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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 1
From the
Treasures
of
Arabic
MorphologyNOTE : Treasures of Arabic morphology has beenpublished by Zam zam Publishers of Pakistan.
Unfortunately the quality of the print is poor and thepublishers have retyped the contents pages withtyping errors. If anyone is prepared to publish thebook in a quality format, kindly contact the author [email protected]. All comments and criticismsare welcome. Post your comments to the above emailaddress.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 2
Title From the Treasures of Arabic
Morphology
Author MoulnEbrhm MuhammadFirst Edition Safar 1427 A.H.
March 2006
Published by
Academy for Islamic Research
Madrasah Inmiyyah
P.O. Box 39
Camperdown
3720
South Africa
Tel +27 031 785 1519
Fax +27 031 785 1091
email [email protected]
Copyright 2006 Madrasah Inmiyyah
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior
permission of Madrasah Inmiyyah, except in the case of brief
quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
Typeset on Times New Roman 12 and Traditional Arabic 18 by
Academy for Islamic Research, Madrasah Inmiyyah, Camperdown,
KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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Contents
Introduction 10Some Useful Terms 11
Arabic Terms 12
The Types of Words 14
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 15
Positive and Negative 15
Active and Passive 15
The Second Category of Verbs 16
Exercise 1 17
Types of Nouns 18
The Scales of Verbs 20
Exercise 2 22
The Categories of Triliteral Verbs 23
Exercise 3 25
The Perfect Active ( ) 26Exercise 4 28
The Perfect Passive ( ) 29Exercise 5 33
The Imperfect () 35Exercise 6 38
The Imperfect Passive ( ) 39Exercise 7 40
The ( ) 41
Exercise 8 44The ( ) 45Exercise 9 49
The () and () of Emphasis 50Exercise 10 55
The Imperative () 56Exercise 11 61
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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The Prohibition () 61Exercise 12 65
The Derived Nouns ( ) 66The Active Participle ( ) 66Exercise 13 68
The Passive Participle ( ) 69Exercise 14 70
The Elative ( ) 71Exercise 15 73
The ( ) 74The Noun of the Instrument ( ) 76Exercise 16 78
The Adverb ( ) 79Exercise 17 81
The Intensive Adjective ( ) 82Exercise 18 84
The Categories () of Verbs 85The () of ( ) 85The First () 85The Second () 86The Third () 86The Fourth () 87
The Fifth () 88The Sixth () 88Exercise 19 90
The () of ( ) 91Construction of the Derived Nouns 95
The Abbreviated Paradigm of each () 97( ) 97
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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Exercise 20 99
( ) 99
Exercise 21 101( ) 101Exercise 22 103
( ) 103Exercise 23 105
( ) 105Exercise 24 110
( ) 110Exercise 25 112( ) 112Exercise 26 114
( ) 114Exercise 27 117
( ) 117
Exercise 28 119( ) 119Exercise 29 121
( ) 121Exercise 30 123
( ) 123Exercise 31 125
Four Root-Letter Verbs 126Exercise 32 129
The Derived Forms of Four Root-Letter
Verbs
130
( ) 130Exercise 33 132
( ) 132Exercise 34 134
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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( ) 134Exercise 35 136
Other Derived Forms 137Exercise 36 142
The Seven Categories 143
Exercise 37 146
The Rules of () 147Rule 1 147
Rule 2 147
Rule 3 148
Rule 4 148Rule 5 150
Rule 6 151
Rule 7 152
Rule 8 153
Rule 9 154
Rule 10 156
Exercise 38 156
The Orthography of the Hamzah 157The Paradigms of () 158Exercise 39 160
Exercise 40 161
Exercise 41 163
Discussion of ( ) 163Discussion of ( ) 164Exercise 42 165The Rules of () 166Rule 1 166
Rule 2 167
Rule 3 168
Rule 4 169
Rule 5 170
Rule 6 171
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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Rule 7 171
Rule 8 179
Rule 9 184
Rule 10 189
Exercise 43 193
Rule 11 193
Rule 12 194
Rule 13 195
Rule 14 196
Rule 15 199
Rule 16 199
Rule 17 202
Rule 18 203
Rule 19 204
Rule 20 205
Rule 21 206
Rule 22 207
Rule 23 208
Rule 24 209
Rule 25 210
Rule 26 212
Exercise 44 213
The Paradigms of () 214Exercise 45 220
The Paradigms of () 221Exercise 46 228
The Paradigm of ( ) 229Exercise 47 240
The Paradigms of () and () 241Exercise 48 250
Exercise 49 260
Exercise 50 271
Combination of () and () 272
Exercise 51 283
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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The Rules of () 284Rule 1 284
Rule 2 286Rule 3 287
Rule 4 288
Rule 5 289
Exercise 52 290
Exercise 53 297
A Combination of () , () and () 301Exercise 54 303
Special Meanings ( ) of Each () 304The ( ) of ( ) 304The ( ) of ( ) 304The ( ) of ( ) 305The ( ) of ( ) 305The Derived Categories 306
The (
) of (
) 306
The ( ) of ( ) 309The ( ) of ( ) 311The ( ) of ( ) 312The ( ) of ( ) 314The ( ) of ( ) 314The ( ) of ( ) 315The ( ) of ( ) 317The ( ) of ( ) 318The ( ) of ( ) 319The ( ) of ( ) 320The ( ) of ( ) 320The ( ) of ( ) 321
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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The ( ) of ( ) 321The ( ) of ( ) 322The ( ) of ( ) 322Application of the Special Meanings 323
Challenging Words 325
Appendix A - Morphology or Etymology? 352
Bibliography 356
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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Introduction
Arabic Morphology ( ) is a branch of ArabicGrammar dealing with word-forms and patterns. It is
highly essential for the incumbent student of Arabic to
learn this science in order to be proficient in the language.
Acquiring an understanding of word patterns is of prime
importance in learning the language.
This is a comprehensive book dealing with all the
important aspects of the subject. If a student has to study
this book thoroughly, he would develop a very good
foundation in this science and it would absolve him of the
need to study any further books on the subject.
