedeba SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc adamianis Segnebuli mizanswrafuli zemoqmedeba mis garemomcvel obieqtur samyaroze.“57

amrigad, adamianis specifikur Taviseburebas, riTac igi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba cxovelisagan, is garemoeba Seadgens, rom wamyvan rols mis cxovrebaSi cnobiereba asrulebs. aqtualuri situaciis niadagze aRmocenebul ganwyobas ar emorCileba, rogorc amas cxovelis SemTxvevaSi aqvs adgili. igi winaswar acnobierebs Tavis qcevas da ama Tu im aqts mxolod imis mixedviT mimarTavs, Tu ras miiRebs am gacnobierebis Sedegad. mokled: cxovelis ganwyobas aqtualuri impulsis situacia qmnis, xolo adamianis ganwyobas, romelic mis qcevas udevs safuZvlad, gacnobierebuli warmosaxuli situacia.58

nebelobiTi qceva aucileblad motivis safuZvelze xorcieldeba, romelic motivaciis procesis Sedegad yalibdeba. amitom momdevno paragrafSi asaxuli iqneba motivaciis struqtura, motivisa da miznis buneba, maTi urTierTdamokidebuleba da ganpirobebuloba.

55 ix. Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 20. 56 ix. iqve, gv. 24. 57 wereTeli T. danaSaulebrivi qmedoba da misi Sedegi. gamomcemloba „mecniereba,“ Tb., 1966, gv. 12. 58 ix. uznaZe d. dasax. naSr., gv. 91.

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$ 3. motivacia, motivi da mizani

saxelmwifoSi marTlwesrigis ganmtkicebisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba ara marto marTlsawinaaRmdego, aramed marTlzomieri qcevis motivebis Seswavlas. adamianis aqtiurobis Sinagani bunebis axsnisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeba misi qcevis motivis dadgenas. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom fsiqologiur literaturaSi ar aris erTiani azri arc motivis cnebis da arc misi motivaciis sxva faqtorebTan urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb. gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT da araTanmimdevrulobiT gamoirCeva am sakiTxis Sesaxeb Seqmnili iuridiuli literatura. ufro metic, rogorc aRvniSneT, iqmneba fsiqologizmis safrTxe. naSromSi gaanalizebulia mxolod SedarebiT gavrcelebuli mosazrebebi gansaxilveli problemis Sesaxeb, rameTu xSiria tipiuri mosazrebebi da maTi warmoCena mxolod informaciul xasiaTs miiRebs.

ueWvelia, rom motivi da motivacia fsiqologiuri kategoriebia, magram zogjer aris motivis sisxlissamarTlebrivi cnebis SemoRebis mcdeloba. magaliTad, i. filanovski fiqrobs, rom Tuki fsiqologia gvixsnis adamianis moqmedebis mamoZravebel Zalas zogadad, sisxlis samarTalma unda agvixsnas danaSaulebrivi qmedebis specifikuri Zalebi. amiT igi imis damtkicebas cdilobs, rom sisxlis samarTalSi fsiqologiisagan gansxvavebuli motivis cneba ki ar unda Seiqmnas, aramed danaSaulis specifikuri cneba unda SemuSavdes.59

b. xaraziSvili motivis gansazRvrebaSi monisturi poziciidan gamodis da sworad miuTiTebs, rom danaSaulis motivisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi gansazRvrebis yovelgvari cda aramecnierulia, radgan es mxolod fsiqologiuri problemaa. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi imdeni motivis cneba iqneba, ramdenic samarTlis dargia.60

b. volkovi Tavis Sexedulebas ase asabuTebs: danaSaulis motivis problema, upirveles yovlisa, socialuri problemaa. sisxlis samarTalSi motivis gamokvlevam unda mogvces misi gamovlenis specifikuri formebi, rac danaSaulis CadeniTaa ganpirobebuli. motivis fsiqologiuri da sisxlissamarTlebrivi gagebis dialeqtika sakmaod martivia: igi gamoxatavs zogadisa da kerZos, gvarisa da saxis Tanafardobas.61 rogorc vxedavT, b. volkovic iseve rogorc i. filanovski sisxlis samarTalSi motivis gamovlenis specifikurobaze miuTiTebs. arc is unda iyos SemTxveviTi,

59 ix. Филановский И.Г. Социально-психологические отношение субъекта к преступлению. ЛГУ, 1970, с. 41. 60 ix. Харазишвили Б. В. Вопросы мотива поведения преступника в советском праве. Гос. изд. «Цодна», Тб. 1963, с. 4-5. 61 ix. Волков Б.С. Проблема воли и уголовная ответственность. Изд. Казанского университета, 1965, с. 57.

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rom motivi, romelic fsiqologiuri kategoriaa, b. volkovi moralur kategoriad moixseniebs.62

e. lukaSeva exeba ra fsiqologizmis problmas, motivis gansazRvrebisas eyrdnoba v. miasiSevisa da v. aseevis mosazrebebs da sabolood daaskvnis, rom `SeuZlebelia sakuTari moqmedebebis, samarTlebrivi normebis moTxovnebisa da miTiTebebisadmi RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis gareSe motivis formireba, romelic specifiuria samarTlebrivi sferosTvis.~63

Tuki fsiqologia Seiswavlis mxolod faqtebs yovelgvari Sefasebis gareSe (da es asecaa), xolo motivi fsiqologiuri kategoriaa (amas arc aravin uaryofs), maSin SeuZlebelia motivis zogadi cnebis gverdiT arsebobdes motivis kerZo cneba, romelSic SefasebiTi niSnebicaa Setanili; es ki motivis zogad cnebas SeewinaaRmdegeba. iseve rogorc sisxlis samarTali mizezobrivi kavSiris specialur cnebas ar qmnis, aramed am filosofiur kategorias iyenebs Tavis miznebidan gamomdinare (T. wereTeli),64 aseve unda gamoviyenoT fsiqologiuri kategoria yovelgvari damaxinjebis gareSe.

sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi yvela avtorisaTvis saerToa is azri, rom motivi moTxovnilebiTa da interesiT ganpirobebuli mamoZravebeli Zalaa (laT. sityvidan moveo _ vamoZraveb), romelic adamians danaSaulis Cadenis gadawyvetilebis mizezad gvevlineba, xolo mizani _ is azrobrivi modelia risi miRwevac pirs surs danaSaulis CadeniT; Tuki motivi pasuxobs kiTxvaze ratom Caidina pirma danaSauli, mizani pasuxobs kiTxvaze _ risken miiswrafvoda damnaSave.65

Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos, rom motivacia, motivi da mizani materialurad arsebuli, ase vTqvaT, Cveni grZnobis organoebiT aRqmadi movlenebi araa. isini pirobiTi arsis mqoneni arian, romelic Cveni azrovnebis damxmare konstruqtebad gvevlinebian, anu empirizmis enaze rom vTqvaT, isini hipoTeturi konstruqtebia. swored amitomaa, rom h. hekhauzeni ambobs: “motivi cneba ki araa, romelic raimes aRwers, aramed iseTi cnebaa, romelic mowodebulia raime axsnas... garkveul motivs Seesabameba calkeul parametrTa

62 ix. Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 13. 63 Лукашева Е.А. Мотивы поведение человека в правовой сфере. Журнал «Советское госодарство и право», 1972, с. 24. 64 ix. wereTeli T., tyeSeliaZe g. moZRvreba danaSaulze, Tb., 1969, gv. 260-261. 65 ix: 1) sisxlis samarTalis zogadi nawili. avtorTa koleqtivi, redaqtorebi: g. tyeSeliaZe, g. naWyebia, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2004, gv. 137; 2) Курс уголовного права. Учебник для вузов. В пяти томах. Под редакцией проф. Н. Ф. Кузнецовой, доц. И.М. Тяжковой. Том 1, общая часть, учение о преступлении. Изд. «Зерцало-М», М., 2002, с.345-346; 3) Наумов А.В. Уголовное право. Общая часть, изд. «Бек», М., с.229-230; 4) Уголовное право. Общая часть, издание третье, измененное и дополненное, изд. «Норма», М., 2001, с. 202-205 da sxv.

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mTeli simravle. magram motivi yovelTvis rCeba e.w. `hipoTetur konstruqtad,~ e.i. raRaciT moazrebuli da ara uSualod dakvirvebas daqvemdebarebuli.~66

nebelobiTi moqmedebis praqtikul ganxorcielebas yovelTvis win uswrebs motivaciis procesi, romlis drosac subieqti idealurad, azrobrivad moqmedebs, awon-dawonis obieqtur faqtorebs (situacia, moTxovnilebis sagani, socialuri qcevis normebi, sazogadoebrivi interesebi da RirebulebiTi orientaciebi da sxv.) subieqtur faqtorebTan (moTxovnilebebi, interesebi, RirebulebiTi orientaciebi, adre miRebuli gamocdilebebi, ganwyobebi da sxv.) mimarTebiT da mxolod amis Semdeg iwyeba qcevis meore safexuri, romelic miRebuli gadawyvetilebis anu Camoyalibebuli motivis garesamyaroSi realizacias gulisxmobs. Tuki am procesSi raime gauTvaliswinebeli faqtori iCens Tavs, kvlav axali motivaciis procesi warmoiSoba.

motivaciis procesSi monawileobas SeiZleba iRebdes winaT Camoyalibebuli motivebi da ganwyobebi, magram aq ukve isini motivaciis faqtorebad gvevlinebian. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isini moqmedebas sxva faqtorebisagan damoukideblad gamoiwvevdnen. am mxriv, sworia d. kiknaZe, romelic sakiTxisadmi sxvagvar midgomas im mecnierTa mcdari mosazrebis mizezad asaxelebs, romlebic SesaZleblad miiCneven ramodenime motiviT erTi moqmedebis ganxorcielebas.67 am sakiTxs Cven dawvrilebiT SevexebiT e.w `motivTa konkurenciis~ absurdulobis Sesaxeb Semdgom paragrafSi.

nebelobiTi moqmedebisas, iseve rogorc impulsurisas, subieqtur faqtorTagan pirveli wyaro aris moTxovnileba. adamianis moTxovnileba Cndeba disharmoniulobiT, fizikuri da sulieri cvlilebebiT. cxovelisagan gansxvavebiT adamians bunebriv moTxovnilebebTan erTad aqvs socialuri moTxovnilebebic.68 moTxovnilebas moqmedebis sawyis wyarod asaxelebs s. rubinSteini da iqve miuTiTebs, rom `adaminisaTvis moTxovnilebis qona metyvelebs imaze, rom igi ganicdis saWiroebas rameSi, rac masSi ar aris da arsebobs gare sagnebSi an sxva adamianSi.~69 msgavs azrs gamoTqvams d. uznaZec: `moTxovnileba aqtiobis wyaroa: iq, sadac araviTari moTxovnileba ar arsebobs, iq arc aqtiobaze SeiZleba laparaki.~70

66 Хайнц Хекхаузен, dasax. naSr., gv. 38-39. 67 ix. kiknaZe d. danaSaulebrivi qcevis motivaciis sistemuri gagebisaTvis. Jurnali `almanaxi,~ spec. gamoSveba: sisxlis samarTlisa da kriminologiis problemebi, 2000, #13, gv. 126. 68 ix. Кикнадзе Д.А. Система факторов действия и развития личности. Изд. «сабчота сакартвело», Тб., 1982, с. 15-16. 69 Рубинштеин С.Л. Основы общей психологии. Серия «Мастера психологии», изд. «Питер», Санкт-Петербург, 2002, с. 522. 70 uznaZe d. dasax. naSr., gv. 163.

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`moTxovnileba Sinagani arsia, romelic damaxasiaTebelia yoveli mocemuli individisaTvis da misi qcevis motivis safuZvelTa safuZvelia.~71

moTxovnilebis warmoSobis Semdeg adamians uCndeba interesi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom interesis warmoSobis Semdeg ukve iwyeba adamianis azrobrivi muSaoba, romelic moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad miznisa da misi miRwevis saSualebebisa da xerxebis SerCevis sawyisi etapia. am mxriv, sainteresod msjelobs d. kiknaZe: `interesi ganpirobebulia moTxovnilebiT. maT Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba isaa, rom interesi aris motivacia gavlili moTxovnileba, magram daukmayofilebeli da adamianSi Semonaxuli, romelic momavalSi dakmayofilebiskenaa mimarTuli. moTxovnilebis sagani iribad, moTxovnilebis gavliT, xdeba interesis sagani. xolo intresis uSualo sagani aris moTxovnileba da misi dakmayofilebis saSualeba. moTxovnileba arsebobs interesisagan damoukideblad, xolo interesi ar SeiZleba arsebobdes moTxovnilebisagan damoukideblad.~72

b. zemcovis azriT, interesi aris obieqtTan pirovnebis dadebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone urTierToba da gviCvenebs individis swrafvas.73

swored interesis warmoSobis Semdeg iwyeba SefasebiTi msjeloba, romelic individis RirebulebiTi sistemisa da sazogadobrivi azris, socialur-samarTlebrivi normebis erTdroulad gansjas gulisxmobs. `motivaciaSi mocemuli faqtorebi da TviT samomavlo moqmedeba Sefasebas iRebs maTi subieqturi Sefasebis safuZvelze. am momentebis obieqturi Rirebuleba subieqtis RirebulebiT orientaciaTa sistemaSi gardatydeba da Tu romel subieqtur Sefasebas miiReben isini rogorc motivaciis faqtorebi, damokidebulia am faqtorTa obieqturi Rirebulebebisadmi subieqtur damokidebulebaze.~74

marTalia, motivi da mizani korelatiuri cnebebia,75 magram isini erTmaneTze ar daiyvaneba an erTi meoreze ar gadava, rogorc amas zogierTi mkvlevari miiCnevs.76 motivaciis procesSi anu motivis CamoyalibebaSi mizani monawileobas iRebs, rogorc erT-erTi faqtori da rac mTavaria motivisagan gansxvavebiT miznis formirebaSi inteleqtualuri sfero erTveba, romelic aucileblad

71 Кикнадзе Д.А. Потребности, поведение, воспитание. М., 1968, с.68. 72 Кикнадзе Д.А. Система факторов действия и развития личности. Изд. «сабчота сакартвело», Тб., 1982, с. 57-58. 73 ix. Земцов И.Г. Социальные механизми мотивации поведения личности. М., 1971, с. 162-163. 74 Кикнадзе Д.А. Система факторов действия и развития личности. Изд. «сабчота сакартвело», Тб., 1982, с. 149-150. 75 ix. Таганцев Н. С., Русское уголовное право. Часть общая, том I, (полное переиздание), изд. «Автограф», Тула, 2001, с. 465-466. 76 ix. Леонтьев А.Н. Проблеми развития психики. М., 1959, с. 301; Земцов И.Г. dasax. naSr. gv. 113. am sakiTxze sworad msjelobs n. tagancevi: ix. dasax. naSr. gv. 465-456.

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gulisxmobs subieqtis SefasebiT msjelobas. cnobilia, rom miznis dasaxva misi miRwevis saSualebisa da xerxis gansazRvris gareSe SeuZlebelia, rac aucileblad gulisxmobs moTxovnilebis sagnisadmi RirebulebiTi damokidebulebisaTvis angariSis gawevas. sworad SeniSnavs d. beWvaia, rom „Rirebuleba SefasebaSi gamoiTqmis. rodesac subieqti sagans afasebs, igi garkveul damokidebulebas amJRavnebs sagnisadmi (xazgasma Cemia _ i.d.).“77 es momenti aseve sworadaa SeniSnuli sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSic (mag: g. naWyebia).78

Rirebuleba mniSvnelobs mxolod subieqtisTvis da Rirebuleba aris iq, sadac aris subieqti.79 „Rirebuleba _ es aris mniSvneloba, romelzec damyarebulia Sefaseba. Rirebuleba araa Sefaseba, arc sagani (an misi Tviseba), romelic fasdeba; Rirebuleba aris socialurad Camoyalibebuli garkveuli idealuri safuZveli Sefasebisa da orientaciisa.“80

maSasadame, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mizani aris adamianis SefasebiTi msjelobis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli misaRwevi azrobrivi, idealuri Sedegi, romelmac motivis dakmayofileba unda gamoiwvios.

motivi da mizani araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar warmoiSoba Tu arsebul situaciasTan erTad pirovnebas Sesabamisi subieqturi SesaZleblobebi, unarebi ar gaaCnia. am ukanasknelTa gareSe SeiZleba visaubroT pirovnebis ararealur miswrafebebze, survilebze da ara motivsa da mizanze.

nebelobiTi moqmedebis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro gadawyvetilebis misaRebad aucilebelia mzaoba, rasac d. uznaZe ganwyobas uwodebs. ganwyobas arc marto moTxovnilebis mdgomareoba qmnis TavisTavad da arc marto obieqturi situacia. imisaTvis, rom ganwyoba gaCndes, moTxovnileba Tavisi dakmayofilebis pirobebis Semcvel obieqtur situacias unda Sexvdes.81

sainteresoa da ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT d. kiknaZes imaSi, rom nebelobiTi moqmedebis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia Tu subieqtis qcevas Tan ar axlavs Sesabamisi rwmena. misi azriT, „rwmena aris raimes Sesaxeb motivaciis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli azris WeSmaritebis Sinagani gancda

77 beWvaia d. dasax. naSr., gv. 228. 78 ix. sisxlis samarTalis zogadi nawili. avtorTa koleqtivi, redaqtorebi: g. tyeSeliaZe, g. naWyebia, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2004, gv. 189. 79 ix. Чавчавадзе Н. Культура и ценности. Тб.,1984, с. 128. 80 sociologiuri narkvevebi. v. qvaCaxia, S. nadiraSvili, d. beWvaia, v. WeliZe. Rirebuleba da ganwyoba. gamomcemloba „sabWoTa saqarTvelo,“ Tb., 1969, gv. 57. 81 ix. uznaZe d. dasax. naSr., gv. 95.

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da Sesabamisi praqtikuli damokidebuleba, moqmedebis ganwyoba.“82

warmoSobis mixedviT, d. kiknaZe ganasxvavebs rwmenis sam saxes: `primitiuli, avtoritaruli da Segnebuli rwmena. maT Soris, primitiuli rwmena yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli praqtikis safuZvelze yalibdeba. avtoritarul rwmenas vinmes _ magaliTad, RmerTis, patiosani da marTali adamianis, didi mecnieris, cnobili politikuri da saxelmwifo moRvawis da a.S. avtoriteti warmoSobs. Segnebuli rwmena ki, raimes Sesaxeb mxolod dasabuTebuli codnis Segnebis da misi WeSmaritebis gancdis safuZvelze warmoiSoba.“83 sayuradReboa, rom Semdgom naSromSi d. kiknaZe Segnebuli rwmenis nacvlad asaxelebs mecnierul rwmenas,84 rac ufro misaRebia, radgan primitiuli da avtoritaruli rwmenac Segnebulia. amasTan, mecnierebis ama Tu im sferoSi arsebuli miRwevebi da mosazrebebi, marTlac iwvevs adamianSi garkveul rwmenas, radgan, umetes SemTxvevebSi, isini praqtikuladac mtkicd

realizacias gare s

mieqces erTdroulad situac

i ar gamoCndeba, romelic miznis miRwevas eWvqveS daayenebs.

eba. d. kiknaZem wamoyenebuli debuleba Semdgom naSromebSic

ganaviTara da mivida daskvnamde, rom `yovel konkretul viTarebaSi am da ara sxva moqmedebis aucileblobis Sinagani rwmena nebismieri moqmedebis motivis arsebiTi niSania. mis safuZvelze miiReba praqtikuli moqmedebis gadawyvetileba da yalibdeba Sesabamisi ganwyoba, riTac mTavrdeba motivaciis procesi. mTeli am procesis saboloo Sedegia motivirebuli moqmedebis ganwyobis Camoyalibeba, rac, Tavis mxriv, gaTvaliswinebul viTarebaSi praqtikuli moqmedebis moTxovnilebas warmoSobs da uSualod ganicdis

amyaroze mimarTuli moqmedebis saxiT.~85 marTebulad miuTiTebs h. hekhauzeni, rom `motivaciuri~

sakiTxebi mimarTulia gaarkvios Tu ra mizniT asrulebs mavani da mavani moqmedebas. motivacia aris romeliRac mizanze aqtualuri mimarTuleba, motivaciuri tendencia, romlis asaxsnelad aucilebelia yuradReba

iur da pirovnul faqtorebs.86 motivaciis Semdeg yalibdeba motivi, romelic

nebelobiTi qcevis praqtikulad ganxorcielebis gadawyvetilebaa da igi manamde iarsebebs, vidre motivaciis iseTi subieqturi an obieqturi faqtor

82 kiknaZe d. samarTlis codna da marTlSegneba. Jurnali „macne,“ samarTlis seria, 1998, #1, gv. 88. 83 kiknaZe d. samarTlis codna da marTlSegneba. Jurnali „macne,“ samarTlis seria, 1993, #2, gv. 9.

84 ix. kiknaZe d. samarTlis codna da marTlSegneba. Jurnali „macne,“ samarTlis seria, 1998, #1, gv. 85. 85 kiknaZe d. danaSaulebrivi qcevis motivaciis sistematuri gagebisaTvis. Jurnali `almanaxi,~ spec. gamoSveba: sisxlis samarTlisa da kriminologiis problemebi, 2000, #13,128. 86 ix. Хайнц Хекхаузен, dasax. naSr., gv. 26-28.

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zemoT aRiniSna da aq mokled unda gaanalizdes b. xaraziSvilis mcdeloba „danaSaulis motivis“ nacvlad daamkvidros termini „damnaSavis qcevis motivi.“87 am mosazrebas safuZvlad udevs debuleba, rom danaSauli araa nebelobiTi qceva, xolo radgan motivi mxolod qcevas SeiZleba hqondes da danaSauli qceva araa, amitom arc danaSaulis motivze SeiZleba saubari. magram sakiTxis amgvari gadaWra garkveul eWvs badebs. jer erTi, Tu ase „mkacrad“ vicavT sisxlis samarTals sxva mecnierebis gavlenisagan, maSin arc damnaSavea sisxlissamarTlebrivi cneba. meore, marTlsawinaaRmdegod da braleulad fasdeba mTlianad qceva, romelSic motivic igulisxmeba da ratom ar SeiZleba visaubroT ukve Sefasebuli qcevis anu danaSaulis motivze. da bolos, „damnaSavis qcevis motivis“ xmareba praqtikuli TvalsazrisiTac mouxerxebelia. magaliTad, mkvleloba danaSaulia. b. xaraxiSvilis wamoyenebuli debulebis mixedviT mkvlelobis motivis nacvlad unda vTqvaT mkvlelis qcevis motivi, rac arc Tu ise warmatebuli mosazrebaa. ufro metic, cnobilia, rom sisxlis samarTali zogjer terminebs pirobiTad xmarobs. magaliTad, rodesac vsaubrobT damnaSavis Sepyrobaze, aq xom iuridiuli gagebiT ar gvyavs damnaSave, radgan sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni ar Sesula ZalaSi.

cnobilia, rom yovel qcevas erTi motivi gaaCnia. Tuki danaSauli motivisa da miznis ganxorcielebis xerxia, maSin logikuria Tu vityviT, rom umotivo danaSaulic ar arsebobs. swored amitomaa, rom erTgvarovani motiviT SeiZleba sxvadasxva danaSauli ganxorcieldes. am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia g. naWyebias mosazreba, rom „SesaZlebelia erTi da igive motiviT Tvisebrivad sxvadasxva danaSaulis Cadena.“ magaliTad, qurdoba, Zarcva, yaCaRoba da a.S. aris angarebiTi motivis ganxorcielebis xerxebi; mkvleloba, janmrTelobis dazianebebi, cecxlis wakideba da sxv. _ SurisZiebis ganxorcielebis xerxebia da a.S.88 aq, bunebrivia, erTi da igive motivSi igulisxmeba msgavsi da ara sruliad identuri motivi, radgan yoveli danaSauli misi ganxorcielebis specifikidan gamomdinare garkveulwilad cvlis motivaciis faqtorebs.

87 ix. Харазишвили Б. В. Вопросы мотива поведения преступника в советском праве. Гос. изд. «Цодна», Тб. 1963, с. 72. 88 ix. Начкевия Г.И. Психологизм и нормативизм в науке уголовного права. Изд. «Меридиани», Тб, 2000, с. 17.

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$ 4. arCevanis problema motivaciis faqtorTa simravleSi

fsiqologiur da iuridiul literaturaSi vxvdebiT

mosazrebas e.w. `motivTa konkurenciis~ anu `motivTa brZolis~ Sesaxeb. “fsiqologiur literaturaSi sakiTxi “motivTa konkurenciis” Sesaxeb ganixileba me-19 saukunis dasasrulidan. v. vundti (1897) motivTa brZolas ukavSirebs arCevanis process, xolo v. Sterni (1900) _ adamianis simtkicis gamovlinebas.”89 amis mizezi nebelobiTi qcevis, motivaciis arsis araswori gagebis Sedegia.

mecnierebaSi erT-erT rTul problemas cnebis Sinaarsis gansazRvra warmoadgens. am mxriv, did davas iwvevs motivis cnebis Camoyalibeba. Tuki motivs gavigebT rogorc fsiqologiur gadawyvetilebas moqmedebis praqtikulad ganxorcilebis Sesaxeb, maSin e.w. `motivTa konkurencia~ eWvis qveS dgeba. Tuki motivs gavigebT rogorc moqmedebis praqtikulad ganxorcielebis erT-erTi faqtors, maSin mis gverdiT sxva motivebic SeiZleba arsebobdes da `motivTa konkurencias~ SeiZleba adgili hqondes. ra Tqma unda, es ukanaskneli Sexeduleba CvenTvis miuRebelia imdenad, ramdenadac SeiZleba visaubroT motivaciis faqtorTa da ara motivTa konkurenciis Sesaxeb.

b. volkovic ver ascda `motivTa konkurenciis~ problemas. sakiTxis aseTi formiT dasma Tavidanve ganwirulia, radgan SeiZleba visaubroT motivaciis faqtorTa da ara motivTa konkurenciaze. misi azriT, Sereul motivebs Soris unda ganvasxvavoT mTavari, ZiriTadi motivebi, romlebic gansazRvraven qcevis subieqtur arss da meorexarisxovani, araZiriTadi motivebi, romlebic TiTqos ubiZgebs ukve mza ganzraxvas Sesrulebisken. danaSaulis kvalifikaciisas upiratesoba dominirebul, ZiriTad motivs unda mieniWos.90

ufro gviandel naSromSi b. volkovi miuTiTebs, rom marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis Cadenis gadawyvetilebas yvelaze xSirad Tan axlavs ara erTi, aramed ramodenime ganzraxva, Sereuli motivebi, romelsac garkveulwilad SeuZlia Seavsos, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki saxe ucvalos ZiriTad motivs, gaaZlieros misi ganzraxviTi mniSvneloba.91

erTi qcevis ganxorcielebas yovelTvis safuZvlad udevs erTi motivi. danaSaulic xom nebelobiTi qcevis safuZvelze xorcieldeba. amitom, logikuria Tu vityviT, rom erTi danaSaulis ganxorcieleba mxolod erTi motiviT

89 ix. Ильин Е.П. Мотивация и мотивы. Серия «Мастера психологии», Изд. «Питер», М., 2003, с. 135. 90 ix. Волков Б.С. Мотив и квалификация преступления. Изд. Казанского университета, 1968, с. 17-21. 91 ix. Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 9.

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SeiZleba. am mxriv, sayuradReboa d. uznaZis Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT ramdeni motivicaa, imdeni qcevaa. SesaZlebelia sxva motiviT fizikurad igive qceva ganxorcieldes, romelic uaryofili iyo, magram es srulebiT ar niSnavs imas, rom uaryofili qceva ganxorcielda an gadawyvetileba Seicvala. am SemTxvevaSi axalma motivma axali qcevis ganxorcieleba gamoiwvia. amitom `arsebiTad motivTa brZolis Sesaxeb laparaki sruliad dausabuTebelia. erTidaimave qcevis pro da contra motivTa Sexla-Semoxla, an awon-dawona ar arsebobs; ar arsebobs imitom, rom TviTon qceva ar aris erTi, romelsac sxvadasxva motivi SeiZleba hqondes.~92

b. volkovis mtkiceba ar SeiZleba marTebulad CaiTvalos, rodesac igi wers, TiTqos motivebs, romlebiTac xelmZRvanelobda piri danaSaulis Cadenisas ar SeiZleba hqondes erTnairi mniSvneloba qmedebis kvalifikaciisas da aRniSnul motivebs Soris unda ganvasxvavoT ZiriTadi, mTavari motivebi, romlebic gansazRvravs Cadenili moqmedebis azrs da Sinaarss da meorexarisxovani, gverdiTi motivebi.93 aq erTmaneTSia gaigivebuli motivaciis faqtorebi da TviT motivi, romelic motivaciis Semadgeneli faqtorebisagan aigeba. cxovrebaSi sruliad SesaZlebelia nebelobiTi qcevis ganxorcielebisas da, maT Soris, danaSaulis Cadenisas motivi efuZnebodes ramodenime damoukidebel faqtors. magaliTad, mavani da mavanisaTvis sruliad SesaZlebelia religiuri mrwamsi an materialuri daintereseba cal-calke aRebuli ar iyos sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom man miiRos kacis mokvlis gadawyvetileba, magram orive erTad aRebuli sruliad sakmarisi aRmoCndes amgvari danaSaulis Casadenad.

mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom kvalifikaciisas „ZiriTad motivs aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba Cadenili danaSaulis kvalifikaciisas,“94 safuZvels moklebulia, radgan ar arsebobs ZiriTadi da meore xarisxovani motivebi. rogorc ukve aRiniSna b. volkovs arasworad esmis motivaciis procesi, romelic sxvadasxva faqtorebisgan Sedgeba da swored am faqtorTa Soris SeiZleba iyos Zlieri da susti faqtorebi da ara motivebi. arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom es faqtorebi Tanabari siZlieris iyos. aseT viTarebaSi qmedebis danaSaulad kvalifikaciisas da sasjelis daniSvnisas, Tu amgvari faqtorebi damamZimebel an Semamsubuqebel garemoebebad gvevlineba, aucilebelia maTze iyos miTiTeba.

rogorc irkveva mravali sxva mecnieri ver gaeqca im mcdar mosazrebas, rom arsebobs `motivTa kunkurencia.~

92 uznaZe d. dasax. naSr., gv. 210. 93 ix. Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 84-85. 94 iqve, gv. 86.

34

magaliTad, b. petelini,95 b. utevski da sxv. b. utevski motivirebulad Tvlis rogorc ganzrax, ise gaufrTxilebel danaSaulebsac. `danaSaulebrivi TviTimedovnebis dros moqmedebis Sesrulebis gadawyvetileba, rasac Tan erTvis danaSaulebrivi Sedegis Tavidan acilebis moufiqrebeli imedi, romelime motividan (survilidan, grZnobidan) gamomdinareobs. magram daudevrobis SemTxvevaSic damnaSave moqmedebis ganxorcielebisas xelmZRvanelobs raime motiviT _ samuSaos swrafad damTavreba, Tavisi simarjvis gamoCena da a.S. daudevrad moqmedis fsiqikaSi SesaZloa adgili hqondes motivebis brZolas (xazgasma Cemia _i.d.). magaliTad, xumrobis dros: dauyovnebliv damiznebis da gasrolis survils da mosazrebas Tofis Semowmebis Sesaxeb _ datenilia Tu ara, imarjvebs pirveli da gasroliT sicocxle espoba dazaralebuls.~96

b. utevskis Secdomaa is, rom igi motivaciis faqtorTa brZolas motivTa brZolas uwodebs. am TvalsazrisiT unda gaekritikebina al. vaCeiSvils b. utevski da ara im kuTxiT, TiTqos dauderobis SemTxvevaSi Cveulebriv motivebis brZolas (rogorc aRiniSna, marTebulia motivaciis faqtorTa brZola. SeniSvna Cemia. _ i.d.) ver vxvdebiT, radgan damnaSaves daudevrobiT danaSaulis Cadenisas ara aqvs gaTvaliswinebuli Tavisi moqmedebis mavne Sedegebi.97

marTebulad SeniSnavs d. kiknaZe, rom `motivaciis procesSi misi aRmZvreli moTxovnilebis garda, sxva moqmedebaTa moTxovnilebebi, interesebi, miznebi, motivebi, ganwyobebi da sxva monawileoben ara rogorc motivebi, aramed rogorc motivaciis faqtorebi (xazgasma Cemia _ i.d.). sxvagvari midgoma mecnierebs dRemde afiqrebinebs, rom ama Tu im gadawyvetilebasa da moqmedebas ramdenime motivi edos safuZvlad, rac mcdari mecnieruli midgomaa.~98

al. vaCeiSvili `motivTa brZolas~ ase warmogvidgens: _ `... nebiyofis analizis Sedegad vRebulobT Semdeg safexurebs: motivebis brZolas, ukeTu adgili aqvs sxvadasxva survilebis konfliqts; gadawyvetilebis miRebas da gadawyvetilebis Sesrulebas.~99 igi iqve ganagrZobs, rom xSirad moqmedebis Sesrulebamde `... motivi xvdeba sxva, sawinaaRmdego motivebs, rac iwvevs motivebis brZolas (xazgasma Cemia _ i.d.), mofiqrebas, motivebis awon-dawonas, Sefasebas da mxolod am brZolis Semdeg, romlsac zogjer aqvs metad mwvave xasiaTi

95 ix. Петелин Б. Я. Мотивация преступного поведения. Журнал «Советское государство и право», 1980, №4, с. 111. 96 Утевский Б.С. Вина в советском уголовном праве. М., 1950, с. 149. 97 ix. vaCeiSvili al. danaSaulis subieqturi mxare sabWoTa sisxlis samarTalSi. Tb., 1957, gv. 18. 98 kiknaZe d. danaSaulebrivi qcevis motivaciis sistemuri gagebisaTvis. Jurnali `almanaxi,~ spec. gamoSveba: sisxlis samarTlisa da kriminologiis problemebi, 2000, #13, gv. 126. 99 vaCeiSvili al. danaSaulis subieqturi mxare sabWoTa sisxlis samarTalSi. Tb., 1957, gv. 30.

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da dakavSirebulia mZime gancdebTan, adamiani Rebulobs gadawyvetilebas, romelic uxsnis gzas nebisyofis saboloo moments da gadawyvetileba moiyvaneba sisruleSi.~100

motivaciis procesSi, rom motivaciis faqtorTa da ara motivTa brZolas rom aqvs adgili es TviT al. vaCeiSvilis sityvebidanac naTlad Cans, rodesac igi motivTa brZolis safuZvlad `survilebis konfliqts~ asaxelebs.

`motivis warmoSobas, _ wers d. kiknaZe, _ safuZvlad udevs sxvadasxva moTxovnilebebis, interesebis, miswrafebebis, individSi adre Camoyalibebuli sxva moqmedebaTa miznebis, motivebis, ganwyobisa da damokidebulebebis urTierTSepirispireba, urTierTzemoqmedeba da Tanamoqmedeba. isini, vinc motivaciaSi monawile aRniSnul faqtorebs aigiveben motivebTan, am etaps uwodeben motivebis brZolis etaps. sinamdvileSi ki adgili aqvs ara motivebis, aramed motivaciis faqtorebis brZolas, Sepirispirebas, urTierTzemoqmedebasa da Tanamoqmedebas mocemul viTarebaSi subieqtisaTvis yvelaze mizanSewonili da gamarTlebuli moqmedebis garkvevisaTvis.~101

marTebulia b. volkovis mosazreba, rom erTi da igive moqmedebas (umoqmedobas) gaaCnia sxvadasxva azri, Tu isini ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva motivebiTa da miznebiT.102 magaliTad, a-m b-s daartya da janmrTeloba naklebad mZimed dauziana. aq Tuki a. moqmedebda mkvlelobis mizniT mkvlelobis mcdeloba iqneba; Tu xulignuri qvena grZnobiT _ xulignoba da a.S.

`motivTa konkurencias~ aRiarebs b. teplovic: `Tu arsebobs Sinagani dabrkoleba, mosamzadebeli stadia motivebis brZolis xasiaTs Rebulobs, garegan dabrkolebaTa winaSe ki igi irCevs moqmedebis saSualebebsa da xerxebs.”103

d. kiknaZe ar eTanxmeba im mecnierTa mosazrebebs, TiTqos adamianis gadawyvetileba da moqmedeba ganisazRvreba ramodenime motiviT. am mosazrebis mcdaroba mdgomareobs SemdegSi: pirveli, erT moqmedebas yovelTvis erTi motivi aqvs. Tuki motivaciis procesSi monawile yovel faqtors, zogjer sawinaaRmdego moqmedebis warmarTvelsac, rom hqondes motivis Zala, moqmedeba ver ganxorcieldeba. meore, ama Tu im moqmedebis motivi, romelic pirvelad xorcieldeba an xorcieldeba axal pirobebSi, winaswar araa mocemuli, misi formireba xorcieldeba motivaciis procesSi, ra drosac xdeba sxvadasxva xelSemwyobi da xelSemSleli obieqturi da

100 vaCeiSvili al. danaSaulis subieqturi mxare sabWoTa sisxlis samarTalSi. Tb., 1957, gv. 31. 101 kiknaZe d. danaSaulebrivi qcevis motivaciis sistemuri gagebisaTvis. Jurnali “almanaxi,” spec. gamoSveba: sisxlis samarTlisa da kriminologiis problemebi, 2000, #13, gv. 129. 102 ix. Волков Б.С. Проблема воли и уголовная ответственность. Изд. Казанского университета, 1965, с. 24. 103 Теплов Б. М. Психология. М., 1949, с. 161.

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subieqturi faqtorebis Sejereba da Sefaseba. am gziT individi irCevs Semdgomi moqmedebis motivs.104

ase, rom `motivTa konkurenciis~ Sesaxeb saubari motivaciis procesis Semadgeneli elementebis bunebisa da maTi Camoyalibebis mcdari gagebis Sedegia. motivis warmoSobas safuZvlad udevs faqtorTa urTierTdapirispireba da brZola. mkvlevarebi, romlebic aigiveben motivebs motivaciis faqtorebTan, fsiqikuri saqmianobis am safexurs gansazRvraven rogorc motivTa brZolas. sinamdvileSi mimdinareobs ara motivTa, aramed motivaciis faqtorTa brZola, dapirispireba, raTa mocemul situaciasTan mimarTebiT subieqtma airCios mizanSewonili da gamarTlebuli moqmedeba. motivaciis procesSi monawileoben mxolod faqtorebi, xolo motivi am faqtorTa dapirispirebisa da brZolis Sedegad miiReba. sxva moqmedebaTa motivebic monawileoben axali konkretuli moqmedebis mocemuli motivaciis procesSi, oRond motivaciis faqtorTa saxiT. erT moqmedebas SeiZleba hqondes mxolod erTi motivi.105

vinaidan Cven motivi gvesmis rogorc sxvadasxva subieqturi da obieqturi faqtorebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli saboloo gadawyvetileba, romelic moqmedebas an moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekavebas iwvevs, maSin subieqtis praqtikul qcevamde motivze saubaric ki zedmetia. am mxriv, metad sainteresoa b. xaraziSvilis msjeloba, romlis Tanaxmadac, `SeuZlebelia vilaparakoT motivTa brZolaze manamde, sanam nebismieri qceva ar ganxorcielebula. Tu nebismieri qceva ara gvaqvs saxeze, maSin motivebze laparakic zedmetia da, maSasadame, arc maT Soris `brZola~ gaimarTeba.“106

104 ix. Кикнадзе Д.А. Система факторов действия и развития личности. Изд. «сабчота сакартвело», Тб., 1982 с. 123. 105 ix. iqve, gv. 151. 106 xaraziSvili b. sicruis fsiqologia (eTikur-samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi). gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo,~ Tb., 1975, gv. 8.

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T a v i II motivTa da mizanTa klasifikacia

yoveli adamianis aramarto biologiuri, aramed misi

pirovnuli Tvisebebis ganumeorebloba, sazogadoebrivi cnobierebisa da kulturis gansxvavebuli done, Rirebulebebisadmi calkeuli individis personaluri damokidebuleba, ganxorcielebuli qceva saSualebas iZleva erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT motivi da mizani maTi socialur-fsiqologiuri, zneobriv-eTikuri da samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT.

nebismieri mecnieruli kvleva unayofo iqneba Tu mas TeoriulTan erTad praqtikuli daniSnuleba ar eqneba. Cvens gansaxilvel problemasTan dakavSirebiT ismis kiTxva: aqvs Tu ara raime praqtikuli daniSnuleba motivTa da mizanTa klasifikacias samarTalSemoqmedebiT da samarTalgamoyenebiT saqmianobaSi? am kiTxvaze pasuxi gzadagza unda gaeces, radgan yoveli pasuxi Sesabamisi argumentaciiT unda iyos nasazrdoebi.

kriminalistTa da fsiqologTa yuradReba ZiriTadad motivTa da ara mizanTa klasifikacias exeba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom sxvadasxva avtorebi motivs, moTxovnilebas, interess da motivacias Tanabari, sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT xmaroben, rac calke kvlevas moiTxovs. amitom Cven aq yuradRebas ar gavamaxvilebT aRniSnul terminTa Tanabari mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebis dasabuTebulobaze. motivTa klasifikacia sxvadasxa poziciebidan xdeboda, rac imaze iyo damokidebuli Tu ras gulisxmobda esa Tu is mecnieri motivis cnebaSi da ra kuTxiT ainteresebda motivi. magaliTad, gamoiyofa: biologiuri da socialuri, piraduli da sazogadoebrivi, egoisturi da sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani motivebi da a.S. am TavSi ganxiluli iqneba adamianisQqcevis mamoZraveli Zalis formebisa da Sinaarsisadmi miZRvnili cnobili fsiqologebisa da kriminalistebis naSromebSi warmodgenili motivTa calkeuli jgufebi.

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$ 1. fsiqodinamikuri mimarTuleba pirovnebis TeoriaSi: zigmund froidi

adamianis qcevis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad zigmund

froidi (1856-1939) instinqtebs Tvlida. froidis mixedviT sulieri cxovreba konfliqtTa dinamikaa: swored amis gamo, misTvis ucnobi araa dualisturi principi, rasac asabuTebs mis mier SemoTavazebuli motivTa klasifikacia. klasifikaciaze froidi mudmivad muSaobda, Tumca ar eswrafvoda mis dasrulebas. Tuki man 1915 wels erTmaneTs daupirispira mes anu `TviTdacvis~ moTxovnileba (magaliTad, SimSilis moTxovnileba) da seqsualuri miswrafeba (libido), mogvianebiT, pirveli msoflio omiT gamowveuli STabeWdilebebis gamo, man dasaxelebuli pirveli moTxovnileba Secvala agresiis moTxovnilebiT. Tumca, misi ZiriTadi kvleviTi interesebi yovelTvis Tavmoyrili iyo farTod moazrebul seqsualur miswrafebebze. sakuTari Semoqmedebis ukanasknel periodSi froidma erTmaneTs daupirispira antagonisturi miswrafebani: sicocxlis (erosi) da sikvdilis (Tanatosi) instinqti.107

sicocxlis instinqta jgufi moicavs yvela Zalas, romelic emsaxureba sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani procesebis xelSewyobasa da saxeobis gamravlebas uzrunvelyofs. pirovnebis ganviTarebaSi yvelaze arsebiTia seqsualuri instinqtebi. seqsualur instinqtTa energiam miiRo saxelwodeba libido (laT. _ `survili,~ `ndoma~) anu libidos energia _ termini, romelic gamoiyeneba mTlianad sasicocxlo instinqtTa energiis mniSvnelobiT. libido esaa fsiqikur energiaTa garkveuli raodenoba, romelic ganmuxtvas mxolod seqsualur qcevaSi poulobs. arsebobs ara erTi, aramed ramodenime seqsualuri instinqti, romelTagan yoveli dakavSirebilia sxeulis garkveul nawilTan, rasac erogenuli zona ewodeba. garkveuli mniSvnelobiT sxeuli warmoadgens erT did erogenul zonas, magram fsiqoanalitikuri Teoria gansakuTrebiT gamoyofs pirs, anuss da sasqeso organoebs.108

meore jgufi _ sikvdilis instinqtebi _ safuZvlad udevs sisastikis, agresiis, TviTmkvlelobisa da mkvlelobis yvela gamovlinebas. Sopenhauzerze dayrdnobiT froidi amtkicebda, rom `sicocxlis mizans warmoadgens sikvdili.~ amiT mas imis Tqma undoda, rom yoveli cocxali organizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia im gaurkvevel

107 ix. Хайнц Хекхаузен, Мотивация и деятельность. Серия «Мастера психологии», 2-е издание, изд. «Питер», М, С-Петербург и т.д., 2003, с. 73. 108 ix. Хьел Л., Зиглер Д., Теории личности. Серия «Мастера психологии», изд. «Питер», М, С-Петербург и т.д., 2001, с.11 7.

