movement of oil and petroleum products in permafrost ......dr. ian snape dr. dan white hrishikesh...
TRANSCRIPT
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Movement of Oil and Petroleum Products in Permafrost Impacted Soils
David L. Barnes, Ph.D., P.E. University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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Students, Co-Authors, Collaborators
Dr. Kevin Biggar Dr. Evgeny Chuvilin Dr. Walter Fourie Dr. Yuri Shur Dr. Ian Snape Dr. Dan White
Hrishikesh Adhikari Karin Johansson Shawna Laderach Ekaterina Matveeva Stina Stjärnström Sarah Wolfe
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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Outline 1. Review of LNAPL migration fundamentals 2. Field studies conducted by Mackay et al. 1974 and Johnson et al.
1980 3. Impacts of pore-ice on LNAPL distribution 4. LNAPL distribution in suprapermafrost ground water 5. Influence of freeze and thaw cycling on LNAPL migration
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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Storage Tank
Vadose Zone
Capillary Fringe
Saturated Zone
Water Table
Dissolved Phase Plume
Fundamental Principles of LNAPL Migration
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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Saturated Zone
Water Table
Tank
Permafrost
Infiltration of LNAPL into the Subsurface in Continuous Permafrost Regions
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
Moss
Organics
Mineral
Permafrost
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Past Field Studies
Mackay, D., Charles, M.E., and Phillips, C.R. 1974 and 1975. The Physical Aspects of Crude Oil Spills In Northern Terrain. 1st, 2nd and final reports. Task Force on Northern Oil Development, Environmental – Social Committee.
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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Summer
Extent of Oil Migration with Time Results from Johnson et al., 1980
Winter
Migration extent in one day
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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Surface Subsurface
Oiled Areas
Oil on Surface versus Subsurface. Results from Johnson et al., 1980
Summer
Winter
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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Major Finding from Summer Release Field Studies
• Both Mackay et al. and Johnson et al. showed oil released in the summer primarly flowed through an organic layer that overlaid water saturated mineral soils.
• Mackay et al. noted that in tests on summer releases in tundra soils, oil penetrated through the organic layer and flowed down gradient through very permeable soils directly above the frost line.
• The release by Johnson et al. still showed downslope migration 15 years after the release (Collins et al, 1994).
• Infiltration of oil into the mineral soil layer was observed by Johnson et al. in areas of relatively large oil volume accumulation.
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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Major Finding from Winter Release Field Studies
• Minimal penetration of oil below the top moss layer. • Increased viscosity of oil limited downslope migration. • Migration recommenced in summer.
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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11
Infiltration in Coarse Grain Soils 2-D Lab Studies
Purpose Determine qualitatively the influence of pore ice on the movement of petroleum hydrocarbons through soil.
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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Infiltration of JP 2 into Homogenous Medium Grain Sand One Minute After Introduction into Flume
26% Ice Saturation 54% Ice Saturation
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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26% Ice Saturation 54% Ice Saturation
Infiltration of JP 2 into Homogenous Medium Grain Sand 24 Hours After Introduction into Flume
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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(a) (b)(a) (b)
Preferential Flow Paths – Pore Scale
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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Pore Ice
Soil Grain
Air Void
Pore Ice
Soil Grain
Air Void
X-Ray CT Evidence of Blocked Pore Space Formation
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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Medium Sand
Medium Sand
Fine Sand
Petroleum Migration Through Layered Soils
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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Saturated Zone
Water Table
Tank
Permafrost
Infiltration into Suprapermafrost Ground Water Characterized by Small Saturated Depths
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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Petroleum Saturation in Shallow Aquifers
Tob
D
Pad pore water table prior to petroleum release
ground surfacemonitoring well
top of permafrost
Z=0
Tob
D
Pad pore water table prior to petroleum release
ground surfacemonitoring well
top of permafrost
Z=0
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Petroleum Saturation
Elev
atio
n fr
om P
erm
afro
st T
able
(m)
Petroleum Saturation as a Function of Saturated Zone Thickness
Oil-water interface exists
Saturated thickness = 0.4m
Saturated thickness = 0.1m
Elev
atio
n fr
om To
p of
Per
maf
rost
(m)
Petroleum Saturation
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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Saturated Thickness (m)
Petr
oleu
m V
olum
e (m
)
LNAPL thickness measured in well = 0.5m
LNAPL thickness measured in well = 0.7m
LNAPL thickness measured in well = 1.0m
Petroleum Volume as a Function of Saturated Thickness
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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Displacement of Petroleum
0 2 4 6 8Oil Content (%)
1614121086420
Dep
th (c
m)
Freezing Front
Initial Oil Content
Reproduced from Chuvilin et al., 2001
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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Conclusions
1. Fine grain soils and high water saturations control migration during thawed months.
2. Presence of pore-ice can result in the creation of preferential flow paths resulting in wider lateral petroleum distributions than may be expected.
3. Preferential flow paths in frozen soil may result in LNAPL migrating into permafrost.
4. Freeze and thaw cycling can remobilize petroleum.
5. Shallow nature of the active layer and thin saturated zone impacts vertical distribution of petroleum and subsequent dissolved phase plume
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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Funding Sources
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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Questions?
University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environmental Research Center
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Petroleum Migration Through Frozen and Unfrozen Layered Soils
1 hour 1 day After Frozen Soil Thawed
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