The Arabic names of morphologic terms have beenadopted instead of the Urdu forms commonly found in the
text books of Islamic seminaries. Thus I have used the
term ( ) instead of ( ). Similarly, insteadof writing (), the correct Arabic form of ()has been used while the term () is used instead of() which is incorrect. This will enable the student tolearn the correct Arabic terms from the initial stages of his
learning.
Included also is a collection of rules of word-changes
which affect many Arabic verbs and nouns. The rules have
been clearly explained with examples and a step by step
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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method as to how a word is changed from its original form
to its present one.
It is hoped that this book will be beneficial for the students
of Arabic Grammar and Morphology and simplify the path
to understanding the intricacies of the language. mn.
For a detailed discussion on the name of this subject,
whether it is called Morphology or Etymology, refer to
Appendix A at the end of this book.
Some Useful Terms
Conjugation: A paradigm, class, or table of verb forms in
such inflected languages as Latin and French, where
elements are distinguished from each other by patterns of
inflection relating to tense, person, number.1
Declension: A term used to describe the case system of
nouns and other words.
2
Inflection: The variation or change of form that words
undergo to mark distinctions of case, gender, number,
tense, person, mood, voice, comparison.3
Linguisticsand Philology: The study of language.
Paradigm: pronounced (pa-ra-dime), in grammar, a set of
all the (especially inflected) forms of a word (write, writes,
wrote, writing, written), especially when used as a model
for all other words of the same type.4
1The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 256, 1992.
2Ibid, p. 281.
3 Websters Third New International Dictionary, vol. 2, p. 1160.
4
The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 747, 1992.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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Arabic Terms
The following are some of the Arabic terms used
frequently in this book. It would be advisable to learn
them thoroughly as they are frequently used throughout
the book.
Term Meaning
A diacritical point denoting the soundof a.
A diacritical point - denoting the soundof u.
A diacritical point - denoting the soundof i.
A diacritical point - that serves thepurpose of joining two letters inpronunciation
A letter having a fathah, e.g. () A letter having a dammah, e.g. () A letter having a kasrah, e.g. ()
A letter having a sukn or jazm, e.g. ()
The three diacritical points, fathahdammah and kasrah are each called a
harakah
A letter having a harakah, e.g. ()
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The first root letter of a word, also referredto as consonant or radical, e.g. the () of()
The second root letter of a word, e.g. the() of ()
The third root letter of a word, e.g. the ()of (
)
Word-form denoting the number, genderand mood of the verb
() is the plural of () which refersto a category of verbs belonging to one
class. The first verb of the perfect tense
(
) and the imperfect tense (
),
are used to indicate the diacritical points of
the alphabets of the verbs.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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The Types of Words
Term MeaningExample
word noun verb particle it is dependent on either
an () or () in conveying itsmeaning
With regards to meaning and tense, a verb is of three
types:
Term Meaning Example
Indicates the occurrence of
an action in the past tense. Itis referred to as the perfect
tense in English.
Hedid.
Indicates the occurrence ofan action in the present or
future tense. It is referred to
as the imperfect tense in
English.
- He isdoing or he
will do.
a command Youdo.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Term
Meaning Example
Intransitive doesnot require an object - He iswalking.
Transitive - requiresan object
He isopening the door.
Positive and Negative
Term Meaning Example positive He is doing. negative He is not doing.
The terms () and () are also used.
Active and Passive
Term Meaning Example active tense the doer
of the action is known He is doing.
passive tense the doerof the action is not
known
It is beingdone.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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The Second Category of Verbs
With regard to the root letters ( ) of a verb, theyare of two types:Term Meaning Example 3 root letters or
triliteral
4 root letters orquadriliteral
Each of these two types is further divided into two categories:
(1) () the () consists of root letters only, withoutany extra letters.
(2) ( ) - the () has root letters plus extra letters.
This results in the following four categories:
Term Meaning Example 3 root letters only
3 root letters plus extraletters
4 root letters only
4 root letters plus extraletters
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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Exercise 1
(1) Determine whether the following verbs have 3 root-
letters or 4 root-letters.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) (2) What do the following terms mean:
Term Meaning
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Types of Nouns
(1) There are three types of nouns - ():[a] , [b] and [c] .(2) The ( verbal noun) is a word that indicates theoccurrence of an action and is free of tense e.g. () to assist.
(3) The () is a word derived from a verb e.g. () helper is derived from ().(4) The () is neither a () nor a () e.g.() man.
(5) The () and the () also fall under thecategories of (), (), () and ( ) likethe (). The categories mentioned under the verb like() etc. also apply to an ().(6) The noun () with regard to its letters can eitherhave three root letters (triliteral), four root letters
(quadriliteral) or five root letters (quinquiliteral). It is
therefore of six types:
[1] ( ) e.g. () a man[2] ( ) e.g. () a donkey
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[3] ( ) e.g. () scorpion
[4] ( ) e.g. ( ) - paper[5] ( ) e.g. () - quince[6] ( ) e.g. () aspider
(7) The scholars of morphology generally deal with the
() because most of the changes () occur in a() while few changes occur in an () and none occurin a ().
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The Scales of Verbs
The Arabic verb is constructed from a root which usuallyconsists of three letters called consonants or radicals.
These consonants form a kind of skeleton which
constitutes the verb-stem to which prefixes and suffixes
may be added.
Arabic verbs are mostly triliteral, that is, they are
constructed of three root letters. The simplest form of the
verb is the third person masculine singular of the perfect
tense ( ). In mostdictionaries, all the words derived from a triliteral root are
entered under the third person masculine singular form of
the verb.
In Arabic, there are two main tenses, the perfect or past
tense (
), denoting actions completed at the time to
which reference is made; and the imperfect (), forincompleted actions, referring to the present or future
tenses. The present and future tenses are thus expressed by
the imperfect form (). The imperative () maybe considered a modification of the imperfect.
To indicate patterns or type-forms of verbs, the
grammarians use the three letters of the verb (), wherethe () represents the first radical of the verb, the ()represents the second radical of the verb and the ()represents the third radical of the verb. This is the scale
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() or standard by which the root letters of a verb are
determined. Accordingly, the word () is on the scaleof (), () is on the scale of () and ()is on the scale of ().
The letter that corresponds to the () of the () iscalled the ( ), that which corresponds to the () iscalled the ( ) while the letter corresponding tothe () is called the ( ).Example: the word () is on the scale of ():
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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Exercise 2
(1) Determine the scales of the following verbs and what
each letter represents. The first one has been done for you.