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mdgomareobaSi dabrunebis kompulsiuri miswrafeba, saidanac isini gamovidnen.109

amrigad, froidis fsiqoanalitikuri Teoria adamianis qcevis Seswavlis fsiqodinamikuri midgomis Taviseburi axsnaa. froidi Tvlida, rom gaucnobierebeli fsiqologiuri konfliqtebi akontrolebs adamianis qcevas. froidis koncefcia TiTqmis mTlianad agebulia nevroziT daavadebulTa farTo klinikur dakvirvebebsa da fsiqoanalizze. Tundac am mizezis gamo froidis Teoria ver CaiTvleba adamianis qcevis axsnis universalur mignebad. marTebulad unda CaiTvalos b. volkovis kritika: _ `froidi ar uaryofda adamianisaTvis garegani mdgomareobis mniSvnelobas, magram qcevis motivaciaSi mas arsebiTad adgili ar dautova. froidi adamianis miswrafebebisa da gancdebis maradiulobisa da ucvlelobidan gamodioda. arsebiTad froidis motivaciuri Teoria dakavSirebulia aramxolod qvecnobieris rolis gadametebasTan, aramed pirovnebis ganviTarebis progresis uaryofasTan. igi sruliad uaryofs motivaciis socialur aspeqts da amitom ar gaaCnia praqtikuli mniSvneloba.~110

109 ix. Хьел Л., Зиглер Д., dasax naSr., gv. 117. 110 Волков Б. С., Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование), изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 36; dawvr. ix: Волков Б. С., Детерминистическая природа преступного поведения, Казан, изд. КГУ, 1975.

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$ 2. motivTa klasifikacia TvisebaTa TeoriaSi motivTa klasifikacias gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

eTmoba fsiqologiis erT-erTi mimarTulebis, TvisebaTa Teoriis warmomadgenelTa naSromebSi, romlebic qcevis axsnis pirovnuli midgomiskenaa orientirebuli. rodesac situacia ganixileba rogorc erTgvarovani an saerTod ignorirebulia, individualuri gansxvavebani friad TvalSi sacemia. swored es gansxvavebani aixsneboda dispoziciaTa sxvadasxva xarisxiT gamoxatvis meSveobiT. ase warmoiSva TvisebaTa Teoria, romlis farglebSic motivaciis fsiqologiis axsnis originalur midgomebs vxvdebiT.

a) TvisebaTa intuiciur-xasiaTuri moZRvreba: filip

lerSi TvisebaTa intuiciur-xasiaTuri moZRvreba ganxilvis

ori perspeqtivis Tavisebur sinTezs warmoadgens. erTi mxriv, esaa fenomenologiuri TviTdakvirvebis perspeqtiva, romelic saSualebas iZleva gavmijnoT gancdebis saxeebi da inventarSi SevitanoT `patara agurebis~ saxiT, riTac aigeba pirovnebis struqtura. meore mxriv, dispoziciaTa amgvari agurebis saxiT ganxilvas, romelTa gamoxatulebis xarisxi sxvadasxva individebs sxvadasxva aqvT, es Teoria mihyavs ganxilvis sxva perspeqtivasTan _ garegani dakvirvebis aRmoCenasTan. TviT subiqtis mier erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli gancdili miswrafebebi gamoyofis Sedegad iqceva dispoziciebad anu `SedarebiT ucvlel, sxvadasxva adamianebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel gansxvavebul ganwyobebad.~111

am mimarTulebis saxelovani warmomadgenlis filip lerSis mier mocemuli gancdili zraxvebis motivaciur klasifikacias zogadanTropologiuri safuZveli gaaCnia. gancdili miswrafebebis arsia `moZravi formebi, romelSic adamianuri yofiereba TviTrealizebas eswrafvis.~ filip lerSi ganasxvavebs amgvari miswrafebebis sam jgufs:

pirveli moicavs `vitaluri yofierebis~ gancdil miswrafebebs. masSi Sedis `cxovrebis SegrZneba mis uSualobaSi, pirveladobasa da miznis dinamikur miswrafebaSi.~ aqve igulisxmeba saqmianobisaken, tkbobisaken midrekileba, libido da axali STabeWdilebebis moTxovnileba;

meore jgufi moicavs `individualur mes~ gancdil miswrafebebs.~ adamiani valdebulia `warmarTos sakuTri arseboba... rogorc erT-erT uamrav arsebaTaganma.~ am jgufs miekuTvneba TviTdacvis moTxovnileba, egoizmi, Zalauflebisaken mimarTuli neba, mizidulobis done,

111 Хайнц Хекхаузен, dasax. naSr., gv. 112.

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mniSvnelobisken miswrafeba, aRiarebis moTxovnileba TviTpativiscemisaken midrekileba;

da bolos, mesame jgufi gulisxmobs `araindividualuri yofierebis~ gancdil miswrafebebs. `igi mimarTulia samyaroSi Tanamonawileobisaken, magram ara misi dauflebis, TavisTvis survilis gagebiT, aramed individualuri mes samyarosTan mikuTvnebis gagebiT, risi wyalobiTac wonaswordeba cnobierebis gankerZoebuloba,~ rac vlindeba `...kiTxvebis dasmasa da Sens gareT masze pasuxebis Ziebis miswrafebaSi.~ am jgufs miekuTvneba adamianuri monawileoba, SemoqmedebiTi Tanamonawileoba (nayofieri Semoqmedebisaken swrafva), SemecnebiTi Tanamonawileoba (interesebi), sasiyvarulo Tanamonawileoba, valdebulebani (movaleoba), gandgomili Tanamonawileoba (mxatvruli moTxovnileba, metafizikuri moTxovnileba, religiuri Ziebani).112

b) motivTa klasifikacia instinqtTa safuZvelze:

uiliam mak-daugoli TvisebaTa ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia

mak-daugols (McDougall). raimond b. ketelis motivaciis fsiqologiis aRwerilobiTma sistemam garkveulwilad safuZveli daudo 20-e saukuneSi popularul, mak-daugolis mier SemoTavazebul qcevis formaTa ganmartebiT klasifikacias. mak-daugilis mcdeloba pirveli iyo, raTa yvela qceva motivaciuri dispoziciis farglebSi Seekriba. im droisaTvis motivaciuri dispoziciis nacvlad sayovelTaod gamoiyeneboda ara motivis, aramed instinqtis cneba. ramdenadac termini instinqti gaafTrebul devnas ganicdida da qcevis, romelic ZiriTadad Tandayolili motivaciuri dispoziciebiT ganisazRvreboda, mcdari axsnis safuZvels iZleoda, mak-daugoli instinqtis nacvlad mogvianebiT xmarobda termins `midrekileba~ (propensity). Tumca, misi Sinaarsi TiTqmis ar Seicvala, garda imisa, rom aRiniSna gansxvaveba dispoziciasa (propensity) da funqcias (tendency) Soris, razec metyvelebs Semdegi citata mak-daugolis ukanaskneli naSromidan: `midrekileba aris dispozicia, saerTo fsiqikuri organizaciis erTeuli, romelic, SemdgomSi gaaqtiurebuli, warmoSobs aqtiur tendencias, miswrafebas (striving), impulss anu midrekilebas (drive) romelime miznisken.

112 ix. Хайнц Хекхаузен, cit. dasax. naS. mix. gv. 114: Lersch, PL. (1951). Aufbau der Person (4.Aufl. von Aufbau des Charakters. Lleipzig: barth, 1938). München: Barth.

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cnobierad zeaRmatebuli miznisaken mimarTuli aseTi tendencia aris survili (desire).~113

zogierTma midrekilebam SeiZleba sinTezi ganicados e.w. grZnobaSi (sentiments), romelic ganpirobebulia gamocdilebiT da kognitur-emociuri Sefasebis SeswavliT, romelic dakavSirebulia sagnebTan da garemoebebTan urTierTobasTan. magaliTad, mamulis aRqmasa da SefasebaSi monawileobs mravali midrekileba. mak-daugoli midrekilebaTa anu instinqtTa magvari motivaciuri dispoziciebis (propensity) Semdeg variants warmogvidgens, sadac yovel emocias sakuTari instinqti (midrekileba) Seesabameba:

1. sakvebis mopoveba. sakvebis Zieba (da, SesaZlebelia, Segroveba);

2. zizRi. garkveuli saziano nivTierebebis miuRebloba da maTTvis Tavis arideba:

3. seqsualuroba. arSiyoba da saqorwino urTierTobebi;

4. SiSi. gaqceva da gulSi Cadeba travmis, tkivilisa da tanjvis miyenebis an aseTi zemoqmedebiT muqaris sapasuxod;

5. cnobismoyvareoba. ucnobi adgilebisa da sagnebis gamokvleva;

6. mfarveloba da mSobliuri mzrunveloba. patarebis gamokveba, dacva da Sefareba;

7. urTierToba. Seni donis sazogadoebaSi yofna, xolo martoobisas aseTi sazogadoebis Zieba;

8. TviTdamtkiceba. dominireba, lideroba, garSemomyofTaTvis sakuTari Tavis damtkiceba da demonstracia;

9. damorCileba. daTmoba, yuris dagdeba, mibaZva, damorCileba imisadmi, vinc zeaRmatebuli Zalis demonstrirebas axdens;

10. mrisxaneba. aRSfoTeba da yovelive im dabrkolebis anu Seferxebis ZaladobiT Tavidan acileba, romelic xels uSlis yvela sxva tendenciis Tavisufal ganxorcielebas;

11. daxmarebisaken mowodeba. daxmarebis aqtiurad Txovna im SemTxvevaSi Tu Cveni Zalisxmeva sruli warumateblobiT mTavrdeba;

12. Seqmna. TavSesafrisa da Sromis iaraRebis Seqmna; 13. gamomgonebloba. yovelive imis gamogoneba, daufleba

da dacva, rac Cven sasargeblod an ratomRac mimzidvelad gveCveneba;

14. sicili. Cveni garSemomyofi adamianebis naklovanebaTa da warumateblobaTa sacinad agdeba;

113 Хайнц Хекхаузен, cit. dasax. naS. mix. gv. 124: McDougall, W. (1932). The energies of men. London: Methuen.

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15. komforti. imis gamosworeba an Tavidan acileba, rac diskomforts iwvevs: magaliTad, mofxana an pozis, adgilsamyofelis Secvla;

16. dasveneba da Zili. daRlilobisas gaunZrevlobis, dasvenebisa da Zilisaken midrekileba;

17. mawanwaloba. gadaadgileba axal STabeWdilebaTa saZieblad;

18. primitiul midrekilebaTa jgufi, romelic emsaxureba iseT sxeulebriv saWiroebebs, rogoricaa xveleba, dacemineba, sunTqva, defakacia.114

pirveli da umTavresi, rac aseTi klasifikaciisas TvalSi sacemia motivTa klasifikaciis kriteriumebis SerCevis problemaa. marTebulad svams sakiTxs h. hekhauzeni: „ratomaa swored amdeni da ara naklebi an meti motivaciuri dispoziciebi? sakmaod bevri saerTo xom ar aqvT „daxmarebis Ziebas“ (11) da „damorCilebas“ (9)? xom araa „mawanwalobisaken miswrafeba“ (17) „cnobismoyvareobis“ (5) erT-erTi gamovlineba?115 Tu am TvalsazrisiT davukvirdebiT mocemul klasifikacias, davinaxavT, rom igi xelovnuradaa gazrdili. sruliad SesaZlebelia, magaliTad, sakvebis mopovebisaken swrafva (1) SiSis instinqtiT (4) iyos nakarnaxebi; anda urTierTobis (7) erT-erT gamovlinebad SeiZleba mogvevlinos TviTdamtkiceba (8) da a.S.

mak-daugolis klasifikaciis Sesaxeb d. uznaZe SeniSnavs: _ `sakmarisia Tvali gadavavloT am klasifikacias, raTa im wamsve SevamCnioT, rom aq zogi ram instinqtad aris dasaxelebuli, rac araviTar SemTxvevaSi instinqts ar warmoadgens da zogi ram _ emociad, rac emociad ar CaiTvleba. es imiT aixsneba, rom mak-daugolis klasifikacias TviTon amosavali punqti aqvs mcdari. sruliad Seuwynarebelia, adamianis emociuri cxovreba, rac egoden mWidrodaa mis socialur ganviTrebasTan dakavSirebuli, instinqtebze iqnes dayvanili da misi ganviTarebis yoveli SesaZlebloba sruliad uaryofili iqnes. mak-daugolis am Sexedulebis mixedviT gamodis, TiTqos adamianis emociebi, misi instinqtebis msgavsad, erTxel da samudamod iyos mocemuli da maTi Secvla SeuZlebeli iyos.~116

114 ix. Хайнц Хекхаузен, cit. dasax. naS. mix. gv. 124-125. 115 ix. iqve, gv. 124. 116 uznaZe d. dasax. naSr., gv. 133.

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g) motivTa klasifikacia pirovnebisa da garemos urTierTobaTa safuZvelze: henri a. miurei

sityva „instinqti“ me-20 saukunis 30-iani wlebidan aRar

gamoiyeneboda motivaciuri dispoziciebis aRsaniSnavad. misi adgili daikava miswrafebisa da moTxovnilebis cnebebma. magram mak-daugolis mier SemoTavazebuli da ketelis katalogis faqtoruli analizis daxmarebiT miRebuli instinqtTa nusxis gverdiT gakeTda kidev erTi seriozuli da motivTa ganzomilebasTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli maTi klasifikaciis mcdeloba. esaa miureis mier SemoTavazebuli moTxovnilebaTa (needs) nusxa. miureis naSromi „pirovnebis gamokvleva“ warmoadgens rigi seriozuli mimarTulebebis gadakveTis wertils, riTac viTardeboda motivaciis fsiqologia, saxeldobr, mimarTulebebi, romelic saTaves iRebs mak-daugolis, froidisa da levinisagan. mis SemoqmedebaSi subieqti gagebulia rogorc aqtiuri organizmi, romelic ara mxolod reagirebs situaciis zewolaze, aramed aqtiurad eZebs an qmnis kidevac mas. magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi igi, moqmedebs ra Sesabamisi saxiT, iTvisebs aqtualuri situaciis Secvlis SesaZlebel Sedegebs sakuTari moTxovnilebebis prizmis gavliT.117

organizmi (pirovneba) da aTvisebuli situacia qmnis urTierTmoqmedebis erTeuls urTierTganpirobebulobis TvalsazrisiT. centralur urTierTTmimarTebiT cnebebad gvevlineba moTxovnileba (need) pirovnebis mxridan da zegavlena (press) situaciis mxridan. moTxovnileba da zegavlena uSualo dakvirvebas ar eqvemdebareba, isini miRebuli unda iqnes daskvniT; eseni aRwerilobiTi cnebebi ki araa, aramed hipoTeturi konstruqtebia. „moTxovnilebis“ cnebis Sinaarsi (igi sxvaTaSoris araa gancalkevebuli miswrafebis cnebisagan) ganisazRvreba „pirovneba-garemos“ urTierTobis sasurveli miznobrivi mdgomareobiT, xolo „zegavlena“ _ situaciis miznobrivi mdgomareobidan, romelzec SeiZleba imedis damyareba an romelsac unda veridoT. moTxovnileba da zegavlena Sinaarsobrivad erTmaneTs Seesabameba: zegavlena aqtualurs xdis Sesabamis moTxovnilebas, xolo moTxovnileba eZebs Sesabamis situacias. moTxovnilebasa da situacias Soris urTierTqmedebas, maT Sinaarsobriv Sejvarebas Tema (thema) ewodeba (aqedan _ Tematuri aperceptuli testi). swored Temaa aqtiurobis nakadis namdvili erTeuli. yoveli epizodi xasiaTdeba TemiT, moqmedebaTa mizanmimarTuli TanmimdevrulobiT.118

117 ix. Хайнц Хекхаузен, dasax. naS., gv.126. 118 ix. iqve, gv. 127.

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miureis mier SemoTavazebuli fsiqogenur moTxovnilebaTa nusxa laTinuri anbanis mixedviT Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:

1. Abasement damcireba; 2. Achievemant miRweva; 3. Affiliation afilacia; 4. Aggression agresia; 5. Aautonomy damoukidebloba; 6. Counteraction winaaRmdegoba; 7. Deference pativiscema; 8. Defendance dacva; 9. Dominance dominireba; 10. Exhibition yuradRebis mipyroba vinmesgan; 11. Harmavoidance zianisaTvis Tavis arideba; 12. Infavoidance warumateblobisaTvis Tavis

arideba; 13. Nurturance mfarveloba; 14. Order wesrigi; 15. Play TamaSi; 16. Rejection miuRebloba; 17. Sentience gaazreba; 18. Sex seqsualuri urTierTobebi; 19. Succorance daxmarebis (damokidebulebis)

Zebna; 20. Understanding gageba. „moTxovnilebis“ cnebas miurei iyenebs rogorc

dispoziciuri, ise funqciuri cvlilebis TvalTaxedviT. rogorc motivaciuri dispoziciebi „moTxovnilebebis“ klasifikacia SeiZleba sxvadasxva safeZvelze. pirvel rigSi, SeiZleba gamoiyos pirveladi (viscenogenuri) moTxovnilebani da meoradi (fsiqogenuri) moTxovnilebani. pirveladi moTxovnilebani meoradisagan gansxvavebiT efuZneba organul procesebs da warmoiSoba an ciklurad (sakvebi) an regulaciis aucileblobasTan dakavSirebiT (sicivisaTvis Tavis arideba). meore rigSi, moTxovnilebani SeiZleba daiyos pozitiurad (Zieba) da negatiurad (Tavis arideba), aSkarad da latenturad. aSkara moTxovnilebani Tavisuflad da obieqturad mJRavndeba garegnul qcevaSi, latenturi ki mJRavndeba saTamaSo moqmedebebSi (naxevrad obieqturad) an fantaziebSi (subieqturad). garkveul situaciebSi calkeuli moTxovnilebani SeiZleba gaerTiandes qcevis motivaciaSi an konfliqti warmoiSvas maT Soris anda erTmaneTs daeqvemdebaros da a.S.“119

119 Хайнц Хекхаузен, cit. dasax. naS. mix. gv. 128.

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d) motivTa klasifikaciis ierarqiuli modeli: abraham maslou

meore msoflio omis Semdeg evropuli

egzistencializmis gavleniT Camoyalibda humanisturi fsiqologia anu personologiis mesame da yvelaze axali mimarTuleba. am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi sakuTar Tavs „mesame Zalad“ miiCneven, romelic iswrafvis gaTavisufldes wminda bihevioristuli an fsiqoanalitikuri calmxrivi midgomisagan da pirovnebis Seswavlis centrSi daayenos RirebulebiTi orientaciisa da cxovrebis azris sakiTxebi. am mimarTulebis mamamTavari abraham horald maslou (1908_1970) motivaciaze saubrisas aRniSnavda, rom adamianis yvela moTxovnileba Tandayolilia da isini organizebulia prioritetis anu dominirebis ierarqiul sistemaSi. moTxovnilebaTa ierarqiis aRniSnuli koncefcia adamianis motivaciaSi gulisxmobs imas, rom pirvel adgilze moTavsebuli dominirebuli moTxovnileba, ase Tu ise dakmayofilebuli unda iyos, vidre adamiani SeZlebs gaacnobieros Semdgomi moTxovnileba da am ukanaskneli moTxovnilebiT iqneba motivirebuli.120

abraham maslous mier warmodgenili modeli yvelaze srulad Camoyalibebulia wignSi „motivacia da pirovneba.“ igi winaaRmdegi iyo motivTa klasifikaciis, ramdenadac, misi, azriT, miswrafebaTa da moTxovnilebaTa CamoTvla Teoriuli mimarTebiT unayofoa. miuxedavad amisa, man Seqmna motivTa sakuTari klasifikacia. motivTa ierarqiaSi yvelaze dabal safexurze myof pirvelad moTxovnilebas mosdevs ufro maRali, meore donis moTxovnileba da a.S.:

1. fiziologiuri moTxovnilebani (physiological needs):

SimSili, wyurvili, seqsualuroba a.S.; 2. usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebani (safety needs): tkivilisagan,

SiSisagan, risxvisagan, mouwyoblobisagan dacva; 3. socialuri urTierTobebis anu mikuTvnebisa (wevrobis)

da siyvarulis moTxovnilebani (needs for belongingnees and love): siyvarulis, sinazis, socialuri mierTebis, idenTifikaciis moTxovnilebebi;

4. TviTpativiscemis moTxovnilebani (esteem needs): miRwevis, aRiarebis, mowonebis moTxovnilebani;

5. TviTaqtualizaciis anu piradi srulyofis moTxovnilebani (self-actualization needs): sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da unaris realizacia; gagebisa da gaazrebis moTxovnileba. maslous mixedviT, magaliTad, TviTaqtualizacia

mxolod maSin SeiZleba gaxdes qcevis motivi, Tu danarCeni moTxovnilebani dakmayofilebulia. sxvadasxva ierarqiuli

120 ix. Хьел Л., Зиглер Д., dasax. naS., gv. 487-488.

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donis moTxovnilebaTa konfliqtisas imarjvebs qveda moTxovnileba.121 igi motivTa am ierarqiuli ganlagebidan uSvebda gamonakliss. magaliTad, arseboben adamianebi, romelTa faseulobani, idealebi imdenad Zlieria, rom isini mzad arian gadaitanon SimSili an wyurvili an mokvdnen, vidre uari ganacxadon maTze. amasTan, adamians zogjer SeuZlia sakuTari biografiis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare Seqmnas moTxovnilebaTa sakuTari ierarqia. magaliTad, adamianebs SeuZliaT ufro meti prioriteti mianiWon pativiscemis moTxovnilebas da ara siyvarulisa da mikuTvnebis moTxovnilebas. aseT adamianebs ufro ainteresebT prestiJi da samsaxurSi dawinaureba, vidre intimuri urTierTobani da ojaxi. ase rom, yoveli moTxovnileba mis SemdgomTan SedarebiT ufro Zlieri da prioritetulia.122

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom moTxovnilebani, romlebic Cndeba ierarqiaSi, warmoiSoba mudmivad. adamianebi ara ubralod ikmayofileben moTxovnilebebs erTmaneTis miyolebiT, aramed erTdroulad nawilobriv ikmayofileben da nawilobriv ar ikmayofileben maT. mniSvneloba ara aqvs adamianma moTxovnilebaTa Tu romel tips miaRwia: Tu SedarebiT winmdgomi moTxovnileba aRaraa dakmayofilebuli, adamiani daubrundeba mocemul dones da darCeba iq, manam es moTxovnilebani sakmarisad ar iqneba dakmayofilebuli.123

maslou motivTa sakuTar ierarqiul koncefcias umatebs da gamoyofs motivTa or globalur kategorias: pirveli, deficituri (deficiency needs) motivebi, romelsac igi saWiroebebs uwodebs. esaa dabali moTxovnilebani, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, SimSili, wyurvili da a.S.; meore, ganviTarebis motivebi, romelsac maslou ganviTarebis moTxovnilebebs (growth needs) uwodebs. aq igulisxmeba maRali moTxovnilebani. magaliTad, TviTaqtualizacia.

deficituri motivebisagan gansxvavebiT ganviTarebis motivebs (maT agreTve uwodeben metamoTxovnilebebs da yofierebiT motivebs) gaaCnia Soreuli miznebi, romelic dakavSirebulia Cveni potencialis aqtualurad gaxdis miswrafebasTan. ganviTarebis motivacia gulisxmobs Tvalsawieris gafarToebas. magaliTad, studenti, romelic irCevs organuli qimiis kurss mxolod imitom, rom gaifarToos sakuTari cnobiereba, umeteswilad, axdens yofierebiTi motivaciis demonstrirebas deficituri tipis motivaciasTan SedarebiT. ra Tqma unda, igi ar dainteresdeba organuli qimiiT, Tu kvdeba SimSiliT. maslou sabolood midis daskvnamde, rom ganviTarebis motivebi aqtualuri xdeba

121 ix. Хайнц Хекхаузен, dasax. naS. gv. 131. 122 ix. Хьел Л., Зиглер Д., dasax. naS., gv. 487-489. 123 ix. iqve, 489.

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ZiriTadad mas Semdeg, rac sakmarisi raodenobiT dakmayofilebulia deficituri motivebi.124

h. hekhauzenis azriT, maslous mier SemoTavazebul motivTa klasifikaciis popularoba misma gansakuTrebulobam moutana. `pirveli, maslou ganasxvavebs ara calkeul motivebs, aramed maT mTel jgufebs. meore, es jgufebi dalagebulia RirebulebaTa ierarqiis mixedviT pirovnebis ganviTarebaSi maTi rolis Sesabamisad. vidre moTxovnileba dakmayofilebuli araa, igi axdens moqmedebis gaaqtiurebas da gavlenas axdens masze. maslous klasifikaciis ZiriTadi idea aris motivTa aqtualizaciis SedarebiTi prioriteti (xazgasma Cemia _ i.d.), romlis Tanaxmadac, vidre gaaqtiurdeba da daiwyeba ufro maRali doneebis moTxovnilebaTa qcevis gamomJRavneba, unda dakmayofildes dabali donis moTxovnilebani.~125

$ 3. motivTa klasifikacia rusul da qarTul sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi

sabWoTa periodis sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi

motivTa klasifikacias qarTveli kriminalistebidan gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT exeba b. xaraziSvili. igi ganixilavs ra, e.w. `burJuaziul~ kriminalistTa naSromebs, midis daskvnamde, rom maT mier SemoTavazebul motivTa klasifikacias safuZvlad SefasebiTi kriteriumi udevs, romelic samarTlis an zneobis normebidan gamomdinareobs. amgvari kriteriumi SeiZleba iyos: normatiuli (feri), Rirebuleba (krausi) da sxv.126

b. xaraxiSvilis mosazrebiT sabWoTa iuridiul literaturaSi motivTa klasifikaciis sakiTxi pirvelad a. gercenzonma daayena.127 Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom a. gercenzonze adre, jer kidev gasuli saukunis 20-ian wlebSi sabWoTa iuridiul literaturaSi danaSaulis motivTa klasifikacia pirvalad g. feldSteinma scada.128

motivTa klasifikaciis problematikaSi b. xaraziSvili upiratesobas qcevis fsiqologiur arss aniWebs. `qcevis

124 ix. Хьел Л., Зиглер Д., dasax. naS., gv. 496-499. 125 Хайнц Хекхаузен, dasax. naS. gv. 130-131. 126 ix. Харазишвили Б. В. Вопросы мотива поведения преступника в советском праве. Гос. изд. «Цодна», Тб. 1963, с. 52-57. 127 ix. iqve, gv. 57. 128 ix. Фельдштейн Г. С. Уголовное право и психология. Роль мотива в уголовном праве. Право и жизнь, кн. 6, 1925, с.55.

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fsiqologiuri mxare sxva araferia Tu ara subieqtis garemosTan (sazogadoebasTan) konkretuli urTierTobebi. igi warmoadgens am realur fsiqikur urTierTobebSi gamoxatul niSanTa erTobliobas, romelic unda dadgindes, radgan SesaZlebeli gaxdes qcevis Sefaseba.~129

b. xaraziSvili sifrTxiles iCens da marTebulad aRniSnavs, rom ramdenadac SeuZlebelia yoveli mosalodneli qcevis gaTvaliswineba da mis kvalobaze motivTa saxeobrivi (xazgasma Cemia _ i.d.) klasifikacia, amdenad motivTa klasifikacias safuZvlad gvareobiTi niSani unda daedos.130

pirvel jgufSi (gvarSi) b. xaraziSvili aerTianebs ideur movlenebTan dakavSirebul nebelobiTi qcevis motivebs. am jgufis socialuri Sefasebisas igi gamodis adamianis qcevis klasobrivi arsidan, ris Sedegadac amgvari motivebi SeiZleba iyos amaRlebuli an misi sawinaaRmdego xasiaTis (magaliTad, klasobrivi siZulvili, kerZo sakuTrebisadmi simpatiis motivi da a.S.).131

ideur movlenebTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi iyofa saerTosocialur da pirad motivebad. saerTosocialuri motivebi dakavSirebulia ganyenebuli xasiaTis movlenebTan, magram zogjer movlenis formiT SeiZleba daemTxves pirad motivebs. magaliTad, eWvianoba, Suri da a.S. ufro zustad, SinaarsiT zogjer saerTosocialur xasiaTs atarebs. saerTosocialuri motivebi SeiZleba agreTve iyos: a) moralur-politikuri motivebi (klasobrivi interesebi, klasobrivi an rasobrivi siZulvili da a.S.); b) motivebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia esTetikur moTxovnilebebTan, interesebTan, midrekilebebTan da gemovnebasTan; g) religiuri mrwamsis motivebi da gvarovnul yofa-cxovrebis gadmonaSTebTan dakavSirebuli motivebi.132

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ideur movlenebTan dakavSirebuli motivebis qvejgufad b. xaraziSvili asaxelebs piradi xasiaTis motivebs, romelic SefasebiTi kategoriis ori sawinaaRmdego formiTaa warmodgenili: a) qvena motivebi: egoisturi xasiaTis motivebi (karierizmi, Suri, eWvi, SurisZieba, upativcemuloba, sixarbe da a.S.); angarebiTi motivebi; b) araqvena motivebi: araegoisturi motivebi, romelic gamoxatulia pirovnebis komunikatur TvisebebSi (momWirneoba, guluxvoba, sijiute, Tavmoyvareobis grZnoba, sizarmace, sibraluli da a.S.); ganwyobidan gamomdinare motivebi (siamovneba, usiamovneba, ukmayofileba, kmayofileba, sixaruli, wyena, sevda da a.S.); araangarebiTi materialuri dainteresebis motivebi (Semosavlis interesi da a.S.); afeqturi xasiaTis motivebi (Zlieri sulieri aRelveba, SiSi da a.S.); sxva interesebisa da moTxovnilebebis motivebi

129 Харазишвили Б. В. dasax. naS., gv. 58. 130 ix. iqve, gv. 58. 131 ix. iqve, gv. 59. 132 ix. iqve, gv. 59-60.

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(sportuli interesi, vitalur moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba, garkveuli moqmedebisaken daintereseba da a.S.).133

meore jgufi moicavs sagnobrvi xasiaTis motivebs (sagnebiT daintereseba). samwuxarod, b. xaraziSvili am jgufis motivTa gvarebiTi cnebis dasaxelebiT Semoifargleba.134

kriminalistTa da fsiqologTa umetesobis msgavsad mxolod motivis (da ara masTan erTad miznis) klasifikacias dawvrilebiT exeba b. volkovi. igi xedavs ra mocemuli problemis sirTules, marTebulad SeniSnavs, rom qcevis motivebi `erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba udidesi mravalferovnebiT, rogorc socialur-fsiqologiuri da sagnobrivi SinaarsiT, ise zneobriv-eTikuri da samarTlebrivi SefasebiT. gansxvavebulad gamoxataven pirovnebis socialur da biologiur sawyisebs da araerTgvarovan rols asruleben mis struqturaSi. gansxvavdebian isini pirovnebis qcevaze kauzaluri zemoqmedebis xarisxiTac. erTni gansxvavdebian didi cvalebadobiT, xolo meoreni _ naklebiT. yovelive es, erTi mxriv, sakmaod arTulebs motivTa klasifikacias da, meore mxriv, _ am problemis gadaWraSi gansxvavebuli urTierTsawinaaRmdego tendenciebis warmoSobis erT-erTi mizezTagania.~135

danaSaulis motivebi sakmaod mravalferovania, ris gamoc maT ar gaaCniaT erTgvarovani mniSvneloba. motivTa erTi nawili mniSvnelovan moralur aRSfoTebas iwvevs, xolo meore garkveulwilad misatevebels xdis qmedebis sazogadoebriv saSiSroebas, amsubuqebs brals da piris pasuxismgeblobas; maT SeiZleba hqondes uaRresad piradi xasiaTi, romelic egoizmisa da individualizmis gamovlinebis gansakuTrebuli formaa, anda ganisazRvreba piris klasobrivi mikuTvnebulobiT da a.S. am TvalsazrisiT motivTa klasifikacias aramarto SemecnebiTi, aramed udidesi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan igi saSualebas iZleva davakonkretoT danaSulobis mizezebi, samarTlianad SevufardoT msjavrdebuls sasjeli da misi moxdis Sesabamisi pirobebi, ganvsazRvroT Tu ramdenad mizanSewonilia motivis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ama Tu im muxlis dispoziciaSi Setana.136

b. volkovis azriT, motivTa klasifikacias safuZvlad maTi socialur-fsiqologiuri da zneobriv-eTikuri Sefaseba unda daedos, romlis kvlobazec gamoiyofa motivTa sami jgufi: 1) klasobrivi, ideur-politikuri xasiaTis motivebi; 2)

133 ix. Харазишвили Б. В. dasax. naS. gv. 62-63. 134 ix. iqve, gv. 63. 135 Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 34-35. 136 ix. Волков Б.С. Проблема воли и уголовная ответственность. Изд. Казанского университета, 1965, с. 95-96.

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qvena motivebi, romlebic egoizmis gamovlinebis sxvadasxva formebad gvevlineba; 3) qvena Sinaarsis armqone motivebi.137

pirveli jgufis motivebi gulisxmobs piris ganzraxvis klasobriv xasiaTs, mis damokidebulebas saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi wyobisadmi da a.S. motivTa meore jgufs ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, radgan isini mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli pirovnebasTan da iZleva misi individualur-fsiqologiuri Tvisebebisa da Taviseburebebis daxasiaTebas. aRniSnuli motivebi ufro xSirad pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebel garemoebebs warmoadgens. aseTebia, magaliTad, angareba, xulignuri zraxva, Suri, eWvi, pativmoyvareoba da sxv. araqvena Sinaarsis motivebi ki, marTalia, danaSaulis Cadenis mizezad ar gvevlineba, Tumca sapatioa an TviT dazaralebulis aramarTlzomieri moqmedebis gamo, an sxva piradi Tu obieqturi xasiaTis garemoebebis gamo. magaliTad, dazaralebulisadmi sibraluli, TanagrZnoba, gansakuTrebiT rTuli piradi Tu ojaxuri urTierTobebiT ganpirobebuli motivebi da a.S. aRniSnuli bunebis motivebi xSirad danaSaulis Semamsubuqebel garemoebebad gvevlineba.138

mesame jgufis motivebTan dakavSirebiT b. volokovis azri arasworia, TiTqos isini danaSaulis mizezebad ar gvevlineba an sapatioa. Tu romelime aRniSnul motivTagan danaSaulis mizezi araa an sapatioa, maSin danaSaulis motivze arc SeiZleba saubari. ufro marTebulia Tu vityviT, rom amgvari motivebi brals amsubuqebs, rasac iqve misi ufro damajerebel mosazrebaSi afiqsirebs: araqvena Sinaarsis `motivTa umetesoba miTiTebulia rsfsr sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 38-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul garemoebaTa ricxvSi, romlebic erTobliobaSi sxva pirobebTan erTad amsubuqebs sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas.~139

a. rarogi marTebulad edaveba b. volkovs motivTa klasifikaciis sakiTxSi. misi azriT, politikuri motivebis calke gamoyofis dasabuTeba problematuria, radgan isini ar SeiZleba mivakuTnoT arc qvena xasiaTis da arc qvena Sinaarss moklebul motivebs, rac araa gamarTlebuli.140

b. volkovi iZleva motivTa klasifikaciis sxva modelsac, romelsac sisxlissamarTlebrivi da kriminologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs. kerZod, aseT maklasificirebel niSnad gvevlineba garemoeba, romelic xazs usvams motivis pirovnebasTan, mis RirebulebiT orientaciasa da ganwyobasTan kavSirs. amasTan, yuradReba unda mieqces Semdegs: _ mamoZravebeli miswrafebani SemTxveviT warmoiSva Tu isini uSualodaa dakavSirebuli pirovnebis

137 ix. Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 38. 138 ix. iqve, gv. 38-39. 139 Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 39. 140 ix. Рарог А.И. Субъективная сторона и квалификация преступлений. М., 2001, с. 68.

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TaviseburebebTan, Sedis Tu ara mis struqturaSi. am safuZvlis mixedviT motivebi iyofa: mdgrad da situaciur motivebad. mdgradi motivebia, magaliTad, eWvianoba, angareba, Suri, SurisZiebis zogierTi saxe da a.S. rac Seexeba situaciur motivebs, aq gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba konkretul cxovrebiseul situacias. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia pirovnuli Taviseburebani. magaliTad, mZime Seuracxyofas SeuZlia Selaxos nebismieri adamianis pativi da Rirseba, magram yvela ar vardeba aseTi SemTxvevisas Zlieri sulieri aRelvebis mdgomareobaSi da ar Cadis danaSauls.141

rsfsr sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaze dayrdnobiT b. volkovi danaSulTa motivebs or jgufad yofs: 1) qvena motivebi da araqvena Sinaarsis motivebi. magaliTad, ssr kavSirisa da mokavSire respublikebis sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis 1958 wlis safeZvlebis 33-e muxli damamZimebel garemoebaTa ricxvSi asaxelebs angarebiT da sxva qvena grZnobebs; 2) piradi xasiaTis motivebi da yvela sxva motivebi, romelsac uaRresad piraduli azri da mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia. piradi xasiaTis motivebi adamianis metismetad individualur interesebsa da miswrafebebs gamoxatavs. sxva arapiradi xasiaTis motivebs, upirveles yovlisa, miekuTvneba yalbad gagebuli aucileblobis motivebi. ZiriTadad, esaa dawesebulebis, sawarmosa da organizaciis yalbad gagebuli interesebi (namdvili da moCvenebiTi). Tumca, `yalbad gagebuli aucileblobis motivebi ar iqneba marTebuli Tu mxolod dawesebulebis, sawarmosa da organizaciis yalbad gagebul interesebSi iqneba gaerTianebuli.~142

sxva motivebs miekuTvneba nebismieri motivi, romelic ar moicavs piradi gamorCenisa da piradi dakmayofilebis miswrafebas. amitom, yalbad gagebuli aucileblobis motivebiT Cadenil danaSaulTa subieqtebi SeiZleba iyvnen aramarto Tanamdebobis, aramed sxva pirebic. magaliTad, altruizmis motivebi, motivebi, romlebic warmoiSoba yalbad gagebuli sxva pirebisa Tu saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebisa da organizaciis interesTa dacvis safuZvelze. b. volkovi marTebulad miuTiTebs, rom es ukanaskneli motivebi, rogorc wesi, ar gamoricxavs qmedebis danaSaulobriobas, `magram Tu sisxlis samarTlis kanoni danaSulis Semadgenlobis aucilebel niSnad miuTiTebs angarebiT an sxva pirad dainteresebaze, angarebiT an pirad motivebze, maSin sxva motiviT Cadenilma qmedebam ar unda gamoiwvios sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba.~143

141 ix. Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 39. 142 iqve, gv. 40. 143 Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, c.41-42.

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rogorc ukve aRiniSna, sabWoTa iuridiul literaturaSi g. feldSteini pirveli iyo, vinc danaSaulis motivTa klasifikacia scada. misi azriT, adamianis moqmedebas SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos Semdegi motivebi: 1) ukiduresi saWiroebis motivebi, romelic moicavs SimSiliT, gaWirvebiT, muqariT, iZulebiT, aucilebeli mogeriebiT, ukiduresi aucileblobiT ganxorcielebul qmedebebs; 2) ucodinrobisa da Secdomis motivebi; 3) siamovnebis motivebi; 4) sqesobrivi grZnobebi; 5) aramaterialuri kmayofilebis miRebis miswrafeba; 5) siborotisa da SurisZiebis, risxvis, eWvianobis, angarebiTi motivebi; 6) altruizmis motivebi.144

motivTa klasifikacias exeba a. gercenzonic. igi gvTavazobs misi moRvaweobis dros moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT motivTa Semdeg klasifikacias: 1) kontrrevoluciuri motivebi; 2) qvena (sulmdabluri) motivebi; 3) motivebi, romelebic ganpirobebulia meryeobiTa da udisciplinobiT.145

p. dageli motivebs sam jgufad yofs: pirveli moicavs sazogadoebrivad saSiS motivebs: 1) antisaxelmwifoebrivi motivebi; 2) piradi qvena motivebi; 3) religiuri da crurwmenidan gamomdinare motivebi. aRniSnuli motivebis gaTvaliswineba xdeba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis gadawyvetisa da sasjelis daniSvnisas.

meore jgufs miekuTvneba sazogadoebrivad neitraluri motivebi, romelic moicavs iseT grZnobebs, rogoricaa dazaralebulis an sxva piris araswor qcevasTan dakavSirebuli wyena, sircxvili, qvena xasiaTs moklebuli gataceba, sibraluli da gulSematkivroba, qvena niSnebs moklebuli materialuri daintereseba. aRniSnuli motivebi gavlenas ar axdens sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisa da sasjelis gamoyenebis sakiTxis gadawyvetaze.

motivTa mesame jgufi sazogadoebrivad sasargebloa da SeiZleba maTi pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebel garemoebad gaTvaliswiveba.146

s. tararuxinis klasifikaciis mixedviT, danaSaulis motivebi unda davyoT sam jgufad: 1) piradi xasiaTis motivebi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, iyofa motivebad, romlebic warmoiSoba sagnobrivi xasiaTis motivebiTa da interesebiT da motivebad, romlebic gamowveulia emociuri gancdebiTa da mdgomareobiT da romelTac ar gaaCniaT sagnobrivi xasiaTi; 2) motivebi, romelTac ar gaaCnia piraduli azri, mniSvneloba

144 cit. ix: Волков Б.С. Проблема воли и уголовная ответственность. Изд. Казанского университета, 1965, с. 96: // Фельдштейн Г. С. Уголовное право и психология. Роль мотива в уголовном праве. Право и жизнь, кн. 6, 1925, с.55. 145 ix. Герцензон А.А. Уголовное право. Часть общая. М., 1948, с. 343. 146 ix. Дагель П.С. Проблема вины советском уголовном праве. Уч. зап. ДВУ, Владивасток, 1968, с. 163. Дагель П. С. Котов В. Д. Субъективная сторона преступления. Изд. Воронежского университета, 1974, с. 196.

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da araa dakavSirebuli sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasa da damnaSavis interesebTan; 3) situaciuri motivebi, romelic warmoiSoba, upirveles yovlisa, dazaralebulis marTlsawinaaRmdego qceviT da iZulebiTi xasiaTi aqvs.147

a. rarogis azriT, `mocemuli klasifikacia araa unaklo: pirveli, motivTa mesame jgufi SeuZlebelia gaimijnos pirveli orisgan, ramdenadac isinic da sxvebic SeiZleba aRmoCndes situaciuri. meore, motivTa dayofa piradulad da arapiradulad ewinaaRmdegeba danaSaulis motivis mecnierul gansazRvrebas, radganac motivi aris adamianis moTxovnilebiT gamowveuli biZgi, anu igi aris Rrmad individualuri, fsiqologiuri movlena. mesame, mocemul klasifikacias ar gaaCnia sisxlissamarTlebrivi mniSvneloba, ramdenadac ver gvixsnis danaSaulis motivis iuridiul mniSvnelobas.”148

danaSaulis miznis sisxlissamarTlebrivi klasifikaciisaTvis a. rarogi SesaZleblad miiCnevs imave kriteriumebis aRebas, romlebiTac SeiZleba motivTa klasifikacia: 1) qvena miznebi. magaliTad, sxva danaSaulis dafarvis an misi Cadenis gaadvilebis mizani, msxverplis sxeulis organos, organos nawilis an qsovilis gadanergvis an sxvagvarad gamoyenebis mizani, saxelmwifos dasustebis mizani da a.S.; 2) sxva miznebi, rodesac isini Setanilia konkretuli danaSaulis SemadgenlobaSi da ar miekuTvneba qvena xasiaTis miznebs, radgan kanonmdeblis mier isini ar ganixileba rogorc qmedebis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis amamaRlebeli, Tumca, SesaZlebelia am mizanTa jgufis saZraxisoba arsebiTad gansxvavdebodes.149 a. rarogi ar akonkretebs Sesabamisi magaliTebiT Tu ra saxis miznebs gulisxmobs. rCeba mxolod erTi varianti: albaT igi gulisxmobs iseT miznebs, romlebic ar amZimebs danaSauls an ar afuZnebs sxva tipis umarTlobas. mag: miTvisebis mizani qurdobisas (ssk-is 177-e muxli), Svilad ayvanis mizani arasrulwlovnis yidvisas (ssk-is 172-e muxli).

uaxles rusul sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi vxvdebiT motivebisa da miznebis or jgufad dayofas moraluri da samarTlebrivi Sefasebis safuZvelze: 1) qvena motivebi; 2) qvena Sinaarsis armqone motivebi.150

qvenaa iseTi motivebi da miznebi, romelTac kanonmdebeli ukavSirebs sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dadgenas an gamkacrebas. magaliTad, mZevlad

147 ix. Тарарухин С.А. Установление мотива и квалификация преступления. Киев, 1997, с. 22-24. 148 Рарог А.И. dasax. naSr., gv. 67. 149 ix. iqve, gv. 72. 150 ix. Курс уголовного права. Учебник для вузов. В пяти томах. Под редакцией проф. Н. Ф. Кузнецовой, доц. И.М. Тяжковой. Том 1, общая часть, учение о преступлении. Изд. «Зерцало-М», М., 2002, с. 347.

