131393 / 114 / - * 1 . . . . . . . . . . (mohajerileila@yahoo.com( * . 2006 85 2030 106/6 80 . . 95 . . . . . 3 .]1[ 1- . ( ) 14- . . .]2[ . . 18 . 92 1995 . ) ( . .]3[ -1 . . . . PH . 10 . . 2 .]4[ ( ))TDS( ( ) . 1- . . . . . . .]6[ . -2 2 . .

] 12 .[ - 2 2007 6 ] 14 [ . . 2 - . . 98 40 6 [ .

5 - ] 13 [ . .

59 . ] 6

1World total (2007): 70 billion barrelsSource: Global Water IntelligenceRest of the world 70%US30%151393 / 114 / - . . . . ( ).]7[ ... -3 . . . . . . . . . .]8[ -4 . . .]91011[ : ( ) ( )... )... ( ( )... ( )... ( ) )SAR( ( ) .]12[ . 2007 2001 3million m34504003503002502001501005002001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007302520151050mg/lProduced water discharged (million m3)Dispersed oil in produced water (mg/l)Produced water injected (million m3)16- . ( )... ( )... ( )... . ... .]12[ -5 .]13[ 2- .]14[ . . . . 98 . 59 40 . 2007.]6[ . ( ) voidage ( ) . ... . : . .]15[ )( . ) ( 9 . 10 II- . ]5[ 1

)( )( )mg/L( 15200 - - 11650 87732 10760Na+985 - - - 1016 387K+29300 14400 1460 1280 7085 413Ca2+(CaCo3)6300 2187 109 570 669 1294Mg2+(CaCo3)ND ND 300-200 - ND -H2S120500 120154 13350 21420 118997 19353Cl-694 800 225 40 71 2712SO42-90 187 244 4270 176 142HCO3-171000 198000 26000 39320 195746-TDS5/3 5/7 7/4 - 5/6-PH171393 / 114 / - . / . ( ) / ( . ) . . . . . . 1. zahedmoe@gmail.com2. Norm (Natural Occurring Radionuclide Materials) [1]IgunnuE.T.,ChenG.Z.ProducedWaterTreatment Technologies.InternationalJournalOfLow-Carbon TechnologiesAdvanceAccess.(2012)AvalableInHttp://Ijlct.Oxfordjournals.Org[2]VeilJ.A.,Puderm.G.,ElcockD.,RedweikR.J. AWhite PaperDescribingProducedWaterFromProductionOf CrudeOil,NaturalGas,AndCoalBedMethane.U.S. DepartmentOfEnergy,NationalEnergyTechnology Laboratory. (2004) Under Contract W-31109--Eng-38.[3]SadiqR.,KhanF.I.,VeitchF.EvaluatingOffshore TechnologiesForProducedWaterManagementUsing Greenpro-IA Risk-Based Life Cycle Analysis For Green AndCleanProcessSelectionAndDesign.Computers &ChemicalEngineering.(2004)Vol.29,No.5,Pages 10231039.[4] Brown E., Travers J., Resnikoff M. White Paper Proposed NPDES Permit For Oil And Gas Exploration, Development, &ProductionFacilitiesLocatedWithinTerritorialSeas OfLouisiana(LAG260000)PreparedForTheLouisiana EnvironmentalActionNetwork(2009)(LEAN)Http://Toxics.Usgs.Gov/Highlights/Ph20.Html ]5[ )1383([6]ClarkC.H.,VeilJ.A.ProducedWaterVolumesAnd ManagementPracticesInTheUnitedStates.U.S. DepartmentOfEnergy, ANL/EVS/R-092009)1/).Http://Www.Osti.Gov/Bridg[7] Boysen D.B., Boysen J.E., Boysen J.A. Creative Strategies ForProducedWaterDisposalInTheRockyMountain Region.(2002)Http://Www.Ipec.Utulsa.Edu/Conf2002/Boysen 89.Pdf.[8] Sethi S., Walker S., Drewes J., Xu P. Existing & Emerging ConcentrateMinimization&DisposalPracticesFor MembraneSystems.FloridaWaterResourcesJournal. (2006) Vol. 58, No. 6, Pages 3949-.[9]Coday,B.D.,Cath,T.Y.ForwardOsmosis:Novel Desalination Of Produced Water And Fracturing Flowback. Journal- American Water Works Association, (2014). 106, 2 (In Press).[10] Dos Santos, E.V., Bezerra Rocha, J.H., De Arajo, D.M., De Moura, D.C., Martnez-Huitle, C.A.DecontaminationOfProducedWaterContainingPetroleum Hydrocarbons By Electrochemical Methods: A Minireview. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. (2014).Mar 28. (In Press).[11]Dahm,K.G.,Guerra,K.L.,Munakata-Marr,J.,Drewes, J.E.TrendsInWaterQualityVariabilityForCoalbed Methane Produced Water. Journal Of Cleaner Production. (2014) In Press[12] Arthur J.D., Langhus B.G., Patel Ch. Thechnical Summary Of Oil And Gas Produced Water Treatment Technologies. (2005) ALL CONSULTING, LLC. [13]HayesT,Arthur.D.OverviewOfEmergingPoroduced WaterTreatmentTechnologies.The11thAnnual InternationalPetroleumEnvironmentalConference. Albuquerque Hilton Hotel Albuquerque, NM October 12-2004 ,15.[14] Bedrikovetsky P., Marchesin D. , Shecaira F., Marchesin A.,RezendeE.,HimeG.WellImpairmentDuringSea/Produced Water Flooding: Treatment Of Laboratory Data. SPE Latin American And Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, 2528- March 2001, Buenos Aires, Argentina[15]PalssonB.,DaviesD.R.,ToddA.C.,SomervilleJ.M. AHolisticReviewOfTheWaterInjectionProcess.SPE EuropeanFormationDamageConference,1314-May 2003, The Hague, Netherlands.