(a) ()
The () is the ( ), the () is the ( ),the() is the ( ).(b) (
)
(c) ()(d) ()(e) ()(f) ()(g) ()(h) ()(i) ()(j) ()
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The Categories of Triliteral Verbs
( )(1) The first and third letters of a simple triliteral verb in
the active tense is always vowelled with a fathah ().The second letter or radical may be vowelled by a (),
() or (). The active perfect tense ( ) of triliteral verbs ( ) is used on threescales:
[a] e.g. ()[b] e.g. ()[c] e.g. ()
(2) The conjugation of the () and () forms is similarto the conjugation of ().(3) The imperfect tense ( ) of () is
sometimes () e.g. ( ) and sometimes ()e.g. ( ) and sometimes () e.g. ().(4) The conjugation of the () and () is similar tothe conjugation of (
).
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(5) The ( ) of () is sometimes () e.g.
( ) and sometimes () e.g. ( ).(6) The ( ) of () is only () e.g.( ).(7) The ( ) of all three scales is ().(8) The (
) of all three scales is (
).
(9) Based on the above-mentioned facts, there are six
categories () of ( ) which are as follows:( ) )1(
( ) )2(
( ) )3( ( ) )4(
( ) )5( ( ) )6(
(10) There is no rule to specify which verb belongs towhich category (). It is based on () as heardfrom the Arabs. One can also ascertain which
category a verb belongs to from a dictionary. There are
however certain guidelines which are as follows:
[a] If the verb belongs to the category of(
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)the second or third letter will be from the (
)5
, e.g. ( ), ( ), ( ).[b] If the perfect ( ) is of the form
(), the imperfect ( ) is generally from thecategory of ( ).
[c] If the perfect (
) is of the form (
),
the imperfect ( ) is generally from thecategory of ( ).
Exercise 3
To which category () does each of the following verbbelong:
(1)( )(2)( )(3)( )(4)(
)
(5)( )
5The ( ) are the following six letters:
( ).
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The Perfect Active Tense ( )
(1) There are 14 word-forms () of the perfect tense( ). All three diacritical points or vowels() can be used on the ( ) as is apparentfrom the above-mentioned six categories ().
(2) The Arab Grammarians usually begin the Perfect () and Imperfect ( ) conjugations with thethird person (), followed by the second person() and finally the first person ().
(3) Unlike English, Arabic also has a dual form for the
second and third persons. As for the first person, the plural
form is used for both the dual and plural.
(4) Hereunder follow the paradigms of the perfect tense.
Note that the first three froms are for the masculine while
the second three are for the feminine of the third person.
The following six forms are for the second person, the firstthree being for the masculine and the second three for the
feminine. The final two forms are for the first person.
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(Word-form) Verb
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Exercise 4
Conjugate the following verbs in the perfect tense () in table form :(a) ( )(b)( )(c) (
)
(d)( )(e) ( )(f) ( )(g)( )(h)( )(i) ( )(j) ( )
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The Perfect Passive ( )
The ( ) is constructed from the ( ) in all triliteral verbs ( ). If we take thefirst verb, namely the third person singular form, (), a() is rendered to the first letter, a () is renderedto the second letter while the third letter remains in itsoriginal condition. The result is (). No matter what the() of the second letter in the active tense is, in thepassive tense it will always be ().Examples:
Active () Passive ()
Note that the intransitive verbs can be used in the passive tense if
they are used with a particle(), e.g.( ) It was taken.
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Word-form Verbsingular masculine 3
rdperson
dual masculine 3rd
person plural masculine 3
rdperson
singular feminine 3rd
person
dual feminine 3rdperson plural feminine 3
rdperson
singular masculine 2nd
person dual masculine 2
ndperson
plural masculine 2nd
person singular feminine 2
ndperson
dual feminine 2nd
person plural feminine 2
ndperson
singular first person dual and plural first person
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Verb Pronoun
The words () or ()are used for the
negative sense. To use
() with (), thecondition is that the
() must be repeatedeg.
( ).
The column on the
right indicates how the
pronouns () areused with the verbs.
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Word-form Verb
Note the Arabic terms used for the different word-forms in
this table.
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Exercise 5
(a) Translate the following sentences:
)1( )2( )3(
)4
( )5( )6( )7( )8( )9( )10(
(b) What is the () of the following verbs:[1] (
)
[2] ( )[3] ( )[4] ( )[5] (
)
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[6] ( )[7] ( )[8] ( )[9] ( )[10] ( )
(c) Are the following verbs () or ()?[1] ()[2] ()[3] ()[4] ()[5] ()
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The Imperfect ()
The Imperfect () is formed by adding prefixes and/orsuffixes to the perfect tense. The prefixes can either be any of the
letters (). The suffixes may either be (), (), () or just().
After adding the prefix, the first radical or letter of the verb has
(), e.g. the () of () has a sukn. The second lettercan have any of the three harakt, depending on which category
() the verb belongs to.
In the indicative case (
), the final vowel of the third
radical ( ) is () in the singular form of the verb, e.g.(), (), () and (). For the subjunctive case (), this () is changed to (), e.g. (), (),() and (); while for the jussive case ( ), it isreplaced by a (), e.g. (), (), () and (). Thechanges in the singular and dual forms will be discussed later.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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Meaning VerbHe is doing or he will do.
They (2 males) are doing or they will do. They (plural males) are doing or they will do.
She is doing or she will do.
They (2 females) are doing or they will do. They (plural females) are doing or they will do.
You (1 male) are doing or you will do. You (2 males) are doing or you will do.
You (plural males) are doing or you will do. You (1 female) are doing or you will do. You (2 females) are doing or you will do.
You (plural females) are doing or you will do.
I am doing or will do. We are doing or we will do.