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xelSi Cagdeba ufro mkacrad isjeba Tu is angarebiTaa ganxorcielebuli (ruseTis ssk-is 206-e muxlis me-2 naw. “z” qvepunqti).

angarebiT motivsa da mizans kanonmdebeli qvena xasiaTis mqoned miiCnevs. magaliTad, Svilad ayvanis saidumloebis gaxmaureba mxolod maSin iwvevs sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas Tu angarebiT an sxva qvena grZnobiTaa Cadenili (ruseTis ssk-is 155-e muxli).

sxva qvena grZnobebs miekuTvneba erovnuli, rasobrivi, religiuri siZulvili, marTlmsajulebis ganmaxorcielebeli piris kanonieri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis xelSeSlis mizani (ruseTis ssk-is 295-e muxli), danaSaulis Cadenis mtkicebulebaTa xelovnurad Seqmnis mizani (ruseTis ssk-is 304-e muxli), xulignuri motivebi (ruseTis ssk-is 213-e muxli) da sxv.

araqvena Sinaarsis motivebi da miznebi ar amZimeben sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas. aseTebia, magaliTad, SiSis, saqmis yalbad gagebuli motivebi da a.S.151

151. ix: Курс уголовного права. Учебник для вузов. В пяти томах. Под редакцией проф. Н. Ф. Кузнецовой, доц. И.М. Тяжковой. Том 1, общая часть, учение о преступлении. Изд. «Зерцало-М», М., 2002, с. 347.

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$ 4. motivTa da mizanTa klasifikaciis kritika da sakiTxis gadaWra

mocemuli problemis garSemo fsiqologiur da

iuridiul literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi, rogorc davinaxiT, sakmaod mravalferovania, rac erTi umTavresi mizeziTaa ganpirobebuli: yoveli adamiani Tavisi biologiuri da fsiqologiuri TvisebebiT, socialuri statusiT da, rac mTavaria, samyaroSi mimdinare movlenebisa da procesebis sakuTari, ganumeorebeli individualuri aRqmiTa da mis Sesabamisad obieqturad realizebuli qceviT gamoirCeva. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom b. utevski motivTa klasifikaciis winaaRmdegi iyo. misi azriT, ar arsebobs motivTa stabiluri sistema da maTi praqtikuli daniSnuleba.152 Tumca, b. utevskis amgvari mosazreba am sakiTxisadmi zedapiruli midgomis Sedegia, romlis usafuZvlobaSic motivTa da mizanTa klasifikaciis mniSvnelobis qvemoT warmodgenili debulebebi dagvarwmunebs.

motivTa klasifikacias gverdi ver auara humanisturi fsiqologiis mamamTavarma da erT-erTma gamoCenilma fsiqologma Aabraham masloum. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi motivTa klasifikaciis winaaRmdegi iyo, man mainc SeZlo Camoeyalibebina prioritetul moTxovnilebaTa ierarqiuli modeli, romelsac dResac ar daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba. maslous kargad esmoda, rom adamianis qcevis fsiqologiuri axsnisaTvis erT-erTi seriozuli aspeqtia moTxovnilebaTa siZlieris xarisxis dadgena. vinaidan motivTa erT horizontalur sibrtyeze moTavseba sruli uazrobaa, radgan moTxovnilebaTa Tu interesTa brZola qcevis ganxorcielebisaTvis gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi zogjer warmoiSoba da imarjvebs is, romelic ufro aqtualuria konkretul viTarebaSi adamianisaTvis, amitom erTob aqtualuria motivTa rangireba. magaliTad, Zili yovelTvis pirveladia Tvalsawieris, codnis gaRrmavebasTan SedarebiT. maslous damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos is, rom motivTa saerTo ierarqiuli modelis Seqmnisas ar iviwyebs adamianTa gansxvavebul biologiur da fsiqologiur struqturas, maT araerTgvarovan damokidebulebas sxvadasxva moTxovnilebebisa da Rirebulebebisadmi da acxadebs, rom adamians zogjer sakuTari biografiidan gamomdinare SeuZlia Seqmnas moTxovnilebaTa sakuTari ierarqia.153 maSasadame, motivTa da mizanTa klasifikaciis mkacrad gansazRvruli modelis Seqmnis xelSemSlelma mizezebma ar unda daabrkolos mecnieri calkeul adamianebze dakvirvebiT gamonaxos maT mamoZravebel ZalaSi is saerTo niSani, rac

152 ix. Утевский Б. С. Вина в советском уголовном праве. Госюриздат, М., 1950, с. 155. 153 ix. Хьел Л., Зиглер Д., dasax. naS., gv. 487-489.

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safuZvlad daedeba motivTa da mizanTa garkveul jgufebad dalagebas.

zigmund froidis mier SemoTavazebuli motivTa klasifikacia, romelic sicocxlisa da sikvdilis instinqtebis or did jgufadaa warmodgenili, adamianis mamoZravebeli Zalis sakmaod SezRuduli axsnaa. Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi adamianis qcevis warmmarTvel wyarod mxolod aracnobieris dasaxeleba sakmaod didi xania uaryofili. amasTan, arsebobs situaciebi, rodesac adamianis qcevas arc sicocxlis da arc sikvdilis instinqti ar udevs safuZvlad. magaliTad, altruizmiT, tolerantobiT nakarnaxevi qceva, esTetikuri grZnobis dakmayofilebis survili da a.S.

rac Seexeba TvisebaTa Teoriis warmomadgenelTa (filip lerSi, mak-daugoli, henri a. miurei) naSromebSi mocemul motivTa klasifikaciebs, isini ufro moTxovnilebaTa da interesTa ubralo CamonaTvalia, vidre ama Tu im niSniT gaerTianebli motivTa jgufebi, radgan ar Cans is kriteriumi, romelic adamianis mamoZravebel ZalTa dayofas udevs safuZvlad. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, xSirad motivTa jgufebis xelovnurad gazrdasac aqvs adgili. magaliTad, mak-daugolis midrekilebaTa nusxa.

kriminalistTa naSomebSi motivTa jgufebad dayofisas TvalSi sacemia qmedebis socialuri Tu samarTlebrivi Sefasebis gavrceleba motivTa Sefasebazec. a. gercenzoni, rogorc davinaxeT, gamoyofs kontrrevoluciur motivebs. aRniSnuli motivebis calke gamoyofa saxelmwifo ideologiisaTvis xarkis gadaxda ufro iyo, vidre sakiTxisadmi mecnieruli midgoma. kontrrevoluciuri SeiZleba iyos qmedeba, danaSauli da ara motivi, radgan amgvari qmedeba (danaSauli) SeiZleba ganxorcieldes samSoblos siyvaruliT, arsebuli xelisuflebis siZulvilis gamo, angarebiT da a.S. motivTa nairgvarobis miuxedavad, danaSaulis samarTlebrivi Sefaseba igive rCeba. xelisuflebis Secvla gamoiwvevs revolucionerTa ganxorcielebul danaSulTa socialurad sasargeblo qmedebad Sefasebas, Tumca am qmedebaTa motivebi igive bunebis darCeba. es kritikuli SeniSvna exeba p. dagelis mosazrebasac, romelic calke gamoyofs antisaxelmwifoebriv motivebs.

g. feldSteinis mier mocemul motivTa klasifikacias, rogorc mas uwodebs b. volkovi, SeuZlebelia ewodos klsifikacia. jer erTi, ar Cans is kriteriumi, romelic safuZvlad udevs motivTa dayofas. meore, erTi da igive motivi sruliad SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva motivTa jgufSi moTavsdes. magaliTad, calke gamoyofili SurisZiebis an Tundac eWvianobis motivi SeiZleba iyos Secdomis safuZveli. da bolos, adamianis qcevas SeiZleba ganapirobebdes sul sxva motivebic. marTebulad SeniSnavs b. volkovi, rom `avtori iZleva sasamarTlo praqtikaSi gacilebiT xSirad Semxvedr danaSaulTa motivebs. maTi moraluri da samarTlebrivi

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Sefasebis miuxedavad, am klasifikacias praqtikuli mniSvneloba ara aqvs. amasTan, avtori dausabuTeblad miakuTvnebs motivebs iseT garemoebebs, rogoricaa risxva, ucodinroba da Secdoma. es niSnebi axasiaTebs pirovnebis mdgomareobas, magram ar xsnis, Tu ratom iqceva adamiani ase da ara sxvagvarad.~154

rac Seexeba b. volkovis mier SemoTavazebul motivTa klasifikacias, gansakuTrebiT sadavoa motivTa klasifikaciis is modeli, romelic iTvaliswinebs motivebis dayofas mdgrad da situaciurad. aq ufro marTebuli iqneba visaubroT pirovnebis Tvisebebze, romelsac sakuTari wvlili Seaqvs motivis formirebaSi. is, rasac b. volkovi mdgrad motivebs uwodebs SeiZleba gaxdes motivaciis erT-erTi faqtori. situaciur motivebTan dakavSirebiT b. volkovis motanili magaliTic adasturebs motivTa amgvari dayofis usafuZvlobas. Tuki mZime Seuracxyofa nebismier adamians ar ubiZgebs danaSaulis Cadenisaken, maSin es faqti pirdapir miuTiTebs imaze, rom qcevis ganxorcielebisaTvis obieqturTan erTad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba pirovnul Tvisebebs anu e.w. mdgrad motivebs. maSasadame, e.w. mdgrad motivebsa da situaciur motivebs Soris iseTi mimarTebaa, rogoric zogadsa da kerZos Soris. magaliTad, SurisZieba, romelsac b. volkovi mdgrad motivs uwodebs, relizebas manamde ver hpovebs anu motivi ver gaxdeba, vidre Sesabamisi situacia ar Seiqmneba.

rogorc ukve davinaxeT sabWoTa iuridiul literaturaSi b. xaraziSvili erTaderTi iyo vinc motivTa klasifikacias safuZvlad qcevis fsiqologiuri arsi daudo. sakiTxis amgvar gadawyvetas igi Semdegnairad xsnis: `nebelobiTi qcevis cnebaSi dauSvebelia SevitanoT samarTlisa da moralis normaTa niSnebi, radgan isini realurad dasaSvebia aseTi niSnebis gareSec.~155

b. xaraziSvilis mosazreba gakritikebulia b. volkovis mier: `nebelobiTi qceva yovelTvis determinirebulia sazogadoebrivi, socialur-ekonomikuri SinaarsiT. arsebiTad swored aqedan amodis avtori, rodesac uSualod gadadis motivTa klasifikaciaze... gamogonilia, upirveles yovlisa, motivTa gamijvna ideuri da sagnobrivi xasiaTis motivebad. nebismier motivs aqvs sagnobrivi xasiaTi imdenad, ramdenadac igi dakavSirebulia mizanTan. magaliTad, angareba warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac Cndeba materialuri gamorCenis, sargeblis miRebis miswrafeba... mocemuli klasifikaciis naklia agreTve is, rom masSi motivTa gverdiT dayenebulia pirovnebis Tvisebebi, xasiaTis Tvisebebi, magaliTad, momWirneoba, guluxvoba, sijiute, Zlieri sulieri aRelveba da a.S. es

154 Волков Б.С. Проблема воли и уголовная ответственность. Изд. Казанского университета, 1965, с. 96. 155 Харазишвили Б. В. Вопросы мотива поведения преступника в советском праве. Гос. изд. «Цодна», Тб., 1963, с. 51.

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garemoebebi axasiaTebs pirovnebis midrekilebebs da ara qcevis motivebs.~156

b. volkovis kritika mTlianad gasaziarebeli araa. upirveles yovlisa is, rom nebelobiTi qceva yovelTvis determinirebulia, amas TviT b. xaraziSvilic ver uaryofs: _ `ra Tqma unda, samarTlisa da moralis normebi aregulirebs adamianis qcevas. es normebi aiZulebs adamians Tavi Seikavos garkveuli qcevisagan an imoqmedos garkveuli saxiT. marTlac, TviT nebelobiTi qceva, rogorc aseTi, samarTlisa da moralis normebis gareSe aris dasrulebuli Sinaarsis gamomxatveli cnebebi, magram ramdenadac nebelobiTi qcevis Sinaarsi Cven unda veZeboT motivebsa da miznebSi, amdenad normis darRvevis gamomxatveli qceva moiTxovs normisa da qcevis urTierTmimarTebis, urTierTkavSiris Seswavlas... ueWvelia, rom sazogadoebaSi, sadac moqmedebs samarTlisa da moralis normebi, SeuZlebelia adamianis qcevis xasiaTis Sefaseba am normaTa gauTvaliswineblad. qceva dadebiT an uaryofiT Sefasebas iRebs imis mixedviT, Tu rogori moTxovnebi waeyeneba pirovnebas sazogadoebis ama Tu im ganviTarebis etapze. swored es garemoeba gvkarnaxobs adamianis qcevis motivTa klasifikaciis aucileblobas maTi gansxvavebis safuZvelze.~157

b. xaraziSvilis mosazrebas Tu kargad davukvirdebiT, gamovitanT daskvnas, rom motivis qcevisagan mowyvetiT Sefaseba SeuZlebelia. marTlac, cnobilia, rom motivi da mizani fsiqologiuri kategoriebia, xolo fsiqologia RirebulebiTi TvalsazrisiT yovelgvar Sefasebas moklebulia. marTebulad miuTiTebs g. naWyebia, rom `danaSauli, rogorc fsiqologiuri ganxorcielebis xerxi, sazogadoebrivad saSiSi, marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleulia. maSasadame, danaSaulis niSnebi miewereba ara qcevas fsiqologiuri gagebiT, aramed am qcevis ganxorcielebis xerxs. es bunebrivia, radgan normatiulad fasdeba ara qceva TavisTavad, aramed am qcevis ganxorcielebis xerxi...~158

motivTa klasifikacia qcevisagan mowyvetiT SeuZlebelia, radgan klasifikacias yovelTvis Tan axlavs Sefaseba. maSasadame, motivTa klasifikacia qcevis fsiqologiuri arsis safuZvelze niSnavs Semdegs: vinaidan motivi qcevisagan mowyvetiT ar arsebobs, (amas TviT b. xaraziSvilic aRiarebs: `ramdenadac motivebi ar arsebobs qcevis gareSe, amdenad motivTa klasifikaciaze saubrisas yovelTvis moviazreb Sesabamis qcevas.~159), maSin swored mxolod qcevis Sefasebis kvalobaze unda moxdes motivis

156 Волков Б.С. Проблема воли и уголовная ответственность. Изд. Казанского университета, 1965, с. 97-98. 157 Харазишвили Б. В. dasax. naS. gv. 51-52. 158 naWyebia g. brali, rogorc socialuri filosofiis kategoria. Tb., 2001, gv. 219-220. 159 Харазишвили Б. В. dasax. naS. gv. 58-59.

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Sefaseba. b. xaraziSvilic aseve iqceva, rodesac ideur movlenebTan dakavSirebul motivebSi dasaxelebulia moralur-politikuri motivebi, qvena da araqvena motivebi. sruliad naTelia, rom motivebisaTvis amgvari saxelebis darqmeva ukve imaze miuTiTebs, rom maT aseTi Sefaseba mieca sazogadoebaSi arsebuli samarTlebrivi Tu zneobrivi normebis safuZvelze Sefasebuli qcevebis Semdeg. magaliTad, iseTi moralur-politikuri motivis gansazRvrisaTvis rogoricaa rasobrivi siZulvili, rasakvirvelia, aucilebelia mivmarTod sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul im samarTlebriv normebsa Tu Sexedulebebs, romelic rasobrivi siZulvilis gansazRvris kriteriumebs adgens.

aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom marTlac xelovnuria motivTa dayofa ideuri da sagnobrivi xasiaTis motivebad. araa gamoricxuli ideur movlenebTan dakavSirebuli motivebi swored sagnebiT dainteresebam warmoSvas. magaliTad, ZviradRirebuli naxatis xilvam gamoricxuli araa warmoSvas esTetikuri da angarebiTi an sxva ideuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis survili da misi dakmayofilebisaTvis adamianma Caidinos qurdoba.

da bolos, miuRebelia motivebis gverdiT adamianis pirovnuli Tvisebebisa (magaliTad, momWirneoba, guluxvoba da sxv.) da emociis (magaliTad, Zlieri sulieri aRelveba) dayeneba, radgan isini TviTon ki ar gvevlinebian motivebad, aramed monawileobas iReben motivis CamoyalibebaSi.

motivTa da mizanTa klasifikaciisas mecnier-kriminalistma, upirveles yovlisa, aqcenti unda gaakeTos sisxlis samarTlisaTvis praqtikuli daniSnulebis mqone dajgufebaze. imdenad, ramdenadac qmedebis danaSaulad kvlifikaciisas yovelTvis adgili aqvs Cadenili qmedebis Sefasebas sisxlissamarTlebrivi, socialuri Tu zneobrivi normebis WrilSi, amitom motivTa da mizanTa klasifikacias (rogorc ukve aRiniSna qcevis Sefasebis Semdeg) safuZvlad unda daedos socialur-fsiqologiuri da zneobriv-samarTlebrivi kriteriumi.

sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis analiziT gamoirkva, rom TiTqmis ormocdaxuTamde danaSaulis Semadgenloba mizniT an motiviT determinirebulia. rac Seexeba sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawilis normebs, aq mxolod mizani gvevlineba ama Tu im normis gamoyenebis aucilebel pirobad. kerZod, es Seexeba marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel garemoebebs da zogierT bralis gamomricxvel garemoebas. marTalia, mizanze miTiTeba mxolod marTlzomieri riskis (ssk-is 31-e muxli) ganmartebisas gvxvdeba, magram marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomrixveli sxva garemoebebis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia Tu piri Sesabamisi miznis misaRwevad ar moqmedebda.

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yovelive amis Semdeg SesaZlebelia motivebi davyoT pirad da saerTo-socialur motivebad, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba iyos qvena xasiaTis da qvena xasiaTs moklebuli.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom fsiqologiurad yvela motivi piradia da motivebis pirad da saerTo-socialur motivebad dayofas safuZvlad is moTxovnileba an/da interesi udevs, romlis dasakmayofilebladac xorcieldeba nebelobiTi qceva.

piradi xasiaTis motivi SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad, siZulvili, angareba, eWvianoba, seqsualuri moTxovnileba, SiSi, TviTdamkvidreba da a.S.

saerTo-socialuri xasiaTis motivi SeiZleba iyos: altruizmi, yalbad gagebuli samsaxurebrivi an sazogadoebrivi interesi, Tavganwirva, patriotuli suliskveTeba da a.S.

motivTa ufro detaluri klasifikacia realurad SesaZlebelia, Tumca aseTi kvleva sqolastikuri xasiaTisaa. amasTan, gamoricxuli araa erTi da igive motivma Tavisuflad daimkvidros adgili rogorc piradi ise saerTo-socialuri xasiaTis motivTa jgufSi. magaliTad, religiur an politikur interesebTan dakavSirebuli motiviT adamianis moqmedeba savsebiT SesaZlebelia emsaxurebodes an piradi an sazogadoebrivi interesebis dakmayofilebas an orives erTad aRebuls. am ukanasknelis SesaZleblobis magaliTad gamodgeba Tundac qeTevan dedoflis wamebis istoriuli faqti. Tu ara RmerTisa da samSoblosadmi udidesi siyvaruli, qeTevan wamebuli ver gauZlebda aseT gamocdas. misi sxvagvari qceva SeewinaaRmdegeboda, erTi mxriv, mis Sinagan moTxovnilebebs, meore mxriv, sazogadoebis religiur da saxelmwifoebriv interesebs.

da bolos, motivTa da mizanTa klasifakacia SesaZlebelia imisdamixedviT Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs maT danaSaulis sami elementidan TiToeuli maTganisaTvis: 1) motivi da mizani, romelic danaSaulis Semadgenlobis tips afuZnebs. magaliTad, angareba an sxva qvena grZnoba gvevlineba ssk-is 174-e muxliT (bavSvis Secvla) gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis damafuZnebel motivad; miTvisebis mizani ganmsazRvrelia qurdobis (ssk-is 177-e muxli), Zarcvis (ssk-is 178-e muxli) da sxva Sesabamisi SemadgenlobebisaTvis; 2) marTlwinaaRmdegobis bunebidan gamomdinare, mis arseboba-ararsebobaze gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos mxolod mizanma. Tu pirma Tavdamsxmels esrola tyvia mokvlis mizniT, magram Tu es mizani sxva ufro mniSvnelovani miznis miRwevis saSualebaa anu samarTlebrivi sikeTis gadarCebis gzaze misi erT-erTi etapia, maSin qmedeba marTlzomierad fasdeba. ra Tqma unda, Tu aucilebeli mogeriebis marTlzomierebis yvela piroba daculia. aseT situaciaSi qcevis motivs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar eniWeba; 3) motivma da mizanma SesaZlebelia gavlena moaxdinos bralis Sinaarsa da

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xarisxze. cnobilia, rom qvena xasiaTis motivebma SesaZlebelia daamZimos brali. magaliTad, angareba an xulignuri qvena grZnoba mkvlelobis damamZimebel garemoebebad gvevlineba (ssk-is 109-e muxlis me-3 nawilis `g” da me-2 nawilis `g” qvepunqtebi). praqtikaSi gvxvdeba iseTi motivebic, romlebic brals amsubqebs. magaliTad, sibraluli mSieri bavSvebis mimarT, SeiZleba gaxdes Raribi mSoblisaTvis sakvebis qurdobis motivi. SesaZlebelia ama Tu im motivma brali saerTod gamoricxos. magaliTad, moCvenebiTi aucilebeli mogeriebisas SiSi, dabneuloba SeiZleba gaxdes Secdomis mizezi, rac sxva garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT brals gamoricxavs.

analogiuri gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia mizansac, oRond motivisagan gansxvavebiT mizani zogjer umarTlobis xarisxze moqmedebs, rac TavisTavad bralis xarisxzec axdens gavlenas. magaliTad, Tu mkvleloba Cadenilia sxva danaSaulis dafarvis an misi Cadenis gaadvilebis mizniT, maSin umarTlobasTan erTad bralic damZimebulia (ssk-is 109-e muxlis pirveli naw. `d” qvepunqti); Tu mkvleloba Cadenilia xelmyofis mogeriebis mizniT, magram Tavdacvis SerCeuli saSualeba metismetad Seusabamo aRmoCnda Tavdasxmis saSiSroebasa da intensiobasTan, gveqneba mkvlelobis privilegirebuli Semadgenloba (ssk-is 113-e muxli). maSasadame, martivi mkvlelobisagan gansxvavebiT brali aq Semsubuqebulia swored Tavdacvis mizniT moqmedebis gamo.

motivTa da mizanTa klasifikacia, upirveles yovlisa, saSualebas iZleva swori kvalifikacia mivceT ganxorcielebul qmedebas, radgan, rogorc davinaxeT, zogierTi danaSaulis Semadgenloba mizniT an motiviTaa gansazRvruli. magaliTad, Tu bavSvi Secvlilia ara angarebiT, aramed sxva qvena grZnobiT, aucilebelia vicodeT Tu romel motivebs aerTianebs cneba qvena, raTa danaSaulad davakvalificiroT bavSvis Secvla (ssk-is 174-e muxli). analogiuri situaciaa mizniT determinirebul deliqtebSic. meore, zneobriv-fsiqologiuri da samarTlebrivi kriteriumebis safuZvelze dajgufebuli motivebi da miznebi sasjelis samarTliani daniSvis saSualebas iZleva. sisxlis kanonmdeblobaSi danaSaulis SemadgenlobaTa umetesoba imgvaradaa konstruirebuli, rom motivs an mizans kvalifikaciisaTvis mniSvneloba ara aqvs, Tumca maTi gaTvaliswineba aucileblad unda moxdes sasjelis Sefardebisas. mesame, danaSaulobaTa Tavidan acilebis RonisZiebaTa dagegmvisa da dasabuTebulobisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs vicodeT, danaSulTa umetesoba Tu ra motivebiTa da miznebiT xorcieldeba.

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T a v i III motivisa da miznis sisxlissamarTlebrivi

Ffunqciebi

$ 1. danaSaulis motivi da mizani Zvel qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi

cnobilia, rom sisxlis samarTali yvelaze

represiuli dargia samarTlis sistemaSi. amasTan, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samarTlis arc erT dargSi ise mkveTrad ar gamoixateba eris kulturuli ganviTarebis done, rogorc sisxlis samarTalSi. sisxlis samarTlis kuTxiT ori kiTxvis dasmac ki sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom SevafasoT eris samarTlebrivi azrovneba. pirveli, vis ekisreba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba da, meore, rogor isjeba damnaSave.

Cvens yuradRebas pirveli kiTxva ipyrobs, radgan am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemiT dadgindeba Tu ra xarisxis yuradReba eTmoba subieqturi anu braleuli Seracxvis princips. qarTuli kulturis sasiqadulod unda iTqvas, rom Zvel qarTul sisxlis samarTalSic jerovani yuradReba eTmoboda brals sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisaTvis. amaze metyvelebs is, rom danaSaulis subieqti yovelTvis adamiani iyo160 da meore, _ danaSaulis simZimis gansazRvrisas mxedvelobaSi miiReboda bralis xarisxi.

bunebrivia, subieqturi Seracxvis principi TavisTavad moiazrebs damnaSavis motivisa da miznis gaTvaliswinebasac, romelic pirdapir kavSirSia bralis xarisxis gansazRvrasTan. marTalia, Zvel qarTul samarTlis wyaroebSi, umeteswilad, motivsa da mizanze pirdapir miTiTebas ver vxvdebiT, Tumca kanonTa teqstis analizi da terminebze dakvirveba saSualebas iZleva gamovkveToT motivTa da mizanTa saxeebi.

danaSaulis motivisa da miznis Sesaxeb, upirveles yovlisa, Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobs eqvTime mTawmindelis mier Targmnili, nawilobriv gadakeTebuli da ganmartebebiT TandarTuli ori bizantiuri Zegli _ meeqvse msoflio saeklesio krebis sjulis kanonis wesi da gangeba da ioane mmraxvelis „kanonni SecodebulTani.“

eqvTime mTawmindeli mkvlelobis ganxilvisas yuradRebas aqcevs danaSaulis subieqtur mxares, romlis

160 Zveli qarTuli sisxlis samarTali individualuri pasuxismgeblobis garda icnobda koleqtiur pasuxismgeblobasac. magaliTad, vaxtang VI samarTlis mixedviT ojaxs SeiZleba dakisreboda sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, erekle II mier gamocemuli dadgenilebiT _ naTesavebsa da sofels (dawv. ix: metreveli v. saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria. gamom. `meridiani,~ Tb., 2002, gv. 273-274).

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mixedviTac Cven SegviZlia vimsjeloT bralis xarisxebze. esenia: 1) „nebsiTi“ anu ganzraxi brali; 2) „uneblie“ anu gaufrTileblobiTi brali. nebsiTi anu ganzrasi brali, Tavis mxriv, or saxed SeiZleba davyoT:

a) savsebiT gamokveTili ganzraxva.161 am ganzraxviT Cadenili danaSaulis gamosaxatad zogjer sjulis kanoni xmarobs termins „gulis sityva,“ amitom aseT danaSaulebs SeiZleba vuwodoT gulzraxviTi deliqtebi anu gamizvniT Cadenili danaSaulebi;

b) ganzraxvasTan miaxloebuli brali. „uneblie“ moqmedebis gamosaxatad sjulis kanoni

xmarobs sityvas „iSobrivs“ da „faTeraks.“ Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom „faTeraki“ zogjer sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas gamoricxavda, amitom igi Tanamedrove gagebiT kazuss uTanabrdeba.162

rogorc al. vaCeiSvili SeniSnavs, meeqvse msoflio saeklesio krebis sjulis kanonis wesi da gangeba icnobs bralis rTul, ormag formasac. kerZod, Tu Cxubis dros piri aRgznebul mdgomareobaSi, „guliswyromisa“ da „sisastikis zegavleniT“ mkvlelobis ganzraxvis gareSe, sxeulis dazianebis an fizikuri tkivilis miyenebis mizniT meore pirs joxiT an mjiRiT scemda, rasac sikvdili mohyva.163

am magaliTs mosdevs „nebsiTi“ mkvleloba, romlis motivad SurisZiebaa dasaxelebuli. aq saubaria maxviliT mkvlelobaze.164

mcire sjulis kanoni icnobs angarebiTi motiviT Cadenil mkvlelobas: _ Tu avazakni (Tanamedrove terminiT yaCaRebi) kacs moklaven faseulobaTa dasaufleblad.165

amave kanonSi sayuradReboa mowamvliT kacis mokvlis SemTxvevebi, romelTagan meore magaliTSi mkvlelobis motivad dasaxelebulia siyvaruli: Tuki qali mamakacs sawamlavs siyvarulisaTvis, trfialebisaTvis mkvlelobis ganzraxviT Seasmevs, danaSauli mainc nebsiT mkvlelobas uTanabrdeba.166

rogorc aRiniSna, XI saukuneSi eqvTime mTawmindelma aseve Targmna ioane mmarxvelis nomokoni (ioane mmarxvelis „kanonni SecodebulTani“). kanonikuri samarTlis am ZeglSi interess ipyrobs is wesi, romliTac unda ixelmZRvanelos aRsarebis mimRebma moZRvarma, rodesac igi msjelobs sxvadasxva danaSaulTa (codvebis) mniSvnelobisa da simZimes 161 ix. metreveli v. saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria. gamom. `meridiani,~ Tb., 2002, gv. 280. 162 ix. vaCeiSvili al. narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan. tomi I, Tb., 1946, gv. 143. 163 ix. iqve, gv. 150. 164 mcire sjulis kanoni. gamosacemad moamzada elguja giunaSvilma, gamomcemloba `mecniereba,~ Tb., 1972, gv. 79. 165 ix. iqve, gv. 79. 166 ix. mcire sjulis kanoni. gamosacemad moamzada elguja giunaSvilma, gamomcemloba `mecniereba,~ Tb., 1972, gv. 80.

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Sesaxeb. aq sxva gasaTvaliswinebel garemoebebs Soris dasaxelebulia damnaSavis iseTi motivi, romelic patronis brZanebiTa da SiSiTaa gamowveuli.167 aseTi iZuleba, iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, pirs umsubuqebda an aTavisuflebda pasuxismgeblobisagan.168

eqvTime mTawmindeli „uneblie“ mkvlelobad Tvlida iseT SeTxvevebs, Tu maswavlebels mona an mowafe SoltiT Semoakvdeboda. aq xazgasmuladaa aRniSnuli, rom maswavlebels surda ara misi mokvla, uzomod cema, „aramed moqcevad misi uwesobisagan,“ rom igi cemda „gansawurTelad.“169 ra Tqma unda, aq naTelia maswavleblis mizani, romelic survils uTanabrdeba.

aseve angarebad unda miviCnioT “vercxlis-moyvareoba,” romelsac eqvTime mTawmindeli did yuradRebas uTmobs.170

angarebiT motivze miTiTebas aseve vxvdebiT giorgi V `ZeglisdebaSi,~ sadac me-12 muxlSi saubaria `mamulis ndomisaTvis~ mkvlelobaze. aseTi danaSaulic ganzrax danaSaulad iTvleboda.171 amave samarTlis 90-e muxli miuTiTebs bWis anu mosamarTlis mier qrTamis aRebaze, romlis motivad sixarbea dasaxelebuli. 94-e muxli awesebs pasuxismgeblobas valis gadauxdelobis gamo Cadenili mkvlelobis an janmrTelobis dazianebisaTvis. Tu am muxlis teqsts davukvirdebiT danaSaulis miznad SurisZieba unda miviCnioT, radgan danaSauli `SuRlis~ niadagze xorcieldeba.

aRbuRa aTabag-amirspasalaris samarTalSi angarebiTi motivi damamZimebel garemoebad iTvleba. kerZod, 93-e muxlSi naTqvamia: `... angareba ars ufrosi codva.~172

Zvel qarTul samarTalSi avazakobasTan erTad angarebiT Cadenil danaSaulad iTvleboda mekobreoba, ra drosac adgili hqonda adamianTa daxocvas.173 danaSaulis motivze miTiTebas vxvdebiT vaxtang VI kodikoSi, aseve beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis 168-e, 169-e muxlebSi da a.S.

subieqturi Seracxvis pricipTan mimarTebiT aRsaniSnavia vaxtang VI samarTlis wigni, danaSaulebi klasificirebulia or jgufad. ganzrax da ganzraxvis gareSe Cadenil danaSaulebad.174

167 ix. vaCeiSvili al. narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan. tomi I, Tb., 1946, gv. 158-159. 168 ix. javaxiSvili iv. Txzulebani Tormet tomad, tomi VII, Tb., 1984, gv. 201. 169 ix. javaxiSvili iv. dasax. naSr., gv. 198. 170 ix. korZaia-samadaSvili n. danaSaulis motivi vaxtang VI samarTlis mixedviT. Tsu Sromebi, t. 89, 1960, gv. 47-48. 171 ix. vaCeiSvili al. narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan. tomi I, Tb., 1946, gv. 174. 172 korZaia-samadaSvili n. dasax. naSr. gv. 48-49. 173 ix. 1) javaxiSvili iv. dasax. Tx., gv. 225; 2) metreveli v. dasax. naSr. gv. 315. 174 ix. vaCeiSvili al. narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan. tomi I, Tb., 1946, gv. 176.

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„vaxvang VI samarTalSi, _ wers n. korZaia-samadaSvili, _ erTi mxriv, moqmedebis motiviT wydeba sakiTxi ama Tu im qmedebis danaSaulebrivi xasiaTis Sesaxeb, xolo, meore mxriv, motivi gamodis damamZimebeli an Semamsubuqebeli garemoebis rolSi.“ 175

vaxtang VI samarTlis wignis 192-e muxlSi sabZlis, Tivis, venaxis Robis da a.S. nivTebisaTvis cecxlis wakidebis erT-erT mizezad asaxelebs „mtrobas“ (danaSaulis motivi), rac SurisZiebis mizniT Cadenil danaSaulze miuTiTebs. 193-e muxlSi kvalificiur mkvlelobadaa miCneuli mowamvliT mkvleloba, romlis motivebad dasaxelebulia „SuRli“ da „mtroba,“ xolo calkea gamoyofili „faTerakiT“ kacis mokvla.176

vaxtang VI samarTlis wigni mosamarTlis udides danaSaulad Tvlis qrTamis aRebas, rac mosamarTlis angarebiT moqmedebaze metyvelebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vaxtang meeqvsem kargad icis adamianis Sinagani buneba da amitom ganzraxvisa da ganzraxvis gareSe Cadenili danaSaulebis ganmartebiT ar kmayofildeba. igi mosamarTles mouwodebs gaiTvaliswinos danaSaulis Cadenis motivi, damnaSavis emociuri mdgomareoba da sxv. magaliTad, 42-e muxlis merve da mecxre punqtebiT qmars ufleba aqvs moklas moRalate coli danaSaulis adgilze. aseT viTarebaSi qmris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis erT-erT mizezad qmris sulieri mRelvareba, afeqti SeiZleba miviCnioT.

warmodgenili mcire istoriuli eqskursi motivisa da miznis Sesaxeb kidev erTi dasturia imisa, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs motivsa da mizans qmedebis danaSaulad kvalifikaciisaTvis imdenad, ramdenadac jer kidev im droSi, rodesac adamianis Sinagani buneba mecnierulad Seuswavleli iyo, kanonmdebels mainc kargad esmoda adamianis moqmedebis Sinagani, subieqturi faqtorebis roli samarTliani sasjelis gansazRvrisaTvis.

175 korZaia-samadaSvili n. dasax. naSr. gv. 43. 176 ix. vaCeiSvili al. narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan. tomi I, Tb., 1946, gv. 182.

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$ 2. umarTlobis subieqturi elementebi

naSromis am nawilSi gamokvleulia, SeiZleba iTqvas, qarTul sisxlissmarTlebriv literaturaSi naklebdamuSavebuli problema: motivisa da miznis roli umarTlobis dafuZnebisaTvis da maTi gavlena umarTlobis xarisxze.

sisxlissmarTlebriv literaturaSi motivsa da mizans ZiriTadad oTx funqcias miaweren.177 aseT funqciebad miuTiTeben: danaSaulebrivi qmedebis aradanaSaulebrivisagan gamijvna, danaSaulebis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna, danaSaulis kvalificiuri Semadgenlobis Seqmna, sasjelis damZimeba an Semsubuqeba.

b. xaraziSvilis azriT, sisxlissamarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT motivebi sam jgufad iyofa:

1) motivebi, romlebic danaSaulis SemadgenlobaSi aucilebeli niSnis saxiT Sedian;

2) motivebi, rogorc makvalificirebeli niSnebi; 3) pasuxismgeblobaze gavlenis mqone motivebi.178 motivsa da mizans sxva funqciebic gaaCnia, romlebic

aranakleb mniSvnelovania sisxlis samarTlisaTvis. am funqciebs TanmimdevrobiT ganvixilav naSromSi.

moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-7 muxlSi mocemulia danaSaulis samsafuxuriani sistema, romelic sisxlis samarTlis klasikuri skolis warmomadgenlebis mier iyo SemuSavebuli da maT pativsacemad list-belingis sistemasac uwodeben. danaSaulis samsafexuriani sistema danaSaulis formaluri gansazRvrebaa, radgan calke elementad gamoyofili ar aris sazogadoebrivi saSiSroeba. danaSaulis sistemaSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan funqcias asrulebs sisxlissmarTlebrivi umarTloba.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis dRidan politikuri gardaqmnebi, ra Tqma unda, samarTalsac Seexo, ramac bevri gaumarTlebeli cvlileba gamoiwvia. xSirad, aramecnieruli mosazrebebiT xmarebidan ganidevneboda mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi terminebi da debulebebi imis gamo, rom TiTqos mas burJuaziuli warmomavloba hqonda. amis Semdeg ki maT Sesaxeb saubars TiTqmis yvela erideboda. aseTi bedi ewia termins umarTloba, romelic germanul iuridiul

177 ix: 1) Рарог А.И. Субъективная сторона и квалификация преступлений. М., 2001, с. 72-73; 2) Уголовное право. Общая часть, изд. «Норма», авт. кол., М., 2001, с.207-208; 3) Курс уголовного права. Учебник для вузов. В пяти томах. Под редакцией проф. Н. Ф. Кузнецовой, доц. И.М. Тяжковой. Том 1, общая часть, учение о преступлении. Изд. «Зерцало-М», М., с.345-350; 4) Наумов А.В. Уголовное право. Общая часть, изд. «Бек», М.,1996, с.230-232; 5) sisxlis samarTalis zogadi nawili. avtorTa koleqtivi, redaqtorebi: g. tyeSeliaZe, g. naWyebia, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2004, gv. 138 da sxv. 178 ix. Харазишвили Б. В. Вопросы мотива поведения преступника в советском праве. Гос. изд. «Цодна», Тб. 1963, с. 71.

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literaturaSi Camoyalibda (Unrecht). revoluciamdel rusul iuridiul literaturaSi misi Sesatyvisi termini iyo Неправда, romlis nacvladac sabWoTa periodSi da axlandel rusul iuridiul literaturaSi ixmareba Противоправное деяние.

am terminis gauqmebis erT-erT mizezad o. gamyreliZe imiTac xsnis, rom „sabWour iuridiul litereturaSi gamoiyeneboda terminebi „marTlwinaaRmdegoba“ da „sisxlissamarTlebrivi marTlwinaaRmdegoba.“ ise gamodioda TiTqos samarTlis ramdeni dargicaa imdeni marTlwinaaRmdegobaa, rac arasworia, radgan saxelwifoSi erTi samarTali moqmedebs da amitom esa Tu is qmedeba ewinaaRmdegeba mTlianad samarTals. ufro marTebulia sisxlissamarTlebrivi marTlwinaaRmdegobis nacvlad vixmaroT termini sisxlissamarTlebrivi umarTloba.“179 am mosazrebas ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT, radgan SeuZlebelia samarTlis erTi dargis mier daSvebuli qmedeba, samarTlis sxva dargma akrZalos. es imitom, rom samarTlis yvela dargi mowodebulia saxelmwifoSi daamyaros erTiani marTlwesrigi. samarTlis sxvadasxva dargis arsebobis miuxedavad, samarTlis yoveli dargi samarTlis erTian sistemas Seadgens. logikuria Tu vityviT, rom samarTlis sxvadasxva dargTa erT sistemaSi arseboba SeuZlebeli iqneboda Tu samarTlis TiToeuli dargis normebi urTierTsawinaaRmdego debulebebs gaiTvaliswinebda. `sxvisi uflebebis iseTi xelyofa, romelic samoqalaqo an sajaro samarTlis normebis Tanaxmad, gamonaklisis saxiT nebadarTulia, aqedan gamomdinare marTlzomieric, am TvalsazrisiT, arc sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi unda Sefasdes marTlsawinaaRmdegod, aramarTlzomierad. AaseT SemTxvevaSi samarTlebrivi sistemis erTianobisa da urTierTSeTanxmebulobis principi moqmedebs.~180 maSasadame, samarTlis yvela dargi qveyanaSi marTlwesrgis SeqmnisaTvis adgens urTierTSeTanxmebul pirobebs, rac imas niSnavs, rom samarTlis erTi dargiT nebadarTuli qmedeba ar SeiZleba samarTlis sxva dargma akrZalos.

zemoaRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, umarTlobis problemis Sesaxeb qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi (maT Soris yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSic) mcireodeni naSromebia Seqmnili. gamorCeviT unda aRiniSnos o. gamyreliZis Rvawli am mxriv.

umarTloba danaSaulis pirveli ori elementis _ sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis anu viwrod gagebuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobisa da marTlwinaaRmdegobis erTobliobaa. umarTloba da marTlwinaaRmdegoba erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli terminebia: pirveli, marTlwinaaRmdegoba aris Tviseba, romelsac

179 gamyreliZe o. germanul-rusuli iuridiuli leqsikonis gamocemis gamo. Jurnali `macne,~ samarTlis seria, 1998, #1, gv. 31. 180 Wessels/Beulke. Strafrecht. Allgemeiner Teil. Die Straftat und ihr Aufbau. C . F . Müler Verlag Heidelberg, 2002, S. 91.

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sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba maSin iZens, rodesac igi ganxorcielebulia marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoebebis ar arsebobisas. meore, marTlwinaaRmdegobisagan gansxvavebiT umarTlobas gaaCnia xarisxi, anu umarTlobebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan simZimiT. marTebulad miuTiTebs o. gamyreliZe, rom umarTlobisagan gansxvavebiT marTlwinaaRmdegobis daxarisxeba mZimed da msubuqad ar SeiZleba, radgan SeuZlebelia erTi qmedeba naklebad ewinaaRmdegebodes, xolo meore qmedeba metad ewinaaRmdegebodes samarTals.181

kanonmdebeli zogjer qmedebis danaSaulebriobas, misi garkveuli motiviT an mizniT ganxorcielebas ukavSirebs, radgan qmedebis obieqturi TvalsazrisiT Sefaseba saSualebas ar gvaZlevs gavmijnoT danaSaulebrivi qmedeba aradanaSaulebrivisagan. motivsa da mizans umarTlobasTan mimarTebiT SeiZleba ori funqcia hqondes: an daafuZnos, e.i. Tvisobrivad gansazRvros umarTloba, an xarisxobrivad imoqmedos masze, e.i. daamZimos an Seamsubuqos.

motivma da mizanma sisxlis samarTalSi SeiZleba Semdegi funqciebi Seasrulos (naSromis am paragrafSi warmodgenili iqneba funqciebis mxolod nawili, xolo danarCeni funqciebi _ Semdgom paragrafebSi):

pirveli, motivma da mizanma SeiZleba daafuZnos umarTloba. me-20 saukunis daswyisidan germanul iuridiul literaturaSi daiwyo msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom xSirad qmedebis materialur marTlwinaaRmdegobas subieqturi elementi afuZnebs. „am movlenas, _ wers o. gamyreliZe, _ germaneli mecnierebi aRmoCenas (Entdekung) uwodeben. es aRmoCena ukavSirdeba germaneli civilistis h. fiSeris saxels, romelmac dasaxelebuli movlena SeniSna samoqalaqo samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi.“ kriminalistebidan es problema yvelaze safuZvlianad germanelma kriminalistma, neoklasikuri mimarTulebis warmomadgenelma edmund mecgerma daamuSava.182

miuxedavad naklovanebebisa, neoklasikuri mimarTulebis wingadadgmuli nabiji klasikur mimarTulebasTan SedarebiT udavoa. neoklasikosTa yvelaze didi Rirseba isaa, rom maT marTlwinaaRmdegoba obiqturTan erTad subieqtur kategoriad warmoadgines. maT SeZles daemtkicebinaT, rom zogjer qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba mxolod wminda kauzalur qmedebas ki ar ukavSirdeba, aramed damnaSavis subieqturi mimarTeba am qmedebisadmi, kerZod,

181 ix. gamyreliZe o. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba. zogadi nawili, pirveli wigni, saq. iusticiis saministros `saqarTvelos kanonTa wignisa da saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macnes~ redaqcia, Tb., 2005, gv. 84. 182 ix. gamyreliZe o. sisxlissamarTlebrivi umarTlobis problema da Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis safuZveli. gamom. `mecniereba,~ Tb., 1989, gv. 141-142.