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Exercise 6
(1) To which category () do each of the followingverbs belong:(a) ( )(b)( )(c) ( )(d)( )(e) ( )
(2) What is the () of the following words:)1(
)2( )3( )4( )5(
)6
( )7( )8(
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The Imperfect Passive Tense ( )
The ( ) is constructed from the ( ) in all triliteral verbs ( ). If we take thefirst verb, namely the third person singular form, (), a() is rendered to the first letter which is the (
) sign of the imperfect tense. A () isrendered to the ( ) while the ( )remains as it is. The result is (). No matter what the() of the ( ) in the active tense is, in thepassive tense, it will always be ().Examples:
Active () Passive ( )
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Exercise 7
(a) Translate the following into English:
)1( )2( )3(
)4
( )5( (b) Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
[1] The door of the school is being opened.
[2] He is being sent to Madnah.
[3] The disbelievers will be defeated.
[4] The car will be left on the road.[5] The book will be read today.
(c) Conjugate the following verbs into the ():
)5( )4( )
3(
)2(
)1(
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The ( )
The ( ) are: (), ( ), () and (). When theyprecede the ( ), they render () to the followingfive words:
)1(
)2( )3( )4( )5(
The (
) of the following seven words is deleted:
)1( )2( )3( )4( )5( )6( )7(
The following two words remain unchanged:
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)1(
)2( The word () changes the positive imperfect tense ( ) to negative () with emphasis.
The paradigms of () the active tense and () thepassive tense when used with the other particles, (), () and() will be the same as was in the case of ().Examples:
Hereunder follow the paradigms of ( ) when used withthe particle ().
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Exercise 8
(1) Conjugate the following verbs using ():)1()2()3(
)4
( )5(
(2) Conjugate the following verbs using ():)1(
)2( )3()4()5(
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The ( )The ( ) are (), (), (), ( ) and ( ). When they precede the ( ), they render ()to the following five words:
)1( )2( )3( )4( )5(
The ( ) of the following seven words is deleted:
)1( )2( )3( )4(
)5( )6( )7(
The following two words remain unchanged:
)1
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)2(
The word () changes the positive imperfect tense ( ) to the negative perfect tense ( ).
The paradigms of () the active voice and () thepassive voice when used with (), (), ( ) and (
), will be the same as was in the case of ().Examples:
The word () means not as yet. Thus ( ) will mean hedid not do as yet.
The ( ) enters all the word-forms of the passive tense(). In the active tense (), it is only used in the thirdperson () and first person () word-forms.
If any of the ( ) precede a ( ) whose (
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) is a ( ), the ( ) is deleted.Examples:
()
Example of
()Example of
()Example of
()
Hereunder follow the paradigms of ( ) when used with
the particle ().
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Exercise 9
(1) Conjugate the following verbs using ():)1()2()3(
)4
( )5(
(2) Conjugate the following verbs using ( ):)1(
)2( )3()4()5(
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The () and () of Emphasis
( ) The Energetic Forms(1) To create emphasis in the meaning of ( ), the () is prefixed to it and ( ) or ( ) suffixed toit. The ( ) is () and is suffixed to all the word-forms(). The ( ) is () and is not suffixed to the() and ( ) word-forms.(2) The letter prededing the ( ) is () in thefollowing word-forms:
)1( )2( )3( )4( )5(
(3) The ( ) is deleted in the following words beforeattaching the ( ):
)1(
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)2(
)3( )4( )5( )6(
)7
( _
(4) The () of the () is retained while the ( ) itselfbecomes (), e.g. ().(5) The () of ( ) and the () of ( ) are also
deleted. The () before the () and the () before the() are retained, e.g. () and ().(6)In the ( ) word-forms, an () is inserted betweenthe ( ) of () and the ( ) so that three nns do notoccur in one place. This will occur in the following two word-
forms:
)1( )2(
(7) The ( ) itself is () in these two words. In short,
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the ( ) is () after () and () in the otherinstances.
(8) The ( ) is similar to the ( ) except in the() and ( ) word-forms. The ( ) is only usedin those words where there is no () before ( ) andthese are eight word-forms.
Once ( ) and ( ) enter a ( ), itsmeaning changes to the future tense.
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Exercise 10
(1) Conjugate the following verbs using ( ) in theactive and passive tenses:
)1()2(
)3
( )4()5(
(2) Conjugate the following verbs using ( ) in theactive and passive tenses:
)1()2()3(
)4
( )5(
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The Imperative ()
The ( imperative second person) is constructedfrom the ( ) in the following manner:(1) The ( ) the sign of the imperfect tense -is deleted.
(2) If the following letter is (
), the final letter is
rendered (). Example: the verb () changes to ().(3) If the following letter is (), a ( ) isinserted at the beginning and the end is rendered ().(4) If the ( ) has a (), the ( ) isrendered a (). Example: () becomes ().(5) If the ( ) has a () or (), the () is rendered a (). Examples:() becomes ().() becomes ().(6) The ( ) is deleted while the ( ) the nn of the feminine plural - is retained. Examples:
() becomes ().() becomes ().
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(7) The ( ) at the end is deleted. Examples:
() becomes ().() becomes ().() becomes ().
(8) The imperative of the first and third persons (
) is formed by adding a () at thebeginning of ( ). This () has the same effecton the verbs as ().
(9) The ( ) and ( ) can also be attachedto the () word-forms.
Hereunder follow the paradigms of ( - theimperative active) and ( - the imperativepassive).
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X
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Exercise 11
Conjugate the imperative () of the following verbs inthe active and passive forms first and then conjugate themusing the ( ) and ( ):
)1()2(
)3()4()5(
The Prohibition ()
(1) The particle () is used before ( ) to denoteprohibition. It has the same effect as () in changing thedifferent word-forms.
(2) The ( ) and ( ) can be attached to allthe forms of ().
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Exercise 12
(1) Conjugate the prohibition () of the followingverbs in the active and passive forms first and thenconjugate them using the ( ) and ( ):
)1()2(
)3()4()5(
(2) What is the () of the following verbs?
)1( )2( )3(
)4
( )5( )6( )7( )8(
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THE DERIVED NOUNS ( )
The following six nouns are derived from the verb:
)1( )2( )3( )4()5( )6(
The Active Participle ( )
The active participle ( ) indicates the person or beingfrom whom the action emanates, e.g. () a person wholistens.
In 3-root letter verbs ( ), the ( ) is formed byadding an (
) after the first letter, rendering a (
) to the
second letter and () to the final letter. Thus, () becomes(). In the dual forms (), () and () are attached tothe end, e.g. ( ). For the feminine form, a round () isinserted at the end. For the masculine plural ( ), () isinserted, e.g. (), while for the feminine plural ( ),the syllable, () is attached, e.g. ( ). There are threescales for the masculine form and three for the feminine form of
the word.