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mizani afuZnebs ama Tu im tipis umarTlobas. rogorc marTebulad SeniSnavs g. naWyebia: „sisxlis samarTlis e.w. klasikur mimarTulebaSi neokantianelobisa da Rirebulebis Teoriis anu aqsiologiis ganviTarebis zegavleniT umarTlobaSi subieqtur elementad Setanili iqna mizani. cxadia, umarTlobis wminda obieqtur gagebasTan SedarebiT es faqti uaRresad mniSvnelovani nabiji gaxldaT, radgan am poziciidan obieqtivizmi nawilobriv mainc iqna daZleuli. subieqtis qcevaSi miznis dadgeniT marTlac xdeba SesaZlebeli qmedebis dadebiTi an uaryofiTi Sefaseba.“183

qarTveli kriminalistebidan T. wereTeli erT-erTi pirveli iyo, vinc obieqturi marTlwinaaRmdegobis damfuZnebel niSnad mizani daasaxela.184 ufro mogvianebiT T. wereTeli umarTlobis subieqtur elementebs SedarebiT dawvrilebiT Seexo da subieqtur elementebad daasaxela mizani, Secnobadoba da sxv.185 magaliTad, Tu nivTi marTlsawinaaRmdego misakuTrebis mizniT araa dauflebuli, qmedebas qurdobad ver davakvalificirebT; anda Tu falsifikacia (ssk-is 197-e muxli) angarebiTi motiviT araa ganxorcielebuli, maSin aseTi moqmedeba moklebulia danaSaulebriv xasiaTs.186

motivsa da mizans sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi SeuZlia „SemosazRvros“ pasuxismgeblobis farglebi. marTebulad miuTiTebs o. gamyreliZe, rom sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawilSi ganzraxi deliqtebis ori saxe ikveTeba: pirveli, _ rodesac deliqtis Cadena mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT SeiZleba. am saxis deliqti an mizniTaa determinirebuli (magaliTad, qurdoba (ssk-is 177-e muxli) an Tavisi bunebiT ama Tu im deliqtis ganxorcieleba mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT SeiZleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom mizani miTiTebuli ar aris. meore, _ Sereuli saxis deliqtebi, romelTa Cadena SeiZleba rogorc pirdapiri, ise arapirdapiri ganzraxviT (magaliTad, mkvleloba (ssk-is 108-e muxli). zogjer SesaZlebelia Sereul deliqtebSi kanonmdebelma gamoyos calke danaSaulis Semadgenloba miznis CarTviT, ris gamoc es deliqti mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes. magaliTad, mkvleloba msxverplis TxovniT (ssk-is 110-e muxli).187

183 naWyebia g. sisxlissamarTlebrivi urTierToba da danaSaulis cneba. (leqciebis kursi), Tb., 2002, gv. 122. 184 ix. Церетели Т.В. Причинная связь в уголовном праве. Гос. изд. «Юридической литератури», изд. второе, исправленное и дополненное, М., 1963, с. 196-197. 185 ix. Церетели Т.В. Основание уголовной ответственности и понятие преступления, «Правоведение», 1980, №8, с. 85. 186 ix: 1) sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni I, avtorTa koleqtivi, redaqtori prof. g. tyeSeliaZe, gamom. `meridiani,~ Tb., 2006, gv. 401; 2) wulaia z., sisxlis samarTali, kerZo nawili, meore tomi, gamom. `inteleqti,~ Tb., 2001, gv. 199-200. 187 ix. gamyreliZe o. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba. zogadi nawili, pirveli wigni, saq. iusticiis saministros `saqarTvelos

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meore, SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom moqmedebis mizanma sisxlis samarTlisaTvis araTu irelevanturad aqcios ganxorcilebuli qmedeba, aramed marTlzomieradac cnos. marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofis Tavidan acileba ver CaiTvleba aucilebel mogeriebad Tu sxva pirobebTan erTad ar arsebobs momgerieblis Tavdacvis mizani. „samarTliT daculi interesebis dacvis mizani aris aucilebeli mogeriebis konstruqciuli niSani, romelic mis ZiriTad arssa da Sinaarss gansazRvravs.~188 Secdomas uSvebs iqve b. volkovi, TiTqos savaldebulo ar iyos momgerieblis mier Tavdasxmis danaSaulebrivi (ufro sworia marTlsawinaaRmdego. SeniSvna Cemia._i.d.) xasiaTis gacnobiereba.189 Tuki momgeriebels xelyofis marTlwinaaRmdegoba gacnobierebuli ara aqvs, maSin samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis arc mizani da survili warmoiSoba. arc isaa swori TiTqos Tu momgeriebelma icis, rom fsiqikurad Seuracxi esxmis mas Tavs, man ki ar unda moigerios, aramed unda mimarTos sxva zomebs (gaiqces, saSvelad mouxmos sxvas).190 aucilebeli mogeriebis uflebis micemiT kanondebeli cdilbs marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofisagan daicvas samarTlebrivi sikeTe da amisaTvis nebismier situaciaSi mogeriebis marTlzomierebis Tanabar pirobebs ayenebs.

marTali araa b. volkovi, rodesac akritikebs T. SavguliZes da mis sawinaaRmdegod acxadebs, rom aucilebeli mogeriebis marTlzomierebisaTvis savaldebuloa socialur-eTikurad dadebiTi motivis arseboba.191 marTalia, motivi da mizani korelatiuri cnebebia anu yovel motivs Seesabameba misTvis damaxasiaTebeli qcevis mizani, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom zneobriv-samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT motivi da misi Sesabamisi mizani Tanabar Sefasebas imsaxurebs. sruliad SesaZlebelia sazogadoebrivad dasgmobi motiviT samarTlebrivad misaRebi mizani ganxorcieldes. magaliTad, a-m dainaxa, rom mis biZas anderZis werisas, romliTac mas biZis qoneba ergeboda, Tavs daesxa maniaki. a-m maniaki imitom moigeria, rom anderZis Sedgenis gareSe mas qoneba ar darCeboda. mocemuli fabulis mixedviT a-s moqmedebis motivi angarebiTia, magram mizani sicocxlis dacvaa, ris gamoc Cven ar SegviZlia a-s moqmedeba aucilebel mogeriebad ar CavTvaloT.

udavod sworia b. xaraziSvilis mosazreba, rom aucilebeli mogeriebisas mkvleloba aris dacvis miznis

kanonTa wignisa da saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macnes~ redaqcia, Tb., 2005, gv. 97-98. 188 Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 89. 189 ix. iqve, gv. 90. 190 ix. iqve, gv. 90. 191 ix. iqve, gv. 94.

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ganxorcielebis saSualeba.192 cnobilia, rom Tuki miRweuli mizani emsaxureba misi Semdgomi miznis miRwevas, maSin adreuli mizani momdevno miznis miRwevis saSualebad iqceva. es saSualebas gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom aucilebeli mogeriebis farglebis gadacilebiT mkvlelobisas, rodesac damnaSaves dacvis mizani amoZravebs, ikicxeba swored am konkretuli viTarebaSi dacvis miznis misaRwevad arasworad SerCeuli saSualebis gamo, radgan am saSualebam danaSaulebrivi Sedegi gamoiwvia.

samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis mizani marTlzomierebis erT-erT pirobad gvevlineba ukiduresi aucileblobis dros.193 aseve, damnaSavis Sepyroba mxolod maSin gamoricxavs qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobas, rodesac Sempyrobis mizani iyo damnaSavis xelisuflebis organoSi wardgena.194 b. volkovic aRiarebs, rom damnaSavis Sepyrobis marTlzomierebisaTvis aucilebelia yuradReba mieqces am uflebis ganmaxorcieleblis qmedebis miznobriv Sinaarss.195 kanonmdebeli pirdapir asaxelebs marTlzomieri riskis marTlzomierebis erT-erT pirobad sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo miznis miRwevas.

aucilebeli mogeriebis farglebisa da damnaSavis SepyrobisaTvis aucilebeli zomis gadacilebis sworad gansazRvrisaTvis mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs farglebis an zomis gadamcileblis motivis dadgena, rameTu SesaZelbelia motivze dakvirvebiT igi sruliad gaTavisufldes sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan bralis ar arsebobis gamo. magaliTad, SiSis, dabneulobis, mRelvarebis maRali xarisxi, ramac SeiZleba Seuracx mdgomareobaSi Caagdos adamiani.

mesame, motivi da mizani, romelic danaSaulis SemadgenlobaSi aucilebeli niSnis saxiTaa Setanili umarTlobis tipebis erTmaneTisagan gamijvnis saSualebas iZleva. marTebulad miuTiTebs o. gamyreliZe, rom umarTloba mxolod obieqturi niSnebisagan ar Sedgeba da iseTi subieqturi niSani, rogoricaa mizani saSualebas gvaZlevs erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT obieqturad msgavsi deliqtebi. swored mizani miuTiTebs imaze, rom obieqturad msgavsi qmedebebi sxvadasxva obieqtebs xelyofen. amitom zogierTi

192 ix. Харазишвили Б. В. dasax. naSr., gv. 86. 193 dawv. ix. futkaraZe e. ukiduresi aucilebloba qarTul da germanul sisxlis samarTalSi. sadisertacio naSromi iuridiul mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tb., 2003, gv. 55. 194 ix. SavguliZe T., surgulaZe l. sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis gamomricxveli garemoebani sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi, Tb., 1988, gv. 173. 195 ix. Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 96.

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subieqturi niSani mTlianad ar miekuTneba brals.196 magaliTad, Tu saqarTvelos dasustebis mizniTaa ganadgurebuli sawarmo, gveqneba sabotaJis SemadgenlobiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba (ssk-is 318-e muxlis me-2 nawili), xolo aseTi miznis gareSe qmedeba nivTis ganadgurebad dakvalificirdeba (ssk-is 187-e muxli); xulignuri qvena grZnobiT janmrTelobis msubuqi dazianeba dakvalificirdeba ssk-is 239-e muxliT (xulignoba) da ara ssk-is 120-e muxliT (janmrTelobis ganzrax msubuqi dazianeba) da a.S.

meoTxe, motivma da mizanma SeiZleba Seqmnas danaSaulis kvalificiuri Semadgenloba. ai, swored aq unda gairkves subieqturi mxaris romeli niSani gansazRvravs umarTlobis xarisxs. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, zogjer ufro TvalnaTliv mJRavndeba danaSaulis amsruleblisa da TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebiT, razec Semdgom paragrafSi gveqneba saubari.

umarTlobis simZime araa damokidebuli imaze, igi ganzraxaa Cadenili Tu gaufrTxileblobiT imdenad, ramdenadac ganzraxvam da gaufrTxileblobam SeiZleba daamZimos brali da ara umarTloba. sisxlissamarTlebriv litereturaSi gamoqmulia mcdari mosazreba, rom sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis (umarTlobis. _ SeniSvna Cemia. i.d.) xarisxze gavlenas axdens bralis xarisxi.197

T. SavguliZis azriT, sazogadoebrivi saSiSrobis xarisxi SeiZleba bralma gansazRvros. „ganzraxi mkvlelobis dros, _ wers igi, _ socialisturi sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi ufro met zians ganicdis, vidre, magaliTad, sicocxlis SemTxveviTi mospobis dros. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, qmedeba gacilebiT did reaqcias da did SeSfoTebas iwvevs sazogadoebaSi, saziano zegavlenas axdens sazogadoebis meryev elementebze, iwvevs saxelmwifos mxriv represiis gamoyenebis aucileblobas da a.S.“198

am mxriv, udavod marTalia o. gamyreliZis kritika T. SavguliZis mimarT. misi azriT, sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis (umarTlobis. _ SeniSvna Cemia. i.d.) xarisxze ar SeiZleba imoqmedos iseTma garemoebam, romelic mas ar afuZnebs.199 am sityvebs o. gamyreliZe im dros werda, rodesac mkvleloba ganzraxac SeiZleboda da gaufrTxileblobiTac. moqmed sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi ki, rogorc cnobilia,

196 . ix: Актуальные вопросы современного уголовного права, криминологии и уголовного процесса (второй советско-западногерманский коллоквиум). Гамкрелидзе О. К. К вопросу суъктивных признаках неправды. Изд. «Мецниереба», Тб., 1986, с. 120-121. 197 ix. Курс уголовного права. Учебник для вузов. В пяти томах. Под редакцией проф. Н. Ф. Кузнецовой, доц. И.М. Тяжковой. Том 1, общая часть, учение о преступлении. Изд. «Зерцало-М», М., 2002, с.154. 198 Шавгулидзе Т.Г. Необходимая оборона. Тб., 1966, с. 15. 199 ix. gamyreliZe o. sisxlissamarTlebrivi umarTlobis problema da Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis safuZveli. gamom. `mecniereba,~ Tb., 1989, gv. 160-161.

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terminologiuri cvlileba ganxorcielda da mkvleloba mxolod ganzraxi qmedebiT SeiZleba, xolo Tu gaufrTxileblobiT qmedebas adamianis sikvdili mohyva, maSin aseTi qmedeba sicocxlis mospobad fasdeba. Tumca, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsidan SeiZleba sxva magaliTac davasaxeloT, romlis safuZvelzec unda iTqvas, rom ganzraxva da gaufrTxilebloba umarTlobis xarisxze ver imoqmedebs. magaliTad, nivTi ganzrax iqneba ganadgurebuli Tu gaufrTxileblobiT, qmedebis socialuri saSiSroeba, umarTlobis xarisxi Tanabaria.

da bolos, Tuki ganzrax qmedebis ganxorcielebisas umarTloba ufro mZimea, vidre gaufrTxileblobisas, maSin am logikiT gamova, rom arabraleuli qmedebiT ganxorcielebul umarTlobas xarisxi saerTod ara aqvs.

gansxvavebuladaa sakiTxi mizanTan dakavSirebiT. Tuki mizani danaSaulis damamZimel garemoebadaa mocemuli, maSin umarTlobis xarisxTan erTad izrdeba bralis xarisxic. magaliTad, mkvleloba sxva danaSaulis dafarvis an misi Cadenis gaadvilebis mizniT.

miznisgan gansxvavebiT motivi umarTlobis xarisxze gavlenas ver moaxdens. umarTlobis xarisxze mxolod iseTi subieqturi niSani imoqmedebs, romelsac SeuZlia ufro meti ziani miayenos samarTliT dacul obieqts. magaliTad, winaswari SecnobiT orsuli qalis mkvlelobisas, winaswari Secnobadoba umarTlobas amZimebs, radgan qalis sicocxlesTan erTad xdeba nayofis xelyofa. anda, Tuki ori an meti piris mkvlelobis mizniT xdeba moqmedebis ganxorcieleba, maSinac umarTlobis xarisxi mZimdeba, radgan erTze meti sicocxlis xelyofa xdeba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom umarTlobis xarisxi, qmedebis saSiSroeba izrdeba iseTi obieqturi niSniTac, romelic qmedebas ufro aadvilebs an intensiurs xdis. magaliTad, jgufis mier Cadenili danaSauli.

rac Seexeba motivs, mas Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare ar SeuZlia umarTlobis xarisxze iqonios gavlena. motivi personaluri xasiaTisaa da mxolod bralis xarisxze axdens gavlenas. magaliTad, mkvleloba Cadenili angarebiT (ssk-is 109-e muxlis me-3 naw. `g” qvepunqti). swored amitomaa, rom TanamonawileobiT danaSaulis Cadenisas Tundac erT-erT amsrulebels an Tanamonawiles Secnobili hqondes romelime Tanamzraxvelis motivi, es faqti mainc ver imoqmedebs misi pasuxismgeblobis simZimeze. analogiuri azri aqvs gamoTqmuli o. gamyreliZes.200

mexuTe, sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaze dakvirvebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom motivisagan gansxvavebiT mizans unda mivaweroT privilegirebuli Semadgenlobis

200 Sead. gamyreliZe o. danaSaulis SualobiTi amsrulebloba da Tanaamsrulebloba. gamomcemloba `mecniereba,~ Tb. 1974, gv. 162.

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Seqmnis SesaZlebloba. magaliTad, ssk-is 110-e muxliT (mkvleloba msxverplis TxovniT) qmedebis kvalifikaciisaTvis, sxva pirobebTan erTad, aucilebelia damnaSaves hqondes momakvdavis Zlieri fizikuri tkivilisagan gaTavisuflebis mizani.

marTalia, motivi danaSaulis privilegirebul Semadgenlobas ar qmnis, Tumca, es imas ar niSnavs, rom bralis xarisxs ver Seamsubuqebs. zogjer miznis gansazRvrisa da ganxorcielebuli qmedebisaTvis Sesabamisi sisxlissamarTlebrivi kvalifikaciis ganxorcielebaSi did rols TamaSobs damnaSavis qcevis motivis dadgena. magaliTad, aucilebeli mogeriebis mdgomareobaSi myofma mkvlelobis martivi Semadgenloba ganaxorciela Tu aucilebeli mogeriebis farglebis gadacilebiT mkvleloba, romlis drosac damnaSaves unda amoZravebdes Tavdacvis mizani, uaRresad didi daxmarebis gaweva SeuZlia motivis gansazRvras. Tuki dadgindeba, rom aucilebeli mogeriebis farglebis gadacileba ganapiroba SiSma, dabneulobam an mRelvarebam, situaciis saerTo SefasebiT SesaZlebelia piri gaTavisufldes sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan bralis ar arsebobis gamo.

da bolos, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi 2007 wlis 4 ivliss me-15 muxlSi ganxorcielebul cvlilebamde miznis daudgenlobas SeiZleba gamoewvia erTi umarTlobis nacvlad ramodenime umarTlobis dafuZneba an piriqiT. saxeldobr, aq saubaria gangrZobadi danaSaulisa da araerTgzisi danaSaulis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna. miznis daudgenloba usamarTlod lmobieri an mZime sasjelis daniSvnis safuZveli iyo, radgan araerTgzisoba yovelTvis ori an meti danaSaulis arsebobas gulisxmobs da Sesabamisad sasjelic ufro mZime iniSneba gangrZobad danaSaulTan SedarebiT, Tu, ra Tqma unda, gangrZobadi danaSauli sxva damamZimebel garemoebaSi ar iyo Cadenili.

moqmedi ssk-is me-14 muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, „gangrZobadia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis erTi muxliT an muxlis nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli, romelic moicavs erTiani mizniTa da saerTo ganzraxviT Cadenil or an met qmedebas.“ rogorc irkveoda gangrZobadi da araerTgzisi danaSaulebi erTmaneTisgan subieqturi niSnebiT imijneboda. kerZod, gangrZobadi danaSaulisas obieqturad aRebuli calkeuli qmedebebi, araerTgzisi danaSaulisagan gansxvavebiT, erTiani mizniTa da ganzraxviT xorcieldeba. g. tyeSeliaZe gangrZobadi danaSaulis damaxasiTebel erT-erT niSnad erTian da ganuwyvetel brals asaxelebda.201

iuridiul literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom gangrZobadi danaSaulis calkeul obieqtur qmedebebs sxva

201 ix. tyeSeliaZe g. pasuxismgebloba danaSaulTa erTobliobisaTvis. gamomcemloba `mecniereba,~ Tb., 1965, gv. 32.

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niSnebTan erTad unda axasiaTebdes msgavsi motivebi da mizani.202 msgavs motivebze miTiTeba araa savaldebulo, radgan motivis cvalebadoba gavlenas ver moaxdens gangrZobadi danaSaulis bunebaze. sruliad SesaZlebelia, magaliTad, pirma avtomanqanis Zravis erTi nawili pirvel dRes materialuri dainteresebis motiviT miiTvisos, xolo meore dRes _ siyvarulis, SurisZiebis an megobrebSi „avtoritetis“ mopovebis motiviT.

ssk-is me-14 muxlis pirvel nawilSi gangrZobadi danaSaulis erT-erT niSnad mizania dasaxelebuli, amitom logikuria Tu vityviT, rom gangrZobadi danaSauli mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT xorcieldeba, radgan mizanze miTiTeba ganzraxvis umaRles saxes, pirdapir ganzraxvas gulisxmobs. am mxriv, marTebulad msjelobs g. mamulaSvili, rom gangrZobadi danaSaulis Semadgeneli yvela diskretuli aqti erTiani pirdapiri ganzraxviT xorcieldeba da erTi mizniskenaa mimarTuli.203

dReisaTvis gangrZobadi da araerTgzisi danaSaulebis mizniT gamijvnam dakarga aqtualoba, ramdenadac sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi 2007 wlis 4 ivliss me-15 muxlSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebiT araerTgzisobis erT-erTi winapiroba aris meore danaSaulis Cadena nasamarTlevi piris mier, ris gamoc praqtikuladac da Teoriuladac SeuZlebelia gangrZobad danaSauls hqondes adgili, rodesac piri mis mier Cadenili qmedebisaTvis nasamarTlevia da amis Semdeg kvlav axorcielebs igive danaSauls, romlisTvisac nasamarTlevia. aq erTian mizansa da saerTo ganzraxvaze yovelgvari saubaria zedmetia da aseT viTarebaSi yovelTvis adgili aqvs danaSaulis araerTgzisobas.

202 ix. Кудрявцев В.Н. Общая теория квалификации преступлений. Изд. «Юристь», М., 2001, с. 264. 203 ix. mamulaSvili g. erTiani danaSaulis cneba da formebi. avtoreferati iuridiul mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tb., 1994, gv. 15-17.

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$ 3. braleuli qmedebis motivirebulobis problema

qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba

sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas awesebs mxolod da mxolod danaSaulis CadenisaTvis. danaSaulis erT-erTi elementi ki bralia, romelic, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, ucilobliv gulisxmobs umarTlobis Camdenis gakicxvas misi Seracxaobis gaTvaliswinebiT. am sakiTxze g. tyeSeliaZe miuTiTebs, rom `bralis ZiriTadi funqciaa Sefaseba. esaa misi mTavari daniSnuleba, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom igi Tavisufalia aRwerilobiTi momentisagan, brali niSnavs gakicxvas, magram es gakicxva efuZneba fsiqikur damokidebulebas, motivebs.~204

amgvari gakicxva martooden mosamarTlis subieqtur Tvalsazriss ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed gakicxva kompleqsuri cnebaa, romelic obieqturi (e.i. umarTlobis) da subieqturi niSnebis, adamianis subieqturi Tvisebebisa da SesaZleblobebis Sefasebas gulisxmobs (magaliTad, asaki, fsiqikuri Seracxaoba da sxva iseTi garemoebebis araarseboba, romlebic gamoricxaven sxvagvarad qcevis SesaZleblobas). logikuria Tu vityviT, rom braleul moqmedebaze saubari mxolod maSin SeiZleba, rodesac adamians Tavisufali qcevis SesaZlebloba aqvs. aseTi qceva ki mxolod nebelobiTi moqmedebis drosaa SesaZlebeli.

vinaidan danaSauli nebelobiTi moqmedebaa, ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi is faqti, rom danaSaulis Cadenisas motivisa da miznis dadgena qmedebis danaSaulad swori kvalifikaciis aucilebeli winaprobaa.

motivisa da miznis erT-erTi funqcia isicaa, rom isini saSualebas iZleva sxva pirobebTan erTad davadginoT qmedeba ganzraxaa Cadenili Tu gaufrTxileblobiT. „motivi da mizani, _ wers b. volkovi, _ aramarto saSualebas iZleva davaxasiaTod damnaSavis fsiqikuri mdgomareoba danaSaulis Cadenisas, gamovavlinoT marTlsawinaaRmdego qcevis mizezebi, aramed marTebulad ganvsazRvroT bralis forma, damnaSavis sazogadoerivi saSiSroebis xarisxi.“205

motivi danaSaulis subieqturi mxaris sxva niSnebTan erTad bralis socialur safuZvels warmoadgens. mas bralis cnebaSi Seaqvs moralur-eTikuri Sefasebis momenti. erTi da imave pirobebSi sakuTari moqmedebis gacnobierebisa da marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis gaTvaliswinebisas brali SeiZleba iyos naklebi an mZime, Tuki araerTgvarovania motivi qvena xasiaTidan gamomdinare. motivi bralis xarisxze imis

204 tyeSeliaZe g. brali SefasebiTi cnebaa. saxelmwifosa da samarTlis aqtualuri problemebi (saiubileo krebuli miZRvnili Tsu iuridiuli fakultetis 80 wlisTavisadmi), Tsu gamomcemloba, Tb., 2003, gv. 326. 205 Волков Б.С. Проблема воли и уголовная ответственность. Изд. Казанского университета, 1965, с. 54.

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mixedviT axdens gavlenas, motivi qvena xasiaTisaa Tu aseT Sinaarss moklebuli.206

iuridiul literaturaSi dResac sadaod iTvleba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom SeiZleba Tu ara visaubroT arapirdapiri ganzraxviT da gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenil danaSaulebSi motivsa da mizanze. avtorTa erTi nawili marTebulad miuTiTebs, rom ramdenadac yvela danaSauli nebelobiTia, amdenad SeuZlebelia romelime danaSauli motivisa da miznis gareSe arsebobdes. mecnierTa meore nawili kategoriulad gamoricxavs motivisa da miznis arsebobas pirdapiri ganzraxviT Cadenil danaSaulTa garda. erT-erTi rusuli sisxlis samarTlis kursSi vkiTxulobT: „gacilebiT marTebulia im mecnierTa azri, romlis Tanaxmadac, gaufrTxileblobiT danaSaulebTan mimarTebiT SeiZleba visaubroT mxolod qcevis da ara danaSaulis motivsa da mizanze. amis sasargeblod metyvelebs is, rom kanondebeli motivsa da mizans ar miiCnevs gaufrTxileblobiT danaSaulTa Semadgenlobebis arc aucilebel da arc makvalificirebel niSnebad. amasTan, mizani, romelic sasurveli Sedegis Sesaxeb warmodgenaa, veranairad ver jdeba gaufrTxilebeli bralis farglebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom yoveli Seracxadi adamianis qceva motivirebuli da mizanmimarTulia, qcevis motivebi gaufrTxileblobisas ar gvevlineba danaSaulis motivebad, radgan, umeteswilad, danaSaulebrivad iTvleba ara qmedeba, aramed damdgari marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegi, romliskenac piri ara Tu ar iswrafoda, aramed arc ki uSvebda maTi dadgomis SesaZleblobas.“207

ufro adreul iuridiul literaturaSic vxvdebiT aseT mosazrebas, TiTqos gaufrTxileblobiTi bralisas motivi da mizani aris ara danaSulis, aramed qcevis niSnebi.208

msgavs azrs aviTarebs a. rarogic: „migvaCnia, rom mecnierebi, romlebic amtkiceben motivTa da mizanTa arsebobas gaufrTxileblobiT danaSaulebSi, uSveben am movlenebisadmi sisxlissamarTlebrivi da kriminologiuri midgomis erTmaneTSi aRrevas. kriminologias saqme aqvs adamianis qcevis sxvadasxva formebTan, romlebic ase Tu ise dakavSirebulia danaSaulTan. amitom sruliad bunebrivia, rom kriminologiuri analizis sagani SeiZleba iyos ara marto kriminaluri qcevis, aramed mis ganxorcielebamde Cadenili qcevis da postkriminaluri qcevis motivebic. ramdenadac sisxlis samarTali ikvlevs mxolod danaSaulebriv qcevas,

206 ix. Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 76. 207 Курс уголовного права. Учебник для вузов. В пяти томах. Под редакцией проф. Н. Ф. Кузнецовой, доц. И.М. Тяжковой. Том 1, общая часть, учение о преступлении. Изд. «Зерцало-М», М.,2002, с. 348-349. 208 ix: 1) Курс совотского уголовного права, (часть общая), т. 1, Л., Изд. ЛГУ,1968, с. 442; 2) Трайнин А.Н. соч., с. 221-222.

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amdenad im motivebidan, romlebmac gansazRvres ama Tu im piris socialurad mniSvnelovani qceva, sisxlis samarTlisaTvis mniSvnelovania mxolod isini, romlebmac ubiZges danaSaulis Cadenisaken da masSi gamovlindnen, e.i. danaSaulebrivi motivebi anu ufro zustad _ danaSaulis motivebi.“209

b. volkovi marTebulad ar iziarebs im mecnierTa mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac, motivi da mizani mxolod ganzraxi bralis niSnebia, rameTu gaufrTxileblobisas ar arsebobs damnaSavis mizanmimarTuleba da amavdroulad damnaSaves ar gaaCnia danaSaulis Cadenis ganzraxva. aseTi mtkiceba misi azriT: „aramarto ewinaaRmdegeba danaSaulis, rogorc nebelobiTi aqtis gagebas, aramed usagnod aqcevs sisxlis samarTlis kanons, romelic pasuxismgeblobas awesebs gaufrTxileblobiTi qmedebisaTvis. Tuki piris neba araa dakavSirebuli damdgar SedegebTan (xazgasma Cemia. _ i.d.), maSin aSkaraa, rom ar arsebobs safuZveli sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisaTvis. ganzraxi da gaufrTxileblobiTi danaSauli erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba ara motivirebuli moqmedebis arsebobiT an ararsebobiT (xazgasma Cemia. _ i.d.), aramed am moqmedebis SinaarsiT. kerZod, am moqmedebis gacnobierebis araerTgvarovani SinaarsiT (xazgasma Cemia. _ i.d.) da Sedegisadmi sxvadasxvagvari damokidebulebiT.~210

arapirdapiri ganzraxvisas motivi da mizani SeuZlebelia rom ar iyos. cnobilia, rom ganzraxvis erT-erTi komponenti marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebaa. maSasadame, piris motivis CamoyalibebaSi samarTlebrivi normis ignorireba arapirdapiri ganzraxviT danaSaulis motivaciis faqtoris saxiT moqmedebs, magram mizani, romelic damdgar danaSaulebriv Sedegs ar emTxveva, miiRweva iseTi saSualebiTa da xerxiT, romlis gamoyenebasac kauzaluri procesi ise SeuZlia waiyvanos, rom igi albaTobis maRali xarisxiT gamoiwvevs marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegs.

arapirdapiri ganzraxviTa da TviTimedovnebiT Cadenili qmdebebisas, danaSaulis nebelobiTi Sinaarsi mdgomareobs sxva miznebisaken mimarTul qmedebaSi. magaliTad, xalxmraval adgilze umisamarTo srolisas moqmedebis mizani, marTalia, ar aris konkretuli pirovnebis mokvla, magram damnaSve miznad isaxavs sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevas.211

Tuki arapirdapiri ganzraxvisas piri iswrafvis marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis dadgomis sawinaaRmdego miznis gansaxorcielebisaken, miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi Sedegi dadgeba, TviTimedovnebisas piris moqmedeba dasaxuli miznis

209 Рарог А.И. Субъективная сторона и квалификация преступлений. М., 2001, с. 62-63. 210 ix. Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 78. 211 ix. Волков Б.С. Проблема воли и уголовная ответственность. Изд. Казанского университета, 1965, с. 42.

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misaRwevad dakavSirebulia marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis acilebis mizanTan.

debuleba, rom yoveli danaSauli nebelobiTi xasiaTisaa, sakmarisi safuZveli unda gamxdariyo mecnierebisaTvis ekvliaT gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenil danaSaulebSi motivisa da miznis gamovlenis specifikur formebi da ar unda waremarTaT Tavisi kvlevebi motivisa da miznis uaryofisaken. gaufrTxileblobiT danaSaulebSi motivisa da miznis uaryofa dasmuli problemis zedapiruli ganxilvis Sedegi unda iyos. kerZod, aseTi azris ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo im faqtma, rom damnaSavis moqmedebis motivi ar kmayofildeba gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili danaSauliT gamowveuli SedegiT, rameTu moqmedebis mizani miuRweveli rCeba. magaliTad, a-s surs avadmyofis droulad miyvana saavadmyofoSi, ris gamoc avtomanqaniT moZraobis daSvebul siswrafes gadaaWarbebs da fexiT mosiarules daazianebs. aq motivma (magaliTad, dazaralebulis gardacvalebis SiSi) gamoiwvia disharmonia, romlis moxsnisTvis aucilebelia dazaralebulis saavadmyofoSi miyvana, romelic miznis (gadaarCinos adamiani) miRwevis saSualebad gvevlineba.

marTebulia b. volkovis mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac sisxlisamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba yovelTvis araa ganpirobebuli sasurveli sazogadoebrivad saSiSi Sedegis dadgomiT, romelic nebis uSualo gamoxatulebaa. aseTi Tanxvedra mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT Cadenil danaSaulebSi SeiZleba, sadac Sedegi moqmedebis mizania. arapirdapiri ganzraxviTa da gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenil danaSaulebSi Sedegi gvevlineba, ara rogorc moqmedebis mizani, aramed gverdiT, meorad Sedegad.212

v. mayaSvili danaSaulebrivi TviTimedovnebisas ar gamoricxavs qmedebis motivirebulobas da motivaciis process ase axasiaTebs: `danaSaulebrivi TviTimedovnebisas swored Sedegis ardadgomis Sesaxeb warmodgenas eZleva gadamwyveti mniSvneloba da iqceva im erT-erT motivad, romelic ganamtkicebs piris gadawyvetilebas imoqmedos dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad.~213

es mosazreba mcireoden Sesworebas moiTxovs. kerZod, Sedegis ardadgomis Sesaxeb warmodgena motivi ki ar aris TviTimedovnebisas, aramed motivaciis erT-erTi subieqturi faqtoria, romelic adamianis praqtikili moqmedebis gadawyvetilebas ganamtkicebs. gadawyvetilebis ganmtkicebis Sesaxeb TviT v. mayaSvilic miuTiTebs, magram am funqcias motivs miawers. am kuTxiT ki gamodis, rom motivs motivi ganamtkicebs. es ki fsiqologiurad SeuZlebelia, radgan erT moqmedebas mxolod erTi motivi SeiZleba daedos safuZvlad.

212 ix. Волков Б.С. Проблема воли и уголовная ответственность. Изд. Казанского университета, 1965, с. 39. 213 Макашвили В.Г. Уголовная ответственность за неосторожность. М., 1957, с. 38.

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TviTimedovnebisas, romelic windaxedulobis gacnobierebuli darRvevaa, sakuTari moqmedebis ganpirobebuloba ufro mkafiod gvevlineba. aseT danaSaulebSi motivi, ase vTqvaT, „uSvebs sakuTari Tavis SegrZnebas,“ xolo daudevrobisas unda gadawydes Semdegi sakiTxi: _ SeeZlo Tu ara pirs gaeTvaliswinebina sakuTari moqmedebis Sedegi. am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad aucilebelia vicodeT am piris qcevis motivi. magaliTad, daudevrad moqmedi meisris pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisaTvis aucilebelia dadgindes, riTi xelmZRvanelobda moqmedebis ganxorcielebisas da iyo Tu ara aseTi moqmedeba SeuTavsebeli masze dakisrebuli movaleobisadmi.214

motivisa da miznis arsebobas gaufrTxileblobiT danaSaulebSi arc ion leqSasi uaryofs: _ motivebi damnaSavis konkretul miznebs gansazRvraven rogorc ganzraxi, ise gaufrTxileblobiTi danaSaulisas. pirdapiri ganzraxvisagan gansxvavebiT, gaufrTxileblobisas damnaSaves ara aqvs ama Tu im danaSaulis Cadenis gacnobierebuli mizani. magaliTad, rkinigzis meisres CaeZina, rasac matareblis marcxi mohyva. misi mizani iyo Zilis dakmayofileba da ara xalxisTvis sicocxlis mospoba da rkinigzis transportis moZraobisTvis safrTxis Seqmna. am dros meisris mizani, romelic mimarTuli iyo Zilis dakmayofilebisaken, ganicdis mis mier Tavisi movaleobis gacnobierebis ukmarisobas (xazgasma Cemia. _ i.d.).215

marTebulia b. volkovis mosazreba, rom Tu meisrem gulmaviwyobis gamo ar gadawia isari, rasac matareblis marcxi mohyva, maSin aSkaraa, rom am Sedegis mizezi movaleobasTan SeuTavsebeli meisris nebelobiTi qceva iyo. maSasadame, gaufrTxileblobisas motivi da mizani antisazogadoebriv xasiaTs atarebs.216

gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili danaSaulis motivirebulobaze miuTiTebs b. utevskic: _ `yoveli qmedebis motiviT ganpirobebuloba exeba ara marto ganzrax qmedebebs (amitom arasworia motivis mxolod ganzraxvasTan dakavSirebis mcdelobebi), aramed gaufrTxileblobiT ganxorcielebul qmedebebsac.~217

analogiur mosazrebas gamoTqvams b. volkovi: „motivi nebis aucilebeli elementia; mis gareSe ar SeiZleba romelime adamianuri saqmianobis moazreba. gaufrTxileblobiTi danaSaulis motivirebulobis uaryofiT Cven mas varTmevT ZiriTad Tvisebas, romlis gareSec ar

214 ix. Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 79. 215 ix. Лекшас Ион. Вина как субъективная сторона преступного деяния. (Перевод с немецкого) М., 1958, с. 18-20. 216 ix. Волков Б.С. Проблема воли и уголовная ответственность. Изд. Казанского университета, 1965, с. 44. 217 Утевский Б.С. Вина в советском уголовном праве. М., 1950, с. 149.

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arsebobs arc gakicxva da arc sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba... ganzraxi moqmedebisagan gansxvavebiT daudevrobisas neba, rogorc mizani da motivi ar vrceldeba marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegebze. isini mocemulia iseT aqtebSi, romlebic SeuTavsebelia piris valdebulebebTan.~ magaliTad, rogor davadginoT eqimis braleuloba avadmyofisaTvis daxmarebis aRmouCenlobisas Tu ar davadgineT misi moqmedebis motivi.218

motivisa da miznis arsebobaze b. xaraziSvilic miuTiTebs ara marto arapirdapiri ganzraxvisas, aramed gaufrTileblobiT Cadenil danaSaulebSic, sadac motivi da mizani danaSaulis Semadgenlobis farglebs gareTa moxseniebuli, magram, misi azriT, es srulebiT ar miuTiTebs qmedebis aramotivirebulobaze. mas aseTi magaliTi mohyavs: `subieqti esvris xeze mjdom Cits, sadac imyofeba mebaRe. am dros piri usafuZvlod imedovnebs marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis acilebas. gasrolis Sedegad tyvia xvdeba mebaRes. mocemul magaliTSi subieqtis motivi aris sportuli interesi, xolo mizani _ Citis mokvla.~219

dasmuli problemis kvlevisas xelovnuradaa dapirispirebuli neba da moqmedeba, qceva da Sedegi. `piris qceva gaufrTxileblobisas, _ wers b. volkovi, _ romelic ewinaaRmdegeba masze dakisrebul movaleobebs, aris swored is nebelobiTi aqti, romelic gansazRvravs sazogadoebrivad saSiSi qmedebis mimarTulebas. Sedegi gaufrTxileblobisas aris ara safuZveli (xazgasma Cemia. _ i.d.), aramed sisxlissmarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis aucilebeli piroba. sisxlissmarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli aqac aris marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba, romlis arsi, rogorc zemoT iyo naCvenebi, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi SeuTavsebelia pirze dakisrebuli movaleobisadmi iyos frTxili, yuradRebiani, windaxeduli.~220

aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom iuridiul literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, gaufrTxileblobiTi danaSauli impulsuri qcevaa. kerZod, m. ugrexeliZe d. uznaZis Teoriaze dayrdnobiT gaufrTxileblobis impulsurobas imiT xsnis, rom gaufrTxilebloba ganwyobis doneze mimdinare fsiqikuri aqtivobaa da impulsuri qcevis msgavsad gaufrTxileblobisas adgili aqvs uyuradRebobas, ris gamoc „socialurad saziano

218 ix. Волков Б.С. Проблема воли и уголовная ответственность. Изд. Казанского университета, 1965, с. 91. 219 Харазишвили Б. В. Вопросы мотива поведения преступника в советском праве. Гос. изд. «Цодна», Тб. 1963, с. 88-91. 220 Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 79.

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Sedegebis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba gaufrTxileblobisTvis Sinaganadaa damaxasiaTebeli.“221

SeuZlebelia romelime kriminalistma raime argumenti moiyvanos imis sawinaaRmdegod, rom nebismieri danaSauli nebelobiTi xasiaTisaa. logikuria Tu vityviT, rom yoveli danaSauli motivirebuli da mizanmimarTulia. Tuki adamianis qcevis mizani da damdgari Sedegi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, es imas ki ar niSnavs, rom piris moqmedeba am SemTxvevaSi umotivoa da Sesabamisad umizno, aramed motivaciis struqturaSi unda veZeboT is mizezebi, ramac ganapiroba miznis ganuxorcielebloba. vTqvaT, studenti gamocdis win ramodenime sakiTxs ar swavlobs im imediT, rom mas es sakiTxebi ar Sexvdeba. moxda ise, rom students marTalac Seuswavleli sakiTxebi Sexvda da CaiWra. udavoa, rom gamocdaze CaWra misi TviTimedovnebis Sedegia. gana vinmes SeuZlia Tqvas, rom vinaidan Sedegi studentis gamiznuli moqmedebiT ar dadga, misi qceva araa motivirebuli? ra Tqma unda ara. adamianis nebelobiTi moqmedebis ganxorcielebaze gavlenas axdens subieqturi da obieqturi faqtorebi. „adamianis moqmedebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi, _ wers d. kiknaZe, _ iyofa or jgufad _ subieqturad da obieqturad. obieqtur faqtorebs miekuTvneba adamianis moqmedebis garemo da qceva, xolo subieqturs _ moTxovnilebani da mis safuZvelze warmoSobili interesebi, survilebi, miswrafebebi, miznebi, grZnobebi, motivebi, ganwyobebi da sxv.“222

m. ugrexeliZem sakuTari mosazreba gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili danaSaulis Sesaxeb sxva naSromSic gamoTqva: _ „daudevrobis Tavisebureba imiT gamoixateba, rom adamianis yuradRebis aqtivobas romelime garkveuli mimarTulebiT Tan axlavs damatebiT amave yuradRebis pasiuroba sxva romelime mimarTulebiT.“223

es ukanaskneli Sexeduleba naklebadaa dasabuTebuli. marTebulad SeniSnavs g. naWyebia, rom „Tu ganzraxvis fsiqologiuri buneba nebismieria, xolo gaufrTxileblobis _ impulsuri, mZime Sedegiani deliqtebis (sabWoTa ssk-is 110-e muxlis meore naw. (moqmedi ssk-is 117-e muxlis me-2, me-4, me-6 an me-8 naw. Camateba Cemia. _ i.d.) fsiqologiuri buneba erTdroulad nebismieric iqneba da impulsuric. magram d. uznaZis fsiqologiuri Teoriis safuZvelze, es imis mtkicebasac niSnavs, rom erTsa da imave subieqts erTdroulad SeuZlia Seqmnas rogorc nebismieri, ise

221 Угрехелидзе М.Г. К вопросу о психологической природе неосторожности. Jurnali `macne,~ filosofiis, fsiqologiis, ekonomikisa da samarTlis seria, 1972, #4, gv. 176. 222 Кикнадзе Д.А. Система факторов действия и развития личности. Изд. «сабчота сакартвело», Тб., 1982, с. 15. 223 ugrexeliZe m. daudevrobis dros moraluri bralis dasabuTebisaTvis, Jurnali `sabWoTa samarTali,~ 1975, #1, gv. 9.

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impulsuri qcevis ganwyoba. rogoraa es SesaZlebeli?~224 g. naWyebia gaufrTxileblobis socialur-fsiqologiur Sinaarss fiqsirebul ganwyobaSi xedavs, romelic arc nebismieria da arc impulsuri.225

Tuki adamianis dasaxuli mizani ver miiRweva da sxva Sedegi dadgeba, maSin adgili aqvs subieqtis Secdomas anu obieqturi faqtorebisaTvis arasaTanadod angariSis gawevas. ratom xdeba ise, rom kauzaluri procesi im gziT warimarTeba, romelic pirs ar unda? am SekiTxvaze pasuxi erTia: imitom, rom adamiani mcdarad aRiqvams gare samyaros im faqtorebs, romlebic monawileoben nebelobiTi qcevis ganxorcielebaSi. qcevis motivirebuloba ar niSnavs imas, rom adamianis moqmedebas yovelTvis unda mohyves is Sedegi, romelic pirs surs. adamianis moqmedeba, rom yovelTvis sasurveli SedegiT mTavrdebodes, maSin samyaro dabrkolebebis gareSe iarsebebda. magaliTad, a. oTaxSi anTebul sanTels datovebs da mis daudevrobas saxlis dawva mohyveba; anda moWidave daudevrad iqceoda da araswori poziciis gamo waagebs. aris Tu ara maTi moqmedebebi motivirebuli? ra Tqma unda aris, radgan adamians cxovelisagan gansxvavebiT aqvs cnobiereba, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs imoqmedos sxvagvarad anu imoqmedos ara ise, rogorc mas surs aramed ise, rogorc amas misi socialuri statusi, misi movaleoba moiTxovs. Tuki adamiani socialuri arsebacaa, amitom igi valdebulia angariSi gauwios sazogadoebaSi moqmed qcevis wesebs.

amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirdapiri ganzraxviT Cadenili danaSaulisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac danaSaulebrivi mizani eWvgareSea, arapirdapiri ganzraxviTa da gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili danaSaulebisas mizani zogadad marTalia ar aris danaSaulebrivi (amitomacaa, rom eventualuri ganxraxviT da gaufrTxileblobiT danaSaulis momzadeba da mcdeloba ar SeiZleba), magram SeuZlebelia motivaciis procesSi monawile yvela faqtori umniSvnelo iyos uaryofiTi Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT, radgan nebelobiT moqmedebaze gavlenis mqone obieqturi faqtorebi mcdaraada Sefasebuli da amis safuZvelze miznis misaRwevad SerCeuli moqmedebis xerxs da saSualebas mivyavarT danaSaulebriv Sedegamde. danaSaulebrivi Sedegi ki gamoavlens moqmedebis xerxisa da saSualebis miuReblobas samarTlisaTvis. swored, saTanado yuradRebis gamouCenlobis gamo ikicxeba piri arapirdapiri ganzraxviT da gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili danaSaulisTvis imdenad, ramdenadac motivaciis procesis obieqturi faqtorebisadmi uyuradRebo damokidebulebam gamoiwvia danaSaulerivi Sedegi (uyuradRebobis xarisxi

224 naWyebia g. nebisyofis Tavisuflebis problema sisxlis samarTalSi. sadisertaciao naSromi iuridiul mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tb., 1975, gv. 67. 225 ix. iqve, gv. 68-69.

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cvalebadobs anu matulobs arapirdapiri ganzraxvidan daudevrobisaken). Tuki es faqtorebi monawileoben motivaciis procesSi, maSasadame, motivis CamoyalibebaSi, maSin logikuria Tu vityviT, rom maT gamo motivic da mizanic auryofiT elfers iZens, radgan motivisa da miznis Sefaseba azrs iZens konkretuli droisa da adgilis mixedviT. gansaxilvel viTarebaSi ki motivi da mizani gakicxvis obieqti unda gaxdes, rameTu motivis dakmayofileba da miznis miRweva, konkretuli droisa da adgilis gaTvaliswinebiT, danaSaulebrivi xerxiTa da saSualebiT xdeba.

$ 4. danaSaulis stadiebis gammijnavi subieqturi kriteriumebi

qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobiT

pasuxismgebloba dawesebulia aramarto damTavrebuli, aramed daumTavrebeli danaSaulisaTvis. pasuximgeblobis individualizaciis principidan gamomdinare didi mniSvneloba eniWeba danaSaulis stadiebis zustad dadgenas, radgan danaSaulis momzadebisas samarTliT dacul obieqts jer kidev ar Seqmnia safrTxe danaSaulis mcdelobisagan gansxvavebiT, xolo danaSaulis mcdelobis dros ki jer kidev araa samarTliT daculi obieqti dazianebuli (viwro gagebiT), rogorc amas adgili aqvs damTavrebuli danaSaulisas. maSasadame, socialuri saSiSroebis TvalsazrisiT danaSaulis yoveli momdevno stadia ufro mZimea mis winamorbed stadiasTan SedarebiT.

danaSaulis stadiebis sworad dadgenas gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs maSin, Tu kanonmdebeli danaSaulis stadiebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis diferenciacias axdens. `pasuxismgeblobis individualizacia, _ wers g. naWyebia, _ praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Tu kanonmdebeli sisxlis samarTlis kanonSi ar gaiTvaliswinebda pasuxismgeblobis diferencirebul zomebs. amdenad, pasuxismgeblobis diferenciacia da individualizacia arsebiTad erTi principia, romelic mimarTulia kanonmdebelze, xolo sasjelis daniSvna, rogorc praqtikuli procesi, sisxlis samarTlis kanonis Sesabamisad xorcieldeba.~226

am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia ssk-is 56-e muxlis me-4 nawili, sadac gansxvavebul `saSeRavaTo~ pirobaa dadgenili im

226 naWyebia g. sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebis sagani. gamom. „meridiani,“ Tb., 1998, gv. 139.

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danaSaulTaTvis, romlebisTvisac sanqciiT dawesebulia uvado Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. kerZod, am saxis danaSaulTa momzadebisTvis an mcdelobisTvis uvado Tavisuflebis aRkveTa ar iniSneba.

rogorc vxedavT, danaSaulis stadiebis arasworma gansazRvram SeiZleba damnaSaves ukanonod daumZimos anda piriqiT, Seumsubuqos sasjeli.

danaSaulis stadiebis dadgenisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba qmedebis obieqtur Tvisebebs. magaliTad, Tu saxlSi piri Sevida mkvlelobis gansaxorcieleblad adgili aqvs danaSaulis momzadebas, xolo qurdobis Casadenad saxlSi Sesvla danaSaulis mcdelobad unda Caivalos.

danaSaulis bunebidan gamomdinare zogjer SeuZlebelia sworad ganvsazRvroT danaSaulis stadiebi qmedebis garegani daxasiaTebiT. amitom qmedebis swori kvalifikaciisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba damnaSavis ganzraxvis, motivisa da miznis Seswavlas.

`kanonSi rac ar unda mkveTrad iyos aRniSnuli yoveli stadiis obieqturi Tvisebebi, isini, ra Tqma unda, ver amowuraven yvela gammijnav niSnebs; stadiebis SefasebisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs danaSaulis subieqtur Tvisebebs, gansakuTrebiT moqmedebis mizans (xazgasma Cemia. _ i.d.).~227

adamianis ganxorcielebuli qmedeba, magaliTad, iaraRis SeZena, darajis mier signalizaciis gamorTva, megobarTan saxlSi Sesvla da a.S., obieqturi TvalTaxedviT samarTlisaTvis umniSvneloa, magram rogorc ki daviwyebT subieqtis motivisa da miznis Seswavlas faqtiurad arsebuli suraTi SeiZleba radikalurad Seicvalos. es bunebrivicaa, radgan qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobas zogjer piris moqmedebis mizani afuZnebs.

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-18 muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT danaSaulis momzadeba mxolod ganzrax SeiZleba. miuxedavd imisa, rom ganzraxva ori saxisaa _ pirdapiri da arapirdapiri _ iuridiul literaturaSi TiTqmis aRaravin kamaTobs imis Sesaxeb, rom momzadeba mxolod piradapiri ganzraxviT SeiZleba. Tumca, vxvdebiT am sakiTxisadmi sxvagvari azris dasabuTebis mcdelobasac. magaliTad, a. kozlovi wers: `... vfiqrobT, rom sruliad dasabuTebulad uaryofen sisxlis samarTalSi mxolod ganzrax momzadebis arsebobas da gvTavazoben vcnoT gaufrTxileblobiT momzadebis praqtikul mizanSewoniloba da sisxlissamarTlebrivi mniSvneloba.~228

227 Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 99. 228 dawvrilebiT ix: Козлов А. П. Учение о стадиях преступления, серия «теория и практика уголовного права и уголовного процесса», изд. «Юридицеский центр», Санкт-Петербург, 2000, с. 212-259.

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marTalia, ssk-is 19-e muxlis pirveli nawili danaSaulis mcdelobis gansazRvrisas ar akonkretebs mcdeloba pirdapiri ganzraxviT SeiZleba Tu arapirdapiriT, magram sakiTxis Rrma analizi saSaulebas mogvcems davaskvnaT, rom danaSaulis mcdeloba mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT SeiZleba. Tumca, uaxloes qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi xvdebiT mosazrebasac evenualuri ganzraxviT danaSaulis mcdelobis daSvebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb.229

eventualuri ganzraxviT mcdelobis SesaZleblobas uaryofs T. wereTeli: _ `mcdelobis konstituciuri niSani imaSi mdgomareobs, rom danaSaulebrivi neba mimarTulia danaSaulis ganxorcielebaze.~230

cnobilia, rom adamianis nebelobiTi qceva mizanmimarTul xasiaTs atarebs. maSasadame, pirs am dros yovelTvis surs raime Sedegis miRweva, romlis ganxorcieleba, Tavis mxriv, qcevis motivis dakmayofilebas iwvevs, e.i. adamiani SeiZleba mxolod imisTvis emzadebodes an imas cdilobdes, rac misi moqmedebis mizans Seadgens. sisxlissamarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, momzadeba da mcdeloba mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT SeiZleba, radgan mizani martooden pirdapiri ganzraxvis elementia.231

am mxriv, yuradRebas ipyrobs o. gamyreliZis mosazreba: `danaSaulebrivi Sedegis ganxorcielebis mizani pirdapiri ganzraxvis aucilebeli elementia. eventualuri ganzraxvisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli Sedegis ganxorcielebis mizani, vinaidan damnaSaves ar surs Sedegi. pirdapiri ganzraxvis dros survili da mizani erTmaneTs emTxveva, erTi meoris gareSe ar arsebobs. eventualuri ganzraxvis dros ki, piriqiT, kacs danaSaulebrivi Sedegis ganxorcielebis arc survili aqvs da arc mizani.~232

mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT danaSaulis mcdelobis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas o. gamyrliZe mis Semdgom naSromebSic asabuTebs. marTalac, udavoa is faqti, rom mcdelobis sakanonmdeblo gansazRvrebaSi moxseniebuli sityvebi `uSualod~ da `mimarTuli~ pirdapir ganzraxvas gulisxmobs.233

229 ix. turava m. sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, meeqvse Sevsebuli da gadamuSvebuli gamocema, Tb., 2006, gv. 76. 230 wereTeli T. danaSaulis momzadeba da mcdeloba. saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1961, gv. 176. 231 ix. sisxlis samarTalis zogadi nawili. avtorTa koleqtivi, redaqtorebi: g. tyeSeliaZe, g. naWyebia, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2004, gv. 164-165. 232 gamyreliZe o. sisxlissamarTlebrivi umarTlobis problema da Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis safuZveli. gamom. `mecniereba,~ Tb., 1989, gv. 68. 233 ix. gamyreliZe o. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba. zogadi nawili, pirveli wigni, saq. iusticiis saministros `saqarTvelos kanonTa wignisa da saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macnes~ redaqcia, Tb., 2005, gv. 160.

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msgavsi mosazreba gamoTqmuli aqvs a. rarogsac: _ „... sityva „uSualod“ niSnavs: piradapirs, ZiriTadad, pirvel rigSi, xolo „uSualod mimarTuli“ TanabarmniSvnelovania Semdegi sityvebis: pirdapir gamiznuli, dagegmili. xolo mizanmimarTuli, gegmazomieri moqmedeba yovelTvis ganisazRvreba surviliT.“234

danaSaulis momzadebisa da mcdelobis eventualuri ganzaxviT Cadenis SesaZleblobas uaryofen sabWoTa sisxlis samarTlis kursis avtorebic.235

n. durmanovic exeba aRniSnul problemas da marTebulad miuTiTebs, rom eventualuri ganzraxvisas piris moqmedeba mimarTulia sxva Sedegis miRwevisaken. am dros igi iTvaliswinebs SesaZlo danaSaulebriv Sedegs rogorc Tavisi ZiriTadi marTlzomieri Tu aramarTlzomieri moqmedebis gverdiT produqts. eventualuri ganzraxvis dros piris arc erTi moqmedeba araa mimarTuli specialurad am Sedegisaken.236

eventualuri ganzraxviT, rom mcdeloba ar SeiZleba amas TviT sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi aRwerili zogierTi danaSaulis Semadgenlobis analizic mowmobs. ssk-is 127-e (sicocxlisaTvis saSiS mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba) da 128-e (gansacdelSi mitoveba) muxlebiT kanonmdebelma pasuxismgebloba imitom daawesa, rom arapirdapiri ganzraxviT mcdeloba SeuZlebelia da radgan sicocxle mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi sikeTea da mas ar surs Sedegis dadgomamde daucveli iyos sicocxle, ukve sicocxlisaTvis safrTxis Semqmnac damoukidebeli damTavrebuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis saxiTaa mocemuli.

danaSaulis mcdeloba rom mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT SeiZleba amas adasturebs ssk-is 117-e muxlic (janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianeba). aRniSnuli muxlis dispoziciaSi kanonmdebeli janmrTelobis dazianebad akvalificirebs iseT qmedebasac, romelic `saxifaToa sicocxlisaTvis.~ Tuki Cven eventualuri ganzraxviT danaSaulis mcdelobas vaRiarebT maSin, logikurad mkvlelobis mcdelobad unda davakvalificiroT janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianebis SemTxvevac, radgan obieqturad saxezea sicocxlisaTvis safrTxis Seqmna da damnaSave am dros dazaralebulis sikvdilis mimarT arapirdapiri ganzraxviT moqmedebs.237 safrTxe ki is konstituciuri elementia, romelic ganasxvavebs danaSaulis

234 Рарог А.И. Умисель в формальных преступлениях, при приготовлении, покушении и соучастии. Журнал «Советское государство и право», 1977, №1, с. 67. 235 ix: 1) Курс советского уголовного права, часть общая, изд. Ленинградского университета, т. 1, 1968, с. 541; 2) Курс советского уголовного права, часть общая, Преступление, изд. «Наука», , Т. 2, М., 1970, с. 429. 236 ix. Дурманов Н.Д. Стадии совершения преступления по советскому уголовному праву, М.,1955, с. 124. 237 analogiuri azri gamoTqmulia: _ sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili (wigni I), avtorTa koleqtivi, redaqtori prof. g. tyeSeliaZe, gamomcemloba `meridiani,~ Tb., 2006, gv. 78.

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mcdelobas danaSaulis momzadebisa da damTavrebuli danaSaulisagan. rCeba erTi gza: mizani unda miviCnioT danaSaulis mcdelobis aucilebel subieqtur elementad. mizani ki mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxvis elementia. maSasadame, danaSaulis mcdelobac mxolod piradapiri ganzraxviT SeiZleba. amitom, ssk-is 19-e muxlis pirvel nawils, sadac danaSaulis mcdelobis cnebaa gansazRvruli, unda mieces SezRudviTi axsna-ganmarteba, radgan kanonmdebeli ar akonkretebs ganzraxvis saxes.

adamianis qcevis mizanze dakvirveba saSualebas iZleva obieqturad damTavrebuli danaSauli daumTavrebel danaSaulad davakvalificiroT. marTebulad SeniSnavs b. volkovi, rom `erTi da igive moqmedebas (umoqmedobas) gaaCnia sxvadasxva azri, Tu isini ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva motivebiTa da miznebiT.~238 magaliTad, a-m b-s daartya da janmrTeloba naklebad mZimed dauziana. Tuki a. moqmedebda mkvlelobis mizniT mkvlelobis mcdeloba iqneba; Tu xulignuri qvena grZnobiT _ xulignoba da a.S.

maSasadame, motivi da mizani saSualebas iZleva sworad ganvsazRvroT Tu rodis iTvleba damnaSavis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedeba damTavrebul danaSaulad an danaSaulis romel stadiazea SeCerebuli misi danaSaulebrivi qmedeba anda xom ar hqonda adgili danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebas. amasTan, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom danaSaulis stadiebis sworad dadgeniT umarTlobis tipic icvleba magaliTad, Tu adamians tyviis gasroliT janmrTeloba mZimed dauziandeba, mxolod obieqturad damdgari Sedegi saSualebas ar mogvcems gavsazRvroT Tu ra tipis umarTlobas aqvs adgili: _ janmrTelobis dazianebis Tu mkvlelobis umarTlobas. am sakiTxis gadasWrelad aucilebelia dadgindes damnaSavis moqmedebis mizani.239

danaSulis damTavrulad miCneva mis sakanonmdeblo konstruqciazea damokidebuli, amitom qmedebis danaSaulad kvalifikaciisaTvis aranairi mniSvneloba ara aqvs im saboloo mizans, romelsac damnaSave isaxavda, Tu es mizani ar aris danaSaulis Semadgenlobis aucilebeli niSani.

sisxlis samarTalSi motivisa da miznis ZiriTadi praqtikuli mniSvneloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mocemuli niSnebi uSualo zegavlenas axdenen danaSaulis kvalifikaciaze. amasTan, motivisa da miznis es roli damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebs

238 Волков Б.С. Проблема воли и уголовная ответственность. Изд. Казанского университета, 1965, с. 24. 239 ix. sisxlis samarTalis zogadi nawili. avtorTa koleqtivi, redaqtorebi: g. tyeSeliaZe, g. naWyebia, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2004, gv. 157-158

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kanonmdebeli am niSnebs danaSaulis niSnebis daxasiaTebisas.240

udavod sworia T. wereTlis pozicia am sakiTxis Sesaxeb: _ `borotmoqmedis zraxvebi SeiZleba gacilebiT ufro Sors midiodes, vidre danaSaulis Semadgenloba. magaliTad, angarebiT mkvlelobis dros borotmoqmedis zraxva moicavs ara marto kacis mokvlas, aramed gamorCenis miRebasac (magaliTad, memkvidreobis miRebas, qonebis dauflebas da a.S.), magram angarebiTi mkvlelobis damTavrebisaTvis sulac ar aris saWiro, rom mkvlelma namdvilad miaRwios mis mier dasaxul saboloo mizans.”241

da bolos, motivisa da miznis roli aranakleb sayuradReboa danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebis Sesaxeb sakiTxis gadawyvetisaTvis. imis dasadgenad Sewyvetili danaSaulebrivi saqmianoba unda Sefasdes Tu ara danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebad, upirvels yovlisa, unda moxdes moqmedebis motivis analizi. `danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebis motivi SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos. magaliTad, dazaralebulis sibraluli, kanonis SiSi, RvTis SiSi, dazaralebulisadmi simpaTiiT ganwyoba da a.S... aq mTavaria erTi momenti: miznis miRwevaze uaris Tqmis motivis Camoyalibebisas pirs Secnobili unda hqondes, rom mas aqvs obieqturi SesaZlebloba bolomde miiyvanos danaSauli.~242 aqve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebis motivi xSirad metyvelebs pirovnebis socialur saSiSroebis arseboba_ararsebobaze. `magaliTad, Tu piri danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xels aiRebs im mosazrebiT, rom danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi mas mTeli sicocxle Seawuxebs Cadenili codva RvTis winaSe, maSin igi aRar aris sazogadoebisaTvis saSiSi, xolo Tu danaSaulze xelis aRebis motivi iqneba sasjelis SiSi, maSin piri kvlav rCeba sazogadoebisaTvis saSiS pirad.~243

240 ix. Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 82. 241 wereTeli T. danaSaulis momzadeba da mcdeloba. saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1961, gv. 48. 242 dvaliZe i. danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba. Jurnali `almanaxi,~ #19, 2004 wlis Tebervlis gamoSveba, gv. 21. 243 iqve, gv. 20-21.

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$ 5. motivisa da miznis roli danaSaulis amsruleblobisas da danaSaulSi

Tanamonawileobisas

a) Tanamonawileobis subieqturi mxare moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi misi winamorbedi

sisxlis samarTli kodeqsisagan gansxvavebiT Tanamonawilis saxed aRar miiCnevs amsrulebels, e.i. kanonmdeblis mier Tanamonawilis saxeebi warmodgenilia viwrod gagebuli Tanamonawileobis mixedviT. organizatori, wamqezebeli da damxmare is pirebi arian, romelTagan sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kerZo nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul danaSaulis Semadgenlobas uSualod ar asruleben. aq swored viwrod gagebuli Tanamonawileobis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis subieqturi mxaris problema iqneba ganxiluli, romelic araerT problemas warmoSobs misi zogierTi Taviseburebidan gamomdinare.

cnobilia, rom Tanamonawileoba TviTon ki araa romelime konkretuli danaSauli, aramed ama Tu im danaSaulis ganxorcielebis formaa da TanamonawileTa erToblivi nebelobiTi qmedebis Sedegia. Tuki Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis safuZvelis kauzaluri mxare da, saerTod, misi obieqturi mxaris problema Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTlis doqtrinaSi gacxarebul kamaTs aRar iwvevs, amas ver vityviT Tanamonawileobis subieqtur mxareze. am problemas kidev ufro amZafrebs ssk-is 23-e muxli, sadac aRniSnulia: „danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba niSnavs ori an meti piris ganzrax erTobliv monawileobas ganzraxi danaSaulis CadenaSi.“ bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: kanons sityva-sityviTi Tu SezRuduli axsna-ganmarteba unda mieces? is vinc sityva-sityviT axsna-ganmartebas miscems mocemul normas, man logokurad unda dauSvas Tanamonawileoba rogorc pirdapiri, ise arapirdapiri ganzraxviT, radgan sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-9 muxlis mixedviT ganzraxva ori saxisaa.

Temis kvlevis sagnidan gamomdinare as iqneba ganxiluli im avtorTa naSromebi, vinc uSvebda gaufrTxileblobiT Tanamonawileobas. Tanamedrove sisxlissamarTlebriv azrovnebaSi gaufrTxileblobiT Tanamonawileobis SesaZlebloba sakmaodaa gakritikebuli da igi aqtualuri aRaraa. dResdReobiT iuridiul literaturaSi yuradRebas ipyrobs Semdegi sami sakiTxi: pirveli, SeiZleba Tu ara eventualuri ganzraxviT Cadenil danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba. meore, Tanamonawileni Tanabraleulad moqmedeben Tu erTian umarTlobas axorcieleben. mesame, ra aris TanamonawileTa fsiqikaSi is subieqturi niSani, romelic maTi qmedebis erTianobas ganapirobebs.

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revoluciamdel rusul iuridiul literaturaSi e.w. SeTanxmebis Teorias aRiarebda n. tagancevi: `Tanamonawileobas miekuTvneba damnaSaveTa mxolod iseTi Tavmoyris Taviseburi SemTxvevebi, rodesac saxezea solidaruli pasuxismgebloba yvelasi TiToeulisaTvis da TiToeulis yvelasaTvis; am pirobis gamo moZRvreba Tanamonawileobaze iRebs damoukidebeli institutis mniSvnelobas.~244

maSasadame, n. tagancevi TanamonawileTa sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas afuZnebs solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis principze. solidaroba aq gagebulia aramxolod kauzaluri mniSvnelobiT, aramed rogorc Tanabraleuli gacnobierebuli erToblivi moqmedeba. `Tu vinme adamians daWris, xolo meore dRes daWrils sxva piri moaxrCobs, romelic pirvelisagan sruliad damoukideblad moqmedebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom moxrCobis SesaZlebloba ganpirobebuli iyo daWriT, ramac daauZlura msxverpli, TiToeuli maTgani pasuxs agebs mxolod maTi namoqmedarisaTvis da isini TanamonawleTa cnebaSi ar moiazrebian; igive unda vcnoT Cven im pirTa mimarTac, romlebic erTdroulad, magram erTmaneTisagan sruliad damoukideblad saxls cecxls moukideben sxvadasxva bolodan: maTi braleuloba mosazRvrea da ara erTiani.~245

`bralis erTianobis (Общность вины), _ aRniSnavs n. tagancevi, _ rogorc Tanamonawileobis solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis damaxasiaTebeli niSnis aRiareba imas niSnavs, rom TanamonawileTagan yoveli unda iyos braleuli da Tanabraleuli. am pirobis gamo, ra Tqma unda, Tanamonawile ar SeiZleba iyos qmeduunaro an Seracxaobis gamomricxvel garemoebebSi moqmedi, magram Semdeg dgeba sakiTxi, vrceldeba Tu ara TanamonawileTa cneba aramxolod ganzrax braleulebze, aramed gaufrTxileblobiT moqmedebzec.~246

`ueWvelia, rom aseTi piri SeiZleba iyos braleuli, SeuZlia sxvaTa moqmedebebTan erTad wvlili Seitanos kanonsawinaaRmdego Sedegis gamowvevaSi, iyos sxvebTan erTad misi pirobebis Semqmneli, magram igi, gaufrTxileblobis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare ar SeiZleba iyos monawile sxvis bralSi, ar SeiZleba pasuxi agos sxvebTan misi erToblivi monawileobisaTvis. es debuleba erTnairad exeba rogorc sxvis ganzrax moqmedebaSi gaufrTxileblobiT Tanamonawileobas, ise sxvis gaufrTxileblobiT moqmedebaSi ganzrax Tanamonawileobas, da bolos, aseve

244 Таганцев Н. С., Русское уголовное право. Часть общая, том I, (полное переиздание), изд. «Автограф», Тула, 2001, с. 573. 245 iqve, gv. 573. 246 iqve, gv. 577.

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gaufrTxileblobiT erToblivad danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevebs.~247

maSasadame, bralis erTianoba gulisxmobs qmedebis yoveli ganmaxorcieleblisaTvis ganzraxvis qonas. amasTan, ganzraxvis ZiriTad subieqtur makavSirebel elements warmoadgens gamizvna (Намерение), rac Seexeba ganzraxvis sxva elementebs, _ motivs, mizans an gegmas, _ im qmedebaTa gamoklebiT, romlis kanonismier SemadgenlobaSi pirdapiri miTiTebaa miznis an gegmis arsebobaze, am elementTa erTianoba araa arsebiTi. mkvlelobaSi monawileebi darCebian Tanamonawileebad, miuxedavad imisa, rom erTi moqmedebs piradi SurisZiebiT, meore ki angarebiT, Tundac erTi axrCobdes msxverpls, xolo meorem dana daartyas... TviT ganzraxva, gansakuTrebiT im TanamonawileebTan mimarTebiT, romlebic ar iyvnen uSualo amsruleblebi, cnobierebis, agreTve ndomis gacnobierebisa da daSvebis saerTo elementebis garda, unda moicavdes erToblivi moqmedebis Sesaxeb warmodgenas, romelic mimarTulia saerTo ZalisxmeviT samarTliT dacul interesze saerTo xelyofis miRwevisaken.~248

n. tagancevi iqve SeniSnavs, rom SeTanxmeba SeiZleba calmxrivic iyos. magaliTad, damxmarem iaraRi daudo amsrulebels, romelsac warmodgena ara aqvs Tu vin daudo iaraRi. amitom SeTanxmeba moculobis mixedviT SeiZleba exebodes mTlianad qmedebas an mis romelime nawils; ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT SesaZlebelia, rodesac TviT danaSaulebrivi qmedeba rTulia.~249

`SeTanxmeba, braleulobaSi gaerTianebis gamoxatuleba, win unda uswrebdes danaSaulebrivi qmedebis ganxorcielebas an ukidures SemTxvevaSi win unda uswrebdes im aqts, romelSic gamoixata mocemuli braleulis monawileoba. Tu ramodenime adamianma erToblivad sicocxle xelyves, dauSvaT, col-qmris, romelTagan pirveli mokvda, meore ki sasikvdilod daiWra, maSin damTavrebuli mkvlelobisaTvis is Tanamonawilenic ageben pasuxs, vinc qmari daWra.~250

marTebulad unda CaiTvalos n. tagancevi mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, Tanamonawileoba gamoricxulia iq sadac adgili aqvs sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel romelime garemoebas. `Tanamonawileobisas, _ wers igi, _ qmedeba unda iyos danaSaulebrivi... amis gamo, Tu xelyofa Cadenilad iTvleba aucilebeli mogeriebis mdgomareobaSi an savaldebulo brZanebis Sesrulebisas, maSin qmedeba ar SeiZleba iyos danaSaulebrivi Tanamonawileoba.~251

247 Таганцев Н. С., dasax. naS., gv. 577. 248 iqve, gv. 578. 249 iqve, gv. 579. 250 iqve, gv. 579. 251 iqve, gv. 582.

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n.Dtagancevis mier TanamonawileTa qmedebebis gamaerTianebel subieqtur niSnad gamizvnis dasaxeleba friad sayuradReboa. Tumca, avtori aRar iZleva gamizvnis mniSvnelobis dasabuTebas. misTvis `naTeli unda yofiliyo, rom gamizvna pirdapiri ganzraxvis umaRlesi formaa da eventualur ganzraxvas ver egueba. amitom misi naazrevi aSkarad winaaRmdegobrivia, radgan n. tagancevi, erTi mxriv, TanamonawileTa saerTo niSnad miiCnevda gamizvnas, xolo, meore mxriv, Tanamonawileobas (wamqezeblobas) SesaZleblad Tvlida eventualuri ganzraxviTac. gamizvna da eventualuri ganzraxva urTierTgamomricxavi cnebebia.~252

TanamonawileTa solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis princips revoluciamdel rusul sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi aRiarebda l. belogric-kotliarevski,253 e. nemirovski.254

`bralis erTianobis, _ wers o. gamyreliZe, _ idea im droisaTvis ukve axali aRar iyo. cnobilia, rom es azri jer kidev 1847 wels gamoTqmuli hqonda XIX saukunis TvalsaCino germanel kriminalists a. berners Tavis gamokvlevaSi `Die Lehre von der Tailnahme am Verbrechen.~ a. berneris mixedaviT, Tanamonawileoba aris nebis erTianoba, ris gamoc gaufrTxileblobiT Tanamonawileoba SeuZlebelia.255

TanamonawileTa solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis principi, rom braleuli pasuxismgeblobis princips ugulvebelyofs, es jer kidev kargad SeniSna imdroindelma kriminalistma g. kolokolovma, romelic gaufrTxileblobiT Tanamonawileobas aRiarebda. misi azriT, solidaruli pasuxismgebloba aris sxvisi bralisaTvis pasuxismgebloba, rac individualuri anu personaluri pasuxismgeblobis uaryofaa.256

rus da qarTvel kriminalistTa Soris o. gamyreliZe pirveli iyo, vinc limitirebuli aqscesoroba aRiara, rac imas niSnavs, rom TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobisaTvis sakmarisia erTiani umarTlobis da ara erTiani danaSaulis ganxorcieleba. sakiTxis siRrmiseuli kvlevis Semdeg igi midis daskvnamde, rom `TanamonawileobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTiani umarTlobis ganxorcieleba yvela Tanamonawilis mier, rac SeuZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, roca maT obieqtur momentTan (mizezobrioba) erTad, subieqturi

252 n. tagancevze adre, jer kidev XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi gamizvnis cnebas TanamonawileobisaTvis iyenebda rusi kriminalisti a. Jiriaevi. cit. o. gamyreliZis mix: sisxlissamarTebrivi umarTlobis problema da Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis safuZveli. gamom. `mecniereba,~ Tb., 1989, gv. 114 (Ковалиов М.И. Соучастие в преступлении, ч. первая, Свердловск, 1960, с. 269). 253 ix. Белогриц-котлиаревский Л. С. Учебник русского уголовного права, Киев, 1903, с. 205. 254 ix. Немировский Э. Я. Учебник уголовного права. Общая часть, Одеса, 1919, с.192. 255 ix. sisxlissamarTebrivi umarTlobis problema da Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis safuZveli. gamom. `mecniereba,~ Tb., 1989, gv. 58_59. 256 ix. Немировский Э. Я. dasax. naSr., gv. 42.

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elementic ara aqvT saerTo. umarTlobis subieqturi elementi, romelic saerTo unda iyos yvela TanamonawilisaTvis, aris mizani. mizani ki obieqtur mniSvnelobas iZens mxolod maSin, roca deliqti Cdenilia pirdapiri ganzraxviT. maSasadame, unda davaskvnaT, rom Cveni Tvalsazrisis mixedviT Tanamonawileoba SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca danaSaulis yvela monawile moqmedebs pirdapiri ganzraxviT.~257

o. gamyreliZem bralis normativistuli Teoriis TvalsazrisiT marTebulad gadaWra Tanamonawilebis dasjadobis safuZvelTan dakavSirebuli problema. misi naSromebidan Tanmimdevrulad gamomdinareobs Semdegi: is vinc aRiarebs, rom Tanamonawileba aqscesoruli bunebisaa da danaSaulis erTpirovnuli amsruleblobisa da Tanamonawileobisas sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli erTi da igivea, man Tanmimdevrulad unda aRiaros erT danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba, rac igive Tanabraleulobaa imdenad, ramdenadac danaSauli bralis gareSe warmoudgenelia. vinaidan bralis normativistuli Teoriis mixedviT brali personaluri gakicxvaa, maSin SeuZlebelia sisxlis samarTalSi saerTod Tanabraleulobis cnebis gamoyeneba.

Tumca, rogorc ukve zemoT aRvniSneT, marTalia brali gasakicxaobis moments gulisxmobs, magram bralis normativistuli Teoria mTlianad dasabuTebulia araa.258 b. volkovi Tavis monografiul naSromSi yuradrebas uTmobs motivisa da miznis mniSvnelobas danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobisas. irkveva, rom igi aRiarebs Tanabraleulobas Tanamonawileobisas: _ `ramodenime piris nebelobiTi ZalisxmeviT ganpirobebuli moqmedebis gansakuTrebuli forma, sakuTar kvals asvams danaSaulis TanamonawileobiT Cadenisas mizezobriv da braleul kavSirs.259

b. volkovis azriT, `miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamonawileobisas erTiani sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli arsebobs, Tanamonawileoba ar qmnis erTian brals (xazgasma Cemia _ i.d.).~260

danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobisas Tanabraleulobaze miTiTebulia uaxles qarTul sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi: `...sisxlissamarTlebrivi umarTloba erTiani

257 gamyreliZe o. sisxlissamarTlebrivi umarTlobis problema da Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis safuZveli. gamom. `mecniereba,~ Tb., 1989, gv. 173_174. 258 ix: bralis fsiqologiuri da normativistuli Teoriebis kritikis, aseve bralis arsis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix: naWyebia g. brali, rogorc socialuri filosofiis kategoria. Tb., 2001. 259 ix. Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 107. 260 iqve, dasax. naS. gv. 113.

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ganzraxvis pirobebSi xorcieldeba. Tu ganzraxva aris bralis erT-erTi forma, maSin cxadia, rom danaSaulSi TanamonawileTa bralis erTianobac saxezea. igulisxmeba, rom danaSaulSi Tanamonawile farTo gagebiT, amave dros Tanabraleulia. Tanabraleuloba exeba aramarto Tanaamsruleblobas, aramed Tanamonawileobas farTo gagebiTac... bralis personifikacia (xazgasma Cemia _ i.d.) xdeba erTiani Tanabraleulobis farglebSi saerTo danaSaulSi TiToeuli Tanamonawilis obieqturi rolis, wvlilis Sesabamisad, erTiani bralis farglebSi sakuTari bralisaTvis da ara sxvisi qmedebisa da bralisaTvis.~261

marTlac, moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 23-e muxlis mixedviT, `danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba niSnavs ori an meti piris ganzrax erTobliv monawileobas ganzraxi danaSaulis CadenaSi.~ meore, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-9 muxlSi mocemuli ganzraxvis orive saxis gansazRvrebis mixedviT ganzraxva bralis formad gvevlineba, radgan pirdapiri ganzraxvis da arapirdapiri ganzraxvis gansazRvrebebSi miTiTebulia marTlwinaaRmdegobis gacnobierebaze. es ki imas niSnavs, rom amgvari ganzraxva ukve uaryofiTi niSniTaa daRdasmuli da ganzraxva bralis formaa. maSasadame, es ori argumenti naTelyofs, rom Tanamonawileoba Tanabraleulobasac gulisxmobs moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT. amasTan, es srulebiT ar gamoricxavs bralis sxvadasxva xarisxs. magaliTad, Tu mZime stresul mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili mSobiare dedis waqezebiT eqimma mokla axalSobili, eqimi daisjeba, rogorc damamZimebel garemoebaSi Cadenili arasrulwlovnis mkvlelobis amsrulebeli (ssk-is 109-e muxlis me-2 naw. `b~ qvepunqti), xolo dedis moqmedeba dakvalificirdeba mkvlelobis wamqezeblobad da daisjeba ssk-is 112-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli sanqciis farglebSi.262 emociuri mdgomareoba iseTi personaluri niSania, romelic mxolod dedas umsubuqebs brals, e.i. Cadenilia erTi mkvleloba, magram bralis sxvadasxva xarisxiT, radgan eqimis moqmedeba

261 sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili. avtorTa koleqtivi, redaqtorebi: g. tyeSeliaZe, g. naWyebia, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2004, gv. 223. 262 ratomRac sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlo praqtikis komentarebSi ssk-is 112-e muxlis komentirebisas analogiur SemTxvevaSi amsruleblis moqmedebis kvalifikaciaze naTqvamia: _ `deida pasuxs agebs ssk-is 108-e muxliT, Tu ar aris raime damamZimebeli garemoeba.~ aseTi pozicia araa gamarTlebuli, radgan msgvas situaciaSi Cadenili mkvlelobisas amsruleblis moqmedeba verasdros ver dakvalificirdeba ssk-is 108-e muxliT, radgan msxverpli axalSobilia da es faqti yovelTvis umweo mdgomareobaze miuTiTebs, rac mkvlelobis kvalificiur Semadgeblobas qmnis (ssk-is 109-e muxlis me-2 nawilis `b~ qvepunqti). ix. sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlo praqtikis komentari (danaSauli adamianis winaaRmdeg). avtorTa koleqtivi, redaqtori o. gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis saxelmwifosa da samarTlis instituti, gamocemulia samarTlebrivi ganaTlebis asociacia ALPE-s mier, Tb., 2002, gv. 72.

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ufro metad ikicxeba, vidre dedis. es ki imaze miuTiTebs, rom Tanamonawileobis dros Tanabraleuloba aris, magram sxvadasxva xarisxiT.

miuRebelia Tanamonawileoba eventualuri ganzraxviT. aRniSnul saxelmZRvaneloSi ramodenime adgilze vxvdebiT eventualuri ganzraxviT Tanamonawileobis SesaZleblobaze miTiTebas.263 cota qveviT vkiTxulobT: `danaSaulSi Tanamonawileebs da amsruleblebs amoZravebT erTiani mizani, xolo am miznis gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi Tanamonawileoba SeuZlebelia.~264 maSasadame, logikurad gamodis, rom arc eventualuri ganzraxviT Tanamonawileoba SeiZleba, rameTu mizani mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxvis ganuyofeli niSania. TanamonawileobiT Cadenili danaSauli nebelobiTi procesis Sinaarsis mixedviT gansxvavdeba erTi piris mier Cadenili danaSaulisagan. igi specifikuri socialur-fsiqologiuri movlenaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi nebelobiTi aqtis uSualo mizezi, romelic antisazogadoebrivi qcevis safuZvelSi devs, aramxolod amsruleblis nebaa, aramed garkveuli TvalsazrisiT sxva pirTa moqmedebac. kerZod, wamqezeblisa da

damxmaris marTlsawinaaRmdego qceva.• amasTan, motivi, romelic gaxda nebelobiTi procesis sawyisi wertili da amsrulebels aRuZra danaSaulis Cadenis ganzraxva, warmoiSoba da ganmtkicdeba TanamonawileTa uSualo zemoqmedebiT, maTi nebis aqtiuri monawileobiT. amgvari pirobebis gareSe amsrulebels ar SeiZleboda warmoSoboda danaSaulis Cadenis ganzraxva da is gabatonebuli mdgomareoba, romelic ganaprobebs garkveuli miznis miRwevas.265

amsruleblis nebaze zemoqmedeba sxva piris mxridan imisaTvis, rom Tanamonawileobad CaiTvalos, ar unda atarebdes zogad xasiaTs... amsruleblis nebaze Tanamonawilis zemoqmedeba yovelTvis gamoixateba romelime konkretul moqmedebaSi.266

`Tanamonawileebs gacnobierebuli unda hqondeT obieqturad arsebuli kavSiri, romelic mimarTulia danaSaulis Cadenisaken. amasTan, TanamonawileTa ganzraxva unda moicavdes aseve im motivebsa da miznebs, romliTac xelmZRvanelobs amsrulebeli, maSinac ki, rodesac aRniSneli motivebi da miznebi ar iyo gaziarebuli TanamonawileTa

263 ix. sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili. avtorTa koleqtivi, redaqtorebi: g. tyeSeliaZe, g. naWyebia, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2004, gv. 193, 208, 223. 264 iqve, gv. 227. • ratomRac b. volkovi ar ixseniebs organizators, romelic uciloblad axdens uSualo Tu gaSualebul fsiqikur zegavlenas amsruleblis inteleqtze. Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 108. 265 ix. iqve, gv. 108. 266 ix. iqve, gv. 109.

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mier... gansakuTrebiT didi gansxvaveba arsebobs calkeul TanamonawileTa motivTa da mizanTa SinaarsSi. amsrulebeli SeiZleba moqmedebdes angarebiT, xolo wamqezeblis moqmedeba ganpirobebuli iyos sxva, araangarebiTi interesebiT; amsrulebels SeiZleba surdes danaSaulebrivi Sedegis dadgoma, xolo damxmare piriqiT _ gulgrilad ekidebodes mis dadgomas. arsebiTad, yovel Tanamonawiles gaaCnia sakuTari mizani da interesi.~267

TanamonawileTa motivTa da mizanTa SinaarsSi msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis dadgenas didi mniSvneloba aqvs aramarto Tanamonawileobis dasaxasiaTeblad, aramed misi formebis gamijvnisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT winaswari SeTanxmebiT Tanamonawileobis, danaSaulebrivi organizaciis an danaSalebrivi sazogadoebis gansazRvrisaTvis. b. volkovi Tanamonawileobisas miznis dadgenas moiTxovs im danaSaulebis ganxorcielebisas, romelTa aRwerisas kanoni pirdapir miuTiTebs specialur mizanze. miznis erTianoba aucilebelia maSinac, rodesac danaSaulis makvalificirebel niSnad gvevlineba winaswari SeTanxmebiT jgufis mier danaSaulis ganxorcieleba.268

rogorc Cans, b. volkovi Tanamonawileobisas yovelTvis ar moiTxovs miznis dadgenas, rac arasworad unda miviCnioT, ramdenadac danaSaulSi nebismieri formiT Tu saxiT Tanamonawileobisas damnaSaveTa erToblivi moqmedeba swored saerTo mizniTaa ganpirobebuli.

ruseTis uaxlesi sisxlis samarTlis kursis avtorebi TanamonawileTa gamaerTianebel subieqtur niSnad miiCneven ganzraxvis erTianobas: `danaSaulis erToblivad Cadenis Segnebis gareSe Tanamonawileoba SeuZlebelia. Tumca, aseTi kavSiri SeiZleba calmxrivic iyos. Tanamonawileoba, rogorc wesi, pirdapiri ganzraxviT xorcieldeba, radgan ramodenime pirTa fsiqikuri da fizikuri Zalebis gaerTianeba danaSaulis Casadenad, Zneli warmosadgenia danaSaulis erToblivad Cadenis survilis gareSe. Tumca, gamoricxuli araa Tanamonawileobis arapirdapiri ganzraxviT Cadenis SesaZlebloba, magaliTad, amsruleblobisa da daxmarebisas aseTi ganzraxva SesaZlebelia iseT danaSaulTa Cadenisas, romlebSic dasaSvebia pirdapiri da arapirdapiri ganzraxva (materialuri Semadganlobani, romlebSic mizani araa gaTvaliswinebuli aucilebeli elementis saxiT, magaliTad, martiv mkvlelobaSi). formalur SemadgenlobebSi, aseve im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac mizani pirdapiraa miTiTebuli muxlis dispoziciaSi an gamomdinareobs qmedebis Sinaarsidan

267 Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 111-113. 268 ix. iqve, gv. 114.

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(gaupatiureba, Zarcva, banditizmi) Tanamonawileoba SesaZlebelia mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT.~269

`individualurad moqmedisagan gansxvavebiT TanamonawileTaTvis ganzraxvis Sinaarsi, rogorc wesi, farToa an gulisxmobs inteleqtualur da nebelobiT momentebSi danaSaulis erToblivad Cadenis codnis Semcvelobas.~270 aq sityvebi `rogorc wesi~ SemTxveviT araa naxmari, radgan Tu calmxrivi subieqturi kavSiria TanamonawileobaSi, maSin ganzraxvis moculoba igivea, rac danaSaulis erTpirovnuli amsruleblobisas. magaliTad, amsrulebelma ise gamoiyena misTvis dadebuli iaraRi, rom arc ki icoda Tu vinme daexmara iaraRis miwodebiT.

`ganzraxvis erTianobisagan gansxvavebiT motivsa da mizans kvalifikaciisaTvis mniSvneloba eniWeba Tu sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawilis konkretul muxlSi danaSaulis aucilebel niSnadaa miCneuli da danaSaulSi TanamonawileobisaTvis pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba dadges mxolod im pirTaTvis, romlebmac icodnen aseTi miznebisa da motivebis Sesaxeb da erToblivi moqmedebiT xels uwyobdnen maT gamxorcielebas. magaliTad, angarebiTi mkvlelobisaTvis mxolod is Tanamonawileni ageben pasuxs, romlebis acnobierebdnen angarebiT mizans da xels uwyobdnen mas.~271

es ukanaskneli mosazreba da magaliTi unaklo araa, ris gamoc, dazustebas moiTxovs. jer erTi, rogorc aRiniSna, TanamonawileobiT ganxorcielebuli danaSaulisaTvis mizans aramarto maSin aqvs kvlifikaciisaTvis mniSvneloba, rodesac Sesabamis muxlSi amis Sesaxebaa miTiTebuli, aramed nebismier SemTxvevaSi. meore, mocemul magaliTSi angareba moxseniebulia rogorc mizani, rac miuRebelia im martivi mizezis gamo, rom angareba, rogorc adamianis mamoZravebeli Zala SeiZleba iyos mxolod motivi da ara mizani. Tu borotmoqmedi adamians klavs materialuri dainteresebis gamo motivi iqneba angareba, xolo mizani _ sicocxlis mospoba, romlis miRweva motivs daakmayofilebs. Tumca, SesaZlebelia es mizani sxva ufro Soreuli miznis miRwevis saSualebac iyos. da bolos, TanamonawileTa mxridan motivis mxolod codna ar kmara danaSaulis swori kvalifikaciisaTvis. aq yuradReba unda mieqces motivis xasiaTs: _ motivi umarTlobis damafuZnebelia Tu bralis xarisxze axdens gavlenas. magaliTad, Tu a-m fuli gadauxada b-s mkvlelobis Casadenad, a. mainc pasuxs ar agebs angarebiT mkvlelobisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas Secnobili hqonda amsruleblis angarebiTi motivi. aseTi kvalifikacia iqidan gamomdinareobs, rom motivi mkvlelobis umarTlobis

269 Курс уголовного права. Учевник для вузов, общая часть. Учение о преступлении, под. ред. Н.Ф. Кузнецщвой и И.М. Тяжковой. Изд. «Зерцало-М», Том 1, М., 2002, с. 398. 270 iqve, gv. 398. 271 Курс уголовного права. Учевник для вузов, общая часть. Учение о преступлении, под. ред. Н.Ф. Кузнецщвой и И.М. Тяжковой. Изд. «Зерцало-М», Том 1, М., 2002, с. 398-399.