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In the indicative case ( ), the () is used with an ()while in the accusative and genative cases ( ), itis used with a () preceded by a (). The () of the () is(), e.g. ( ) and ().
For the masculine plural in ( ), a () is used while in(
), a (
) preceded by a (
) is used. The
() of () is (), e.g. () and ().
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Exercise 13
Conjugate the ( ) of the following verbs: )1()2()3(
)4
( )5()6()7()8()9()10(
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The Passive Participle ( )
The passive participle ( ) is that entity on which theaction occurs, e.g. () the thing which is opened. It isformed by adding a ( ) at the beginning, a () after thesecond letter and () at the end. The first root letter (
) becomes () while the second one becomes ().The additions for the dual and plural forms are the same as the
( ). Like the ( ), it also has six word-forms.
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Exercise 14
Conjugate the ( ) of the following verbs:
)1()2()3(
)4()5()6()7(
)8( )9()10(
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The Elative ( )
The ( ) is a derived noun that indicates the comparativeor superlative degree e.g. () more virtuous or mostvirtuous. The scale of () is used for this purpose, except forcolours and defects. In the case of colours and defects, the scale
of () is used for ( ) e.g. ( ) red, () blind. Tanwn never enters the end of ( ). The () generally renders the meaning of the doer () butsometimes it can render the meaning of the object (), e.g.() - more famous.
Hereunder follows the paradigm of the ( ):
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Exercise 15
Conjugate the ( ) of the following verbs:
)1()2()3(
)4()5()6()7(
)8( )9()10(
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The ( )
The ( ) is a derived noun referring to the permanentquality of an entity, e.g. () beautiful. The ( ) onthe other hand describes a temporary quality e.g. () listening at the moment. A person will only be referred to as
(
) if the quality of (
) emanates from him whereas the
attribute of () applies to a person all the time.The ( ) is always intransitive () even though it may beconstructed from a transitive verb (). Hence the differencebetween () and () is that () indicates a beinglistening at the moment while () indicates a being whichpermanently has the quality of listening even though there may
be no object. Therefore one can say ( ), but to say( ) is incorrect. The ( ) has six word-formslike the (
). For the dual and plural forms, changes are
made to the end as in the ( ).
Hereunder follows the paradigm of the ( ):
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The ( ) is used on many scales for which there is norule. It is based on (
) as heard from the Arabs. Sometimes
a (), () or () is inserted after the second alphabet, e.g.(), (), (). Sometimes the root-form remainsintact but a change occurs in the harakt, e.g. (), (),(). Some of the more common scales are listed hereunder.
Scale Example Meaning
handsome
impure
brave
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chaste
thick
empty
free
happy
companion
noble
red
thirsty
The Noun of the Instrument ( )
The ( ) is a derived noun that indicates the instrumentused for the action. It is formed by adding a ( ) at thebeginning of the root letters. It has three scales.
Scales Examples Meanings needle fan key
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The paradigm including the dual and plural cases is as follows:
Scales Examples
Sometimes the underived noun () is used to denote aninstrument. Different scales are used for this purpose but there is
no rule for arriving at a particular scale. Examples:
() - axe , () adze6, () - knife.
6
Adze: kind of axe with arched blade used for shaping wood.
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Exercise 16
(a) Conjugate the ( ) of the following verbs:
)5(
)4( )3( )2( )1(
)10( )9( )8( )7(
)6(
(b) Identify the derived nouns in the following sentences:
)1( .
)2
( . )3( .)4( .)5( .
)6
( .
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The Adverb ( )
The ( ) is a derived noun that indicates the place ortime of the action. If the word indicates the place of the action, it
is called ( ) and if it indicates the time of the action, itis called ( ). It is made by adding a ( ) at thebeginning of the root letters. It has two scales, namely (
) and
(). If the () is ( ) or ( ) or( ), the ( ) will be on the scale of (), e.g.(), () and (). If the () is ( ) or(), the ( ) will be on the scale of (), e.g.() and ().
The paradigm including the dual and plural forms is as follows:
scale example
The ( ) is often constructed from the underived noun() on the scale of () to indicate an excess of that objectin that place, e.g.
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() a place of many lions - derived from () lion,
() a place of many predators - derived from () predator,() a place of many ducks - derived from () duck.There are certain words, which according to the rule should have
a () on the ( ), but have been used with a ()instead. These may be regarded as exceptions to the rule. Thescholars have written that it is permissible to pronounce these
words with a () as well. These words are:
Word Meaning Word Meaning
place ofprostration
place of assembly
place of rising place of falling
place of staying intersection
place ofslaughtering
place of slaughtering
place of
germinating
east
place of restingthe elbow
west
nostril place where oneexpects something
Sometimes the ( ) is used on the scale of (), e.g.
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() antimony bottle, from () - antimony.
The scale of () indicates the place where a thing falls duringthe action, e.g.() the water which falls during bathing,() the dirt which falls off the broom when sweeping.
Exercise 17
(a) Conjugate the ( ) of the following verbs:
)1()2()3()4()5()6(
)7()8()9()10(
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The Intensive Adjective ( )
The ( ) is a noun that indicates excess in meaning ofthe verbal noun e.g. () one who hits a lot. The differencebetween ( ) and ( ) is that in ( ),the excess meaning is limited to itself without taking others into
consideration whereas in the (
), the excess in
meaning is in comparison to others. Hence ( ) or( ) is in comparison to others while () is not incomparison to anyone.
In the ( ), there is no difference in gender. Sometimesa () is added for excess in meaning, e.g. ( ) a verylearned man, ( ) - a very learned woman.
When () is in the meaning of (), or () is in themeaning of (
), a differentiation is made between the
masculine and feminine forms. Examples:
( ) , ( )( ) , ( ).
The following scales are the ones most frequently used for
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( ):
Scale Example Meaning
very cautious
very knowledgeable
big eater
shedder of blood
very great
very truthful
one who cuts a lot
one who awards many prizes
chatterbox
very strange
very decisive
one who habitually laughs
eternal
most holy
very agile
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Exercise 18
(A) Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
(1) He is very agile.
(2) This book is very strange.
(3) The principal awards many prizes.
(4) AbBakr is very truthful.
(5) She is a big eater.
(6) Allh is very knowledgeable.
(7) The king was a shedder of blood.
(8) The student is very cautious.
(9) His mother is very patient.
(10) The mujhid is extremely brave.
(B) What is the scale of the following ( ):)1(
)2
( )3()4()5()6()7()8()9()10(
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The Categories () of VerbsThe () of ( )
You have already learnt that the verbs of ( ) three root-letter verbs have six categories () plural of ().
The First (): ( )( ) the ( ) of the () has a () whilethe () has a (), e.g. () to help. The abbreviatedparadigm
7of this () is as follows:
7 The abbreviated paradigm is where the first () of each paradigm
of the active and passive tenses is used.
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The Second () : ( )
( ) the ( ) of the () has a () whilethe () has a (), eg () to hit. The abbreviatedparadigm of this () is as follows:
The Third () : ( )( ) the ( ) of the () has a () whilethe () also has a (), e.g. () to open. Thecondition for this (
) is that if the verb is (
)8, the (
) or ( ) must be from the ( ). Thisdoes not mean that every verb which is () and whose (8 () is that word which has no ( ), two letters of the
same type or () as its root letter.
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) or ( ) is from the ( ), will be from
( ). The abbreviated paradigm of this () and theremaining() is similar to the above-mentioned examples.
The Fourth () : ( )( ) the ( ) of the () has a () whilethe () has a (), e.g. () to listen.
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The Fifth () : ( )
( ) the ( ) of the () has a () whilethe () also has a (), e.g. () to be noble. Theverbs of this () are intransitive. In this (), instead of the( ), the ( ) on the scale of () has beenused, e.g. (
).
The Sixth () : ( )( ) the ( ) of the () has a () whilethe () also has a (), e.g. () to ponder.Besides (), no other ( ) has been used in this(). Acccording to some scholars, the verb ( ) is also
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from this (). However, verbs that are ()9or ()10have
been used, e.g. ( ) and ( ). The verb () hasalso been used with a () on the ( ) of (),that is ().
9 A word having a () or () as the ( ).
10
A word having two ( ).
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Exercise 19
Conjugate the following verbs as done above:
)1()2()3(
)4
( )5()6()7()8()9()10(
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The () of ( )The Derived Forms of the Triliteral Verb
Arabic is extremely rich and copious in derived forms
which extend or modify the meaning of the root form of
the verb, giving many exact shades of meaning. This is a
common feature of Semitic languages and perhaps it
reaches its pinnacle in Arabic.
Derived forms are made by adding letters before or between the
root letters of the simple verb. Accordingly, (), which is theroot, means to help. From this verb the following verbs are
derived with differing meanings:
Verb Meaning
to support
to try to help to render mutual assistance
to come to someones aid
to ask for assistance
Another example of derived verbs is () which means to kill.When extra letters are added to this root, the following meanings
are achieved.
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Verb Meaning
to massacre
to combat, battle
to fight with one another
to risk ones life
Very few verb roots have all the other derived forms. Some have
only one (like to drive away) or two (like to sink),while others have four or five as in the above examples. There is
often a good deal of overlapping of meaning between the forms.
Sometimes the root form is not in use while the derived forms
are used, e.g. (
- to arrange).
The () of ( ) are twelve in total. They areformed by adding extra letters to the ( ) of ( ). Upto a maximum of three extra letters can be added to averb, thus bringing the maximum number of letters of a verb to
six (root letters plus extra letters).
Seven of these () have ( ) at the beginning whilefive do not have. Besides ( ), every letter with a ()will become () in the ( ) except for the
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penultimate letter which will be (). The () willremain as it is,
e.g. (), ().
When () or () are used in the ( ), the ( )will not be pronounced as will the () of the () and (), e.g.(
), (
).
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The 12 () of ( ) are as follows:
Example Extra Letters no hamza
no hamza
no hamza
no hamza
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Construction of the Derived Nouns
To construct the ( ) of any () besides ( ),the ( ) is modified by adding a ( ) at thebeginning and making the penultimate letter () if it is notalready ().Examples:
The ( ) is like the ( ) except that thepenultimate letter is ().Examples:
The ( ) of these () is used on the scale of the( ). There is neither ( ) nor ( ) inthese (). In ordert to express the meaning of the ( ),
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the words () are added to the () for this purpose, e.g.
( ) the means of refraining.To express the ( ), the word () is used before the( ), e.g. ( ) more refraining. Words like(), () etc. can also be used.
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The Abbreviated Paradigm ( ) of Each(
)
The sign of ( ) is a ( )11
in the
( ) and () while the ( ) isalways (). The ( ) of the () isdeleted from the (). Thus ( ) becomes ().The remaining word-forms follow the same pattern.
The detailed paradigms of this verb are provided
hereunder.
11 A hamzah that is not deleted in pronunciation when prefixed by any
letter.
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Exercise 20
Conjugate the following verbs:
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is the tashdd of the ( ) in the() and ( ) without a () preceding the (
). The ( ) of this () is also always().The () of this () is also used on the following scales:( ) e.g. ( );(
) e.g. (
);
() e.g. ();() e.g. ().The detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
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:
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Exercise 21
Conjugate the following verbs:
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is the ( ) after the ( )in the ( ) and ( ) without a ()preceding it. The ( ) of this () is always().The () of ( ) is also used on the following scales:() e.g. ();() e.g. ().
The detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
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Exercise 22
Conjugate the following verbs:
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is the () before the ( ). This() is always intransitive ().
The detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
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:
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Exercise 23
Conjugate the following verbs:
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is the () after the ( ).
Rule 1
If the ( ) of ( ) is (), (), or (), the () of() is changed to (). If the ( ) is a (), then (-assimilation) is compulsory, e.g. () changes to ().
If the ( ) of ( ) is (), then after changing the() to (), the following three changes are permissible:(1) The () is changed to () and the rule of () is applied,e.g. () changes to ().
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(2) Sometimes the () is changed to () and then the rule of
() is applied to the ( ), e.g. () changes to().(3) Sometimes the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of
(), e.g. ().