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damfuZnebel niSnad ar mogvevlina. sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi gvxvdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac motivis an miznis Secnobadoba aucilebelia ramodenime piris mier erToblivad Cadenili danaSaulis TanamonawileobiT ganxorcielebulad miCnevisaTvis. ase, magaliTad, ssk-is 174-e muxliT bavSvis Secvla mxolod maSinaa dasjadi Tu amgvari moqmedeba ganxorcielebulia angarebiT an sxva qvena grZnobiT; qurdobis SemadgenlobaSi miTvisebis mizanzea (ssk-is 177-e muxli) miTiTebuli. maSasadame, aRniSnul muxlebSi motivi da mizani umarTlobis tipis ganmsazRvrel niSnebad gvevlineba.

cnobilia, rom iq, sadac saubaria moqmedebis mizanze, SeuZlebelia visaubroT arapirdapir ganzraxvaze an gaufrTxileblobaze. radgan Cven TanamomawileTa gamaerTianebel subieqtur niSnad mizani miviCnieT, aqve unda dasabuTdes Tu ratom ar SeiZleba arapirdapiri ganzraxviT moqmedebdes romelime Tanamonawile, arada sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 22-e muxlSi mocemuli Tanamonawileobis gansazRvrebaSi araa dakonkretebuli ganzraxvis romel saxezea saubari da es imis Tqmis saSaulebas gvaZlevs, rom eventualuri ganzraxviT Tanamonawileoba logikurad SesaZlebelia, magram qveviT Cven davinaxavT, rom amgvari daskvnis gakeTeba mxolod calmxrivi msjelobis Sedegia.

Tanamonawileobisas eventualuri ganzraxviT moqmedebis SesaZleblobas gansakuTrebiT xSirad wamqezebelTan dakavSirebiT aRiareben. wamqezeblobas arapirdapiri ganzraxviT uSvebda n. tagancevi.272

T. wereTeli ufro Sors midis da aramarto wamqezeblobas, aramed organizatoris, damxmaris da Tanaamsruleblis moqmedebas uSvebs arapirdapiri ganzraxviT.273 analogiur azrs sxva sabWoTa kriminalistebis naSromebSic vxvdebiT.274

sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom Tanamonawileobis subieqturi mxaris saxe cal-calke unda ganisazRvros amsruleblis mier Cadenili moqmedebisa da am moqmedebiT damdgari Sedegis mimarT.275 amgvar Sexedulebas iziarebs a. naumovic. `piris fsiqikuri damokidebuleba, _ wers igi, _ sxva pirebis danaSaulebriv moqmedebasTan SeerTebis faqtisadmi an maTTvis danaSaulebrivi moqmedebis survilis aRZvrisadmi mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT xasiaTdeba. amitom Tanamonawileoba formaluri Semadgenlobis mqone danaSaulebSi (magaliTad,

272 ix. Таганцев Н. С., dasax. naS. gv. 594. 273 ix. wereTeli T. Tanamonawileoba danaSaulSi. gamom. `mecniereba,~ Tb., 1965, gverdebi: 142, 148-149, 161, 195. 274 ix. mag., Гришаев П. И., Кригер Г. А. Соучастие по уголовному праву. М., 1959. с. 146. 275 ix. mag., Зелинский А. Ф. Соучастие в преступлении. Волгоград, 1971, с. 9-11; Курс советского уголовного права, часть общая, ред. А.А. Пионтковский. Преступление, изд. «Наука», т. 1, М. 1970, с. 471, 473, 479.

101

gaupatiurebaSi) SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT. sxva saqmea _ Tanamonawilis fsiqikuri damokidebuleba amsruleblis moqmedebiT (umoqmedobiT) damdgari danaSaulebrivi Sedegisadmi. am gagebiT, subieqturi mxare SeiZleba iyos rogorc pirdapiri, ise arapirdapiri ganzrazva.~276 maSasadame, irkveva, rom a. naumovi pirdapir ganzraxvasTan erTad uSvebs arapirdapir ganzraxvasac.

msgavsi mosazreba, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, gamoTqmulia ruseTis sisxlis samarTlis kursSi.277 aqve miTiTebulia, rom amsruleblis subieqturi mxare SeiZleba iyos rogorc pirdapiri aseve arapirdapiri ganzraxva.278 `amsruleblisagan gansxvavebiT organizatori SeiZleba moqmedebdes mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT.~279 `wamqezeblis moqmedeba SeiZleba arapirdapiri ganzraxviTac gamoixatos... wamqezeblis mizani SeiZleba ar emTxveodes im danaSaulebis miznebs, romlebsac igi waqezebuls unergavs. aseve SesaZlebelia ar emTxveodes danaSaulis motivebi. wamqezeblis qmedebis kvalifikacia aseT SemTxvevebSi, upirveles yovlisa, damokidebuli iqneba danaSaulis amsruleblis miznebsa da motivebze. Tu motivi da mizani danaSaulis Semadgenlobis aucilebeli elementebia, maSin wamqezebels Seeracxeba misi sakuTari motivic. magaliTad, Tu wamqezebeli gamodioda sisxlis aRebis motividan da fulis gamo daiyoliebs pirs mkvlelobis Casadenad, maSin igi pasuxs agebs rf ssk-is 105-e muxlis meore nawilis `z~ da `l~ punqtiT, xolo amsrulebeli amave muxlis `z~ punqtiT. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac motivi da mizani ar aris danaSaulis Semadgenlobis aucilebeli niSnebi, maSin wamqezeblis sakuTari motivi da mizani gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba sasjelis daniSvnisas.”280

aRniSnuli kursis avtorebi aseve uSveben arapirdapiri ganzraxviT daxmarebasac.281

azri imis Sesaxeb, rom organizatori, wamqezebeli da damxmare SeiZleba moqmedebdnen eventualuri ganzraxviTac, sakmaod gavrcelebulia. ufro metic, sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi vxvdebiT ganzrax erToblivi monawileobis iseT interpretacias, romlis mixedviTac Tanamonawileoba unda vaRiaroT yvela im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac amsruleblis ganzrax moqmedebas gaufrTxileblobiT moyveba mZime Sedegi: _ `danaSaulis CadenaSi ganzraxi Tanamonawleoba gaufrTxilebel bralTan SexamebiT SesaZlebelia mxolod

276 Наумов А. В. Уголовное право. Общая часть, курс лекций, изд. «Бек», М. 1996, с. 291. 277 ix. Курс уголовного права. Учевник для вузов, общая часть. Учение о преступлении, под. ред. Н.Ф. Кузнецщвой и И.М. Тяжковой. Изд. «Зерцало-М», Том 1, М. 2002, с. 398. 278 ix. iqve, dasax. naS. gv. 407. 279 ix. Курс уголовного права. Учевник для вузов, общая часть. Учение о преступлении, под. ред. Н.Ф. Кузнецщвой и И.М. Тяжковой. Изд. «Зерцало-М», Том 1, М. 2002, с. 409. 280 iqve, gv. 411-412. 281 ix. iqve, gv. 416.

102

maSin, rodesac amsruleblis ganzraxi moqmedeba iwvevs kanoniT damamZimebel garemoebad gaTvaliswinebul Sedegs da romlis mimarTac Tanamonawileebs gaaCniaT gaufrTxilebeli brali.~282

Tanamonawileobis subieqturi mxaris amgvari formulireba ganzraxvisa da gaufrTxileblobis araswori gagebis Sedegia. upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom gaufrTxilebloba Tavisi bunebiT Secdomis nairsaxeobaa, ramdenadac adamiani am dros arasworad afasebs mocemul situacias da mis mizanmimarTul moqmedebas moyveba sul sxva Sedegi, vidre nasurvebi iyo. Tuki janmrTelobis mZime dazianeba gamoiwvevs sicocxlis mospobas es mxolod amsruleblis araswori moqmedebis Sedegia, radgan danaSaulis Semadgenlobis obieqtur mxares uSualod, Tanamonawileebisgan gansxvavebiT, mxolod igi asrulebs. ramdenadac Secdoma wminda personalur xasiaTs atarebs, romelic bralze xarisxobrivad zemoqmedebs da gaufrTxilebloba Secdomis nairsaxeobaa, amdenad bralis ormagi formiT Cadenili danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi amsruleblis moqmedebiT gamowveuli mZime Sedegis sxva TanamonawileTaTvis Seracxva braleuli da personaluri pasuxismgeblobis principebis damaxinjebuli gageba iqneba. magaliTad, Tu a. waaqezebs b-s gaupatiurebisaken, xolo b-s gaupatiurebisas msxverpli Semoakvdeba, maSin pasuxismgebloba daumZimdeba mxolod mas anu igi pasuxs agebs ssk-is 137-e muxlis me-4 nawilis `b” qvepunqtiT.

meore, Tanamonawileobisas damnaSaveTa gamaerTianebel subiqtur niSnad gvevlineba mizani, rac imas niSnavs, rom maTi ganzraxva mimarTulia erTi konkretuli Sedegis misaRwevad. `damnaSavem, _ wers o. gamyreliZe, _ romelsac surs sazogadoebrivad saSiSi Sedegi, sagangebod unda warmarTos Tavisi qmedeba am Sedegis gansaxorcieleblad. maSasadame, damnaSavis qmedebas pirdapiri ganzraxvis dros mizanmimarTuli, mizandasaxuli xasiaTi aqvs.~283 bralis ormagi formiT Cadenili danaSaulis dros ki amsruleblisa da Tanamonawilis erTiani mizani saerTod ar moicavs mZime Sedegs. amitom is, rac TanamonawileTa samoqmedo miznis miRmaa, SeuZlebelia romelime maTgans Seeracxos.

ar unda iyos marTebuli T. wereTlis azri, rodesac igi wers: `organizatori SeiZleba moqmedebdes rogorc pirdapiri, ise eventualuri ganzraxviT. Tu vinmem daiqirava meore piri kacis mosaklavad, igi imasac iTvaliswinebs da uSvebs, rom daqiravebulma mkvlelma dazaralebuli SeiZleba gaZarcvos. aseT SemTxvevaSi organizatori moqmedebs

282 Курс советского уголовного права, часть общая, изд. Ленинградского университета, т. 1, 1968, с.597-599. 283 gamyreliZe o. sisxlissamarTlebrivi umarTlobis problema da Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis safuZveli. gamom. `mecniereba,~ Tb., 1989, gv. 68.

103

pirdapiri ganzraxviT mkvlelobis mimarT da eventualuri ganzraxviT gaZarcvis mimarT.~284 ufro qvemoT T. wereTeli miuTiTebs: _ `... Tu gordevs warmodgenili hqonda, rom misi msmeneli _ qurdi-recidivisti aRiqvams mis monayols, rogorc danaSaulisaken Segulianebas da uSvebda imis SesaZleblobas, rom Segulianebuli piri danaSauls Caidens, igi wamqezeblad CaiTvleba, Tundac aseTi mizani mas ar hqondes.~285 `ar aris saWiro, rom damxmaris moqmedebis mizani da motivi igive iyos, rac amsruleblisa. amsrulebeli SeiZleba angarebis motiviT moqmedebdes, xolo damxmares SeiZleba megobrisaTvis daxmarebis survili an raime sxva uangaro motivi amoZravebdes.~286

axla ramodenime punqtad unda dafiqsirdes pozicia, romelic arapirdapiri ganzraxviT Tanamonawileobis SesaZleblobas gaabaTilebs: jer erTi, amgvari mosazreba motivTan dakavSirebiT udavoa, magram rac Seexeba mizans igi yovel Tanamonawiles saerTo unda hqondes. sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia. albaT, amitomacaa, rom T. wereTels mizanTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli mosazrebis gasamyareblad magaliTis motana uWirda.

meore, eventualuri ganzraxviT Tanamonawileoba daSvebulia Zarcvisas, romlis subieqturi mxare yovelTvis pirdapiri ganzraxviT xasiaTdeba. es kargad SeniSna Tavis droze o. gamyreliZem. igi miuTiTebs, rom `... iseTi `finaluri~ bunebis deliqtebi, rogoricaa qurdoba, Zarcva, yaCaRoba da sxv. mxolod pirdapir ganzraxvas moiTxoven da SeuZlebelia maTi Cadena eventualuri ganzraxviT... warmoudgenlad mimaCnia imis dasabuTeba, rom Zarcvis Tanamonawile SeiZleba eventualuri ganzraxviT moqmedebdes.~287

mesame, is vinc SesaZleblad miiCnevs arapirdapiri ganzraxviT Tanamonawileobas, man unda aRiaros eventualuri ganzraxviT momzadeba da mcdeloba. Tu T. wereTlis mier motanil magaliTSi fabulas SevcvliT da davuSvebT, rom amsrulebelma danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xeli aiRo, maSin organizatori logikurad unda daisajos mkvlelobisa da Zarcvis momzadebisaTvis. amgvari kvalifikacia ZarcvasTan dakavSirebiT miuRebelia, radgan organizatori Zarcvas eventualuri ganzraxviT uSvebda da momzadeba eventualuri ganzraxviT SeuZlebelia. analogiurad SeiZleba vimsjeloT mcdelobis SemTxvevaSic. maSasadame, unda vaRiaroT, rom arapirdapiri ganzraxviT Tanamonawileoba SeuZlebelia.

284 wereTeli T. Tanamonawileoba danaSaulSi. gamom. `mecniereba,~ Tb., 1965, gv. 149. 285 iqve, gv. 162-163. 286 iqve, gv. 196. 287 gamyreliZe o. sisxlissamarTlebrivi umarTlobis problema da Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis safuZveli. gamom. `mecniereba,~ Tb., 1989, gv.116.

104

meoTxe, gansakuTrebiT TvalSi sacemia arapirdapiri ganzraxviT wamqezeblobis SeuZlebloba. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 24-e muxlis meore nawilSi kanonmdebeli wamqezeblad miiCnevs imas, vinc daiyolia sxva piri ganzraxi danaSaulis Casadenad. aq sayuradReboa sityva `dayolieba,~ romlis bunebas Tu davukvirdebiT unda davaskvnaT, rom dayolieba imas niSnavs, rom damyoliebelma pirs iseTi `informacia~ miawoda, romelic dayoliebulis moqmedebas daedo safuZvlad da rac mTavaria, isini saerTo miznis misaRwevad moqmedeben. Tuki damyoliebeli sxva mizniT moqmedebs da adgili aqvs piris Secdenas, maSin unda visaubroT SualobiT amsruleblobaze. arapirdapiri ganzraxviT Tanamonawilebis (wamqezeblobis) momxreTa mier motanil magaliTebs Tu davukvirdebiT, iq adgili aqvs pirTa varauds, rom mavani da mavani Caidens danaSauls, rac araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs dayoliebas, radgan `gulSi~ varaudiT, versiebis wamoyenebiT, romelic dasayoliebeli pirsaTvis cnobili ar aris, dayolieba SeuZlebelia.

da bolos, eventualuri ganzraxviT Tanamonawileobis momxreebs yovelTvis iseTi magaliTi moaqvT, romelSic Tanamonawileebi erTiandebian pirdapiri ganzraxviT Casadeni danaSaulis gansaxorcieleblad, xolo eventualuri ganzraxiT uSveben am ZiriTad danaSaulTan erTad meore, paraleluri danaSaulis Cadenis SesaZleblobas. rogorc Cans maT uWirT iseTi realobis warmodgena, rodesac Tanamonawileebi mxolod erT danaSauls Cadian eventualuri ganzraxviT.

ase, rom Tanamonawileobaze saubari mxolod maSin SeiZleba Tu Tanamonawileebs amsrulebelTan erTad saerTo mizani amoZravebT.

b) motivisa da miznis roli Tanaamsruleblobisas

sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi dominirebs azri imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanaamsrulebloba SeiZleba arapirdapiri ganzraxviT. `TanaamsruleblobisaTvis, _ wers T. wereTeli, _ ar aris aucilebeli pirdapiri ganzraxva, sakmarisia eventualuri ganzraxvac. Tu, magaliTad, erTi sacxovrebeli saxlis mesakuTreni dazRvevis Tanxis misaRebad gadawyveten saxlis dawvas, Tanac iTvaliswineben, rom cecxlis wakidebis Sedegad SeiZleba daiwvas am saxlSi mcxovrebi romelime

105

mdgmuri da Segnebulad uSveben aseT Sedegs, cecxlis wamkidebelni moqmedeben eventualuri ganzraxviT da ganixilebian rogorc mkvlelobis Tanaamsruleblebi.~288

Tanaamsruleblobis subieqturi mxaris Sesaxeb marTebuli Sexeduleba gaaCnia o. gamyreliZes. igi kategoriulad gamoricxavs arapirdapiri ganzraxviTa da gaufrTxileblobiT Tanamonawileobis SesaZleblobas da sabolood midis daskvnamde, rom TanaamsrulebelTa, iseve rogorc TanamonawileTa gamaerTianebeli subieqturi niSani aris saerTo mizani. TanaamsruleblobisaTvis aucilebelia aramarto erTidaigive miznis arseboba, aramed aucilebelia TiToeuli piris mier imis codnac, rom sxvasTan erTad Cadis danaSauls.289

Tanaamsruleblobisas nebismier SemTxvevaSi motivisagan gansxvavebiT mizani yvelasaTvis saerTo unda iyos, radgan konkretuli danaSaulebrivi Sedegi, romlis miRwevasac cdilobs damnaSave anu xelyofis obieqti yovelTvis vlindeba miznis dadgeniT.

SeiZleba Tu ara arapirdapiri ganzraxvis dros danaSaulebriv mizanze visaubroT? am SekiTxvas uaryofiTi pasuxi unda gaeces. `pirdapiri ganzraxva, _ wers o. gamyreliZe, _ imitom aris pirdapiri, rom damnaSavis mizani mimarTulia mocemuli danaSaulebrivi Sedegisaken (xazgasma Cemia _ i.d.). eventualuri anu arapirdapiri ganzraxvis dros ki damnaSavis mizani ar aris mimarTuli im danaSaulebrivi Sedegisaken, romelic mas bralad eracxeba. am SemTxvevaSi damnaSavis mizani SeiZleba, Tavis mxriv, mimarTuli iyos sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, socialuri TvalsazrisiT indeferentuli Sedegisaken. isec SeiZleba moxdes, rom adamians miznad hqondes dasaxuli raime danaSaulebrivi Sedegis gamowveva, magram mis moqmedebas arapirdapir mohyves kidev sxva danaSaulebrivi Sedegic.~290

Tanaamsrulebloba arapirdapiri ganzraxviT SeuZlebelia Semdeg garemoebaTa gamo: pirveli, eventualuri ganzraxvis dros damnaSavis mizani sul sxva Sedegiskenaa mimarTuli. meore, cnobilia, rom arapidapiri ganzraxviT Cadenili danaSauli mxolod maSin isjeba, rodesac danaSaulebrivi Sedegi dgeba. es faqti arapirdapiri ganzraxviT Tanaamsruleblobis momxreebs logikurad aiZulebT aRiaron momzadeba da mcdeloba eventualuri ganzraxviT, radgan cxovrebaSi advili warmosadgenia, rom damnaSaveTa eventualur ganzraxvas danaSaulebrivi Sedegi ar mohyves. mesame, arapirdapiri ganzraxviT Tanaamsruleblobis momxreebs magaliTad yovelTvis mohyavT Tanaamsruleblobis

288 wereTeli T. Tanamonawileoba danaSaulSi. gamom. `mecniereba,~ Tb., 1965, gv. 142. 289 ix. gamyreliZe o. danaSaulis SualobiTi amsrulebloba da Tanaamsrulebloba. gamomcemloba `mecniereba,~ Tb., 1974, gv. 138-139. 290 iqve, gv. 143-144.

106

iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac e.w. Sereul ganzraxvas aqvs adgili anu rodesac damnaSaveTa mizniT moculi Sedegi pirdapiri ganzraxviT dgeba, xolo misi paraleluri meore danaSauli arapirdapiri ganzraxviT dgeba. es imaze mianiSnebs, rom SeuZlebelia dauSvaT iseTi Tanaamsrulebloba, rodesac erT romelime konkretul danaSauls ramodenime piri iuridiulad erToblivad axorcielebdnen.

maSasadame, unda vaRiaroT, rom Tanaamsrulebloba, iseve rogorc Tanamonawileoba SeiZleba mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT, rodesac damnaSaveebs aerTianebT saerTo mizani. ssk-is 23-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba niSnavs ori an meti piris ganzrax erTobliv monawileobas ganzraxi danaSaulis CadenaSi.~ sruliad zedmetia imaze miTiTeba, rom ganzrax danaSaulSi xdeba Tanamonawileoba anu sityva ganzraxva amoRebul unda iqnes, radgan igi TavisTavad igulisxmeba. sxvaTaSoris swored aseTi redaqciiT iyo Camoyalibebuli Tanamonawileobis cneba winamorbed sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi. kanonmdeblis axlandeli pozicia ufro mecnierebaSi arsebuli im araswori mosazrebisaTvis wertilis dasmis mizniT gakeTda, romlis mixedviTac SesaZlebelia Tanamonawileoba ori an meti piris ganzrax erToblivi monawileoba rogorc ganzrax, ise gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenil danaSaulSi.291

ase, rom Tanamonawileoba mxolod ganzrax danaSaulSi SeiZleba. sakiTxisadmi sxvagvari midgoma SeuZlebelia, radgan logikurad viRebT Semdeg suraTs: nebelobiTi qceva yovelTvis mizanmimarTulia, xolo nebismieri danaSauli nebelobiTi xasiaTisaa; adamianTa ganzrax erTobliv monawileobas mxolod maSin aqvs garkveuli sazrisi, rodesac maTi erToblivi nebelobiTi moqmedeba raime Sedegis miRweviTaa ganpirobebuli anu maT aucileblad unda amoZravebdeT garkveuli mizani. am ukanaskneli muxlis analizi gviCvenebs, rom ori an meti piris ganzrax erToblivi monawileoba swored danaSulis Casadenad xdeba, e.i. maTi mizani swored danaSaulis Cadenaa. aqedan bunebrivia daskvna, rom Tanamonawileoba da Tanaamsrulebloba mxolod pirdapir ganzraxvas gulisxmobs, radgan gamiznuli moqmedeba mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT SeiZleba.

absoluturad marTalia o. gamyreliZe, rodesdac ar eTanxmeba m. Sargorodskis maSindeli `ssrk-is da mokavSire respublikebis sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis 1958 wlis safuZvlebis~ me-17 muxlis interpretaciaSi da amtkicebda, rom `mTavari rodia sityvebi: `danaSaulis CadenaSi.~ aq, upirveles yovlisa, yuradReba unda mivapyroT, rom Tanamonawileoba aris `ori an meti piris ganzrax erToblivi monawileoba~ danaSaulis CadenaSi. `ganzrax monawileoba~

291 ix. Шаргородский М. Д. Некоторые вопросы общего учения о сочастии. «Правоведение», 1960, №1, с. 91.

107

danaSaulSi niSnavs am danaSauliT gamowveuli danaSaulebrivi Sedegisadmi ganzrax fsiqikur damokidebuliebas. `erToblivi~ sityva ki migvaniSnebs, rom orma an ramdenime kacma icis, rom saerTo ZalebiT ganzrax unda ganaxorcielon esa Tu is danaSaulebrivi Sedegi.~292

maSasadame, Tanamonawileobisa da Tanaamsruleblobis cnebebis, maTi bunebis ganxilvam migviyvana logikur daskvnamde, rom danaSaulis am formebiT ganxorcieleba SeiZleba mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT, rodesac ori an meti piri saerTo miznis gansaxorcieleblad erToblivad mimarTaven sakuTar qmedebebs.

g) agent-provokatoris figura sisxlis samarTalSi danaSaulobis winaaRmdeg brZola, danaSaulis

droulad gamoZieba da gaxsna, damnaSave pirTa gamovlena da maT mier Cadenil qmedebebze Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi reagireba marTlwesrigisa da kanonis avtoritetis ganmtkicebis sferoSi saxelmwifos erT-erTi prioritetuli mimarTulebaa. damnaSave pirTa dadgena gansakuTrebiT rTuldeba iseT situaciebSi, rodesac Cadenil danaSaulTa SesaniRbad borotmoqmedni sakmaod originalur konspiraciul xerxebs mimarTaven. magaliTad, organizebuli jgufis mier ganxorcielebul danaSaulTa mometebuli saSiSroba misi dadgenis sirTuliTacaa ganpirobebuli; zogierTi danaSauli Tavisi bunebiT imdenad `daxuruli~ tipisaa, rom dazaralebuli mxolod am ukanaskneli faqtis gamoaSkaravebis Semdeg xdeba cnobili. magaliTad, meqrTameobisas.

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 1-li muxlis me-3 nawilis mixedviT: `sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mizania danaSaulebrivi xelyofis Tavidan acileba da marTlwesrigis dacva.~ aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad, ra Tqma unda, aucilebelia kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli saSualebebis gamoyeneba, rac uzrunvelyofilia saqarTvelos konstituciiT, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobiTa da sxva normatiuli aqtebiT. sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 1-li muxlis Tanaxmad: `sisxlis samarTlis procesis amocanebia: daadginos danaSaulis an sxva marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis faqtobrivi garemoebani da misi

292 gamyreliZe o. sisxlissamarTlebrivi umarTlobis problema da Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis safuZveli. gamom. `mecniereba,~ Tb., 1989, gv. 108.

108

Camdeni piri; uzrunvelyos kanonis sworad gamoyeneba; ar dauSvas udanaSaulo piris msjavrdeba; gamoasworos sagamoZiebo da sasamarTlo Secdomebi; daicvas moqalaqis, eWvmitanilis, braldebulis, dazaralebulis, agreTve sisxlis samarTlis procesis yvela sxva monawilis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi; daamkvidros sazogadoebaSi kanonis, humanizmisa da samarTlianobis ideebis pativiscema.~

miuxedavad imisa, rom samarTaldamcav organoTa kompetenciaa danaSaulobasTan brZola, marto maTi saqmianoba mainc ver CaiTvleba sakmarisad marTlwesrigis uzrunvelsayofad. amisaTvis saxelmwifo moqalaqeebsac aZlevs uflebas Sesabamisi pirobebis dacviT ganaxorcielon sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba, romelic marTlzomierad CaiTvleba. Ddasmul problemasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia damnaSavis Sepyroba da ukiduresi aucilebloba, romelic yovelTvis msjelobis sagani unda gaxdes e.w. agent-provokatoris saqmianobis Sefasebisas.

Tanamedrove msoflios zogierTi ganviTarebuli qveynis magaliTze (mag: belgia, safrangeTi, germania da sxv.) SeiZleba iTqvas, rom danaSaulis provokaciasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi araerTgvarovnadaa gadawyvetili, rac upirveles yovlisa, Tanamonawileobis bunebisadmi sxvadasxvagvari midgomiT aixsneba.293

Tanamonawileobis aqcesoruli bunebidan gamomdinare Tanamonawileni erTian umarTlobas axorcieleben. Tumca, Tu maT saerTo, erTiani mizani ar eqnebaT maSin Tanamonawileobaze saubari zedmetia. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis safuZvelze msjelobisas, erTi mxriv, swored mizanze dakvirvebam da, meore mxriv, adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis problemam ganapiroba wamqezeblisagan gaimijnos da damoukidebeli kvlevis sagani gamxdariyo agent-provokatoris (agent- provokateur) figura.

TiTze CamosaTvlelia im avtorTa naSromebi, sadac agent-provokatoris problemaa ganxiluli. Aagent-provokatorTan maSin gvaqvs saqme, rodesac vinme Seagulianebs sxvas danaSaulis Casadenad, raTa igi sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi miscen.

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsisa da sisxlis samarTlis procesis amocanebis gansaxorcieleblad gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi aucilebeli xdeba danaSaulis xelovnurad gamowveva, romlis farglebis mkveTri gansazRvra erT-erTi urTulesi iuridiuli problemaa.

293 Tanamonawileobisa da danaSaulis provokaciis Sesaxeb zogadi informaciis saxiT ix: pradeli Jan. SedarebiTi sisxlis samarTali. gamocemis mecnieruli redaqtori Tedo niniZe, Targmna ekaterine sumbaTaSvilma, sagamomcemlo-poligrafiuli kompania `sani,~ 1999, gv. 207-213.

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revoluciamdel rusul iuridiul literaturaSi, rogorc T. wereTeli aRniSnavs, agent-provokatoris sakiTxi farTo diskusiis sagani gaxda gansakuTrebiT `lopuxin-azefis~ saqmesTan dakavSirebiT. kriminalistTa erTi nawili asabuTebda, rom agent-provokatori ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc danaSaulis wamqezebeli, radgan agent-provokators ganzraxuli ara aqvs bolomde miiyvanos danaSauli. igi dainteresebulia mxolod imiT, rom amsrulebelma mcdelobis stadias miaRwios, rac SesaZleblobas miscems gamoavlinos damnaSave da gadasces igi marTlmsajulebis organoebs. Aam Sexedulebis avtori nabakovi Tvlida, rom saerTod ganzraxva SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos mxolod danaSaulebrivi Sedegis ganxorcielebaze. mcdelobis ganzraxva sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT ar SeiZleba arsebobdes, radgan danaSaulis mcdelobis elements warmoadgens is, rom igi ver damTavrda damnaSavis nebaze damoukidebeli mizezebis gamo. Aamitom SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT, rom damnaSavis ganzraxva mimarTuli iyos swored mcdelobaze, vinaidan aseT SemTxvevaSi aRmoCndeboda, rom es ganzraxva moicavs iseT garemoebebs, romelic damnaSavis nebaze damokidebuli ar aris. TviT mcdelobis arsis gamo waqezeba mcdelobisadmi iuridiulad SeuZlebelia. es aris contradictio in abjecto.294

Aamave dros nabakovi ar uaryofda agent-provokatoris dasjis SesaZleblobas Tu igi moqmedebda eventualuri ganzraxviT Sedegis mimarT. Ggarda amisa, nabakovi gmobda agent-provokatoros saqmianobas, romelSic xedavda ara marto `udides zneobriv borotebas, aramed agreTve instituts, romelic sruliad dauSvebelia kulturul samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi.~ piriqiT, mravali kriminalisti, magaliTad, koleri amarTlebs agent-provokatoris saqmianobas, rogorc saxelmwifo xelisuflebisaTvis aucilebels.295

agent-provokatoris sakiTxs uyuradRebod ar tovebs revoluciamdeli ruseTis erT-erTi udidesi kriminalisti n. tagancevi. igi ixilavs, wamqezeblis qcevis motivebsa da safuZvlebs, exeba iseT situacias, rodesac wamqezebeli piradi survilebiT ar moqmedebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT igi svams sakiTxs: `iqneba Tu ara wamqezebeli is, vinc danaSaulisaken agulianebda sxvas misi marTlmsajulebisaTvis gadacemisa da pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis mizniT?... aseTi wamqezeblebi SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc kerZo pirebi, aseve, umeteswilad, am rolSi gvevlinebian sapolicio xelisuflebis umcrosi agentebi, gamomZieblebi, romlebic asruleben e.w. agents provokateurs (Lockspitzel) rols. SeiZleba Tu ara am pirebis mimarT

294 cit. T. wereTlis mix., Tanamonawileoba danaSaulSi, Tb., 1965, gv. 163-164; Труды юридического общества при императорсом С.-Петербургском университете, том 1,С.П., 1910, с. 242 и др. 295 ix. wereTeli T. Tanamonawileoba danaSaulSi, Tb., 1965, gv. 163-164.

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gamoviyenoT wamqezeblis cneba, ra Tqma unda, amisaTvis yvela saerTo pirobebis arsebobisas?~296

rogorc qveviT davinaxavT, n. tagancevi kategoriulad moiTxovs agent-provokatoris dasjas wamqezeblis saxiT: _ `upirveles yovlisa ueWvelia, rom erTma mxolod waqezebulis kanonier pasuxisgebaSi micemis survilma ar SeiZleba gamoricxos wamqezemlis dasjadoba. Tu vinmem Seaguliana, dauSvaT, sakuTari Zma mkvlelobisaTvis, raTa Semdeg daabezRos da isargeblos misi qonebiT, romelsac uflebebi CamoarTves, an rogorc glazers mohyavs magaliTi, imisaTvis, rom isargeblos misi dakavebiT da moxiblos misi coli an qaliSvili, ra Tqma unda, aseTi piri aramarto uzneod moqmedia, aramed sisxlissamarTlebrivad dasjadi wamqezebelia.~297

n. tagancevis citirebuli azris safuZvlianoba, bunebrivia, araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs, ramdenadac moyvanil magaliTebSi wamqezeblis moqmedebebi veraviTar gamarTlebas ver hpovebs. Tuki samarTali uSvebs danaSaulebrivi situaciis xelovnurad gamowvevas es nakarnaxevi unda iyos aramarto damnaSavis marTlmsajulebisaTvis gadacemis ganzraxviT, aramed Seqmnili viTarebis ukiduresobiT anu danaSaulSi eWvmitanilis sxvagvarad dakavebis SeuZleblobiT.

n. tagancevi Tavis msjelobis safuZvlianobas ufro akonkretebs: `im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac wamqezebeli xelmZRvanelobs ara piradi zraxvebiT, aramed Taviseburad gagebuli samsaxurebrivi movaleobebis an sazogadoebrivi interesebiT, mainc msgavsi damowmeba sakmarisi araa wamqezeblis dausjelobis aRiarebisaTvis. samsaxurebrivi movaleobebis damowmeba TavisTavad ususuria, radgan aranairi kanoni ar iZleva uflebas da arc SeiZleba ufleba misces vinmes msgavsi saqmianobisaTvis. policiis valdebulebaa Cadenili danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis gaxsna an momzadebul danaSaulTa Tavidan acileba; magram am da sxva SemTxvevaSic am saqmianobas araferi saerTo ara aqvs axali danaSaulebis an danaSaulebrivi mcdelobebis ganxorcielebasTan. Aamgvari damowmeba gaumarTlebelia aramxolod maSin, rodesac mocemulma agentma mimarTa danaSaulis gaxsnis Sesabamis xerxs, aramed maSinac, rodesac igi moqmedebda ufrosis brZanebiT, ramdenadac Sesabamisi brZaneba ukanonoa.~ n. tagancevi iqve daaskvnis, rom ramdenadac danaSaulis provokators Sedegic surs, amdenad ar SeiZleba igi wamqezeblad ar miviCnioT.298

n. tagancevis naazrevidan aSkaraa, rom agent-provokatoris moqmedeba yovelTvis unda ganixilebodes rogorc danaSaulis waqezeba. analogiur mosazrebas iziareben sxva kriminalistebic. magaliTad, T. wereTeli, 296 Таганцев Н. С., dasax. naSr., gv. 595. 297 iqve, gv.595. 298 ix. iqve, gv. 596.

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lublinski, a. trainini da sxv. `samZebro organoebma ar SeiZleba gamoiyenon danaSaulis gaxsnis mizniT iseTi sazogadoebrivad saSiSi da ukanono meTodi, rogoricaa danaSaulis provokacia.~299

Tu saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebis istorias gadavxedavT, calke muxlad danaSaulis provokacia saerTod ar yofila gaTvaliswinebuli. saqarTvelos ssr 1928 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 125-e muxli iTvaliswinebda mxolod Tanamdebobis piris mier qrTamis provokaciis Semadgenlobas.

sabWoTa qveynebidan pirvelad sakanonmdeblo doneze specialuri norma qrTamis provokaciisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb dawesda rsfsr 1922 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT. qrTamis provokacia ganisazRvreboda rogorc Tanamdebobis piris mier winaswari SecnobiT mdgomareobisa da pirobebis Seqmna, romelic iwvevs qrTamis SeTavazebas qrTamis mimcemis Semdgomi mxilebis mizniT. Aase rom, pasuxismgebloba gaTvaliswinebuli iyo mxolod qrTamis mimcemis provokaciuli saqmianobisaTvis. Tumca, 1926 wlis rsfsr sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi amgvari xarvezi Seivso kanonmdeblis mier (muxli 119-e) da qrTamis provokaciaSi igulisxmeboda Tanamdebobis piris mier winaswari SecnobiT mdgomareobisa da pirobebis Seqmna, romelic iwvevs qrTamis SeTavazebas an aRebas qrTamis mimcemis an amRebis Semdgomi mxilebis mizniT.300

ssr kavSirisa da mokavSire respublikebis sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis 1958 wlis safuZvlebis miRebis Semdeg analogiuri Semadgenloba mxolod ukrainis ssr 1960 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 171-e muxliT iyo SenarCunebuli. ruseTis moqmed sisxlix samarTlis kodeqsSi danaSaulis provokaciis mxolod kerZo SemTxvevaa gaTvaliswinebuli. saxeldobr, ruseTis ssk-is 304-e muxliT dawesebulia pasuxismgebloba qrTamis an komerciuli mosyidvis provokaciisaTvis. rusul sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba sxva danaSaulis provokaciis SesaZleblobis Taobaze, rac udavo WeSmaritebaa. e. dubonosovs mohyavs rusi avtorebis gamokvlevebis Sedegebi: _ `miuxedavad imisa, rom sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba gaTvaliwinebulia mxolod qrTamis an komerciuli mosyidvis provokaciisaTvis, gamokiTxuli operatiuli muSakebis 45,6% Tvlis mas SesaZleblad sxva Semadgenlobebis mimarTac. literaturaSi SeiZleba moinaxos mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom igi SeiZleba Segvxvdes narkotikebis, sabrZolo masalebis SenaxvaSi, savaluto

299 ix. T. wereTlis dasax. naSr., gv. 165-166; Труды юридического общества при императорсом С.-Петербургском университетеб том 1,С.П., 1910, с. 272; Траинин А. Н., учение о саучастии, М., 1941, с. 103. 300 ix. Дубоносов Е. С., Провокация взятки либо коммерческого подкупа. Серия «высшая школа», М., 2002, с. 8.

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operaciebis darRvevaSi, jibis qurdobasa sxva danaSaulebSi pirTa mxilebisas.* masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebic aseve amtkicebs, rom samarTaldamcavi organoebi operatiuli eqsperimentis ganxorcielebisas iyeneben moqalaqeTa Tanadgomas narkotikul saSualebaTa SeZenaSi eWvmitanilTa mxilebisaTvis.* ”301

danaSaulis provocirebasTan dakavSirebuli problemis gadaWras germanul sisxlissamarTlebriv doqtrinaSi Camoyalibebuli Teoriebi sxvadasxvagvarad cdiloben:

`1. samarTlebrivi sikeTis safrTxeSi Cagdebis zRvaris Teoriis (Die Theorie der Rechtsgutsgefährdungsgrenze) mixedviT, wamqezebloba mxolod maSin gamoiricxeba, Tu wamqezebels situaciis ganviTareba, qmedebis obieqtis sxvagvari xelyofis gamoricxviT, mxolod mTavari qmedebis mcdelobamde surs. Tu qmedebis dasrulebis gamoricxva SeuZlebelia an aucilebelic kia qmedebis formaluri dasruleba, saxeze yovelTvis wamqezebloba gveqneba, radganac Tanamonawilis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dasjadobis ganmapirobebeli ,,xelyofis mimarTuleba,~ samarTlebriv sikeTesTan mimarTebaSi, ukve swored samarTlebrivi sikeTis safrTxeSi CagdebaSi gansxeuldeba. mxolod agent-provokatoris ,,safrTxis Tavidan asarideblad SiSvel mzadyofnas~ ar SeuZlia qmedebas samarTlebrivi sikeTis damazianebeli xasiaTi daukargos. aseve sagulisxmoa, rom saWiroa SeizRudos moqmedebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dasjadobisagan gaTavisuflebuli is areali, romelic tvirTad, sabolood, samarTlebrivi sikeTis matarebels awveba. maSasadame, rogorc ki samarTlebrivi sikeTis safrTxeSi Cagdebis gamoricxva aRar moxerxdeba, an saWiro gaxdeba qmedebis formaluri dasruleba, am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, adgili eqneba wamqezeblobas agent-provokatoris mxridan. aseT SemTxvevebSi, mxolod gamamarTlebeli garemoebis amoqmedebis sakiTxiRa unda iqnes ganxiluli germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis $ 34-ze (marTlzomieri ukiduresi aucilebloba) dayrdnobiT.~302

`2. qmedebis ganxorcielebis formaluri zRvaris Teoriis D(Die Theorie der formellen Vollendungsgrenze) mimdevrebi wamqezeblobas mxolod maSin uaryofen, Tu wamqezebels situaciis ganviTareba mxolod mTavari qmedebis mcdelobamde surs. amasTan erTad, mdgomareoba ar Seicvleba Tu wamqezebels ar SeeZlo gamoericxa samarTlebrivi sikeTis daugegmavi dazianebis safrTxe. wamqezeblobas mxolod maSin

301 cit. iqve, gv. 23, *Замошкин С. А может быть провокация? Чистые руки, 1999, №2, с. 82;* Котин В. П., Провокация взятки (К проблеме совершенствования законодателства), Государство и право, 1996, №2. 302 Heinrich Bernd, Strafrecht - Allgemeiner Teil II, Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, 2005, S. 187.

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eqneba adgili, Tu igi sakuTar ganzraxvaSi qmedebis formalur dasrulebasac itevda.~303

`3. samagierod, qmedebis materialuri ganxorcielebis zRvaris Teoriis (Die Theorie der materiellen Vollendungsgrenze) mixedviT, wamqezebloba mxolod maSin ki ar gamoiricxeba, rodesac wamqezebels situaciis ganviTareba mxolod mTavari qmedebis mcdelobamde surs, aramed maSinac, rodesac igi amasTanave ganzrax urigdeba qmedebis formalur ganxorcielebas (pirobiTad). is mxolod maSin iqneba (namdvili) wamqezebeli, Tu igi agreTve qmedebis materialuri dasrulebiskenac miiswrafvis. es imitom, rom am Teoriis mimdevarTa azriT, wamqezebels, saboloo jamSi, samarTlebrivi sikeTis mflobelisaTvis zaralis miyeneba ar undoda. aqedan gamomdinare, iseT kazusebSi, sadac amsrulebeli qmedebis sisruleSi moyvanasa da qmedebis dasrulebas Soris unda iqnes mxilebuli, dasjadi wamqezeblobis ganmapirobebeli samarTlebrivi sikeTis materialuri xelyofa ar arsebobs. amasTanave, sasjelisagan gaTavisuflebul qmedebaTa arealis gafarToeba kriminalur-politikuri safuZvlebis gamoc mizanSewonilia. am Sexedulebas im daskvnamde mivyavarT, rom agent-provokatoris qmedeba wamqezeblobis gamo manam ar aris dasjadi, sanam igi sakuTar ganzraxvaSi qmedebis materialur dasrulebasac ar iTavsebs.~304

4. aRniSnuli Teoriebis ganxilvis Semdeg germaneli mecnieri b. hainrixi mxars samarTlebrivi sikeTis gamousworebeli dazianebis im Teorias (Die Theorie der irreparablen Rechtsgutsverletzung) uWers, romelic agent-provokators, tendenciis Sesabamisad, sasjelisagan gaTavisuflebul qmedebaTa kidev ufro farTo arealiT uzrunvelzofs, vidre wina Teoria. aqedan gamomdinare, savsebiT mizanSewonilia wamqezebels maSinac ki mivceT situaciidan dausjelad gamosvlis SesaZlebloba, rodesac igi, marTalia, urigdeba qmedebis SesaZlo materialur dasrulebas, magram ar surs am situaciis samarTlebrivi sikeTis gamousworebel dazianebamde ganviTareba. maSasadame, dasjadobis zRvarze mxolod maSin iqneba gadabijebuli, Tu wamqezebeli samarTlebrivi sikeTis SesaZlo gamousworebel dazianebas Seurigdeba. amgvari midgomis sisworis dasabuTeba imiTaa SesaZlebeli, rom, wamqezebels, saboloo jamSi, ar surs zarali miayenos samarTlebrivi sikeTis mflobels. aqedan gamomdinare, ar arsebobs wamqezeblis dasjadobis ganmapirobebeli, samarTlebrivi sikeTis materialuri xelyofa. amgvari xelyofa maSinac ki, rodesac adgili aqvs samarTlebriv sikeTeze xanmokle mavne zemoqmedebas, mxolod iseT dros gvaqvs saxeze, rodesac samarTlebrivi sikeTe,

303 Heinrich Bernd, dasax. naS., gv. 188. 304 iqve, gv. 188.

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saboloo jamSi, gamousworeblad daziandeba. savaWro centrebSi Cadenili qurdobebis magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom xelyofil samarTlebriv sikeTesTan mimarTebaSi, araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs amsrulebels nivTis dauflebis momentSi amxelen (waaswreben), misi gadamalvis momentSi, Tu Senobis datovebisas. aqedan gamomdinare, wamqezeblobis sakiTxi aqtualuri maSin xdeba, rodesac samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofa xangrZliv xasiaTs miiRebs da wamqezebeli amgvar SedegTan Seguebuli iyo. Tumca, amgvar SemTxvevebSi, erTxel kidev, germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis $ 34-ze (marTlzomieri ukiduresi acilebloba) dayrdnobiT, aucileblad unda davfiqrdeT qmedebis gamarTlebulobaze.305

saqarTvelos moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 145-e muxli (danaSaulis provokacia) siaxles warmoadgens. aRniSnuli muxlis Tanaxmad, danaSaulis provokacia ganmartebulia rogorc sxvisi dayolieba danaSaulis Casadenad misi sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi micemis mizniT. maSasadame, kanonmdebeli am muxlis SeqmniT moiTxovs mkveTrad gaimijnos erTmaneTisagan wamqezeblis saqmianoba da agent-provokatoris saqmianoba.

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 24-e muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT: `wamqezebelia is, vinc daiyolia sxva piri ganzraxi danaSaulis Casadenad.~ am konkretul SemTxvevaSi sakiTxis Rrma kvlevisaTvis aucilebelia gamoviyenoT SedarebiTi kvlevis meTodi, rac, upirveles yovlisa, gulisxmobs or movlenas Soris msgavsebis, xolo meore safexurze gansxvavebis dadgenas.

Apirveli, agent-provokatoris, iseve rogorc wamqezeblis moqmedeba, obieqturi mxriv gamoixateba sxva piris dayoliebaSi danaSaulis Casadenad.

Mmeore msgavseba agent-provokatorsa da wamqezebels Soris isaa, rom orive maTgani Seracxadi unda iyos.

Mmesame, agent-provikatoric da wamqezebelic iyolieben Seracxads, radgan Tu Seuracxis dayolieba xdeba adgili eqneba SualobiT amsruleblobas.

meoTxe, agent-provikatoric da wamqezebelic Seracxad pirs ubiZgeben pirdapiri ganzraxviT Casadeni danaSaulisaken. marTalia, ssk-is 145-e muxli wamqezeblis gansazRvrebisagan gansxvavebiT ar Seicavs miTiTebas ganzraxi Tu gaufrTxilebeli danaSaulisaTvis xdeba dayolieba, magram SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT iseTi situacia, rodesac piris dayolieba xdeba arapirdapiri ganzraxviT an gaufrTileblobiT Casadeni danaSaulisaTvis. arapirdapiri ganzraxvisas da gaufrTxileblobisas Sedegis dadgomamde ar SeiZleba visaubroT qmedebis kriminalurobaze, radgan momzadeba an mcdeloba mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT SeiZleba, xolo danaSaulis provokaciis SemadgenlobisaTvis

305 ix. Heinrich Bernd, dasax. naS., gv. 189.

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gadamwyvetia danaSaulis Casadenad piris dayolieba da aranairi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, Tu danaSaulis romel stadiaze iqna aRkveTili dayoliebulis danaSaulebrivi saqmianoba. amasTan, Tu agent-provikatori an wamqezebeli Seacdens pirs da igi arapirdapiri ganzraxviT an gaufrTxileblobiT danaSauls Caides, maSin saqme gveqneba SualobiT amsruleblobasTan.

mexuTe, arc agent-provokatorad da arc wamqezeblad piris cnobisaTvis mniSvneloba ara aqvs danaSaulis motivs.

Mmsgavsi niSnebis dadgenis Semdeg aucilebelia gairkves maTi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebic.

Uupirveles yovlisa, agent-provokatorsa da wamqezebels ganasxvavebs maTi samoqmedo mizani. wamqezeblis mizani yovelTvis emTxveva amsruleblisa da sxva Tanamonawileebis mizans; agent-provokatori swored imitom ar miiCneva mis mier dayoliebuli piris wamqezeblad, rom maT sxvadasxva mizani gaaCniaT: _ agent-provokatoris mizani yovelTvis dayoliebulis sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi micemaa. Aam mxriv, sainteresoa o. gamyreliZis kritika braleuli Tanamonawileobis moZRvrebis Sesaxeb: braleuli Tanamonawileobis moZRvrebis mixedviT danaSaulis Tanamonawilis dasjadoba Sveicarul iuridiul literaturaSi e.w. korufciis ideas efuZneba. `Tanamonawilisa (wamqezeblis) da amsruleblis dasja sxvadasxva safuZvelze xdeba. isini sxvadasxva sikeTes xelyofen. Tanamonawile, kerZod, wamqezebeli, xelyofs amsruleblis pirovnebas, mis socialur integracias, xolo amsrulebeli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kerZo nawiliT dacul romelime konkretul sikeTes (adamianis sicocxle, qoneba da sxv.). amrigad, socialuri integracia yofila damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi sikeTe. Ees ukve imaze mianiSnebs, rom wamqezebloba Tanamonawileoba ki araa, isic danaSaulis gamovlinebis iseTive damoukidebeli forma yofila, rogoric amsruleblobaa. wamqezebloba am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, damoukidebeli Sinaarsis umarTlobaa, radganac igi amsruleblisagan gansxvavebul samarTlebriv sikeTes azianebs. Aaqedan ukve erTaderTi daskvna unda gakeTdes: braleuli Tanamonawileobis moZRvreba saerTod uaryofs danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis cnebas da Slis yovelgvar zRvars Tanamonawileobasa (wamqezebloba) da amsruleblobas Soris.~306

o. gamyreliZis azriT, Tu wamqezebels SecdomaSi Sehyavs amsrulebeli, maSin waqezebis Cveulebriv SemTxvevas ver gavuTanabrebT iseT SemTxvevas, roca agent-provokatori aqezebs sxvas danaSaulis Casadenad. `wamqezeblis moqmedeba maSin iqneba mimarTuli amsruleblis pirovnebis winaaRmdeg,

306 gamyreliZe o., sisxlissamarTlebrivi umarTlobis problema da Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis safuZveli. gamom. `mecniereba,~ Tb., 1989, gv. 9-14.

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roca waqezeba xdeba provokaciuli mizniT, roca amsrulebelma ar icis, rom mas aqezeben imisaTvis, raTa danaSaulis Cadenis momentSi Seipyron da dasajon.~307

maSasadame, agent-provokatori imitom araa wamqezebeli, rom mas amsruleblisa da TanamonawileebisaTvis ucnobi, gansxvavebuli mizani amoZravebs. mizanze dakvirveba ki sul sxva suraTs qmnis: jer erTi, faqtobrivi (da ara iuridiuli) gagebiT wamqezebeli provokaciuli miznis gamo damoukidebeli danaSaulis uSualo amsruleblad gvevlineba, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom wamqezeblisagan gansxvavebiT agent-provokatori danaSaulis Semadgenlobas uSualod asrulebs; meore, _ cnobilia, rom xSirad mizani danaSaulis obieqts avlens, ris gamoc wamqezebeli igive obieqts xelyofis, rasac amsrulebeli da Tanamonawileebi, xolo agent-provokatori yovelTvis xelyofs adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.

CvenTvis miuRebelia sabWoTa sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi gamoTqmuli azri, romlis Tanaxmadac, provokatori wamqezeblis gansakuTrebul saxed ganixileba misi moqmedebis miznis miuxedavad. marTalia, sabWoTa sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebi saSualebas ar iZleoda provokaciuli qmedeba damoukidebel danaSaulad miCneuliyo, magram kanonmdeblobis am naklze mecnierebaSic ar miuTiTebdnen. gavrcelebul debulebad iTvleboda, rom `yovelgvari dayolieba danaSaulis CadenisaTvis SemdgomSi im piris mxilebis mizniT, romelsac provokacia mouwyves, ganixileba Tanamonawileobad da gamoiwvevs pasuxismgeblobas Tanamonawileobis wesebis mixedviT. Aam Tvalsazrisis iyo rogorc sabWoTa mecnier-kriminalistTa umravlesoba, ise sasamarTlo praqtika.~308

amrigad, Tu erTad moqmed or an met Seracxads erTiani mizani ar amoZravebT, Tanamonawileobaze saubari SeuZlebelia. swored amitomaa, rom agent-provokatori ver iqneba im danaSaulis Tanamonawile (wamqezebeli), romliskenac ubiZga man `xafangSi~ gabmul adamians.

mesame ganmasxvavebeli niSani am or figuras Soris danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebaSi unda veZeboT. ramdenadac danaSaulis provokacia formaluri danaSaulia, amdenad wamqezebelTan SedarebiT agent-provokatorisaTvis danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aReba mniSvnelovnad SezRudulia: wamqezebels sruli iuridiuli ufleba aqvs

307 gamyreliZe o., sisxlissamarTlebrivi umarTlobis problema da Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis safuZveli. gamom. `mecniereba,~ Tb., 1989, gv. 14. 308 ix: magaliTad, mayaSvili v., tyeSeliaZe g., pasuxismgebloba meqrTameobisaTvis. gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo,~ Tb., 1964, gv. 210-211; Траинин А. Н. Учение о соучастии, М., 1941, с. 103; Гришаев П. И., Кригер Г.А. Соучастие советскому уголовному праву, М., 1959, с. 148-149; Советское уголовное право, часть общая, Л., изд. ЛГУ, 1960, с. 416-417.

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danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xeli aiRos mas Semdeg, rodesac man danaSaulis Casadenad sxva daiyolia, jer kidev ar ganxorcielebula danaSaulis SemadgenlobiT gaTvaliwinebuli yvela niSani da Segulianebul adamians nebayoflobiT da sabolood gadaarwmunebs danaSaulis Cadenisagan. Aanalogiur situaciaSi amgvari SesaZlebloba agent-provokators saerTod ar gaaCnia, rameTu sxvisi dayoliebisTanave danaSaulis provokacia damTavrebul danaSaulad iTvleba.

meoTxe, wamqezeblis danaSaulebrivi qmedeba yovelTvis sxvaze fsiqikur zemoqmedebaSi gamoixateba, ris gamoc wamqezeblisa da amsruleblis subieqturi kavSiri yovelTvis ormxrivia anu amsrulebelma icis, rom mas danaSaulis Casadenad aqezeben. provokaciuli saqmianobisas piris dayolieba danaSaulis Casadenad SeiZleba, rogorc piradad provokaciis `msxverplisaTvis~ agent-provokatoris mier danaSaulis Cadenis SeTavazeba, ise situaciis xelovnurad Seqmna, rodesac agent-provokatori `safaridan~ adevnebs Tvalyurs situaciis ganviTarebas da `msxverplma~ ar icis arc Seqmnili viTarebis namdvili arsi da arc `xafangis~ momwyobis vinaoba. magaliTad, a-m rkinigzis sadgurze dado Cemodani, romelsac Sori manZilidan adevnebs Tvalyurs im varaudiT, rom mavani da mavani Secdeba Cemodans ukanonod daeufleba, ris Semdegad damnaSaves Seipyrobs sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi micemis mizniT.

axla unda gairkves Semdegi sakiTxi: provokaciuli saqmianoba yovelTvis akrZalulia, Tu aris gansazRvruli situaciebi, rodesac samarTali gamonaklisis saxiT dasaSvebad miiCnevs danaSaulis xelovnurad gamowvevas.

sisxlis samarTlisa da sisxlis samarTlis procesis miznebis ganxorcieleba sakmaod mravalmxriv Zalisxmevas saWiroebs. zogjer iqmneba ukiduresi situacia, rodesac aucilebelia danaSaulis provocireba. am TvalsazrisiT, yuradRebas ipyrobs saqarTvelos 1999 wlis 15 maisis kanoni `operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb.~ Ooperatiul-samZebro saqmianobis miznebidan aRsaniSnavia sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebis, danaSaulebrivi da sxva marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofisagan dacvis mizani (1-li muxlis 1-li nawili). aRniSnuli miznebis misaRwevad, sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, sayuradReboa amave kanonis me-2 muxlis Semdegi amocanebi: a) danaSaulis an sxva marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis gamovlena, aRkveTa da Tavidan acileba; b) im piris dadgena, romelic amzadebs, sCadis an romelsac Cadenili aqvs danaSauli an sxva marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba; v) sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze aucilebeli faqtobrivi monacemebis mopoveba.

aRniSnuli amocanebis saerTo niSani isaa, rom samive mimarTulia danaSaulis gaxsnisaken, risTvisac aucilebelia danaSaulis Camdeni piris gamovlena da danaSaulis CadenaSi

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misi mamxilebeli mtkicebulebebis dadgena. am amocanebis ganxorcielebisaTvis marTlac SesaZlebelia danaSaulis provocireba Tu igi ukiduresi aucileblobiTaa ganpirobebuli. kompetenturi organos muSakebs SeuZliaT mocemul situaciaSi ganaxorcielon `sakontrolo Sesyidva~ an `kontrolirebadi miwodeba~ (aRniSnuli kanonis me-7 muxlis me-2 nawilis `g~ da `d~ qvepunqtebi). Axsenebuli kanonis 1-li muxlis me-2 nawilis `d~ qvepunqtis mixedviT sakontrolo Sesyidva niSnavs operatiuli muSakis an operatiul-samZebro organos mier operatiuli informaciis safuZvelze sagnis an nivTierebis SeZenas anda SeZenis situaciis Seqmnas (misi gasaRebis an moxmarebis miznis gareSe); xolo amave nawilis `e~ qvepunqtis mixedviT, kontrolirebadi miwodeba niSnavs danaSaulis gaxsnis, danaSaulis Camdeni piris gamosavlenad saqarTvelos farglebSi (xolo saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliwinebul SemTxvevaSi _ saqarTvelos farglebs gareTac), saqarTvelos farglebis garedan saqarTveloSi an saqarTvelos gavliT nivTieri mtkicebulebis an iseTi sagnis kontrolirebad gadaadgilebas, romlis Tavisufali realizacia kanoniT akrZalulia an SezRudulia.

maSasadame, praqtikulad SeiZleba warmoiSvas iseTi viTareba, rodesac damnaSavis pasuxisgebaSi misacemad saWiro mtkicebulebebis mopovebisaTvis aucilebelia danaSaulis provocireba. Tumca, aseTi provocireba mxolod maSin unda iyos dasaSvebi Tu eWvmitanilTa danaSaulebrivi saqmianoba romelime erT-erT pirobas akmayofilebs: 1) Tu eWvmitanilTa danaSaulebrivi saqmianoba sistematur xasiaTs atarebs. magaliTad, narkotikebis gamsaReblebis dasadgenad zogjer aucilebelia policiis agentma Seisyidos narkotikuli nivTiereba, raTa Semdeg es faqti mtkicebulebad gamoiyenos. anda, vTqvaT, garkveuli pirebi sacxovrebels an adgils gadascemen `klientebs~ prostituciisaTvis (ssk-is 253-e muxli); 2) danaSaulebrivi saqmianoba gangrZobad (am sityvis iuridiuli gagebiT) xasiaTs atarebs. magaliTad, kompiuterebis sawarmos direqtoris informaciis safuZvalze policiis agenti am sawarmos im muSaks, romelic eWvmitanilia kompiuteruli mowyobilobebis qurdobaSi da misi mizania am nawilebiT kompiuteris awyoba da realizacia, SesTavazebs kvlav miiTvisos kompiuteris nawilebi; 3) ama Tu im danaSaulis momzadebis stadiaze misi aRkveTis da misi Camdenis dakavebis mizniT moxdeba provocireba. magaliTad, agent-provokatori mkvlelobis momzadebisas mkvlels SesTavazebs erToblivad ganaxorcielon mkvleloba.

Tu kompetenturi organos agenti aseTi danaSaulis Camden pirebs danaSaulis provokacias mouwyobs maTi Semdgomi danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis aRsakveTad da maT faqtze waswrebis gamo daakaveben, agentis moqmedeba marTlzomierad unda CaiTvalos. zemoaRniSnul samive

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SemTxvevaSi danaSaulis provokaciis marTlzomierad miCnevisaTvis aseve umTavresia Semdegi garemoeba: eWvmitanil pirs unda hqondes danaSaulebrivi ganzraxva da Sesabamisi qmedeba ganxorcielebuli, romelic sisxlissamarTlebrivad relevanturia. amgvari saqmianobis ganxorcielebis uflebamosili organoebi CamoTvlilia operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb kanonis me-12 muxlSi. esenia, magaliTad, Sss operatiuli organoebi, saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros operatiuli organoebi, iusticiis saministros sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebis usafrTxoebis samsaxuri da a.S.

am mxriv, marTebulia v. ivanovis pozicia, romelic marTlzomierad Tvlis da araviTar saerTos ar xedavs provokaciasa da organizebul danaSaulebriv jgufSi Segzavnili, agreTve samarTaldamcavi organoebisaTvis danaSaulobasTan brZolaSi konfidenciur sawyisze daxmarebis aRmomCeni pirebis saqmianobas Soris, romlebic mowodebulni arian gamoavlinon, aicilon, Sewyviton da gaxsnan danaSauli maTi gamovlenis romelime stadiaze. aRniSnuli pirebi ar ubiZgeben amsrulebels danaSaulis Cadenisaken. aseve ar miiCnevian provokatorebad danaSaulebrivi jgufis is wevrebi, romlebic TviTon monawileobdnen danaSaulis CadenaSi, Tumca Semdeg daekisraT TanamSromloba operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebis Catarebisa da danaSaulebrivi jgufis sxva wevrebis mxilebisaTvis.309

moqalaqis mier danaSaulis provokacia, Tundac ganxorcielebuli iyos damnaSavis Sepyrobis mizniT da sxva saSualeba ar iyos danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis aRkveTis, mtkicebulebaTa mopovebisa da damnaSavis mxilebisaTvis, garda danaSaulis provocirebisa anu danaSaulis provocireba gamowveuli iyos ukiduresi aucileblobiT, yovelTvis danaSaulad unda Sefasdes. am mxriv, gamonakliss warmoadgens kanoniT uflebamosili organoebis qmedebani, romlebic mowodebulni arian aRkveTon Semdgomi danaSaulebrivi saqmianoba.

nawilobriv msgavs Sexedulebas aviTarebda n. tagancevi: `ramdenadme sxvagvarad warmogvidgeba is SemTxveva, rodesac dayoliebuli piri ukve iZebneba Cadenili romelime danaSaulis gamo xelisuflebis mier da axali qmedebis da Tundac misi mcdelobis ganxorcieleba aranair interess ar emsaxureba, xolo safari ewyoba ara axlad Cadenilis gamo pasuxisgebaSi micemisaTvis, aramed mxolod damnaSavis SepyrobisaTvis.~310 maSasadame, n. tagancevi agentis aseT moqmedebas wamqezeblobad ar miiCnevs. Tumca, rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, aseT SemTxvevasac zRvardadebulad warmogvidgens.

309 ix. Иванов В.Д. Пониатие провокации преступления. Концепция развития органов внутренних дел и внутренних войск МВД: теория практика. Тезисы и доклады межвузовской научно-практической конференции. Белгород, 1996, с. 100. 310 Таганцев Н. С. dasax. naS., gv. 596.

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da bolos, unda SevexoT provokaciuli saqmianobis samarTlebrivi Sefasebis sferoSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze rTul sakiTxs, romelic kanoniT uflebaaRWurvil pirTa provokaciuli saqmianobis farglebs exeba.

sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobiT daculia iseTi samarTlebrivi sikeTeebi, romelTa dazianebiT an dazianebis safrTxis SeqmniT ar iqneba gamarTlebuli agentTa provokaciuli saqmianoba, ramdenadac TviT am samarTlebriv sikeTeTa Rirebuleba yovelTvis aRemateba sxva kanonier interesebs.

operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb kanonis me-3 muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad: akrZalulia im operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebis Catareba, romelic:

a) safrTxes uqmnis adamianis sicocxles, janmrTelobas, pativsa da Rirsebas, qonebas; b) safrTxes uqmnis iuridiuli piris uflebebs; g)DDdakavSirebulia motyuebasTan, SantaJTan, ZaliT

dayoliebasTan, danaSaulis an sxva marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis CadenasTan. kanonis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, unda miviCnioT, rom

Tuki provokaciuli saqmianobiT safrTxe eqmneba sicocxles, janmrTelobas, pativsa da Rirsebas, qonebas, iuridiuli piris uflebebs, maSin kompetenturi organoebis agentTa moqmedeba momzadebis stadias ar unda gascdes, ramdenadac samarTliT dacul sikeTes mxolod mcdelobis stadiaze eqmneba safrTxe.

yuradRebas ipyrobs aRniSnuli kanonis me-3 muxlis me-2 nawilis `g~ qvepunqti, sadac miTiTebulia, rom operatiul samZebro RonisZiebis Catareba dauSvebelia, romelic dakavSirebulia motyuebasTan. kanonis es debuleba, SezRudulad unda unda gavigoT, radgan es ar gulisxmobs kanoniT nebadarTul SemTxvevaSi provokaciuli saqmianobis akrZalvas. provokaciuli saqmianoba yovelTvis motyuebiT xorcieldeba anu Sesapyrobi piri cdeba swored imitom, rom man ar icis Seqmnili situaciis realuri suraTi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi arc `wamoegeboda ankesze.~ magaliTad, policiis agents narkotikebis gamsaRebeli imitom aZlevs garkveuli safasuris gadaxdis Semdeg narkotiks, rom igi motyuvda myidvilis vinaobaSi.

sazRvargareTis specsamsaxurebis praqtikaSi operatiul eqspqriments `saidumlo operacia~ ewodeba. magaliTad, aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT provokaciad ar iTvleba Tu `pirebs, romlebsac ganzraxuli aqvT danaSaulis Cadena, saSualeba miecemaT (e.i. samarTaldamcav organoebs. // Camateba Cemia_i.d.) ganaxorcielon sakuTari marTlsawinaaRmdego Canafiqri.~*

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aSS-s specsamsaxurebis mier ganxorcielebuli amgvari operaciis warmatebul magaliTad miiCneva àbskemis~ saqme.* 311

ssk-is 145-e muxlis (danaSaulis provokacia) Sesaxeb q. Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlosa da uzenaesi sasamarTlos magaliTze, ramdenadac xelmisawvdomi iyo, sasamarTlo praqtika ar arsebobs. Tumca, udavoa is faqti, rom realurad cxovrebaSi arsebobs danaSaulis provokaciis Semadgenlobis niSnebi, romelic sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo reagirebis gareSe darCa. ai, amis naTeli magaliTebic.

rusTavis saqalaqo sasamarTlom 2002 wlis 26 ivnisis ganaCeniT c. y. damnaSaved cno markirebas daqvemdebarebuli aqcizuri saqonlis aqcizuri markis gareSe SenaxvaSi, romlis Rirebuleba Seadgenda 289,10 lars. sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan irkveva, rom: `2002 wlis 28 marts, daaxloebiT 13 saaTze, gamoZiebiT daudgenelma pirma q. rusTavSi ind. mewarme `WilaSvilis~ maRaziaSi sarealizaciod Seitana rusuli aqcizuri markis mqone sxvadasxva dasaxelebis filtriani sigaretebi da iq gamyidvelad momuSave c. y-s SesTavaza maTi SeZena, razec am ukanasknelma uari ganucxada, magram SesaZlo SeZenisaTvis maRaziis mflobelisaTvis saCveneblad ucnob mamakacs daTanxmda sigaretis ramdenime blokis datovebaze, magram man dautova yvela sigareti da gavida maRaziidan, Tan miaZaxa, rom saRamos movidoda da TviTon daelaparakeboda sigaretis yidvis Taobaze maRaziis mflobels. misi gasvlidan maleve (15 wuTis Semdeg) maRaziaSi mividnen policiis muSakebi da amoiRes uaqcizo sigareti.~312

am da analogiuri saqmeebis analizisas, udavod unda daveTanxmod g. mamulaSvilis mZafr kritikas sagangebo legionis mimarT, romelic, misi sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, àvadsaxsenebel òbexss~-s ar Camouvardeboda sagangebo legioni provokaciebis mowyobaSi.~313

aqve unda SevniSnoT sxva samarTaldamcavi organoebis danaSaulebrivi saqmianobac, romelTa muSakebic Tvalebs xuWavdnen provokatorTa danaSaulebriv qmedebebze. 2002 wels saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebs oTxasze meti uaqcizo saqonlis SeZenis saqme aqvs ganxiluli, romelic Cadenilia aRniSnul danaSaulTan mebrZoli struqturebis xelSewyobiT.

311 cit. Дубоносов Е. С., dasax. naS., gv. 18, ix: * Николаичик В. М. США: полицейский контроль над обществом, М., 1987, с.121; * 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aSS-s federalurma sagamoZiebo biurom Caatara masStaburi operacia aSS-s kongresis wevrTa Soris meqrTameTa gamosavlenad. federaluri sagamoZiebo biuros saidumlo TanamSromlebi, romlebic qrTams sTavazobdnen, arabi Seihebis saxiT moqmedebdnen (см: Власихин В. Операция «Абскем»: жучки, маячки и жало в борьбе с коррупцией. Чистие руки.1999, №3, с. 39-52). 312 sisxli samarTlis sasamarTlo praqtikis komentari (ekonomikuri danaSauli). avtorTa koleqtivi, redaqtori o. gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis saxelmwifosa da samarTlis instituti, gamomcemloba `meridiani,” Tb., 2004, gv. 343. 313 iqve, gv. 344.

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Semdeg provocirebuli `samxiliT akaveben da kontrabandasTan `brZolis efeqtur statistikasac qmnian.~314

g. mamulaSvili am mankieri sasamarTlo praqtikis analizis Semdeg midis daskvnamde, rom zemoaRniSnul danaSaulTa subieqtebi motyuebuli arian operatiuli muSakebis mier.315 es faqti udavoa, Tumca mcireoden dazustebas moiTxovs. kanoni operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebis Sesaxeb krZalavs iseTi RonisZiebis Catarebas, romelic motyuebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, magram, rogorc ukve zemoT aRiniSna, kanons aq SezRuduli ganmarteba unda mieces, radgan garkvel SemTxvevebSi samxilis moZieba da damnaSavis dakaveba SeuZlebelia danaSaulis xelovnurad gamowvevis gareSe. ra Tqma unda, Tu ukidures viTarebaSi arsebobs zemoT CamoTvlili sami pirobidan erT-erTi. aseTi provikaciuli qmedeba yovelTvis eWvmitanilis motyuebiT xorcieldeba, ris gareSec piris mxileba SeuZlebeli iqneba. magaliTad, sakontrolo Sesyidva, kontrolirebadi miwodeba da sxv. msgavs situaciebSi kompetentur organoTa muSakebis mier ganxorcielebul sagamoZiebo eqsperiments maSin eqneba danaSaulebrivi xasiaTi Tu maT aRuZres moqalaqes iseTi danaSaulebrivi ganzraxva, romlis ganxorcielebis survili saerTod ar hqonia. analogiur azrs vxvdebiT sisxlisamarTlebriv literaturaSic: `operatiuli eqsperimenti unda CaiTvalos marTlzomierad da ara provokaciad, Tu igi ar iwvevs piris danaSaulebriv qcevas da erTveba misi ukve dawyebuli ganzraxvis realizaciaSi. mniSvnelovania isic, rom `Sesamowmebels~ eqsperimentis ganxorcielebamde gaaCnia arCevanis Tavisufleba da ufleba aqvs nebayoflobiT xeli aiRos danaSaulis bolomde miyvanaze.~316

dasmuli problemis ganxilvisas davinaxeT Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs qmedebis danaSaulad kvalifikaciis procesSi agent-provokatoris qcevis mizans: erTi mxriv, Tu Sesabamisi pirobebi daculia misi qmedeba marTlzomieria, meore mxriv, Tu daculi ar aris sagamoZiebo eqsperimentis marTlzomierebis pirobebi, maSin misi danaSaulebrivi saqmianoba, literaturaSi gavrcelebuli tradiciuli azrisagan gansxvavebiT, unda Sefasdes ara wamqezeblobad, aramed danaSaulis provokaciad, romelic sul sxva tipis umarTlobs qmnis. amasTan, zogjer danaSaulis provokaciisas (miuxedavad imisa, igi marTlzomieria Tu ara) icvleba

314 sisxli samarTlis sasamarTlo praqtikis komentari (ekonomikuri danaSauli). avtorTa koleqtivi, redaqtori o. gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis saxelmwifosa da samarTlis instituti, gamomcemloba `meridiani,” Tb., 2004, gv. 346. 315 ix. iqve, gv. 347. 316 Селезнев М. Эксперимент или провокация? (К вопросу о борьбе с коррупцией) Российская юстиция, 1996, №5, с. 51; msgavsi pozicia ix: Дубоносов Е. С., dasax. naS., gv. 19.

123

`satyuaraSi~ moxvedril pirTa mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi Sefasebac. magaliTad, Tu agent-provokatori a-s SesTavazebs `qrTami” gadasces erT-erT Tanamdebobis pirs da marTlac, a. miscems fuls Tanamdebobis pirs, maSin a-s moqmedeba unda dakvalificirdes qrTamis micemis mcdelobad, xolo Tanamdebobis piris qmedeba _ qrTamis aRebis mcdelobad. analogiuri azri gamoTqmulia qarTul sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSic.317

da bolos, daskvnis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom konkretul SemTxvevaSi danaSaulis wamqezeblobas aqvs adgili Tu danaSaulis provokacias samarTlebrivi sikeTis gamousworebeli dazianebis Teoriis (Die Theorie der irreparablen Rechtsgutsverletzung) debulebebis Sesabamisad unda gadawydes. kerZod, am sakiTxis marTebuli gadawyvetisaTvis mTavaria ara danaSaulis Semadgenlobis sruli ganxorcieleba, aramed aq gadamwyvetia samarTlebrivi sikeTis dazianebis gamosworebis obieqturi SesaZlebloba da am SesaZleblobisadmi damyolieblis subieqturi damokidebuleba. Tu pirs vinmes dayoliebamde surda samarTlebrivi sikeTis imgvari dazianeba, rom misi xelyofis Semdgomi gamosworeba ar surda an ar SeiZleboda, maSin adgili aqvs danaSaulis wamqezeblobas. magaliTad, Tu a-m b. daiyolia kacis mosaklavad, radgan b-s sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi micema surda da kacis sikvdils Tavidanve egueboda, maSin adgili aqvs wamqezeblobas. gansxvavebulad unda gadawydes sakiTxi maSin, rodesac dazianebuli samarTlebrivi sikeTis gamosworeba SeiZleba. magaliTad, Tu a-s surs b-s sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi micema da misi waqezebiT b. nivTis farulad daeufleba da am nivTis ukan dabrunebis SesaZlebloba arsebobs, a-s moqmedeba danaSaulis provokaciad unda Sefasdes.

rTuldeba situacia maSin, rodesac iseTi Sedegi dadgeba, rac damyolieblis ganzraxviT ar iyo moculi. moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblbiT am sakiTxis daregulirebisaTvis misaRebi iqneba, Tu ssk-is 145-e muxls daemateba damamZimebeli garemoebebi, sadac samarTlebrivi sikeTis Rirebulebis mixedviT gansxvavebuli pasuxismgebloba iqneba dawesebuli amgvari Sedegis gamowvevisTvis.

317 ix. magaliTad, mayaSvili v., tyeSeliaZe g., pasuxismgebloba meqrTameobisaTvis. gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo,~ Tb., 1964, gv. 215.

124

d) amsruleblisa da Tanamonawilis pasuxismgeblobis Taviseburebani motivisa da miznis mixedviT

aqamde ganxiluli iyo TanamonawileTa (rogorc viwro,

ise farTo gagebiT) pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli. axla unda gairkves iseTi motivebisa da miznebis Taviseburebani, romlebic TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobas an amZimeben an amsubuqeben.

Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos, rom am kuTxiT sabWour da axlandel rusul sisxlissamarTlebriv naSromebSi raime sagulisxmo winadadebebs ver vxvdebiT. es bralisa da sisxlissamarTlebrivi umarTlobis bunebis SeuswavlelobiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli. misasalmebelia, rom qarTul iuridiul azrovnebaSi am sakiTxebze arsebobs Rrma mecnieruli naSromebi, romelTa avtorebi kvlav ganagrZoben am mxriv mecnierul kvlevas (mag: o. gamyreliZe, l.-g. kutalia).

`TanamonawileTa ganzraxvam, _ wers b. volkovi, _ aseve unda moicvas is motivebi da miznebi, romlebiTac xelmZRvanelobda amsrulebeli danaSaulis Cadenisas, Tundac aRniSnul motivebsa da miznebs ar iziarebdnen Tanamonawileebi. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi iqmneba subieqturi kavSiri da is gansakuTrebuli fsiqikuri damokidebuleba, romelic Tanamonawileobas axasiaTebs.~ 318

sisxlissamarTlebiv literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom Tu `Tanamonawile acnobierebs ama Tu im garemoebebs, romelic exeba amsruleblis pirovnebas da gavlenas axdens am ukanasknelis mier Cadenili danaSulis kvalifikaciaze, maT gavlena unda moxdinon TanamonawileTa mier Cadenili danaSulis kvalifikaciaze.~319

mecnierTa nawili Tvlis, rom `TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobaze gavlenas axdenen iseTi garemoebebi, romlebic axasiaTebs amsruleblis mier Cadenil danaSauls da makvalificirebeli mniSvneloba gaaCnia. Semamsubuqebeli da damamZimebeli garemoebebi, romlebic mxolod erTi Tanamonawilis sazogadoebriv saSiSroebas axasiaTebs, ar axdens gavlenas sxva TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobaze maSinac ki, rodesac am garemoebebs gaaCnia makvlificirebeli mniSvneloba da moculi iyo maTi ganzraxviT.~320

gansxvavebulad wyvets aRniSnul sakiTxs m. kovaliovi. igi ganasvavebs obieqturi xasiaTis garemoebebs da garemoebebs, romelic amsruleblis pirovnebas axasiaTebs. obieqturi xasiaTis garemoebebi aucileblad unda Seeracxos aramxolod amsrulebels, aramed sxva Tanamonawileebsac, Tu maTi ganzraxviT iyo moculi. piriqiT, amsruleblisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi, SeiZleba Seeracxos

318 Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 112. 319 Советское уголовное право. Часть общая, Л., 1960, с. 422. 320 Советское уголовное право. Часть общая, М., 1962, с. 217.

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Tanamonawileebs Tu maT gacnobierebuli hqondaT es garemoebani da danaSaulis Semadgenlobis ZiriTadi an makvalificirebeli niSnis mniSvneloba aqvs.321

b. volkovis azriT, `am sakiTxis gadasawyvetad ar SeiZleba gamovideT danaSaulis Cadenis obieqturi da subieqturi garemoebebis Sepirispirebidan. obieqturi garemoebebi marTlac did gavlenas axdens calkeul TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobaze. Tumca, es aixsneba ara aRniSnuli garemoebebis gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiT, aramed danaSaulis CadenaSi maTi gansakuTrebuli roliT. obieqturi garemoebebi (drois, viTarebis, moqmedebis saSualebis, Sedegis simZimis Taviseburebebi da a.S.) yovelTvis dakavSirebulia danaSaulis CadenasTan, ris gamoc gavlenas axdenen TanamonawileTa qcevaze, aseve maT mier Cadenili moqmedebis Sinaarssa da xasiaTze. amas ver vityviT pirad damokidebulebebsa da garemoebebze. ukanasknelni SeiZleba mxolod garegnulad iyos dakavSirebuli danaSaulis CadenasTan da ar moaxdinos araviTari gavlena mis xasiaTsa da Sinaarsze, TanamonawileTa nebaze da, bunebrivia, eracxebaT ara yvela Tanamonawiles, aramed mxolod maT, romelTa mxaresac aris isini.~322

`pirad garemoebebs Soris aris iseTebic, romlebic axasiaTebs Cadenil danaSauls, gansazRvraven misi sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis xarisxs. aseTebs, upirveles yovlisa, miekuTvneba danaSaulis Cadenis motivi da mizani. ramdenadac es garemoebebi marTlsawinaaRmdego qcevis motivaciis aucilebel pirobebs warmoadgens, amdenad isini SeuZlebelia ar iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisas. maSasadame, subieqtur garemoebeTa Seracxvis safuZveli da moculoba emyareba imave principebs, rasac obieqturi xasiaTis garemoebebis Seracxva. aucilebelia, rom Sesaracxi garemoebebi dakavSirebuli iyos danaSaulis CadenasTan, zemoqmedebas axdendnen TanamonawileTa nebaze.~323

`Tu motivi da mizani, _ ganagrZobs b. volkovi _ romliTac xelmZRvanelobs amsrulebeli danaSaulis Cadenisas, danaSaulis Semadgenlobis niSnebia an ganixileba rogorc damamZimebeli garemoebeba, maSin isini Seeracxeba sxva Tanamonawileebsac maSinac ki, rodesac es motivebi da miznebi maT mier gaziarebuli ar iyo, magram moculi iyo maTi ganzraxviT. magaliTad, Tu amsrulebelma Caidina mkvleloba angarebiTi motiviT, xolo wamqezebelsa da damxmares Segnebuli hqondaT es, maSin maT pasuxi unda agon angarebiT mkvlelobisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia isini sxva ganzraxviTa da motiviT moqmedebdnen. am SemTxvevaSi

321 ix. Ковалев М. И. Соучастие в преступлении. Ч. 2, Свердловск, 1961, с. 159. 322 Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 116. 323 iqve, gv. 116.

126

amsruleblis angarebiTi motivi ar iqceva wamqezeblisa da damxmaris danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis motivad. sakuTari qcevisas isini xelmZRvaneloben sakuTari interesebiT da isaxaven sakuTar miznebs. moqmedebis motivebsa (da miznebSi) Cveulebriv gaxatulebas poulobs adamianis ZiriTadi pirovnuli Tvisebebi, individualuri xasiaTi.~324

`danaSaulis motivi da mizani unda Seeracxos sxva Tanamonawileebs im SemTxvevaSic, Tu isini gavlenas ar axdenen kvalifikaciaze, magram axasiaTebs amsruleblis mier Cadenili danaSaulis mometebul saSiSroebas.~325

zogierT SemTxvevaSi, Tanamonawilis qcevaze am garemoebaTa araerTgvarovani gavlenis gamo, maT SeiZleba hqondeT sawinaaRmdego mniSvneloba. Tu, magaliTad, vinme isargeblebs im piris Zlieri sulieri aRelvebiT, visac mZime Seuracxyofa miayenes da mas waaqezebs Seuracxmyofelis mkvlelobisaken, maSin wamqezeblisaTvis SurisZieba ganixileba rogorc damamZimebeli garemoeba, xolo amsruleblis mier Cadenili danaSauli Semamsubuqebel garemoebaSi Cadenilad CaiTvleba. sxva mniSvneloba aqvs TanamonawileTa moqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel motivebsa da miznebs. Tu kvalifikaciaze gavlenis mqone motivebi da miznebi ar arsebobs amsruleblis mxares da axasiaTebs marto sxva Tanamonawileebs, maSin isini ar SeiZleba Seeracxos mas bralad. magaliTad, a-m SurisZiebis gamo gadawyvita moekla b., v. ar iziarebda a-s motivs, magram mainc aRmouCina daxmareba sakuTari motivisa da miznis gansaxorcieleblad. kerZod, mas surda gaTavisuflebuliyo im didi Tanxis gadaxdisagan, romlic valad hqonda aRebuli b-sagan. aSkaraa, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi mkvlelobis angarebiTi motivi ar SeiZleba Seeracxos amsrulebels, maSinac ki, rodesac misTvis nacnobi iyo b-s namdvili ganzraxva, radgan am motivs araviTari gavlena ar mouxdenia mis nebasa da qcevaze.326

wamqezeblis an damxmaris mxares arsebuli motivebi da miznebi SeiZleba Seeracxos amsrulebels mxolod calkeul SemTxvevebSi, kerZod, maSin, rodesac amsrulebeli iRwvis sakuTari interesebisaTvis, Tumca sakuTar Tavze iRebs TanamonawileTa ganzraxvisa da motivebis ganxorcielebasac; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rodesac amsrulebeli gvevlineba TanamonawileTa ganzraxvisa da nebis realizaciis saSualebad. magaliTad, mosyidviT mkvlelobisas amsrulebli TiTqos uerTebs sakuTar nebas momsyidvelis nebas.327

aq dawvrilebiT warmoCinda b. volkovis Sexedulebani TanamonawileTaTvis motivisa da miznis Seracxvis Sesaxeb, sadac sakiTxis gadaWris araswori gzaa arCeuli. kerZod,

324 Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 116. 325 iqve, gv. 117. 326 ix. iqve, gv. 117. 327 ix. iqve, gv. 117.

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motivisa da miznis TanamonawileTaTvis Seracxvisas gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs imas Tu vis mxarezea motivi an mizani, _ amsruleblis Tu Tanamonawilis. magaliTad, Tu amsrulebeli moqmedebs angarebiT, maSin amgvari motivi bralad unda Seeracxos sxva Tanamonawileebsac, Tu maT es motivi Secnobili hqondaT.

meore mxriv, b. volkovi miuTiTebs, rom TanamonawileTa mxares arsebuli motivi an mizani mxolod maSin Seeracxeba amsrulebels, Tuki igi TanamonawileTa nebis realizaciis saSualebad gvevlineba.

sakiTxisadmi aseTi araTanmimdevruli da mcdari midgoma Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis safuZvlis, umarTlobisa da bralis niSnebis, motivisa da miznis umarTlobasa da bralze gavlenis moxdenis araswori gaazrebis Sedegi unda iyos. motivisa da miznis Seracxvis sakiTxi srulebiT araa damokidebuli imaze, Tu vis mxaresaa isini: _ amsruleblis Tu romelime Tanamonawilis mxares, radgan amiT maTi buneba srulebiT ar icvleba.

sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi gvxvdeba mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, amsruleblisa da TanamonawileTaTvis ama Tu im garemoebis Seracxvis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas umTavresia Semadgenlobis makvalificirebeli niSnebis gaTvaliswinebis momenti.328

mecnierTa nawili makvlificirebel niSnebs yofs qmedebisa da pirovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel garemoebebad. qmedebasTan dakavSirebuli garemoebebi, maTi azriT, obieqturi bunebisaa da zegavlenas axdenen moqmedebis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis xarisxze, amitom yvela Tanamonawiles Seeracxeba bralad Tu amsruleblis moqmedebas axasiaTebs. piradi saxis garemoebebi, Tavis mxriv, or jgufad iyofa. magaliTad, motivi da mizani gavlenas axdenen rogorc pirovnebis, ise moqmedebis sazogadoebriv saSiSroebaze. amitom damxmarem da wamqezebelma pasuxi unda agon angarebiT mkvlelobaSi TanamonawileobisaTvis maSinac ki, rodesac maT es motivi ar amoZravebdaT, magram icodnen, rom amsrulebeli am motiviT moqmedebda. Tumca, Tanamonawileebs ar SeeracxebaT iseTi saxis piradi garemoeba, romelic mxolod amsruleblis pirovnebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. aseTia, magaliTad, danaSaulis ganmeoreba, sistematuroba, recidivi da a.S.329

o. gamyreliZe iziarebs danaSaulis Semadgenlobis niSnebis dayofas obieqtur da subieqtur niSnebad. igi am

328 ix: Трайнин А. Н. Общее учение о составе преступления, М., 1957, с. 286; Шнейдер М.А. Соучастие в преступлении по советскому уголовному праву, М., 1958, с. 75-76; Ковалев М.И. Соучастие в преступлении, ч. 2, с. 160; Советское уголовное право. Часть общая. М., 1964, с. 216; Бурчак Ф. Г. Учение о соучастие в преступлении по советскому уголовному праву, Киев, 1969, с.211-212. 329 cit. gamyreliZis mix: danaSaulis SualobiTi amsrulebloba da Tanaamsrulebloba. gamom. `mecniereba,~ Tb. 1974, gv. 165-166.