If the (
) of (
) is (
), then after changing the
() to (), the following two changes are permissible:(1) the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of (),e.g. ().(2) Sometimes the () is changed to () and then the rule of() is applied to the ( ), e.g. () changes to().
Rule 2
If the (
) of (
) is (
), (
), (
), or (
), the
() of () is changed to (). If the ( ) is a (), thenit is compulsory to apply () e.g. () changes to ( ).If the ( ) of ( ) is (), then after changing the() to (), the following three changes are permissible:
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(1) The () is changed to () and the rule of () is applied,
e.g. () changes to ().(2) the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of (),e.g. ().(3) The () is changed to () and the rule of () is applied,e.g. (
) changes to (
).
If the ( ) of ( ) is () or (), then afterchanging the () to (), the following two possibilities arepermissible:
(1) the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of (),e.g. () and ().(2) Sometimes the () is changed to () or () and then therule of () is applied, e.g. () changes to () and() changes to ().
Rule 3
If the ( ) of ( ) is (), then it is permissible tochange the () to () and apply the rule of (), e.g. ()changes to ().
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Rule 4
If the ( ) of ( ) is (), (), (), (), (),(), (), (), (), (), (), or (), then after changing the() to the same letter as the ( ), the () of the ()is transferred to the preceding letter and the rule of () isapplied. The (
) is deleted, e.g. (
) changes to
() and () changes to ().
(4.2) The () of these verbs - () and () - will be() and ().
(4.3) It is permissible to have a () on the ( ), e.g.( ) and ( ). The words () and() which have appeared in the Qurn are from this ().(4.4) It is permissible to read a () on the ( ) of the( ). Therefore all three harakats are permissible, e.g.(), (), ().
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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Exercise 24
Conjugate the following verbs:
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is the repetition of the ( ) andfour letters after the ( ) in the ( ). The () of this () is always () except in ().12Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
12
The rules of () will be discussed later.
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Exercise 25
Conjugate the following verbs:
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is the tashdd of the ( ) and ()precedes the ( ) in the ( ).
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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Exercise 26
Conjugate the following verbs:
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is that the () precedes the ( )in the ( ) and there is an extra () after the ( ).
Rule 1
In ( ) and ( ), when two ()s are adjacent toone another in the (
), it is permissible to delete one,
e.g.
() ()() ().
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Rule 2
If the ( ) of ( ) and ( ) is (), (),(), () ,(), (), (), (), (), (), () or (), it ispermissible to change the () into the ( ) and apply therule of (). In this case, the ( ) and () require a(
) at the beginning. The (
) and (
)
have been created due to this rule.
Examples:
() () ()() () ()
_
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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:
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Exercise 27
Conjugate the following verbs:
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is the extra () and () before the( ).It is permissible to delete the () from the verb ( ). The verbs ( ) and ( ) mentionedin the Qurn are from this ().Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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: .
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Exercise 28
Conjugate the following verbs:
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is the repetition of the () and theappearance of a () between the two ()s. This () has changedto a () in the () due to the preceding (). This ()is mostly intransitive ().Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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: .
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Exercise 29
Conjugate the following verbs:
)1()2()3(
The sign of ( ) is the repetition of the () and theappearance of an extra () before the first () in the (
). This () changes to a () in the ().
The () in this () is similar to the () of ( ).The verbs of ( ) and ( ) mostly have themeanings of colours and defects and they are intransitive ().Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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: .
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Exercise 30
Conjugate the following verbs:
)1()2()3()4(
The sign of ( ) is the () after the ( ).
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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: .
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Exercise 31
(A) Conjugate the following verbs:
)1( )2(
(B) What is the () of the following words:
)1()2()3()4(
)5( )6()7()8(
)9
( )10(
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Four-Root letter Verbs
The (
) of (
)
The sign of ( ) is the presence of four root letters in the( ). The ( )of this () is ().
The rule for the () of the ( ) is that if the (
) has four letters, whether root letters or extra letters, the
( ) will be () even in the active tense(), e.g. (), (), (), (). If the ( ) has less than or more than four letters, the ( ) will be (), e.g. (), ( ), ().
Four-root letter verbs are of three types:
(1) those of genuine four-radical origin, e.g. () to translate.
(2) verbs formed by the doubling of a biliteral root, e.g. ()
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to gargle, () to stammer.
(3) composite roots taken from a familiar phrase or combination
of roots, e.g. () to say Al-hamdulillh, () to sayBismillh.
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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: .
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Exercise 32
Conjugate the following verbs:
)1( )2( )3(
)4
(
)5( (B) What is the () of the following words:
)1()2()3()4()5()6(
)7()8()9()10(
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The Derived Forms of Four-Root Letter Verbs
The sign of ( ) is the extra () before the four rootletters.
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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: .
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Exercise 33
Conjugate the following verbs:
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is having four root letters, the repetitionof the second () and the inclusion of ( ) in the (
) and ().Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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: .
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Exercise 34
Conjugate the following verbs:
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is the inclusion of ( ) in the( ) and () and the extra () after the ().
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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: .
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Exercise 35
(A) Conjugate the following verbs:
)1( )2( )3(
)4
( )5(
(B) What is the () of the following words:)1(
)2( )3()4()5(
)6
( )7()8()9()10(
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Other Derived Forms
The (
) of (
)
There are two categories of () here:(1) ( )(2) ( )
The first category ( ) has seven ():(1) () the () is repeated, e.g. () to don ashawl.
:
(2) () there is an extra () after the (), e.g.() to don a trouser.
:
(3) () there is an extra () after the (), e.g.(
) to command. This word can be used as (
) as well.
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:
(4) () there is an extra () after the (), e.g.() to trim the extra leaves of a plant.
:
(5) () there is an extra () after the (), e.g.() to make someone don socks.
:
(6) () there is an extra () after the (), e.g. () tomake someone don a hat.
:
(7) (
) there is an extra (
) after the (
), e.g. (
) to
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make someone don a hat.
:
() was originally ( ). () was originally(). () was originally (). These changes will bediscussed later.
The second category - ( ) has three groups:(1) ( )(2) ( )(3) ( )
The first group ( ) has 8 ():
(1) () the extra letters are () before the () and the ()is repeated, e.g. (
) to don a shawl.
(2) () the extra letters are () before the () and the ()between the () and the (), e.g. () to don a trouser.
(3) (
) the extra letters are (
) before the (
) and a (
)
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after the (), e.g. () to be a satan.
(4) () the extra letters are () before the () and a ()after the (), e.g. () to don socks.
(5) () the extra letters are () before the () and a ()after the (
), e.g. (
) to don a trouser.
(6) () the extra letters are a () and a () before the (),e.g. ( ) to be poor.
(7) (
) the extra letters are a () before the () and a
() after the (), e.g. () to behave like a devil.
(8) () the extra letters are a () before the () and a ()after the (), e.g. () to don a hat.
The conjugation of these () should be done like(), while the last one, namely, () is like ( ).
The second group, ( ) has two ():(1) (
) The second (
), the (
) after the (
) and the (
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) are extra, e.g. () to walk with the chest andneck protruding out.
:
(2) (
) The (
) after the (
), the (
) after the (
) and the
( ) are extra, e.g. () to lie on ones back.
:
The () of this () () was originally(). The () was changed to a ().
The third group - ( ) has one ():() The () after the () and one () is extra, e.g.( ) to strive.
:
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In all the word-forms of this (), () has been applied and
the changes are similar to those of ().
Exercise 36
What is the word-form () of the following words and which() are they from:
)1()2( )3()4()5()6()7(
)8()9()10(
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The Seven Categories
With regards to the letters of verbs, they fall into sevencategories, namely:
Definitions
Term Meaning Example
A word whose root letters do
not have a (), ( )13or two letters of the same type
A word having a ( )in the ( )
A word having a ( )in the ( )
A word having a ( )in the ( )
A word having a () as aroot letter a hamzated verb
A word having, as its root
letters, two letters of the same
type
A word having two () as the root letters
13
The ( ) are (), () and ().
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1) The term () refers to any verb that contains a
( ).2) If there is a ( ) in the ( ), it is called( ) or (), eg ().3) If there is a ( ) in the ( ), it is called(
) or (
), e.g. (
).
4) If there is a ( ) in the ( ), it is called( ) or (), e.g. ().
5) If the ( ) has a (), it is called ( ) eg
().6) If the ( ) has a (), it is called ( ). eg().7) If the ( ) has a (), it is called ( )eg (
).
8) If the ( ) has a (), it is called ( )eg ().
9) If the ( ) has a (), it is called ( ) eg
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( ).
10) If the ( ) has a (), it is called ( ) eg().
11) If the ( ) has a (), it is called ( )eg ().12) If the ( ) has a (), it is called () eg ().13) If the ( ) has a (), it is called ( )eg ().
14) () is of two types: ( ) and ().15) ( ) is when the two ( ) areseparate, e.g. ().16) ( ) is when the two ( ) areadjacent to one another, e.g. ().17) If the ( ) and ( ) are the same, it iscalled ( ) e.g. ().
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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18) If the () and the first () and the () and the second
() are the same letters, it is called ( ) e.g.().
Exercise 37
Classify the following verbs according to the seven categories:
)1()2()3(
)4( )5()6()7(
)8
( )9()10(
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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The Rules of ()Rule 1:It is permissible to change a (), that is alone and() to correspond to the previous ().That is,
(a) after a (), change the () into an ().Example
( )(head) becomes( . )
(b) after a (), change the () into a ().Example
(destitute) becomes ().
(c) after a (), change the () into a ().Example
(wolf) becomes ().nnnnn
Rule 2
If a hamzah mutaharrik ( ) appears before a() that is (), it becomes necessary to change the() letter to the corresponding ( ).
Examples
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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becomes
becomes becomes .nnnnn
Rule 3
(3.1) It is permissible to change a () that is ()and is preceded by a () to a ().Example
becomes is the plural of which means a perfume holder.
(3.2) It is permissible to change a () that is ()and is preceded by a () into a ().Examplebecomes .
nnnnn
Rule 4
(4.1) If two ( )s are () and one of them is(), then it is permissible to change the second ()into a ().Example
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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can also be read as .
If there are two ()'s which are () and none ofthem are (), then it is necessary to change thesecond () into a ().
Examples
i) will be read as ii) will be read as
() originally was ( ) ( of ). The() which comes after ( ) will change into a(). It becomes ( ). Now there are two (
) and one of them is () . The second ()changes into a () becoming () (according to therule of - rule 4.1). () can also be written as
. The ( ) on the () is (difficult topronounce). Therefore it is removed and ( )remains. Now due to ( ) (the comingtogether of two [] letters), the ( ) is deleted.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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We are left with which can also be read as .
Step by Step
() ( )( ) ()
nnnnn
Rule 5
If a () comes after the () or () that are and or if a () comes after the () of ( ), it is
permissible to change the () into the letter thatprecedes it and then (
) (incorporation of one letter
into another) is made.
Example of ()
The word ( ) is the ( ) of ( ).Example() .
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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Example of
.
The word () is the ( ) of () which isthe () of () - meaning axe.
nnnnn
Rule 6
If there occurs a () after the () of and beforea (), the () changes to ( ) and the ()changes to ().Example
The word () is the plural of ().The word () was originally (). The () whichcomes after the () of () as the second last letter,changes into a ().14 It becomes (). Now wehave two ( )s and one of them is ().The rule of () applies, whereby the second ()changes into a () and becomes . Now there is a
14
This refers to rule no. 18 which you will read under the rules of .
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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() after the () of and it is before a (). It
changes to ( ) and the () changes to (). Theword becomes ().
NOTE: This law is compulsory ().
Step by Step
nnnnn
Rule 7
If a () is () and it comes after a () that isnot a ( ) nor is it ( ), then the () ofthe () is given to the letter preceding it.
This law is permissible ().Examples
1) In the word (), the () of the () is given tothe () and the () is then deleted. It becomes().2) In the words the () of the ()is given tothe (
) and the (
)is then deleted. It becomes
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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( ).
3) In the words the () of the () istransferred to the () and the () is then deleted. Itbecomes ( ).
nnnnn
Rule 8The rule of () is compulsorily applied to all the( ) (verbs) of ( ) and ( ) ( ).
ExampleIn ( ) the () of the () is given to the () and the() is deleted. It becomes ( ).
NOTE:
It is per