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niSnebs maTi warmoSobis xasiaTis mixedviT ajgufebs da uwodebs personalur da arapersonalur (obieqtur) niSnebs. personalur niSnebSi Sedis bralisa da subieqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, xolo obieqturi xasiaTis aris umarTlobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi.330

TanamonawileTaTvis bralisa da umarTlobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis Seracxvis zogadi debulebebi mocemulia ssk-is 25-e muxlis me-4 da me-5 nawilebiT. samarTalgamoyenebiTi saqmianobisaTvis sakmaod didi mniSvneloba aqvs zustad ganisazRvros Tu rogori bunebisa motivi da mizani anu unda gairkves Tu romeli maTgania umarTlobis da romeli maTgani bralis niSani.

ssk-is 25-e muxlis me-4 nawilis Tanaxmad, `roca amsruleblis an Tanamonawilis mxares aris iseTi niSani, romelic axasiaTebs marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas, maSin es niSani Seeracxeba sxva amsrulebels an Tanamonawiles, romlis mxaresac es arsebobda, Tu mas es niSani Secnobili hqonda.~ aq igulisxmeba iseTi niSnebi, romlebic umarTlobis simZimeze axdenen gavlenas. aseTia, magaliTad, orsuli qalis an arasrulwlovnis winaswari Secnobadoba, sxva danaSaulis dafarvis an misi Cadenis gaadvilebis mizani, msxverplis sxeulis organos, organos nawilis an qsovilis gadanergvis an sxvagvarad gamoyenebis mizani da a.S. vinaidan amgvari niSnebi obieqturi xasiaTisaa, kanonmdebeli sakmarisad Tvlis maT Secnobas.

cxovrebaSi SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom erTi danaSaulis Cadenis mizani sxva danaSaulis ganxorcilebis miznis saSualebad gadaiqces. es iseTi SemTxvevaa, rodesac kauzalurad msgavsi tipis umarTlobebi, miznis zegavleniT sul sxva tipis umarTlobebad mogvevlineba, radgan mizani yovelTvis obieqturi bunebisaa miuxedavad imisa, amis Sesaxeb kanonmdebeli pirdapir miuTiTebs Tu ara. amitom Secnobili mizani aramxolod maSin Seeracxeba amsrulebels an Tanamonawiles, rodesac mizani umarTlobas amZimebs (mag: mkvlelobisas sxva danaSaulis dafarvis an misi Cadenis gaadvilebis mizani), aramed maSinac, rodesac iuridiulad mniSvnelovani saboloo mizani iseT umarTlobas afuZnebs, romlis ganxorcielebac an amsruleblis an erT-erTi Tanamonawilis miznisTvis sruliad araa savaldebulo. magaliTad, Tu a-s surs adamianis mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba teroristuli mizniT, xolo b. mas binas aZlevs ara teroristuli mizniT, aramed imitom, rom Suri iZios mZevlad ayvanilze, Tuki b-s gacnobierebuli hqonda es mizani igi ssk-is 329-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis (mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba teroristuli mizniT) damxmare iqneba.

330 ix. gamyreliZis mix: danaSaulis SualobiTi amsrulebloba da Tanaamsrulebloba. gamom. `mecniereba,~ Tb. 1974, gv. 168.

129

mizans umarTlobis niSnad miiCnevs o. gamyreliZec: _ `SesaZlebelia iseTi SemTxveva, roca sxvisi mokvlis mizani aqvs mxolod amsrulebels, damxmares es mizani ara aqvs, magram angariSs uwevs amsrulebels da aZlevs iaraRs; qurdobis dros sxvisi nivTis miTvisebis mizani aqvs amsrulebels, magram es mizani ara aqvs Tanaamsrulebels an Tanamonawiles (wamqezebeli, damxmare, organizatori). aseT dros Tanaamsrulebeli da Tanamonawilec pasuxs ageben ganzraxi mkvelobis an qurdobis umarTlobis CadenisaTvis, Tu maT icodnen, rom amsrulebeli moqmedebs xsenebuli umarTlobis Cadenis mizniT.”331

Tu danaSaulis Semadgenlobis niSnebi personaluri xasiaTisaa, maSin amsruleblis an TanamonawileTa mier maTi Secnoba kvalifikaciaze gavlenas ver moaxdens. swored ase unda gavigoT ssk-is 25-e muxlis me-5 nawili, sadac vkiTxulobT: `personaluri niSani, romelic bralisTvis anda erT-erTi amsruleblis an Tanamonawilis pirovnebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, Seeracxeba im amsrulebels an Tanamonawiles, romelsac igi axasiaTebs.~ bralisTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnad unda miviCnioT motivi, emocia (mag: afeqti). pirovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSani SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad, araerTgzisoba, recidivi. dauSvaT a-m icis, rom g-s exmareba angarebiT mkvlelobaSi da a-s ar amoZravebs angareba, mas mainc ar Seeracxeba angareba.

analogiuri mosazreba gamoTqmuli aqvs o. gamyreliZes: _ `vinaidan angareba ar aris ganzraxi mkvlelobis umarTlobis damafuZnebeli niSani, is amsruleblidan Tanamonawileze ver gadava da ver daamZimebs mis pasuxismgeblobas. angareba personalurad amsrulebels axasiaTebs da mxolod misi bralis xarisxze imoqmedebs, amsruleblis bralis xarisxs daamZimebs.~332

Tu motivi umarTlobis damafuZnebel niSnad ar gvevlineba, maSin igi personaluri xasiaTis anu bralis xarisxis ganmsazRvreli niSania da rodesac igi sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebel an damamZimebel garemoebadaa gaTvaliswinebuli, maSin misi Seracxva im amsruleblis an TanamonawilisaTvis, visTvisac aRniSnuli motivi araa mamoZravebeli Zala, yovlad gaumarTlebelia.

arsebiTad icvleba situacia Tu motivi kanonmdeblis mier gaTvaliswinebulia rogorc umarTlobis damafuZnebeli aucilebeli elementi. magaliTad, ssk-is 174-e muxli iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobas bavSvis SecvlisaTvis, romelic Cadenilia angarebiT an sxva qvena grZnobiT. am

331 gamyreliZe o. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba. zogadi nawili, pirveli wigni, saq. iusticiis saministros `saqarTvelos kanonTa wignisa da saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macnes~ redaqcia, Tb., 2005, gv. 202. 332 iqve, gv. 202.

130

danaSaulSi TanamonawileobisaTvis savaldebulo araa amsrulebelsac da Tanamonawileebsac amoZravebdeT angareba an sxva qvena grZnoba, radgan aRniSnuli motivebi aq obieqturi bunebisaa. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aq amgvar motivTa Secnobadobas eniWeba. Tuki am dros Tanaamsrulebeli an Tanamonawile, magaliTad, altruistuli an sxva socialurad saqebari motiviT moqmedebs (vTqvaT, am danaSaulis monawilem icis, rom bavSvis mSoblebi alkoholikebi arian, parazitul cxovrebas ewevian da bavSvis momavlisTvis ukeTesi iqneba Tu igi Secvlis Sedegad saxelovan da Zlier ojaxSi gaizrdeba), kvalifikacia mainc ucvleli darCeba da es momenti bralze imoqmedebs xarisxobrivad.

$ 6. sasjelis individualizacia motivisa da miznis mixedviT

rogorc davinaxeT motivi da mizani udides rols

asrulebs qmedebis danaSaulad kvalifikaciisas. magram motivisa da miznis sisxlissamarTlebrivi roli marto amiT rodi amoiwureba. motivsa da mizans SeuZlia ukve danaSaulad dakvalificirebuli qmedebis gasakicxaobaze imoqmedos xarisxobrivad. aq igulisxmeba iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac kanonmdeblis mier motivi an mizani danaSaulis damamZimebeli an Semamsubuqebeli garemoebis saxiT specialurad araa gaTvaliswinebuli sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawilis Sesabamis muxlSi. es bunebrivicaa, radgan Tu motivi an mizani aRniSnuli funqciiTaa datvirTuli, maSin isini ganmeorebiT igive Ffunqcias ver Seasruleben, rameTu es kanonmdeblis nebis ignorireba iqneba. magaliTad, ssk-is 109-e muxlis me-3 naw. `g~ qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebulia angarebiTi motivi mkvlelobis damamZimebel garemoebad, xolo ssk-is 110-e muxli msxverplis TxovniT mkvlelobis erT-erT aucilebel pirobad asaxelebs damnaSavis mizans, romelic gulisxmobs momakvdavis Zlieri fizikuri tkivilisagan gaTavisuflebas. ra Tqma unda, danaSaulis aRniSnuli motivi da mizani aRar miiReba

131

mxedvelobaSi xelmeored sasjelis daniSvnisas. am debulebaze pirdapir miuTiTebs moqmedi ssk-is 53-e muxlis me-4 nawili: `Tu am kodeqsis kerZo nawilis muxli an muxlis nawili danaSaulis Semadgenlobis niSnad iTvaliswinebs Semamsubuqebel an damamZimebel garemoebas, igive garemoeba sasjelis daniSvnis dros mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba.~ analogiur miTiTebas vxvdebiT germaniis ssk-is $ 46-e me-3 nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac, sasjelis daniSvnisas mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba garemoebani, romlebic kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis Semadgenlobis niSnebia.333

dasmuli sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgoma germanul sisxlis samarTalSi `erTi da igive garemoebis ormagi gamoyenebis akrZlavis~ (Das Verbot der Doppelverwertung) principiT aris cnobili. h. ieSeki da T. vaigendi erTgvar alogikurobad miiCneven sasjelis damZimebas im safuZvliT, romelic danaSaulis Semadgenlobis niSans warmoadgens.334

motivsa da mizans yovelTvis didi yuradReba unda mieqces nebismieri danaSaulisaTvis sasjelis daniSvnis dros. moqmed sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi sasjelis daniSvnis zogadi sawyisebi germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviTaa Sedgenili. kerZod, germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis $ 46-e, romelic sasjelis daniSvnis zogad sawyisebs exeba, mosamarTles avaldebulebs sasjelis daniSvnisas erT-erT garemoebad gaiTvaliswinos samarTaldamrRvevis motivi da mizani.335

SemTxveviTi araa, rom Cveni kanonmdebeli sasjelis daniSvnis zogad sawyisebze saubrisas ssk-is 53-e muxlis me-3 nawilSi sasamarTlos avaldebulebs sasjelis daniSvnis dros sxva garemoebebTan erTad gaiTvaliswinos danaSaulis motivi da mizani. es imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom samarTliani sasjelis daniSvna, bralze agebuli sisxlis samarTlis farglebSi, aucilebel winapirobad gulisxmobs danaSaulis fsiqologiuri mxaris detalur analizs, romelic iZleva pirovnebis Sinagani samyaros Sesaxeb saerTo suraTs anu mis RirebulebiT orientaciebs, midrekilebebs, temperaments, interesebs da motivaciis sxva subieqtur faqtorebs naTeli efineba.

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 496-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad: `sasamarTlos ganaCeni unda iyos kanonieri, dasabuTebuli da samarTliani.~ amave muxlis me-4 nawili ganmartavs Tu rodis iTvleba sasamarTlos ganaCeni samarTlianad: _ `ganaCeni samarTliania Tu daniSnuli sasjeli Seesabameba damnaSavis pirovnebas da mis mier Cadenili danaSaulis simZimes.~ maSasadame,

333 ix. Жалинский А. Э. Современное немецкое уголовное право. Изд. «Проспект», М., 2004, с. 325. 334 ix. Jescheck H-H, Weigend T.. Lehrbuch des Strafrechts. Allgemeiner Teil. Berlin. 1996, S. 901. 335 ix. Жалинский А. Э. dasax. naSr., gv. 325.

132

samarTliani sasjelis dadgenisas didi yuradReba unda mieqces damnaSavis pirovnebasac anu am etapze unda moxdes damnaSavis pirovnebis kriminologiuri daxasiaTeba. `danaSauloba, misi warmomSobi mizezebi, xelSemwyobi pirobebi da gansakuTrobiT individualuri danaSaulebrivi qcevis meqanizmi, SeuZlebelia gamokvleul iqnes damnaSavis pirovnebis Seswavlis gareSe.~336 damnaSavis pirovnebis Seswavla ki SeuZlebelia srulyofilad ganxorcieldes damnaSavis qcevis motivisa da miznis gamokvlevis gareSe.

marTebulad miuTiTebs b. volkovi, rom `sakmaod didia motivis roli sasjelis daniSvnisas. piris midrekilebebis, Sesisxlxorcebuli Cvevebis dasaxasiaTeblad motivis roli gacilebiT didia sxva garemoebebTan SedarebiT. igi didad gansazRvravs piris pasuxismgeblobis farglebs, sasjelis saxisa da sxva iZulebiTi RonisZiebebis amosavali wertilia. SeiZleba kanoni ar miuTiTebdes motivze, magram motivis ganxilvis gareSe SeuZlebelia sasjeli samarTlianad CaiTvalos.~337

samarTliani sasjelis daniSvnisaTvis motivisa da miznis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb jer kidev vaxtang VI miuTiTebda samarTlis wignSi. mas SeuZleblad miaCnia amomwuravad CamoTvalos yvela is mizezebi da motivebi, romlebic adamianis moqmedebas gansazRvraven. aseT CamoTvlas bolo ar eqneboda _ `Tu sul dagvewera veRaras Tavs gauvidodiT da arc iqnebodao,~ ambobs igi.338

moqmedi ssk-is 53-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT sasjelis daniSvnis dros motivisa da miznis garda moiTxovs sxva garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebasac. aq yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT iseT garemoebebze, rogoricaa: 1) marTlsawinaaRmdego neba, 2) qmedebis ganxorcielebis xerxi, 3) damnaSavis warsuli, 4) piradi da ekonomiuri pirobebi. yvela aRniSnuli garemoebis Seswavla SeuZlebelia motivisa da miznis Seswavlis gareSe, radgan motivaciis procesSi aRniSnuli garemoebebi, garkveulwilad, yovelTvis monawileoben motivis formirebaSi.

iuridiul literaturaSi saTanado doneze araa Seswavlili Tu ra igulisxmeba marTlsawinaaRmdego nebaSi. marTlwinaaRmdegoba iuridiuli kategoriaa, xolo neba _ wminda fsiqologiuri. maSasadame, marTlsawinaaRmdego neba ukve samarTlis RirebulebaTa sistemidan Sefasebuli nebaa.

neba pirovnebis aucilebeli komponentia, misi struqturis mniSvnelovani elementia, adamianis qcevis aucilebeli niSania. v. vasilevis azriT, neba aris

336 wulaia z. kriminologia (zogadi nawili), gamomcemloba `inteleqti,~ Tb., 2003, gv. 73. 337 Волков Б.С. Проблема воли и уголовная ответственность. Изд. Казанского университета, 1965, с. 55. 338 ix. vaCeiSvili al. narkvevebi qarTul isamarTlis istoriidan. tomi I, Tb., 1946, gv. 202.

133

gacnobierebuli, mizanmimarTuli fsiqologiuri aqtioba, romelic dakavSirebulia dabrkolebis gadalaxvasTan.339

damnaSavis marTlsawinaaRmdego nebaze saubrisas or mxares unda mieqces yuradReba:

1) rogoria pirovnebis interesebi, midrekilebebi, RirebulebiTi orientaciebi, radgan isini gamoaaSkaravebs damnaSavis samarTlis normebTan, sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul zneobriv qcevis wesebTan damokidebulebas.

maSasadame, unda moxdes damnaSavis kriminologiuri daxasiaTeba, romelic damnaSavis socialur-demografiuli da sisxlissamarTlebrivi niSnebis Seswavlis garda, gulisxmobs dadgindes damnaSavis socialuri roli da damokidebuleba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferosadmi da zneobriv-fsiqologiuri Tviseba da RirebulebiTi orientaciebi.340 magaliTad, arasrulwlovnis mier Cadenili danaSaulis gamoZiebis da sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros sxva garemoebebs Soris saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 641-e muxlis `e~ qvepunqti imperatiulad moiTxovs dadgindes: `arasrulwlovnis pirovnebis xasiaTis Taviseburebani, moTxovnilebebi da interesebi.~

„Rirebulebis kriteriums warmoadgens norma, normis Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba umaRlesi miznis _ idealis SinaarsiT. ideali aris produqti konkretul-istoriuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa, misi asaxvaa, Rirebulebis obieqturoba idealis obieqturobis bunebisaa.“341 maSasadame, adamianis RirebulebiTi sistema saSualebas iZleva davadginoT damnaSavis SefasebiTi azrovneba da misi damokidebuleba marTlw

.~342 es ukanaskneli, mesame e

esrigisadmi. yovelive es ki saSualebas mogvcems garkveulwilad

vimsjeloT damnaSavis warsulze, iseve rogorc, Tavis mxriv, damnaSavis warsulis Seswavla, gansazRvrul farglebSi, gvixsnis adamianis Sinagan bunebas. am mxriv, sayuradReboa b. volkovis mosazreba: _ `pirovneba iqmneba ara mxolod warsulis pirobebiTa da gamocdilebiT, aramed momavliTac. qceva gamoxatavs rogorc warsuls, ise momavlis gacnobierebas... nebismieri pirovnebis struqtura Sedgeba sami elementisagan: 1) pirovnuli ganwyoba (qcevis cxovrebiseuli programa); 2) miswrafebebis, moTxovnilebebisa da interesebis sistema; 3) nebis xasiaTi da Tavisebureba

lementi qveviT iqneba ganxiluli.

339 ix. Васильев В.Л. Юридическая психология. 3-е издание дополнное, изд. «Питер», Санкт-Петербург, 2000, с. 67. 340 ix. wulaia z. dasax. naSr., gv. 80. 341 sociologiuri narkvevebi. v. qvaCaxia, S. nadiraSvili, d. beWvaia, v. WeliZe, Rirebuleba da ganwyoba. gamomcemloba „sabWoTa saqarTvelo,“ Tb., 1969, gv. 49. 342 Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 28-32.

134

marTlsawinaaRmdego nebis swori gaazrebisaTvis, ramdenadac igi ukve Sefasebas gulisxmobs, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba pirovnebis RirebulebaTa sistemas eniWeba, radgan `Rirebu

hqondes

visebebis arss. misi Se

ba, igi gaufrTxileblobisTvis SeiZle

SeiZleba iyos Zlieri, saSualo da susti... nebis siZliereze

lebis cnebaSi srulad vlindeba subieqtis, individis interesebi, survilebi da nebeloba.“343

adamiani rogorc sazogadoebis wevri gansaxorcilebel qcevasTan erTad acnobierebs socialur sferoSi moqmed normebs, afasebs im Sedegebs, romelic SeiZleba mohyves mis qcevas. `cnobiereba rogorc nebelobiTi aqtis niSani, upirveles yovlisa, ganxorcielebuli qmedebis socialuri sazrisis gacnobierebaa.~344 sisxlissamarTlebrivi gagebiT, adamians danaSaulis Cadenisas gacnobierebuli unda

aramarto misi faqtobrivi xasiaTi, aramed qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba, ra Tqma unda, Tu igi moqmedebs ganzrax.

marTlwinaaRmdegobis SegnebasTan dakavSirebiT mcireoden Sesworebas saWiroebs b. volkovis mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis ararseboba gamoricxavs saerTod qmedebis danaSaulebriobas. `ganxorcielebuli qmedebis, _ wers igi, _ sazogadoebrivi saSiSroeba da marTlwinaaRmdegoba aris swored is niSani, romelic gamoxatavs danaSaulebrivi qmedebis arss da ganasxvavebs mas sxva nebelobiTi moqmedebebisagan. igi gamoxatavs qmedebis obieqturi da subieqturi T

gnebis ararseboba gamoricxavs ara mxolod ganzrax brals, aramed qmedebis danaSaulebriobas.~345

amgvari pozicia ar Seesabameba arc maSindeli da arc moqmedi rusuli Tu qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebSi mocemul TviTimedovnebisa da daudevrobis sakanonmdeblo definiciebs. cnobilia, rom marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba ganzraxvis komponentia da igi bralis etapze dgindeba. Tu pirs qmedebis ganxorcielebisas ar hqonda marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segne

ba daisajos, Tu mis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedeba gaufrTxileblobiT isjeba.

2) marto RirebulebiTi orientacia ar kmara imisaTvis, rom damnaSavis marTlsawinaaRmdego neba SevafasoT da samarTliani sasjeli davadginoT. amisaTvis saWiroa damnaSavis iseT pirovnul Tvisebazec vimsjeloT rogoricaa nebis simtkice, romelic warmodgenas iZleva Tu ramdenad maRalia masSi damaxinjebuli egoisturi sawyisebi. „adamianis neba, _ wers v. vasilevi, _ mJRavndeba sxvadasxvagvarad, rac damokidebulia mis siZliereze, moralur aRzrdilobasa da damoukideblobaze... nebelobiTi gamovlinebani Zalis mixedviT

343 beWvaia d. sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi.Tsu gamomcemloba, Tb., 1990, gv. 227. 344 Волков Б.С. Проблема воли и уголовная ответственность. Изд. Казанского университета, 1965, с. 25. 345 iqve, gv. 27.

135

metyvelebs ara yoveli gadawyvetilebis Sesruleba, aramed Tu rogori dabrkolebebi gadalaxa adamianma nebelobiTi moqmed

ced ganicd

ni. amitom sasjelic SedarebiT lmobie

gansakuTrebuli sisastikec imoqmed

ebis Sesrulebisas da ra Sedegebi miiRo.~346 sasjelis daniSvnisas yuradReba unda mieqces

damnaSavis nebis simtkicesa da mis damokidebulebas danaSaulebrivi qmedebisadmi rogorc mis Cadenamde, ise danaSaulis ganxorcielebis Semdeg. `gadawyvetis aqti TavisTavad momenturia. magram imisaTvis, rom is, rac gadawyvetilia Sesruldes, aucilebelia gadawyvetileba Seuryeveli darCes, raTa qceva bolomde Tavisda Sesaferisad warimarTos. aseT stabilizebul gadawyvetilebas ganzraxva ewodeba. ganzraxvas nebelobis aqtSi Seqmnili ganwyoba udevs safuZvlad da rac ufro gamZlea drois mimdinareobaSi es safuZveli, rac ufro Seuryevelia igi, miT ufro mtki

eba ganzraxva da miT ufro mtkicea nebisyofa.~347 Tuki danaSaulis Cadenamde adamiani yoymanobda es

SeiZleba miuTebdes aseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi mis sust nebisyofaze, rac, Tavis mxriv, imaze metyvelebs, rom misTvis arc ise umniSvneloa sazogadoebis zneobrivi da samarTlebrivi Rirebuleba

ri unda dainiSnos. danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi gamovlenili

marTlsawinaaRmdego nebis siZliereze SeiZleba metyvelebdes gansakuTrebuli sisastike. sawinaaRmdego viTarebas aqvs adgili afeqtur mdgomareobaSi Cadenili mkvlelobisas (ssk-is 111-e muxli) anda msxvervlis TxovniT mkvlelobisas (ssk-is 112-e muxli). Tumca SesaZlebelia gasakicxaobis TvalsazrisiT erTdroulad mocemuli iyos, erTi mxriv, Zlieri da, meore mxriv, susti marTlsawinaaRmdego neba. magaliTad, sruliad SesaZlebelia adamianma afeqtur mdgomareobaSi mkvleloba Caidinos gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT. aseT viTarebaSi Semamsubuqebel da damamZimebel garemobaTa konkurenciidan gamomdinare danaSaulis kvalifikacia mkvlelobis privilegirebuli SemadgenlobiT (ssk-is 111-e muxli) moxdeba, Tumca sasjelis daniSvnisas

ebs sasjelis zomaze. nebelobis formireba bavSvobis periodidan iwyeba.

iseve rogorc marTlSegneba, nebelobac adamianis Tandayolili Tviseba ki araa, aramed adamians orive maTgani TandaTan uyalibdeba, amitom marTlSegnebis maRali done da nebis siZliere orive swori aRzrdisa da pirovnuli ganviTarebis Sedegia. `nebeloba, _ wers d. uznaZe, _ Cveni Tandayolili biologiuri Tavisebureba ki ar aris, aramed ufro maRali kategoriis movlenaa, romelsac TviTon biologiuris, sakuTari nervuli sistemisa da misi Tandayolili tendenciebis Secvlisa da warmarTvis Zala

346 Васильев В.Л. dasax. naSr. gv. 68-69. 347 uznaZe d. dasax. naSr., gv. 196.

136

Seswevs. nebisyofis simtkice, amisda mixedviT, rasakvirvelia, veraviTar SemTxvevaSi Tandayolil Tvisebad ver CaiTvleba: igi piradi cxovrebis mimdinareobaSi aqvs adamians SeZenili da amitom mtkice nebisyobis aRzrda pedagogikis erT-erTi mniSvne

SemTxv

a da swavlasTan erTad ayalib

lovani amocanaa.~348 yuradReba unda mieqces imasac, rom xasiaTis

nebelobiTi Tvisebebi mJRavndeba adamianis emociur TaviseburebebTan garkveul damokidebulebaSi: `nebelobiTi~ adamianisaTvis neba dominirebs grZnobebze, xolo emociuri xasiaTis adamianisaTvis gadaWarbebuli mniSvneloba aqvs emociur mdgomareobebs da qcevebi xSirad xorcieldeba

eviT aRmocenebuli grZnobebisa da gunebis gavleniT.349 iuridiul literaturaSi sworadaa miTiTebuli, rom

`pirovnebis fsiqika garkveulwilad ganpirobebulia biologiuri faqtorebiT. nervuli sistemis tipi, misi temperamenti mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens pirovnebis qcevaze, mis reaqciaze, romelsac pirovneba amJRavnebs gare samyaros faqtorebis mimarT. i. pavlovi Tvlida, rom nervuli sistemis Tandayolili Tvisebebi aRzrdas

ebs adamianis qcevas.~350 praqtikaSi xdeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac fsiqologiuri

TvalsazrisiT adamiani SezRuduli Seracxaobis mdgomareobaSia da misi moqmedeba dabal marTlsawinaaRmdego nebaze miuTiTebs, magram konkretuli danaSaulis Semadgenloba isea konstruirebuli, rom damnaSavis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebis mimarT SeuZlebelia privilegirebuli Semadgenlobis gamoyeneba. kerZod, ssk-is 111-e muxliT gamoricxulia pasuxismgebloba, Tu mkvlelobis Camdenis afeqturi mdgomareoba gamoiwvia kanoniT axlo naTesavad miuCneveli piris mimarT msxverplis marTlsawinaaRmdego Zaladobam an sxva amoralurma qmedebam da a.S. magaliTad, aseTi pirebi SeiZleba iyvnen: sacole, megobari, biZaSvili da sxv. bunebrivia, rom amgvar urTierTobaSi myofi pirebis mimarT adamiani gulgrili ver iqneba. ufro metic, SesaZlebelia sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT axlo naTesavad miCneul pirebze ufro metad Sestkiodes adamians guli sxva, kanoniT axlo naTesavad miuCnevel pirebze. ra Tqma unda, arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom qarTuli tradiciebisa da urTierTobebis kvalobaze araa gamarTlebuli `axlo naTesavis~ nacvlad kanonSi CavweroT `axlobeli~ da Tu vin miiCneva aseT pirad es mosamarTlis Sexedulebaze iyos damokidebuli. sakiTxisadmi aseTi midgomiT, xSir SemTxvevaSi, damnaSaves usamarTlod Seumsubuqdeboda sasjeli. Tumca, rogorc davinaxeT,

348 uznaZe d. dasax. naSr., gv. 199. 349 ix. Васильев В.Л. dasax. naSr. gv. 69-70. 350 Мельникова Ю.Б. Личность преступника и индивидуализация уголовного наказания. Журнал «Советское государство и право», 1979, №8, с.22.

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dasaSvebia SemTxvevebi, rodesac kanonis formaluri moTxovnis gamo afeqtSi Cadenilma mkvlelobam ver daafuZnos mkvlelobis privilegirebuli Semadgenloba imis gamo, rom marTlsawinaaRmdego Zaladoba da ssk-is 111-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli msxverplis sxva qmedebebi ganxorcielda kanoniT axlo naTesavad miuCneveli piris mimarT. amasTan, marTlsawinaaRmdego neba msgavs SemTxvevebSi, zogjer, sakmaod mcirea. samarTliani sasjelis daniSvnisaTvis, aseT sagamonakliso SemTxvevebSi, mosamarTles SeeZlo gamoeyenebina ssk-is 55-e muxlis pirveli nawili, romlis Tanaxmadac: `Tu arsebobs gansakuTrebuli Semamsubuqebeli garemoeba, sasamarTlos damnaSavis pirovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeuZlia daniSnos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis Sesabamisi muxliT dawesebuli sasjelis zomis umdables zRvarze naklebi sasjeli an sxva, ufro msubuqi saxis sasjeli.~ aseTi gansakuTrebuli Semamsubuqebeli garemoebis erT-erT nimuSad swored aseTi SemTxveva unda miviCnioT. sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi aseT miTiTebas versad ver vxvdebiT. samwuxaroa, rom moqmed sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi Sesuli cvlilebebis gamo 55-e muxlis Sinaarsi radikalurad Seicvala da amis SesaZl

ad miTiTebuli iyos danaSaulis Cadenis motivsa da xerxze

s daxas

ebloba aRar arsebobs. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, motivsa da mizanTan kavSirSi

ganxilvas moiTxovs qmedebis ganxorcielebis xerxi imdenad, ramdenadac motivaciis procesi miznis miRwevis xerxisa da saSualebis gacnobierebis gareSe ar arsebobs. SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 409-e muxlis me-2 nawilis `g~ qvepunqtis mixedviT sabraldebo daskvnaSi sxva garemoebebs Soris kanonmdeblis moTxovnaa aucilebl

. marTebulia b. volkovis mosazreba, rodesac miuTiTebs

motivisa da miznis da xerxis urTierTdamokidebulebaze: `gansakuTebiT mWidro kavSiri arsebobs danaSaulis Cadenis xerxsa da mizans Soris, xolo misi meSveobiT, agreTve motivs Soris... miznisagan gansxvavebiT danaSaulis Cadenis motivsa da xerxs Soris ar aris uSualo damokidebuleba, magram am SemTxvevaSic danaSaulis Cadenis xerxi da sxva garemoeba SeiZleba dagvexmaros namdvili ganzraxvis dadgenaSi, riTac xelmZRvanelobda piri qcevis ganxorcielebisas... motivi da mizani aramarto ganisazRvreba obieqturi garemoebebiT, aramed TviTonac mniSvnelovan rols asruleben am niSnebi

iaTebisas. magaliTad, gansakuTrebuli sisastikisas.~351 germanul sisxlisamarTlebriv doqtrinaSi qmedebis

ganxorcielebis xerxi (Art der Ausführung) sasjelis daniSvnis erT-erT safuZvels warmoadgens. u. veberisa da i. baumanis

351 Волков Б.С. Мотивы преступлений (Уголовно-правовое, социально-психологическое исследование). Изд. Казанского университета, 1982, с. 83-84.

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azriT, sasjelis daniSvnisas mniSvneloba aqvs im garemeobas, Tu ra xerxiT axorcielebs samarTlebrivi sikeTis dazianebas (Rechtsgutverletzung). avtorebi Cveulebriv mkvlelobas (Totschlag) da mkvlelobas damamZimebel garemoebebSi (Mord) erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben qmedebis ganxorcielebis xerxiT. magaliTad, sisastike (grausam), iseTi saSualebiT, romelic safrTxes uqmnis mravali adamianis (sazogadoebis) sicocxles (mit gem

aWiroa gavarkvioT mkvlelobis ganxor

kur pirobebze, ise mis nakleb

miznebidan gamomdinare uaRresad did dakvirvebas moiTxo

eingefahrlichen Mitteln).352 danaSaulis motivisa da miznis dadgena danaSaulis

xerxis gamovlenis saSualebas iZleva, rac, xSirad, swori kvalifikaciis aucilebeli wanamZRvaria. „mkvlelobis motivTa swori dadgena, _ wers b. volkovi, _ SesaZleblobas iZleva ganvsazRvroT yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi motivi gvevlineba danaSauli Cadenis xerxad Tu misi dafarvis saSualebad.“353 magaliTad, mkvleloba gansakuTrebuli sisastikiTaa Cadenili Tu ara, mxolod gvamis dasaxiCrebuloba an danawevrebuloba amis saSualebas ar iZleva. amisaTvis s

cielebis motivi. rac Seexeba damnaSavis warsuls da pirad da

ekonomikur pirobebs, zemoT aRiniSna, rom motivi da mizani gvexmareba garkveulwilad gamovavlinoT damnaSavis warsuli da piradi da ekonomikuri pirobebi, iseve rogorc, Tavis mxriv, es ukanasknelnic saSualebas iZleva, garkveulwilad, vimsjeloT, Tu ratom warmoiSva iseTi motivi da mizani, ramac danaSaulebrivi qmedeba gamoiwvia. magaliTad, arc ise Tu iSviaTad, damnaSavis warsuli, misi araswori aRzrda, dabali zneobrivi Rirebulebebis matarebel sazogadoebaSi pirovnebis ganviTareba adamianis damaxinjebuli subkulturis Camoyalibebis safuZvelia, romelic, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs qvena motivebiT danaSaulTa Cadenas; anda mZime ekonomikuri pirobebi, zogjer, pirovnebas ubiZgebs materialuri daintereseba danaSaulebrivi gziT daikmayofilos. Tuki mSobeli mSieri bavSvebis gamo an qurdobas Caidens an akrZalul adgilze inadirebs an iTevzavebs, misi moqmedebis motivi, ra Tqma unda, metyvelebs rogorc mis mZime pirad sulier mdgomareobasa da ekonomi

marTlsawinaaRmdego nebaze. adamianis qcevaTa motivebis analizi gvexmareba

vimsjeloT pirovnebis pasuxismgeblobis grZnobaze, romelic sasjelis

vs. pasuxismgebloba obieqturi, xolo pasuxismgeblobis

grZnoba subieqturi movlenaa. pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba aris gancda, romelic yvelas gansxvavebuli xarisxiT gaaCnia

352 ix. Baumann J. Weber U. Strafrecht. Allgemeiner Teil. Bielefeld. 1985. S. 633 353 Волков Б.С. Мотив и квалификация преступления. Изд. Казанского университета, 1968, с. 105.

139

pasuxismgeblobisagan gansxvavebiT. `pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba, romelic gancdaa, SeiZleba adamianSi Camoyalibdes an ar Camoyalibdes. es damokidebulia adamianis xasiaTze, mis aRzrdaze, garemo pirobebze, tradiciebze da sxva.~354 Tumca, ufro marTebuli iqneba Tu vityviT, rom sazogadod SeiZleba visaubroT adamianisaTvis ara pasuxismgeblobis saerTod ar qonaze,

Suqze vsjiT Cven Cve

niSnebs, fiziol

magaliTisagan gansxvavebiT damnaSave nakleb gakicxvas

aramed pasuxismgeblobis sxvadasxva xarisxze. unda aRiniSnos, rom adamianisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis

grZnobis qona, jer kidev ar niSnavs imas, rom igi ar Caidens danaSauls, radgan pasuxismgeblobas SeiZleba grZnobde iseTi movaleobebis Sesrulebis gamo, romelic samarTlisaTvis miuRebelia. magaliTad, mkvleloba `sisxlis aRebis~ gamo aris pasuxismgebluri damokidebuleba damkvidrebuli saxalxo Cveulebis gamo, magram pozitiuri samarTlis fonze mkvleli upasuxismgeblobas iCens. amis gamo, aucilebelia pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba ganvixiloT pirovnebis RirebulebebTan mimarTebiT. swored aseTi midgomiT unda Sefasdes adamianis Sinagani samyaro samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, radgan „sindisi rogorc Tavisi Tavis gansja, yovelTvis mimarTavs iseT instancias, romelic Cveni vitalobis miRmaa _ is mimarTavs Rirebulebebis samyaros: RirebulebaTa gacnobierebis gareSe sakuTari Tavis gansja, Sefaseba SeuZlebelia. swored Rirebulebebis

n Tavs, roca eTikuri pozicia gvikavia.“355 motivisa da miznis Seswavlas aramarto sasjelis

simZimisaTvis, aramed sasjelis miznebisTvisac aqvs mniSvneloba, radgan individualur doneze danaSaulis Tavidan acilebaze saubrisas yuradReba unda mieqces danaSaulis motivs, individualur fsiqologiur Taviseburebebs (inteleqtis done, nebelobiTi Tviseba, interesebi), danaSaulebrivi gamocdilebis

ogiur Tvisebebsa da daavadebebs da sxv.356 da bolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom motivisa da miznis

gaTvaliswineba ara marto ganzrax, aramed gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili danaSaulebisTvis sasjelis daniSvnisas unda iqnes yuradRebiT Seswavlili, rameTu motivma da mizanma brali SeiZleba daamZimos an Seamsubuqos. magaliTad, Tu piri ukanonod nadirobisas kacs gaufrTxileblobiT sicocxles mouspobs, maSin angarebiTi motivis gamo mas brali unda daumZimdes, xolo Tu daWrili megobris gadasarCenad mZRoli siswrafes gadaarWabebs da gaufrTxileblobiT fexiT mosiarules daazianebs, ra Tqma unda, misi mizani kacis sicocxlis gadarCenaa, amitom pirveli

354 erqomaiSvili v. adamiani, Tavisufleba, ideologia. Tb., 2002, gv. 171. 355 adamiani, individi, pirovneba (filosofiuri anTropologiis sakiTxebi, naw. VIII) buaCiZe T. Rirebuleba da adamianis daniSnuleba. gamomcemloba „mecniereba,“ Tb., 1987, gv. 36. 356 ix. Криминалогия. Под общ. ред. А.И. Долговой, изд. «Норма», М., 2001, с. 455-456.

140

imsaxurebs. msgavs mosazrebas iuridiul literaturaSic vxvdebiT.357

daskvna

adamianis nebelobiTi qcevis fsiqologiuri mxaris Seswavla, rogorc davinaxeT, motivisa da miznisagan mowyvetiT sruliad SeuZlebelia imdenad, ramdenadac motivacia, motivi da mizani is arsebiTi niSnebia, romlebic nebelobiT qcevas ganasxvavebs adamianis moqmedebis sxva saxeebisagan. aRniSnuli sakiTxebis irgvliv, miuxedavad naSromTa simravlisa mainc SeiniSneba azrTa sxvadasxvaoba da mcdari mosazrebebi aramarto fsiqologiur, aramed iuridiul literaturaSic.

Zveli qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebis (magaliTad, `mcire sjulis kanoni,~ vaxtang VI samarTlis wigni da a.S.) mixedviT motivisa da miznis Sesaxeb mcire istoriulma eqskursma dagvanaxa Tu ra didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda braleuli pasuxismgeblobis princips, rac kidev erTxel xazi usvams maRalganviTarebul qarTul samarTlebriv azrovnebas.

disertaciaSi warmodgenili motivis Camoyalibebis anu motivaciis procesi zogadi sqemis TvalsazrisiT ase SeiZleba warmovidginoT: nebelobiTi qcevis sawyisi wyaro yovelTvis moTxovnilebaa, romelic mxolod maSin iqceva azris mqoned Tu pirs mis mimarT interesi uCndeba. amis Semdgom pirovneba iwyebs miznis dasaxvasa da misi miRwevis saSualebebisa da xerxebis SeCevas. aq iwyeba adamianis RirebulebiTi azrovneba, ris gamoc mizani wminda fsiqologiuri kategoria ver iqneba. praqtikuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebas aucileblad win uZRvis am moqmedebis gamarTlebulobis, WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb gamowveuli rwmena, romelic, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs moqmedebis ganxorcielebis mzaobas, ganwyobas. motivaciis es etapebi iwvevs moqmedebis ganxorcielebis saboloo gadawyvetilebas, romelic motivis saxiT formdeba.

357 ix. Саркисов Г.С. Мотив и цель преступления. Журнал «Советское государство и право», 1979, №3, с. 82.

141

motivaciis procesis arasworma gagebam bevr mecniers afiqrebina, rom praqtikuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebamde, rodesac piri ramodenime moqmedebis arCevanis winaSe dgas, TiTqos adgili aqvs e.w `motivTa konkurencias~ anu `motivTa brZolas.~ sinamdvileSi Cven unda visaubroT motivaciis faqtorTa brZolaze da ara motivTa brZolaze, radgan qcevas mxolod erTi motivi edeba safuZvlad da motivis Camoyalibebamde mxolod motivaciis subieqtur da obieqtur faqtorebze SeiZleba visaubroT.

naSromSi aseve aris mcdeloba motivebisa da miznebis klasifikacia moxdes imisda mixedviT Tu ra gavlenas axdenen isini konkretul SemTxvevaSi danaSaulis elementebze.

braleuli pasuxismgeblobis principidan gamomdinare uaRresad mniSvnelovania motivaciis, motivisa da miznis sworad gaazreba. naSromSi gatarebulia azri, rom sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba daisvas Tu umarTloba nebelobiTi qceviTaa ganxorcielebuli, radgan yoveli danaSauli nebelobiT qcevas gulisxmobs. am logikiT ki, motivisa da miznis mniSvneloba rogorc ganzrax, ise gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenil danaSaulebSic ar kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas.

Semajamebeli saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom motivma da mizanma sisxlis samarTalSi SeiZleba Seasrulos Semdegi funqciebi:

pirveli, motivi da mizani saSualebas iZleva danaSaulebrivi qmedeba gavmijnoT aradanaSaulebrivisagan anu maT SeuZliaT daafuZnon umarTloba. magaliTad, Tu nivTi miTvisebis mizniT araa dauflebuli, ar gveqneba qurdoba (ssk-is 177-e muxli); Tu bavSvi angarebiT an sxva qvena grZnobiT araa Secvlili (ssk-is 174-e muxli) piris moqmedeba ar iqneba danaSaulebrivi;

meore, mizans didi mniSvneloba aqvs marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoebebis arsebobisaTvis. magaliTad, samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvis mizani aucilebeli mogeriebis an ukiduresi aucileblobisas;

mesame, motivi da mizani xSirad saSualebas iZleva obieqturad msgavsi deliqtebi erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT. magaliTad, Tu saqarTvelos dasustebis mizniTaa ganadgurebuli sawarmo, gveqneba sabotaJis SemadgenlobiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba (ssk-is 318-e muxlis me-2 nawili), xolo aseTi miznis gareSe qmedeba nivTis ganadgurebad (ssk-is 187-e muxli) dakvalificirdeba; xulignuri qvena grZnobiT janmrTelobis msubuqi dazianeba dakvalificirdeba ssk-is 239-e muxliT (xulignoba) da ara ssk-is 120-e muxliT (janmrTelobis ganzrax msubuqi dazianeba);

meoTxe, motivi da mizani zogjer qmnis danaSaulis kvalificiur Semadgenlobas. naSromSi dasabuTebulia, rom miznisagan gansxvavebiT motivma, Tavisi personaluri

142

bunebidan gamomdinare mxolod bralis xarisxi SeiZleba daamZimos;

mexuTe, sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis analiziT gamoirkva, rom motivisagan gansxvavebiT, mizans SeuZlia daafuZnos danaSaulis privilegirebuli Semadgenloba. magaliTad, ssk-is 110-e muxliT (mkvleloba msxverplis TxovniT) qmedebis kvalifikaciisaTvis, sxva pirobebTan erTad, aucilebelia damnaSaves hqondes momakvdavis Zlieri fizikuri tkivilisagan gaTavisuflebis mizani;

meeqvse, motivi da mizani gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT danaSauli ganzraxaa Cadenili Tu gaufrTxileblobiT;

meSvide, motivi da mizani saSualebas iZleva sworad davadginoT danaSaulis Cadenis stadiebi;

merve, motivisagan gansxvavebiT, danaSaulSi TanamonawileobisaTvis aucilebelia amsrulebelsa da Tanamonawiles hqondeT saerTo mizani. aseve gaanalizebulia danaSaulis obieqturi (arapersonaluri) da subieqturi (personaluri) niSnebi. dasabuTebulia Tu ratomaa mizani obieqturi xasiaTis niSani, xolo motivi _ subieqturi;

mecxre, gangrZobadi da araerTgzisi danaSaulebis, romlebic ramdenime obieqturad ase Tu ise msgavsi moqmedebebisagan Sedgeboda, erTmaneTisagan gamijvnis umniSvnelovanes kriteriums subieqturi momenti warmoadgenda. kerZod, araerTgzisi danaSaulisagan gansxvavebiT gangrZobadi danaSaulis dros yoveli moqmedeba erTiani mizniTa da saerTo ganzraxviTaa ganxorcielebuli. dReisaTvis gangrZobadi da araerTgzisi danaSaulebis mizniT gamijvnam dakarga aqtualoba, ramdenadac sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi 2007 wlis 4 ivliss me-15 muxlSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebiT araerTgzisobis erT-erTi winapirobaa meore danaSaulis Cadena nasamarTlevi piris mier;

meaTe, motivi da mizani aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT sasjelis daniSvnisas (ssk-is 53-e muxlis me-3 nawili), ra drosac maTi ganxilva unda moxdes marTlsawinaaRmdego nebasTan, qmedebis ganxorcielebis xerxTan, damnaSavis warsulTan, pirad da ekonomiur pirobebTan kavSirSi, ramdenadac aRniSnuli oTxi garemoeba garkveulwilad yovelTvis monawileobs motivis formirebaSi sxvadasxva faqtorebis saxiT.

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∗ ∗ ∗

normatiuli masala:

127. 2000 wlis 1 ivnisis saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi; 128. 1998 wlis 18 martis saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi; 129. 1999 wlis 15 maisis saqarTvelos kanoni operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb; naSromi Sesrulebulia Cems mier, ar gamomiyenebia literatura saTanado miTiTebis gareSe da vacnobiereb siyalbis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi Cemi Sedegis baTilad cnobisa da Sesabamisi programidan aRdgenis uflebis gareSe garicxvis realobas. irakli dvaliZe

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